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DOCTRINE OF THE JAINAS fession and service it remains within its frame (Vav. 5, 198). The cancellation of membership (sambhoiyam--for this comp. a.o. also Vay 6, 19f; Āyar. II 66, 12; 106, 20 24-uisambhojjam karettae, Vay 7, 2-5; Thān. 139a, 300a; 444a) follows from reasons of discipline as is trcated in detail by the Vrtti 22bf in the light of the twelve-fold sambhoga Samay. 21a As follows from Vav. 7, 1, a person becomes a member of thc sambhoga by being admitted to it; this admittance is rcpcated when changing over to a new s, in case one should come from a different gana For the gana, as we know, is the superior unit embracing several sambhoga (comp. K 4, 18-20). This name was already known in the carly communities, since Mahāvira's eleven disciples were called "group lcaders" (ganahara) (Ther, 1). Their successors have propagated the teaching by branches and schools (sāhā and kula, Ther 5 ff). Hence the gana denotes both a conception regarding the history of the tcaching (§ 22) and a technical term. The same applies to the gaccha by which the former was replaced in the later parts of the Canon, eg. in the Painna (incl the Gacchāyāra) and the Mahānisiha. The branches of the Svet are known to call themselves gaccha ( $ 34) Uvav. $ 31 speaks of the gaccha, if only in the phrase of gacchāgacchim gummāgummim phaddāphaddım. but it is not likely that they are allusions to actual groups, even though the comm subordinates the gaccha to an āyariya, the gumma to an uvājjhāya, and the phadda to a ganāvaccherya (§ 140). There may be different personal reasons (Thān. 381 a) for changing the gana though this may be donc once only in the course of six months (Dasā 2, 8) unless one risks to be called as gānamganıya (Utt. 17, 17 along with comm). For leaving it needs the permission of the superior, and even a teacher who wants to do so because as a teacher he docs not fill the requirements, or because he is in love, or else because he should not like to part from others leaving (Thăn. 331b, 385b), is bound to give up his office (K. 4, 15-20). To remove obstinate from a gana (K. 4, 25) or to refuse his admittance (Vav. 2, 6-17) is called nijjūhettae.
1. In the Gacch. we have gaccha alternating between masc. and ntr.
