Arhat Vachan 2002 01

Author(s): Anupam Jain
Publisher: Kundkund Gyanpith Indore
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/526553/1

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I.S.S.N. 0971 - ahat vacana ARHAT VACANA varSa - 14, aMka -1 janavarI - mArca 2002 Jan.- Mar.2002 Vol.-14, Issue-1 sarasvatI : vAgdevI 12 vIM zatAbdI, pallu, bIkAnera (rAja.) (rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya, dehalI) kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura KUNDAKUNDA JNANAPITHA, INDORE

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'bhagavAna mahAvIra' : jIvana evaM darzana' rASTrIya saMgoSThI indora 24-25 pharavarI 2002 'bhagavAna mahAvIra : jIvana evaM darzana' rASTrIya saMgoSThI (indaura 24-25 pharavarI 02) meM viziSTa atithi kundakunda jJAnapITha ke adhyakSa zrI devakumArasiMha jaina kAsalIvAla kA sammAna karatI huI digambara jaina mahilA saMgaThana, indaura kI bahaneM saMgoSThI ke samApana satra meM prathama arhat vacana puraskAra - 2002 se DaoN. zakuntalA jaina (ujjaina) ko sammAnita karate hue kundakunda jJAnapITha ke mAnada nidezaka pro. e.e. abbAsI / samIpa hai pro. dhAkar3a, pro. baMDI evaM zrImatI mInA vinAyakyA (indaura) saMgoSThI ke samApana satra meM tRtIya arhat vacana puraskAra - 2002 se DaoN. saMgItA mehatA (indaura) ko sammAnita karate hue kundakunda jJAnapITha ke mAnada nidezaka pro. e.e. abbAsI Education international For Private & Personal use only

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I.S.S.N. - 0971-9024 arhat vacana ARHAT VACANA kundakunda jJAnapITha (devI ahilyA vizvavidyAlaya, indaura dvArA mAnyatA prApta zodha saMsthAna), indaura dvArA prakAzita zodha traimAsikI Quarterly Research Journal of Kundakunda Jnanapitha, INDORE (Recognised by Devi Ahilya University, Indore) varSa 14, aMka 1 Volume 14, Issue 1 janavarI-mArca 2002 January-March 2002 mAnada - sampAdaka DaoN. anupama jaina gaNita vibhAga zAsakIya holkara svazAsI vijJAna mahAvidyAlaya, indaura - 452017 bhArata 80731-787790, 545421 HONY. EDITOR DR. ANUPAM JAIN Department of Mathematics, Govt. Holkar Autonomous Science College, INDORE-452017 INDIA Email : Kundkund@sancharnet.in prakAzaka PUBLISHER devakumAra siMha kAsalIvAla DEOKUMAR SINGH KASLIWAL adhyakSa - kundakunda jJAnapITha, President - Kundakunda Jnanapitha 584, mahAtmA gA~dhI mArga, tukogaMja, 584, M.G. Road, Tukoganj, indaura 452 001 (ma.pra.) INDORE - 452001 (M.P.) INDIA 3 (0731) 545744, 545421 (O) 434718, 543075, 539081, 454987 (R)

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sampAdaka maMDala / Editorial Board 2001 - 2002 pro. lakSmI candra jaina Prof. Laxmi Chandra Jain sevAnivRtta prAdhyApaka - gaNita evaM prAcArya Retd. Professor-Mathematics & Principal jabalapura-482002 Jabalpur-482002 pro. rAdhAcaraNa gupta Prof. Radha Charan Gupta sampAdaka - gaNita bhAratI, Editor - Ganita Bharati, jhAMsI- 284003 Jhansi-284003 pro. pArasamala agravAla Prof. Parasmal Agrawal rasAyana bhautikI samUha, rasAyana zAstra vibhAga Chemical Physics Group, Dept. of Chemistry oklehomA vizvavidyAlaya, Oklehoma State University, sTilavATara OK 74078 USA Stillwater OK 74078 USA DaoN. takAo hAyAzI Dr. Takao Hayashi vijJAna evaM abhiyAMtrikI zodha saMsthAna, Science & Tech. Research Institute, dozIzA vizvavidyAlaya, Dishisha University, kyoTo-610-03 jApAna Kyoto-610-03 Japan zrI sUrajamala bobarA Shri Surajmal Bobra nidezaka - jJAnodaya saMsthAna Director-Jnanodaya Sansthan indaura-452003 Indore-452003 DaoN. mahendrakumAra jaina 'manuja' Dr. Mahendra Kumar Jain 'Manuj" zodhAdhikArI - siri bhUvalaya pariyojanA Research Officer - Siri Bhuvalaya Project indaura - 452 001 Indore-452001 - sampAdakIya patrAcAra kA patA DaoN. anupama jaina Dr. Anupam Jain _ 'jJAna chAyA', 'Gyan Chhaya', DI - 14, sudAmA nagara, D-14, Sudama Nagar, indaura-452009 Indore-452009 sadasyatA zulka / SUBSCRIPTION RATES vyaktigata saMsthAgata videza INDIVIDUAL INSTITUTIONAL FOREIGN vArSika / Annual ru./Rs. 125=300 ru./Rs. 250%D00 U.S. $ 25 = 00 10 varSa hetu/10 Years ru./Rs. 1000=00 ru./Rs. 1000=00 U.S. $ 250 = 00 purAne aMka sajilda phAIloM meM ru. 500.00/u.s. $ 50.00 prati varSa kI dara se sImita mAtrA meM upalabdha haiN| sadasyatA evaM vijJApana zulka ke ma.A./ceka/DrAphTa kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura ke nAma deya hI preSita kreN| indaura ke bAhara ke ceka ke sAtha kalekzana cArja ru. 25/- atirikta jor3akara bhejeN| lekhakoM dvArA vyakta vicAroM ke liye ve svayaM uttaradAyI haiN| sampAdaka athavA sampAdaka maNDala kA unase sahamata honA Avazyaka nahIM haiN| isa patrikA se koI bhI Alekha punarmudrita karate samaya patrikA ke sambaddha aMka kA ullekha avazya kreN| sAtha hI sambaddha aMka kI eka prati bhI hameM preSita kreN| samasta vivAdoM kA nipaTArA indaura nyAyAlayIna kSetra meM hI hogaa| arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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varSa - 14, aMka - 1, 2002 arhat vacana kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura anukrama / INDEX sampAdakIya - sAmayika sandarbha prakAzakIya anurodha sta / ARTICLES Area of Bow - figure in Jaina Mathematics O R. C. Gupta, Jhansi Mathematics in Mahavira's Tradition Anupam Jain, Indore The Mensuration of a Conch in Ancient India o Dipak Jadhav, Barwani & Padmavathamma, Mysore Mathematical