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AN HISTORICAL SKETCH OF JAINISM
saying that acc. to Dharmasāgara the ancala or pallava, i.e. the corner of a dress, had stood for the face cloth by way of imitating an individual case, and that later also the hand-broom and even the act of confession had been dismissed. At least the latter does not apply to the praxis of the Vidhipaksa.
In conclusion we have to add that the Kuv. was also concerned with the Gaccha of the Pasacandras? whose foundation goes back to an upādhyāya bearing the same name and being descended from a sidebranch of the Tapa-G. as such frequently developed being called gaccha as well or, as was the case already in ancient days, sākhô (comp. $ 25). In this case it was a Nāgapuriya--Tapa-G. which had developed at Nāgaur (Rajputana) in s. 1174 and within which Pāśacandra established his mata in s. 1572. He distinguished himself as an independent writer and as a commentator of canonic texts who as such a one also calls himself Pārsvacandra.? Since his Bālāvabodha and Vārttika are still being acknowledged he is not likely to have departed very far from the principles of the doctrine. Nor did he ignore the scholastic comments and the Chedagranth as he is blamed for having done by Dharmasāgara. He is said to have had different points of contact with the Lumpākas. BHANDARKAR is not fully intelligible in reporting on a system developed by Pāśacandra.*
$36. Since the forming of a Svet.-Gacchat of the kind described above lastly always comes as a protest against the traditional state of affairs in order to replace it by a better one, there can be no doubt that in return reformatory efforts were made within its body. This we may conclude from the discrimination still made to-day between monks of a higher and lower class. The former are the Sādhus and the latter the Yatis. Contrary to the linguistic usage in mediaeval times when both
1. KLATT-LEUMANN IA 23, 181 f.
2. Comp 'the Calcutta ed. of the Ayara II 280; · WEBER Verf. II, 542.
3 BHANDARKAR loc. cit. p 155.
4. Or else of a šákhã, comp. the development of the Vijaya-Sakha IA 19, 234.
5. STEVENSON, Heart p. 233; v. GLASENAPP, Jainismus p. 72, 341, 352 ff.
