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characterized by the name of the first Avassaya (§ 136). This 1st Av. is called Samaya, a short vow to be brought to one's mind repeatedly during the day (§ 170) for promising to shun for life all that is blamable in thoughts, words and deeds as well as in all one has presonally caused and approved of. The 2nd Av., called Cauvīsatthava, is a hymnical prayer of seven stanzas to the 24 Titthagaras. The 3rd place is taken by the Vandanaga, the formula of respectfully addressing a superior by touching his feet with one's hands followed by a humble request for indulgence (khamemi) towards offences committed during the day or the night. This formula contains the words of avassiya and nusihiya (mentioned § 136) by which a monk unobtrusively announces his due leaving and entering to the place and those being present.1 The 4th, called the Padikkamana, is the formula used at confession The 5th, the Kaussagga, introduces the low devotion (§ 161) and demands an attitude of complete immobility for the duration of one Namaskāra except for unvoluntary and insignificant movements like breathing, coughing and physical secreting. Finally and 6th we have the Paccakkhāna, expressing different modes of refusing food and drink. Owing to individual versions of the 1st and the 4th laymen equally share in the Avassaya (§ 164), and this is likely to account for the agara- and anagāra-sāmāya (Than 64b). As profusely the Av. was treated in later literature (for which LEUMANN, Comp. § 4, rendered an eloquent testimony, as scantily it is referred to in the Canon. We have its wording not otherwise than embedded in the explaining works; Utt. 29 No. 8-13 gives but the names and Viy. 466b.; 758b but the Avassaya group as a whole.
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§152. The time devoted to studies is followed by meditation (jhana) to be dealt with in § 180. So far as either draws upon the night, we read about the dhamma-jāgariyā (K. 1, 19 v. 1). To be awake (jāgariyatta), as says Mahāvīra V1y. 557b,
RENUNCIATION
I LEUMANN, Übersicht p gb f where also the derivation from nı-şid-with abnormal aspiration-is being made probable.
2 For pace in its ethical respects see § 173. 3. Comp also his lecture Xth OC IL, 1, 125.