Formulary of Jinistic Precepts O N. L. Jain, Rewa jaina gaNita para AdhArita nArAyaNa paMDita ke kucha sUtra 0 rAdhAcaraNa gupta, jhA~sI jaina sAhitya meM dhvani/zabda vijJAna ___ abhayaprakAza jaina, gvAliyara Adhunika mastiSka sambandhI khojeM (jaina karma siddhAnta ke pariprekSya meM) / prabhA jaina evaM lakSmIcandra jaina, jabalapura samIkSA / REVIEW jIvana kyA hai? dvArA DaoN. anilakumAra jaina - sUrajamala jaina bobarA, indaura AkhyA/ REPORTS 'bhagavAna mahAvIra : jIvana evaM darzana' rASTrIya saMgoSThI, indaura, 24 - 25 pharavarI 2002 - sUrajamala jaina bobarA, indaura arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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93 'upAdhyAya jJAnasAgara zruta saMvarddhana puraskAra (2000) samarpaNa samAroha, dillI, 6 janavarI 2002 haMsakumAra jaina, meraTha gatividhiyA~ 97 mata-abhimata 103 AgAmI aMka 1. arhat vacana kA AgAmI aMka 14 (2), apraila - jUna 2002 jaina gaNita aMka-2 ke rUpa meM jUna 2002 meM prakAzita kiyA jA rahA hai| gaNita evaM vijJAna se sambaddha aneka Alekha hama isa aMka meM prakAzita nahIM kara pA rahe haiN| inheM 14 (2) meM sthAna deNge| 2. ahiMsA, zAkAhAra evaM paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa hetu sampUrNa jIvana saMgharSarata rahe sva. DaoN. nemIcanda jaina kI smRti meM 14 (3), julAI 2002 aMka ahiMsA, zAkAhAra evaM paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa ko samarpita hogaa| sandarbhita sAmagrI 30 jUna 2002 se pUrva AmaMtrita hai| nidezaka maMDala - san 2001- 2002 adhyakSa saciva pro. e.e. abbAsI DaoN. anupama jaina pUrva kulapati, sa. prAdhyApaka - gaNita, bI-417, sudAmA nagara, zA. holkara svazAsI vijJAna mahAvidyAlaya, indaura-452009 'jJAna chAyA', DI-14, sudAmA nagara, phona : 0731-482898 indaura-452009 phona : 0731- (ni.) 787790 (kA.) 545421 sadasya 1. pro. Ara. Ara. nAMdagAMvakara 3. pro. surezacanda agravAla pUrva kulapati, prAdhyApaka evaM adhyakSa - gaNita, candradIpa apArTamenTa, nikAlasa mandira, itavArI, e-2, caudharI caraNasiMha vi.vi. parisara, nAgapura-440002 meraTha-250 404 (u.pra.) phona : 0712-763186 phona : 0121-762526. 2. pro. nalina ke. zAstrI DaoN. ena.pI. jaina kulasaciva - bAbAsAheba bhImarAva ambeDakara pUrva rAjadUta, kendrIya vizvavidyAlaya, rAyabarelI ror3a, I-50, sAketa, lakhanaU (u.pra.) indaura-452001 phona : 0522-440822 phona : 0731-561273 5. DaoN. prakAzacanda jaina 91/1, galI naM. 3, tilakanagara, indaura - 452001 phona : 0731-490619 arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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sampAdakIya arhat vacana (kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura sAmayika sandarbha Fourth International Congress of Mathematician, roma, apraila 1908 meM Teachers College, Columbian University, New York (U.S.A.) ke gaNita ke prAdhyApaka Prot. David Eugen Smith dvArA navIM zatAbdI ke mahAna digambara jainAcArya mahAvIra dvArA racita gaNitasAra saMgraha para zodha patra prastuta karane se pUrva vizva samudAya ko bhAratIya gaNita kI isa viziSTa zAkhA Jaina School of Mathematics kI koI jAnakArI nahIM thii| madrAsa ke presIDensI kaoNleja meM saMskRta evaM tulanAtmaka darzana ke prAdhyApaka evaM gavarnamenTa oriyaMTala mainuskripTa lAibrerI, madrAsa ke kyUreTara rAyabahAdura pro. ema. raMgAcArya dvArA gaNitasAra saMgraha kI khoja kara aMgrejI anuvAda evaM TippaNiyoM sahita 1912 meM madrAsa gavarnamenTa ke mAdhyama se prakAzana kiyA gayA thaa| isa prakAzana ke bAda antarrASTrIya vidvAna vizeSata: gaNita itihAsajJa jaina gaNitajJoM kI ora AkRSTa hue evaM vizva vikhyAta gaNita itihAsajJa pro. vibhUti bhUSaNa datta (svAmI vidyAraNya) ne prAthamika sarvekSaNa ke uparAnta 1929 meM Bulletin of Calcutta Mathematical Society meM Jaina School of Mathematics zIrSaka atyanta mahattvapUrNa Alekha prakAzita kiyaa| isake bAda aneka vidvAnoM ne zodhapUrNa AlekhoM kA anavarata prakAzana kiyA jisase "jaina gaNitajJa varga bhAratIya gaNita kI eka mahattvapUrNa dhArA ke rUpa meM sthApita huaa| vartamAna meM bhI isa kSetra meM paryApta anusaMdhAna kArya gatimAna hai| jainAcAryoM ke gaNitIya avadAna athavA prAcIna jaina granthoM meM upalabdha gaNitIya siddhAntoM/vivecanoM/prayogoM kA vistRta adhyayana karane vAle vidvAnoM meM se katipaya pramukha nAma nimnavata haiMvideza 1. Prof. A.J. Volodarsky, Moscow (Russia) 2. Prof. David Eugen Smith, New York (U.S.A.) 3. Dr. Takao Hayashi, Kyoto (Japan) bhArata Dr. AK. Bag (New Delhi), Prof. A.N. Singh (Lucknow), Dr. Anupam Jain (Indore), Prof. B.B. Dutt (Calcutta), Prof. B.S. Jain (Delhi), Mr. Dipak Jadhav (Barwani), Dr. H.R. Kapadia (Baroda), Prof. K.S. Shukla (Lucknow), Prof. L.C. Jain (Jabalpur), Dr. M.B. Lal Agrawal (Agra), Mrs. Mamta Agrawal (Meerut), Dr. N.C. Shastri (Arrah), Dr. N.L. Jain (Rewa), Prof. P.M. Agrawal (Ujjain), Prof. Padmavathamma (Mysore), Dr. Parmeshvar Jha (Supaul), Prof. R.S. Lal (Shiwan), Prof. S.C. Agrawal (Meerut), Prof. S.R. Sharma (Aligarh), Prof. S.R. Sinha (Allahabad), Dr. S.S. Lishk (Patiala), Swami Satya Prakash (Allahabad), Dr. Sabal Singh (Agra), Prof. T.A. Saraswati (Dhanbad), Dr. Usha Asthana (Lucknow) aadi| ina vidvAnoM ke kRtitva para vyApaka sarvekSaNAtmaka Alekha hama 14(2), apraila-jUna 2002 aMka meM prakAzita kara rahe haiN| sAtha hI katipaya prakAzita mahattvapUrNa kRtiyoM evaM zodha prabandhoM kI samIkSA bhI deNge| ina vidvAnoM