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17 A are sins. Ef
[ avt colour, the particular colour (red, for particular way; that is to say, the instance) is the modification or paryaya natures that it has in common with of the quality.
living beings, space, and those two The particular mark which would ethers may be regarded, or the natures: stay all the time with the substance that are peculiar to it, and which is quality; the temporary state is the living beings, space, and those two modification,
ethers do not have may be regarded. • The modifications succeed each Thus when regarding any one of other, the quality is permanent. In the five real substances there are' its the changing states of knowledge, common natures and its particular for. instance, there is the permanent natures. And obviously this does capacity to know
not apply if everything in the There is only a distinction be- universe is lumped together in mind tween guna and paryaya and not a and thought of as one mass, because real difference. Distinction means then there is no other substance to that it is separable only in thought; compare it with. defference means a real fact of dif
To omniscience any one thing ference.
has infinite common natures, and Having qualities and modifica- infinite particular natures. Of the tions is the characteristic of substance. common natures the following primary Red is a modification, not a quality. ones are mentioned: A chair is a modification oí matter; 1. Existence (Astitva). a horse is a modification of "jiva" 2. The fact of being the subject (living being).
of qualities and modifications, Natures.
3. The fact of performing special As mentioned on page 48 any real
specific functions; i. e., the thing, a lump of clay, a man, a town,
fact of being a substance, & continent, & planet, or a universe,
4. Knowableness. Substances can anything, can be looked upon es
be known by souls, and this pure substance; and thus regarding
particular point of Jainism it four definitions have been given,
differentiates it from Kant's definitions which include any real
philosophy (that the thing substance, and which do not include
in itself cannot be known.) anything that is not real substance (except time which is figuratively
5. The fact of being the subject called a substance.)
of the capacity of originating If, however, we take for consi
modifications, destroying old deration any one of the five real
modifications, and of keeping substances mentioned on page 48;
itself permanent; i.e. the fact of matter, for instance, it may be looked
having origination, destrucupon in a general way, or in a
tion and permanence.
