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of Gauņārtha or Lakşaņā since Lakşaņā involves a secondary or figurative use of a word.2 8 On how Transfereuce occurs in Metaphor
So far we are furnished with a general elucidation of the Sūtra itself. But, since it is not clear from the Sūtra, how the qualities of Gauh, the bull, come to be applied or transferred to Vahika, the man. Now in examples like 'Gaurvāhikah', 'Simho batuh', 'Mukhacandrah udeti' or 'Candraḥ udeti', 'Agnirmānavakah', we are told, the indicative or primary sense and the indicated or metaphorical (secondary sense) are comprehended as being identical. This is the hall-mark of the Gauna sense in which Aropaņa is essential, since, unless identify is comprehended, no Āropa or super-imposition can take place. We must remember that the Vişaya (Vāhika) corressponds to Upameya and the Visayin (Gauh) corresponds to Upamāna since both are used in the same grammatical case and are identified in respect of 'sense'. When the super-imposition takes place, the word Gauh loses its Vācyārtha or Mukhyartha and the Gaunārtha comes to be super-imposed on Vähika Thus Gauḥ is the Gauņa or Upacarita word here. When the Mukhyartha of Gauh (Sāsnādimattvādi in the Sūtra) is set aside (Bādhita) by direct perception (Pratyakşādi-pramāṇena), Gauh, almost like a symbol, assumes the role of the vehicle of the metaphor, since the secondary sense is super-imposed on it. It should be noted that Gaurvāhikaḥ and Gaurevāyām (respectively) illustrate the Sāropā and Sadhyavasānā subtypes of Laksaņā as explained by Mammața (K. P. II) and interestingly, Āropa or super-imposition takes place only in case of Saropā where the consciousness of Bheda is conspicuous because both Vişayin (Āropyamāņa) and Vişaya (Āropavişaya) are mentioned by specific and separate words. Thus in Gaurvāhikah, Gauh is super-imposed (actually, its quaiities) on Vahika and both these are expressed by saparate words. It is this variety - Sāropā (Gauņilaksaņā) that gives rise to Rūpaka. This is called superimponent secondary usage. Sadhyavasānikā or Introsusceptive secondary usage, on the
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