ke katitva ko samAhita karane vAlI eka susampAdita sarvAMgapUrNa kati kI Aja nitAnta AvazyakatA hai| hameM vizvAsa hai ki prabuddha zreSThi athavA sakriya zodha saMsthAna isa AvazyakatA kI pUrti hetu Age aayeNge| sampUrNa jaina sAhitya ke viSayAnusAra vibhAjana ke krama meM ise AcArya samantabhadra ne cAra anuyogoM meM vibhAjita kiyA thaa| jisake antargata - (1) prathamAnuyoga, (2) karaNAnuyoga, (3) caraNAnuyoga, (4) arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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dravyAnuyoga meM se karaNAnuyoga evaM dravyAnuyoga meM pracura mAtrA meM gaNitIya sAmagrI nihita hai| inameM gaNitIya sAmagrI kI itanI pracuratA hai ki paM. ToDaramala (1740- 67 I.) ne to yahA~ taka likhA hai ki binA gaNitIya jJAna ke ina granthoM ko bhalI prakAra samajhanA saMbhava nahIM hai evaM isI uddezya se unhoMne apanI TIkA meM svataMtra artha saMdRSTi adhikAra kA sRjana bhI kiyA / atyanta prAcIna kAla meM bhI svataMtra pUrNata: gaNitIya granthoM kA sRjana kiyA gayA thaa| pariyammasuttaM, siddhabhUpaddhati, vRhaddhArA parikarma zIrSaka tIna gaNitIya granthoM ke ullekha hameM kramaza: dhavalA, uttarapurANa evaM trilokasAra meM milate haiN| prAkRta evaM arddhamAgadhI ke gadya evaM padya maya granthoM ke uddharaNa bhI prAcIna granthoM meM pracuratA se upalabdha haiN| vakSAlI hastalipi evaM 'phI saMkalita ila- adada jainispha' ke jaina grantha hone kI saMbhAvanA se pUrNata: inakAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| saMkSiptata: gaNita kA jaina sAhitya meM viziSTa sthAna hai| jainoM kA advitIya karma siddhAnta pUrNata: gaNitIya hai| gaNita ke vaiziSTyoM ko dRSTigata kara hI hamaneM jaina gaNita para arhat vacana ke 2 aMka samarpita karane kA nizcaya kiyaa| 14 (1) Apake hAthoM meM hai evaM 14 ( 2 ) hama zIghra hI Apake pAsa pahu~cAyeMge jisameM jaina gaNita ke kSetra meM navIna prakAzanoM, aba taka sampanna kArya kI sUcanAoM ke sAtha hI katipaya nitAnta maulika Alekha bhI prApta hoNge| prastuta aMka meM saMkalita lekhoM para sudhI pAThakoM kI pratikriyAyeM sAdara AmaMtrita haiN| hama prastuta aMka ke lekhakoM, sampAdaka maMDala evaM nidezaka maMDala ke mAnanIya sadasyoM, di. jaina udAsIna Azrama TrasTa ke sabhI sammAnita TrasTIgaNoM ke prati AbhAra jJApita karate haiM jinake satata saMrakSaNa evaM sahayoga kA hI pratiphala yaha aMka hai| holkara svazAsI vijJAna mahAvidyAlaya ke prAcArya pro. narendra dhAkar3a tathA gaNita vibhAga ke sabhI prAdhyApakoM kA parokSa sahayoga bhI avismaraNIya hai| usake binA isa dAyitva kA nirvAha asaMbhava hai| Aja ke artha pradhAna yuga meM zodha patrikAoM kA saMcAlana lagabhaga asaMbhava hai kintu mAnanIya zrI devakumArasiMha kAsalIvAla evaM zrI ajitakumArasiMha kAsalIvAla kI vaiyaktika abhirUci evaM nirvikalpa samarthana se hI arhat vacana Apa taka pahu~cAnA saMbhava ho pA rahA hai| aMka kI sabhI nyUnatAoM evaM truTiyoM hetu maiM svayaM apanA dAyitva svIkAra karate hue AzA karatA hU~ ki ApakA snehapUrNa sahayoga hameM nirantara prApta hotA rhegaa| 31.3.2002 prakAzana sthala : indaura prakAzana avadhi : traimAsika mudraka evaM prakAzaka : devakumArasiMha kAsalIvAla rASTrIyatA : bhAratIya patA : 580, mahAtmA gAMdhI mArga, indaura - 452001 : DaoN. anupama jaina mAnada sampAdaka rASTrIyatA : bhAratIya 6 arhat vacana ke sambandha meM tathya sambandhI ghoSaNA ( phArma - 4, niyama 8 ) patA svAmitva : 'jJAnachAyA', DI 14, sudAmA nagara, indaura-452009 : kundakunda jJAnapITha, 584, mahAtmA gAMdhI mArga, indaura-452001 mudraNa vyavasthA : sugana grAphiksa, yUjI 18, siTI plAjA, ma. gAM. mArga, indaura maiM devakumArasiMha kAsalIvAla etad dvArA ghoSaNA karatA hU~ ki merI adhikatama jAnakArI evaM vizvAsa ke anusAra uparokta vivaraNa satya hai / 31.3.2002 DaoN. anupama jaina devakumArasiMha kAsalIvAla adhyakSa- kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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varSa-14, aMka-1, 2002 arhat vacana kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura) prakAzakIya varSa 14 (2002) kA prathama aMka kiMcita vilamba se ApakI sevA meM preSita hai| 14 (2) bhI zIghra hI jUna 2002 taka Apake hAthoM meM pahu~cAne hetu hama prayatnazIla haiN| arhat vacana ke sahayogI sadasya banane hetu hamAre anurodha para utsAhajanaka pratikriyA huii| varSa 1989 se 2000 taka kI avadhi meM ru. 1,000/- bhejakara AjIvana sadasya bane bandhuoM/bahanoM ne ru. 1,100/- atirikta bhejakara sahayogI sadasyatA grahaNa kI, etadartha hama unake prati AbhAra jJApita karate hue anya AjIvana sadasyoM se bhI sahayoga kA anurodha karate haiN| 14 (2) meM hama sahayogI sadasyoM ke nAma bhI prakAzita kreNge| varSa 2001 se AjIvana sadasyatA kA prAvadhAna samApta kara use mAtra 10 varSa hetu kara diyA hai, kintu sahayogI sadasyoM ko patrikA AjIvana bhejI jAtI rhegii| kRpayA DrAphTa/ceka kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura ke nAma deya preSita kreN| bhagavAna mahAvIra 2600 vA~ janma jayaMtI mahotsava varSa kI samApana belA meM hama sabake sammukha eka prazna upasthita ho gayA hai| kyA hama isa varSa meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sandezoM evaM siddhAntoM ke vyApaka pracAra - prasAra meM saphala ho sake? mAtra jana sAmAnya meM hI kyoM, akAdamika stara para bhI hama jaina dharma kI mUla paramparA ko vAMchita gaurava dilAne meM nirantara pichaDa rahe haiN| jainatva ke gaurava meM abhivaddhi karane vAlI kisI bar3I zodha/anusaMdhAna pariyojanA ke kriyAnvayana kI jAnakArI hameM nahIM milii| 'prAkRta evaM jaina adhyayana' tathA 'jaina pAMDulipiyoM kI rASTrIya paMjI ke nirmANa' kI pariyojanA se sambaddha upasamitiyoM kI varSa meM aneka baiThakeM huIM kintu anuzasita pariyojanAoM meM se kisI ko bhI zAsakIya anudAna adyatana prApta na hone se ve prArambha na ho sakI aura unakA samayabaddha kAryakrama gambhIra rUpa se prabhAvita huA hai| va suvijJa sUtroM ke anusAra kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura dvArA preSita tInoM pariyojanAyeM sambaddha upasamitiyoM meM sammilita vizeSajJoM dvArA anazaMsita haI haiN| 1. Decoding, Editing and Translation of Siri Bhuvalaya of Kumudendu. 