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headquarter of his religious propagation. 11 Ganadharas received Nirvana here. This is the very Chaitya a holy place where Bhagavan Mahavira had read Kalpasutra before the fourfold disciplined community as referred to in the original text at the end of Kalpasutra which commands the highest worshipful respect in the Murtipujaka section of the Jain community. *Champa (Nagari) - The famous city of Jaina history was
situated near Bhagalpur. Whenever Bhagavan Mahavira visited Champa, he used to lodge at the holy garden known as Purnabhadra Chaitya. Formerly it was the capital of the state of Anga but Kunal, the ruler made it the capital of the state of Magadha. Bhagavan Mahavira stayed here during
the third and the twelfth monsoons. Chhammani (Shanmani) - This place was situated between the Middle Pava and the city of Champa near Ganga. It was here that hard grass spikes were hammered into Bhagavan Mahavira's ears and at a place nearby he had to undergo the ordeal of their removal. Jrimbhik (a) Gam - The town was situated near the river Rujuvalika. On a field on the bank of the river Bhagavan Mahavira had received absolute enlightenment. See
"Rujuvalika'. Gnatakhandavana - This garden was situated outside the
city of Kshatriyakunda. Dridhabhumi - A territory inhabited mostly by Mlechchhas
in the times of Bhagavan Mahavira for whom Samgamadeva, a demi-god had created twenty ordeals in a night at Polas Chaitya, a holy place at the town of Pedhala situated in that territory. Scholars identify this territory with the territory of Gondava. *Nalanda? - This was the satellite city of ancient Rajagriha.
It was prosperous, famous and vast and inhabited by many rich people. The famous centre of learning 'Nalandapeeth was here. Bhagavan Mahavira stayed here during the second thirtyfourth and thirty-eighth monsoons. * Pava (Pavapuri)" - There were three cities bearing
identical names. Pava which was in the middle was known as Pava Madhyama, and was situated in the territory of Magadha. It is located in Bihar State at present. Bhagavan Mahavira stayed here during the forty-second i.e. last monsoon and also passed away. At present it is the sacred
place of pilgrimage for Jains. See the word-Apa papuri. "Prishtha Champa - It was a satellite city of Champa.
Bhagavan Mahavira stayed here during the fourth monsoon.
*Praneeta Bhumi' - A part of Bengal. During the life of Bhagavan Mahavira it was known as the region of Anaryans but later on it was inhabited by Aryans. LadhaRadha were parts of this region. Bhagavan Maha vira
stayed here during the ninth monsoon. Brahamanakunda Gam - It was situated near Vaishali, the capital of Videha and was originally known as Kundagama or Kundapura. Its northern part was mostly inhabited by Kshatriya-the martial community while the southern part was inhabited by Brahmins, the scholarly community. The northern part was known as Kshatriya Kunda Gama and the southern part was known as Brahmana Kunda Gama. Bhadrika (Bhaddiya) - A famous city of the State of Anga. Bhagavan Mahavira stayed here incognito during the sixth monsoon. • Bhaddila Nagari - The capital of the State of Malaya where Bhagavan Mahavira stayed for the fifth monsoon. Madhyama - Another name of the city of Pava associated with Bhagavan Mahavira who stayed here during the forty
second monsoon. *Mahasena Udyana - This was the garden outside the city of Pava (Madhyama)
After realization of absolute enlightenment at night Bhagavan Mahavira walked over a distance of fortyeight Koshas (a linear measurement) and reached this place where he gave the religious discourse at the divine auditorium, initiated 11 Brahmins into the order of ascetics, established the (fourfold) order of Samgha. (the organized community following certain religious principles.) The scriptures (Dwadashangi) were also composed here. (For details read the note about the painting number thirty.) Morak Sannivesh – A town near Vaishali *Rajagriha - The great and famous capital of Magadha during the times of Bhagavan Mahavira. Its location can be traced to Rajagir - Rajagiri and the area surrounding it in the Bihar State. It was a powerful and most prosperous centre for the religious discourses, religious propagation and the stay during the monsoon for Bhagavan Mahavira Out of the many gardens on the outskirts of the city he used to camp at the garden known as Gunashila Chaitya. Here innumerable religious conferences were held and Bhagavan Mahavira initiated thousands of people into the order of asceticism. He admitted into his religious fold the kings, the queens, the princes, the military commanders and other officers and millions of people of different castes and creeds in this city. It was his most powerful centre. Here he stayed during eleven monsoons. Ladha - A part of West Bengal was known as Praneeta, Ladha or Radha. The commentary on Kalpasutra has used the word Praneeta for this region. Hence the Anaryan names Praneeta, Ladha or Radha suggest adjoining areas in the same territory, the other areas being known as Vajrabhumi and Suddhabhumi, which too were inhabited by Anaryans. Bhagavan Mahavira toured this region twice during which he had to pass through unbearable ordeals. As none offered him a resting place for the monsoon, he engaged himself in penance and meditation under a tree during the monsoon. This region which was inhabited by Anaryans during the times of Bhagavan Mahavira became
6. Shanmani is the Sanskrit form of Chhammani, a Prakrita word. However
the Malayagiri commentary on the Avashyaka Sutra mentions the deriva tive from Chhamania.
7. The ancient name was Nagalanda Sutrakritanga Agama gives many meanings of this word
8. The name Apapa was used through the word Apavae as an apposition to
Pavapuri by Nemichandra Suri in Mahavira Chariyam (Verse 1338) and again he derived the name Papa through the word Pava. Thus hereferred to both names inthe narration about the period before the passing away of Bhagavan Mahavira, for the same city Hemachandracharya did the same. He referred to Apapapurifirst in Trishashti (Canto 5-10, 12, 440) and then he introduced king Hastipala as the rulerof Pavapuri (canto 13-3) On the other side Vinaya Vijaya the Subodhika Commentator of the original Kalpasutra has explained the words Apapa and Pava by stating that the city was known as Apapa isinless) but as the inauspicious incident of the passing away of Bhagavan Mahavira took place here, the gods removed 'A' from 'Apapa and keeping the word "Papa' named this city as Pavapuri, the name by which this city is known since then. Subodhika commentary has clearly stated this. So from his opinion it is clear that the city should be understood or mentioned as Apapa in the event before the passing away of Bhagavan Mahavira. But the above mentioned authors have accepted both names as alternative. This deserves some further research
9. Praneetabhumi Vajrabhumi-Ladha-Radha all these are names of Anaryan
regions in Bengal. The original Kalpasutra has used the word "Paniabhumi'. Can there be the name Paniabhumi (Pranitabhumi) with short 'i' in the sense of Panyabhumi? Other texts have referred to this region as Ladha Radha.
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