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substance must be some particular stuff or thing or being, clay, fish, fruit, criminals, armies, circuses, solar systems, steam, or a universe, or something.
We want a definition of sub- stance, what is it ? To define it, & characteristic must be mentioned which is true of every real thing or being, so that nothing real shall be left out; and the quality, or characte- ristic, must be one which is not found in any unreal thing, so that nothing unreal shall be included.
Substance is that in which the differences of time, space, and modifications inhere together. This will apply to anything real; teacups for instanee, in spite of all the differences of time that the clay is in the form of a teacup, the different spaces occupied by one teacup and another, and the different modifications, size, shape, etc., in spite of all these differences, still there is the mass of teacups, one thing, the whole mass of teacups is substance.
The same is true of anything, clocks, watches, solar systems, nebula, worlds, the universe, anything. The game is true of souls, in spite of all the different conscious beings that there are still there is the mass, the mass of conscious beings is substance.
There are other definitions, how ever, from other points of view, namely:-substance is that which is the subject of qualities and modifications. Also substance is that in which there are origination, destruction, and
permanence; i. e. origination of a new mode of manifestation, destruction of the old previous mode, and permanence of the substance; for instance, origination of a solar system, destruction of the nebuła that it was previously, and the continued existence of the substance, permanence of the substance. And then from an ordinary practical point of view, substance is that which performs a special action which is not performed by any other thing, but this would only apply to some particular substance thought of.
Any real thing, a lump of clay, all the teacups in the universe, & living being, anything, can be looked upon in four different ways as pure substance without thinking of the qualities and modifications, and so four definitions are given. But this is only possible in thought and not in actual fact.
The next thing is to know what particular substances there are, Substance is the one class in which everything real is included, and now we want to know the members of the class, what real things there are to include in this one class, and so we get a classification of real things, a classification of substances, the six dravyas.'
The Jain philosophy recognises six kinds of substances, their names are as follows:
1. Dharmastikaya. 2. Adharmastikaya. 3. Akashastikaya. 4. Pudgalastikaya.