2. Development of Mathematical Thoughts in Jainism. 3. Catalouging of Jaina Manuscripts in M.P. Maharashtra Region. prathama do pariyojanAyeM 'prAkRta evaM jaina adhyayana' varga evaM tIsarI 'jaina pAMDulipiyoM kI rASTrIya paMjI ke nirmANa' varga meM anuzaMsita huI haiN| jJAnapITha meM siribhUvalaya ke DikoDiMga kI pariyojanA to 1 apraila 2001 se prArambha kI jA cukI hai, jisakA kArya pragati para hai| zeSa 2 para bhI prArambhika taiyAriyA~ pUrNa kI jA cukI haiN| evaM unheM prastAvita prArUpa ke anurUpa prArambha karanA hai| hamArA bhArata sarakAra se sAgraha arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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anurodha hai ki ukta anuzaMsita pariyojanAoM kI svIkRti zIghra preSita kareM, jisase vittIya varSa 2002 - 3 meM kArya prArambha ho ske| siri bhUvalaya pariyojanA kundakunda jJAnapITha meM 1.4.2001 se gatimAna hai| isakA 1 varSIya pragati vivaraNa arhat vacana 14 (2) meM prakAzita kiyA jA rahA hai| sthAyI mahatva kI isa mahatvAkAMkSI pariyojanA meM tana, mana, dhana se sahayoga hetu hama sabhI kA AhvAna karate haiN| mukhyata: kannar3a bhASA evaM lipi se suparicitaM evaM usake vAcana, anuvAda Adi kAryoM meM siddhahasta vidvAn kRpayA zIghra samparka kreN| pAMDulipi ke 59 veM adhyAya kI DikoDiMga kA kArya pUrNatA kI ora hai, isase prApta pATha kI zuddhatA ke parIkSaNa, vizleSaNa evaM unameM garbhita viSayavastu ke prastutIkaraNa meM hameM unakI sevAoM kI apekSA hai| samprati yuvA vidvAna DaoN. mahendrakumAra jaina 'manuja' isa pariyojanA kA kArya dekha rahe haiN| hamAre pAThakagaNa isa grantha ke bAre meM pUrva meM sampAdita kArya evaM isase sambaddha samasta sUcanAoM, isa kArya meM sahayoga karane ke icchuka sakSama vidvAnoM ke nAma, pate hama taka pahu~cAkara apanA sahayoga de sakate haiN| isa kArya meM sahayoga karane vAle sabhI vidvAnoM ko sabhI AdhArabhUta suvidhAe~ evaM mAnadeya Adi upalabdha karAne kA hamArA prayAsa hai| prastuta aMka meM nihita sAmagrI kI guNavattA, upayogitA evaM AgAmI aMkoM meM samAhita kI jAne vAlI sAmagrI para Apake sujhAva sAdara AmaMtrita haiN| 31.3.2002 devakumArasiMha kAsalIvAla mukhapRSTha citra paricaya gyArahavIM zatAbdI (mahamUda gajanavI ke 1025 se prArambha vidhvaMsa) se jaina mandiroM meM AgamoM kI surakSA hetu sarasvatI bhaNDAroM ke nirmANa kA pracAra bar3hA aura preraNA svarUpa sarasvatI kI mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa bhI bahatAyata meM haa| usa samaya 'jJAna kI rakSA kI devI ke rUpa meM sarasvatI kI mAnyatA bddh'ii| pazcimI bhArata va madhyabhArata meM bahuta hI kalAtmaka mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa huaa| aisI do mUrtiyA~ laoNsa eMjilsa kAuMTI myUjiyama oNpha ArTa meM bhI pradarzita haiN| jaina paramparA meM zruta devI ke rUpa meM sarasvatI kA vandana 6 ThI zatAbdI se hI mUrtirUpa meM milatA hai| 11 vIM zatAbdI ke pahale sarasvatI kI mUrtiyA~ baiThI huI tathA do hAthoM vAlI hotI thI, kintu 11 vIM zatAbdI se ve khar3I va 4 hAthoM vAlI banane lgiiN| aisI hI eka mUrti 12vIM zatAbdI kI rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya, dillI meM surakSita hai, usI kA citra mukhapRSTha para aMkita hai| - sUrajamala bobarA arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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Vol. 14, No. 1, 2002, 9-15 ARHAT VACANA Kundakunda Jnanapitha, Indore AREA OF BOW - FIGURE IN JAINA MATHEMATICS Prof. R. C. Gupta * 1. INTRODUCTION The Capa-ksetra (Bow - Figure) is an important geometrical form in Jaina Cosmography. In the Jambudvipa, the shape of Bharata - varsa and Airavata - varsa is a bow - figure which is also called segment of a circle. 2 Aravata - varsa N JAMBUDVIPA M Bharata - varsa FIG.-1 FIG.-2 In Fig. 2, PNQP is a segment of a circle (i.e. circular disc) whose centre is at O and whose radius is OP = OQ = r. Let the length of the arc (capa) PNQ be s, and the length of the chord (called jya or jiva etc.) PQ be c. The height of the segment, MN was called sara, isu, bana ('arrow') etc. = h. The exact relation between c and h for any segment of a circle of diameter d (= 2r) is C= 4h(d-h) .......... (1) This was well-known to ancient Jainas (it easily follows by applying the so called Pythagorean theorem to the right - angled triangle OPM). The usual method of finding the exact area of the circular segment takes its Area, A = sector OPNQ - triangle OPQ = (s.r)/2 - c.(r-h)/2 .......... (3) = r(s-c)/2 + ch/2 In terms of the semi-central angle o subtended by the arc at the centre O,we have the formulas + Ganita Bharati Academy, R-20, Ras Bahar Colony, JHANSI-284003 (U.P.)

