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good and bad karmas are acquired by a being alone and their fruits in the form of death, sufferings, pain, grief and the like are also suffered by a being alone. Therefore, a being should apply himself exclusive pursuit of the goal of spiritual beatitude, (d) Samsaranupreksha-To revolve around the thought that with passage of time this being (soul) enters into a variety of relationships like father, son, mother, daughter, brother, sister, husband, wife and takes birth in a variety of forms. This thought process leads to detachment.
(iv) Shukla-dhyan (pure meditation)-Shukladhyan (pure meditation) has four types based on form (svaroop), attribute or expression (lakshan), support or aid (alamban) and thoughts (anupreksha). All these have four varieties each. The four varieties based on form are-(a) Prithaktva-vitark-savichar-Here vitark means alternatives based on scriptures. Based on the profound knowledge compiled in the scriptures, an ascetic scholar chooses a substance and meditates sometimes on its phenomenal or existent material aspect (dravyarthik naya) and some times on noumenal or transformational aspects (paryayarthik naya). In other words, his meditation shifts from substance to mode and from mode to substance. He shifts from text to meaning and meaning to text, and also the process of mutual indulgence and influence among mind, speech and body. He ponders over these from many different angles. This process is called Prithaktva-vitark-savichar, (b) Ekatva-vitark-avichar-The ancient Acharyas explain this process by giving an example. An accomplished wizard treats a man of snake-bite by drawing the venom spread into every part of the body to the spot of bite and freezing it there. In the same way, based on his acquired scriptural knowledge, an ascetic scholar chooses a single aspect of a substance. He does not even ponder over the process of mutual indulgence and influence among mind, speech and body. In other words he meditates upon just one mode of matter or word or meaning through a single media (either thought or word or action). Such meditation is called Ekatva-vitark-avichar. In the first type there is segregation of aspects as well as transition of thoughts therefore it is called savichar or with thoughts. In the
औपपातिकसूत्र
Aupapatik Sutra
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