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S = 20 C = 2r sine h = r(1 - Coso) where tan (0/2) = 2h/c ........... (8) Thus a use of trignonometric functions and tables will enable us to find s and A accurately when any two of c, h, and d (= 2r) are known. In the absence of trigonometric facility or use, recourse was taken to devise suitable empirical rules for practical purpose. For mensuration of a circle and related figures, the ancient Jainas usually employed t = 3 for practical (vyavaharika) and a = 10 for accurate (suksma) computations. Based on these, their rules for finding the arc-length s of a bow-figure were practical s= c2 + 5h2 ............... (9) accurate s = c + 6h?. ............. (10) As shown by the present author, these formulas belong to the prototype S = V c? + kh? ............ (11) where k was chosen such that it yielded expected result for a semicircle (which is also a segment with c = 2r, and h = r). That is, 1. k= x2 - 4 ..... (12) 2. PRACTICAL RULES FOR AREA OF BOW - FIGURE For finding the approximate or practical (vyavaharika) area of a bow - figure, Mahaviracarya (c. 850 A.D.) in his Ganita - sara-sangraha (=GSS), (VII, 43, p. 190) 2 says kRtveSuguNasamAsaM bANArdhaguNaM zarAsane gnnitm| Krtvesugunasamasam banardhagunam sarasane ganitam 'The sum of the arrow and the chord, multiplied by half the arrow is the area of the bow - figure.' That is, A = (c+h).h/2 ............. (13) The same rule is found in the Trilokasara, gatha, 762 of Nemicandra (10th century). If we apply (13) for a semicircle (c = 2r, h = r), we get A = 3r2/2 (implying n = 3) So we say that (13) is based on the vyavaharika value a = 3. The most interesting fact about (13) is that it was known either as such or with some modifications to suit other values of t, in many other civilizations including those of Egypt, Greece, China and Rome, and is also found in a Hebrew work.In India also, Sridhara (c. 750 A.D.) had given . ... (14) 10 Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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a modified form of (13) in his Trisatika, (sutra 47) as follows5 jIvAzaraikyadalahatazarasya varga dazAhataM naabhiH| vibhajedavAptamUlaM prajAyate kArmukasya phlm|| 47 // 'Take ten times the square of the product of the arrow and half the sum of the chord and arrow, and divide by nine. The square - root of the quotient (so obtained) gives the area of the bow - figure.' That is, A= [h.(c+h)/2].(10/9) ........... (15) Clearly this is a modification of (13) based on an adjustment of a from the rough value st = 3 to the better (Jaina) value r = 10. The rule (15) is also found in the Prakrit work Ganitasara (III, 46) of the Jaina author Thakkura Pheru (14th century). Although it is possible that (13) was known to ancient Jainas and (15) was its natural modification for t = 10, for accurate calculations they invented a simpler rule which will be discussed in the next section. Another practical rule will also be dealt therein. 3. SPECIAL JAINA RULE FOR AREA OF BOW - FIGURE The Tiloyapannatti, IV, 2401, of Yativrasabha contains the following verbal statement of a suksma ('accurate') rule. SV - 9 - forg-utan, ufdical G1-4 i qui C atar, iaita - n11 2401 || 'The square of the product of a quarter isu (=h) and the chord (=c) is multiplied by ten. The square - root of the result is the accurate (suhuma) area of the bow - figure.' That is, A = 10(c.h/4) ........... (16) The same rule is said to be found in the Brhatksetra - samasa (1, 122) of Jinabhadra Gani (H.A.D. 609). The first half of a gatha quoted by Bhaskara I in his commentary (A.D. 629) on the Aryabhatiya (under II, 10) reads isupAyaguNA jIvA dasikaraNi bhaveda vigaNiya pdm| The product of the chord and a quarter of the arrow when further multiplied by the sqaure - root of ten becomes the area of the bow - figure.' That is, A = 10 c.h/4 ............. (17) which is just a simplified form of (16) and which is also found in the GSS, VII, 70 (p. 198) of Mahavira. Nemicandra follows Mahavira in this respect. 9 For a semi circle, the rule (16) or (17) gives the area Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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A = 10.212 ............ (18) and implies the usual 'accurate' Jaina value n = 10. The corresponding vyavaharika rule, for the area of a bow - figure, based on the simple practical value r = 3 will be A = 3 c.h/4 .... ..... (19) which is not found in the mentioned works of Mahavira and Nemicandra. Thus we find that for the area of a bow - figure two apparently different type of rules were used by the Jainas. A comparison of the three rules (13), (15) and (19) along with A = n ch/4 (with true ) ............. (20) and the modern exact area Ao = (0 - sino.coso) ............ (21) is presented in the accompanying TABLE (in which we have assumed r = 1 for convenience). TABLE (to 3 decimal places) A SI. No. True Area Practical Area Sridhara's True A A = (c+h)h/ 2 17.(c+h)h/6 Area by 3 ch/4 Area by I ch/4 A. 0.000 0.014 0.106 30deg 45deg | 0.000 0.012 0.091 0.285 0.614 1.059 1.571 0.000 0.009 0.076 0.250 0.558 0.991 1.500 0.000 0.010 0.080 0.264 0.588 1.044 1.581 0.000 0.013 0.101 0.311 0.650 1.074 1.500 0.327 0.685 1.132 1.581 90deg We see from the table that the area given by (13) is always less than the true or actual area. In fact the values of area given by (13) are so low that even Sridhara's modification (15) cannot yield good results except for segments which are nearly semicircles. This poor yield of values may be a reason due to which the Jainas did not employ (15) for their accurate calculations. As far as (16) is concerned, we have already discussed its accuracy etc. 10 From the table also, we find that both (19) and (20) give higher values except near the end. So the special Jaina rule (16) or (17) using higher value of r is expected to give some high yielding results. The question as to how the ancient Jainas hit upon such a peculiar rule, is considered in the next section. 12 Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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4. DERIVATIONS AND RATIONALES For the area of closed round figure a general ancient prototype rule was Area = (perimeter).(width)/4 ............. (22) This was usually used for a circle for which it gives exact result. Surprisingly it is also true for a square. Mahavira used it for ayatavrtta (elongated circle or ellipse) in his GSS, (VII, 21 and 63, pp. 185 and 196). 11 KKHN C2h FIG. 3 FIG. 4 If we apply (22) to the figure (see FIG. 3) formed by double segment, we will get 2A = (28).(2h)/4 A = (s.h)/2 ............ (23) Directly as such, this rule (23) for the area of a circular segment (FIG. 2) is found in Karvinda's commentary on the Apastamba Sulbasutra. 12 Now the following ancient empirical relation has been found S = c + h ... ............ (24) Putting this in (23), we get the practical and popular classical formula (13) The author of the present paper has discovered the presence of the simple rule (24) in an old Babylonian text (BM 85194). 13 Mahavira used this simple method for finding the vyavaharika (approximate) perimeter of an ellipse (GSS, VII, 21), but not for its suksma (accurate) perimeter (GSS, VII, 63). For arc of a circular segment his rules were different namely (9) and (10). On the other hand Narayana (1356 A.D.) in his Ganita Kaumudi (IV, 12) used (24) for circular segment which was not greater than a semi-circle." His example on yavakara-ksetra (barley-shaped figure) Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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under the next sutra (IV, 13) is quite illuminating in this matter. He treats the barley-figure in two ways, namely as made of two triangles (upper and lower in FIG. 4) and as made of double segment (FIG. 3). The given dimensions are perpendicular width, NK 12, and each (curvilinear) side PNG or PKQ = 30. While treating the yava-figure as double segment (FIG. 3), we have h = 6, and from (24) cs-h 30-6= 24 (viloma vidhi). Hence by (13), area will be 90 for half figure, and 180 for the given barley figure. For applying the method of triangles, the area of the upper triangle is found by the old empirical rule. 15 R P N D 2r (KP PN) 2 SR r 15+15 2 which gives the same answer 180 for the full figure. Indeed ancient methods were peculiar. 16 If one can see, rules (23) and (25) are same in the context here! Q P E G KN ') 2 (1/2) = 90 c/2 h IN ************* s FIG. 6 HF (25) S FIG. 5 Now we will give two rationales for the formula (19). One is based on averaging which was frequently used in ancient days. 17 It can be seen easily that the area of the semi-circle (with l= 3) in FIG. 5 is the mean of the areas of the inscribed triangle PNQ and the circumscribed rectangle PRSQ. It is quite natural to apply the same process to the segment PNQ in FIG. 6 by analogy. So we get A = ( PNQ+ area PRSQ)/2 = (ch/2+ch)/2 which gives (19). Second method is based on equating the area of the segment by apparently equivalent trapezium which was a pride figure in Jaina mathematics. In FIG. 6, GHh, EF c/2. Firstly, we note that the rule (13) approximates the area of the segment by the trapezium PGHQ. But this rule (13) always gives less area. So the segmental area may be approximated by the trapezium 14 Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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PEFQ whose area is (c + c/2).h/2 which gives the formula (19). Finally by adjusting (19) to the better value a = 10, we get the Jaina rule (16) or (17). References and Notes - 1. R.C. Gupta, Jaina Formulas for the Arc of a Circular Segment, Jain Journal, 13(3), (1979), 89-94. 2. GSS, edited by L.C. Jain, with Hindi translation, Sholapur, 1963. The chord is called guna ('cord' or 'string') here. 3. See the Trilokasara with commentary of Madhavacandra and Hindi translation of | Argika Visuddhamati, Mahaviraji, 1975, p. 597. 4. The details are given by the present author in a paper submitted for a felicitation volume. 5. Sudhakara Dvivedi (editor), Trisatika of Sridhara, Benares, 1899, p. 35. 6. A.Nahata and B. Nahata (editors), Ratnapariksadi Saptagrantha sangraha (including Ganita sara), Jodhpur, 1961, p. 56 in Part II. 7. See the Tiloyapannatti, edited with Hindi translation of Aryika Visuddhamali, Vol. II, 1986, p. 636. Yafiursabha is placed between A.D. 473 and 609. 8. See the Aryabhatiya with the Commentary of Bhaskara I etc., ed. by K.S. Shukla, New Delhi, 1976, p. 73. 9. Trilokasara (see ref. 3 above) gatha 762, p. 597. Visuddhamati's translation is slightly wrong. Dasakarani means 10 which she missed. 10. R.C. Gupta, 'On Some Rules from Jaina Mathematics', Ganita Bharati, 11 (1989), 18-26. 11. Gupta, "Mahaviracarya on the Perimeter and Area of an Ellipse', The Mathematics Education, 8(1), 1974, Sec. B, 17-19; and T. Hayashi, Narayana's Rule for a Segment of a Circle'. Ganita Bharati, 12(1990), 5-7. 12. See the Apastamba Sulbasutra, ed. by D. Srinivasachar and N. Narasimhachar, Mysore, 1931, p. 124. 13. R.C. Gupta, Mensuration of a Circular segment in Babylonian Mathematics. Ganita Bharati, Vol. 23 (2001). It also contains a rationale of the rule (24). 14. Hayashi, op.cit. (see ref. 10 above), pp. 2-3. 15. The rule (25) for the triangle comes from the famous and universal 'surveyor's rule' for the area of a quadrilateral (of sides a, b, c, d) namely area = (a+c) (+) 12 when the (top) fourth side d = 0 (for triangle). For details see R.C. Gupta's, 'Primitive Area of a Quadrilateral and Averaging', Ganita Bharati, 19 (1997), 52-59. 16. See original text etc. in the Ganita Kaumudi, ed. by Padmakara Dvivedi, Part II, Benares, 1942, p. 11 and some modern exposition in Ganita Bharati, Vol. 21 (1999), p. 15. 17. See R.C. Gupta, The Process of Averaging in Ancient and Medieval Math.', Ganita Bharati, 3 (1981), 32-42. Received - 3.7.2001 Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002 15

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kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura kA prakalpa sandarbha granthAlaya AcArya kundakunda dvisahasrAbdi mahotsava varSa ke sandarbha meM 1987 meM sthApita kundakunda jJAnapITha ne eka mahatvapUrNa prakalpa ke rUpa meM bhAratIya vidyAoM, vizeSata: jaina vidyAoM, ke adhyetAoM kI suvidhA hetu deza ke madhya meM avasthita indaura nagara meM eka sarvAMgapUrNa sandarbha granthAlaya kI sthApanA kA nizcaya kiyaa| hamArI yojanA hai ki Adhunika rIti se dAzamika paddhati se vargIkRta kiye gaye isa pustakAlaya meM jaina vidyA ke kisI bhI kSetra meM kArya karane vAle adhyetAoM ko sabhI sambaddha grantha / zodha patra eka hI sthala para upalabdha ho jaayeN| hama yahA~ jaina vidyAoM se sambaddha vibhinna viSayoM para hone vAle zodha ke sandarbha meM samasta sUcanAe~ adyatana upalabdha karAnA cAhate haiN| isase jaina vidyAoM ke zodha meM rUci rakhane vAloM ko prathama caraNa meM hI hatotsAhita hone evaM punarAvRtti ko rokA jA skegaa| kevala itanA hI nahIM, hamArI yojanA durlabha pAMDulipiyoM kI khoja, mUla athavA usakI chAyA pratiyoM / mAikro philmoM ke saMkalana kI bhI hai| ina vicAroM ko mUrtarUpa dene hetu digambara jaina udAsIna Azrama, 584, mahAtmA gAMdhI mArga, indaura para navIna pustakAlaya bhavana kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hai| 31 disambara 2001 taka pustakAlaya meM 9250 mahatvapUrNa grantha evaM 1167 pAMDulipiyoM kA saMkalana ho cukA hai| jisameM aneka darlabha granthoM kI phoTo pratiyA~ sammilita haiM hii| aba upalabdha pustakoM kI samasta jAnakArI kampyUTara para bhI upalabdha hai| phalata: kisI bhI pustaka ko kSaNa mAtra meM hI prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| hamAre pustakAlaya meM lagabhaga 350 patra-patrikAe~ bhI niyamita rUpa se AtI haiM, jo anyatra durlabha hai| - Apase anurodha hai ki --- saMsthAoMse : 1. apanI saMsthA ke prakAzanoM kI 1-1 prati pustakAlaya ko preSita kreN| lekhakoM se : 2. apanI kRtiyoM (pustakoM / lekhoM) kI sUcI preSita kareM, jisase unako pustakAlaya meM upalabdha kiyA jA ske| 3. jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM hone vAlI navInatama zodhoM kI sUcanAe~ preSita kreN| digambara jaina udAsIna Azrama parisara meM hI amara granthAlaya ke antargata pustaka vikraya kendra kI sthApanA kI gaI hai| sandarbha granthAlaya meM prApta hone vAlI kRtiyoM kA prakAzakoM ke anurodha para bikrI kendra para bikrI kI jAne vAlI pustakoM kI namUnA prati ke rUpa meM upayoga kiyA jA skegaa| AvazyakatAnusAra namUnA prati ke AdhAra para adhika pratiyoM ke ArDara diye jaayeNge| prakAzita jaina sAhitya ke sUcIkaraNa kI pariyojanA bhI yahIM saMcAlita hone ke kAraNa pAThakoM ko bahuta sI sUcanAe~ yahA~ sahaja upalabdha haiN| devakumArasiMha kAsalIvAla DaoN. anupama jaina adhyakSa mAnada saciva 31.12.01 16 arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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Vol. 14, No. 1, 2002, 17-29 ARHAT VACANA Kundakunda unanapitha, Indore MATHEMATICS IN MAHAVIRA'S TRADITION Dr. Anupam Jain * aladhyaM trijagatsAraM yasyAnanta ctussttym| namastasmai jinendrAya mhaaviirtaayine|| saMkhyAjJAna pradIpena jainendreNa mhaatvissaa| prakAzitaM jagatsarvaM yena taM prnnmaamyhm||' In the salutation of his famous Indian Mathematical text Ganitasarasamgraha (GSS) of 9th century great Jainacarya Mahavira (814-877 A.D.) says - I bow to Lord Mahavira who are unsurpassable in all the three world and accquired four infinite attributes. I bow to that highly glorious Lord Jina by whom as forming the shining lamp of the knowledge of numbers, the whole of the Universe has been made to shine. In this mangatacarana Mahaviracarya refers Lord Mahavira as an illuminator of knowledge of numbers. Another great mathematician Acarya Sridhara of 8th C.A.D. writes in the salutation (mangatacarana) of Trisatika that - natvAM jinaM svaviracita pATyA gaNitasya sAramuddhRtya lokavyavahArAya pravakSyati shriidhraacaaryH|| Sridharacarya bowing to God Jina tells the substance of Mathematics as extracted from the Pati composed by himself for the use of people. This indicates the purpose of compiling the completely mathematical texts by Jainacaryas. Of course it does not give complete picture, even then, it is important Mathematics in Mahavira's tradition presently known as Jaina School of Mathematics. Modern mathematical world was completely unaware with this school before the publication of GSS in 1912 with English translation by M. Rangacarya. The first information about GSS was given by Prof. David Eugen Smith in April 1908 in Fourth International Congress on Mathematics in Rome. After this a detailed survey article under the title 'The Jaina School of Mathematics appeared in Bulletin of Calcutta Mathematical Society in 1929, by Prof. B.B. Department of Mathematics, Holkar Autonomous Science College, Indore -452017.

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Dutta'. The origin of this school goes to long back. Now, I am quoting some references from Jain Puranas which indicate that the first Tuthankara Lord Rsabhadeva himself taught Number System (Amka Vidya) to his younger daughter Sundart. We know that he taught script (Lipi Vidya) to his elder daughter Brahmt. vibhuH karadvayainAbhyAM likhnnkssrmaalikaam| upAdizallipiM saMkhyAsthAna caaddairnukrmaat|| 104 // tato bhagavato vktraanni:sRtaamkssaarvliim| siddhaM nama iti vyaktamaGgalAM siddhmaatRkaam|| 105 11 akArAdihakArAntAM zuddhAM muktvliimiv| svaravyaJjanabhedena dvidhA bhedmupeyussiim|| 106 / / ayogavAhaparyantAM sarvavidyAsu sNttaam| saMyogAkSarasaMbhUtiM naikbiijaakssraishcitaam|| 107 // samavAdIdharad brAhmI medhaavinytisundrii| sundarI gaNitaM sthAnakramaiH smygdhaaryt|| 108 // In Purana - sara-Saigraha Acarya Damanandi writes that - vAma hastena sundaryAM gaNitaM caapydrshyt|| One more reference of Adipurana, ch. - 16, indicates the existence of mathematical operations during the period of Lord Rsabhadeva. prastAra naSTamudiSTamekadvitrilaghu kriyaam| - saMkhyAmayAdhvayogaM ca vyAjahAra giraaptiH||' In the Svetambara tradition of Jaina Dharma we also find many references. It is an established fact that at the time of Candragupta, about 300 B.C., during 12 year famine, Svetambara sect came into picture. In the Svetambara tradition, in connection of 72 arts, we find the quotation - lehAiyAo gaNiyappahANAo i.e.Script etc. but full of mathematics. In otherwords we can say that they accept that all the arts are full of mathematics. The technical word used for mathematics in Svetambara tradition is Samkhyana (saMkhyAna). In Vyakhyaprajnapti (Bhagavati Sutra) knowledge of Samkhyana is essential for all the Jaina Monks (Sadhus). In the lane of twelve amgas, third one is Sthananga, which is also known as Thanam and preserved in the Svetambara tradition. We find an important verse (No. 747) related to the topics of Samkhyana. dasa vidhe saMkhANe paNNatte taM jahA parikammaM vavahAro rajju rAsI kalAsavanne ya jAvaMtAvati vaggo dhano tataha vaggavaggo vikppot|| Types of Samkhyana are 10, which are following - 18 Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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Term 1. Parikarma 2. Vyavahara 3. Rajju 4. Rast 5. Kalasavarna 6. Javata Tavata 7. Varga 8. Ghana 9. Vargavarga 10. Vikalpa Old Interpretation by Abhaidevasuri Addition etc. Series etc. Plane Geometry Heap of Grains Fractions Krakacika Vyavahara or Mathematics related to Cutting of Saw New Interpretation Fundamental Operations Applications of Fundamental Operations Paraworldly Mathematics related to Simile Measure etc. Set Theory Mathematics of Fractions Multiplication of Natural Simple Equations Numbers Square Cube Fourth Power Quadratic Equations Cubic Equations Higher Order Equations Combinations and Permutations Attempt to explain these ten types has been made by Abhaidevasuri, B.B. Dutta, H.R. Kapadia and L.C. Jain. But the explanations made by L.C. Jain are more closed to the reality. Here I want to mention that the mathematics found in the Dhavala and Gommatasara are comparatively more advanced, therefore Abhaidevasuri, B.B. Dutta, H.R. Kapadia could't imagine these advanced topics. In many commentories of Thanam, we find this verse with minor changes. The interpretation made by Abhaidevastri is misleading. The same type of interpretation is given by Acarya Tulsiji and his team in the edition of Thanam, published by Jaina Vishva Bharati, Ladnun. As I have mentioned earlier that the Jaina School of Mathematics came into light only in the 20th C.A.D. and many aspects explored in the later half of 20th C.A.D. Due to this reason, B.B. Dutta and H.R. Kapadia cannot imagine the extent of Mathematical knowledge contained in Dhavata and Gommalasara. Due to it, they cannot interpretate the term properly. L.C. Jain, who has gone through the mathematics of Tiloyapannat. Dhavata and Gommatasara interpretated well the different forms. This topic has beer discussed in detail in my article. 'jaina AgamoM meM nihita gaNitIya adhyayana ke viSaya, tulasI prajJA (lADanU~), 13 (1987), Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002 19

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pp. 57-64. Role of Mathematics in Jainism is very high. It can be observed in the following words of a famous Jaina commentator, Todarmal (1740-1767 A.D.) of Jaipur. He writes - "bahuri je jIva saMskRtAdika ke jJAna sahita hai kintu gaNitAmnAyAdika ke jJAna ke abhAva te mUla graMtha yA saMskRta TIkA viSa praveza na karahuM tina bhavya jIvana kAje THE "10 For those people, who have the knowledge of Samskrita etc., but due to lake of knowledge of Mathematics they can't understand the original texts, these texts have been prepared. This indicate the utility of Mathematics in understanding Jaina philosophy. Not only it but in 9th century a famous Jaina Mathematician, Acarya Mahavira also writes that - 'bahubhirvi pralApaiH kiM trailokye scraacre| yatkiMcidvastu tatsarva gaNitena binA nhi||| What is good of saying much in vain? Whatever there is in all three worlds, which are prossessed of moving and non-moving being all that indeed cannot exists as apart from Mathematics. These references are enough to show the place of Mathematics among Jainas. Jaina literature have a lot of Mathematics. It is vast and varied too. During past two decades I have tried to see and collect the information about it, but we can do only a small part of it. More than 100 mathematical manuscripts written by different Jaina scholars are still remains unexplored, unidentified and we are still unknown about the mathematical knowledge contained in it. Even then, available informations are very huge and attract attention. More informations about Jain mathematical literature are available in the following two papers written by the author in Hindi - 1. faqe 3511 to mora pet, mora prait (focsit), 4(1-2), 1982, pp. 61 - 71 2. ita Torrita Hilary, BETETI 229 (grote), 1(1), former 1988, pp. 19.40 Of course above two articles are very exhaustive, but here I would like to give some informations from these articles. We can classify all the available mathematical texts of Jaina School in the following 6 groups. 20 Arhat Vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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Group - In this category, we include those mathematical texts, which are well known and its critical editions have been published. 1. Gaaitasara Samgraha of Mahaviracarya (850 A.D.) 2. 2. Ganita Tilaka, commentory on Patiganita of Srpati, written by Simha Tilaka Suri (1275 A.D.) . Group || - In this category, we include only those texts whose original texts have been published but its critical edition has not been published so far. 1. Trisatika (Patiganitasara) of Sridhara. 2. Ganita Sara Kaumudi of Thakkara Pheru (1265-1330). 3. Angula Saptati. 4. Litavati of Poet Lalacandra. 5. Amka Prastara. Out of these Trisatika is very important. Its mangatacarana has been changed. Really Sridhar was earlier Shaiva hindu but later he became Jaina. At the time of copying, some one changed the mangatacarana. Original mangalacarana was natvA jinaM svaviracita pATyA gaNitasyasAramudhRtya14 and later ' word was changed to 'fra'. But in the inner part we get an example related to Tirthankaras in connection with the question related with fractions. vRSabhe sambhave paMca saptonduruta diishye:| vimale 'rddha caturdAra krameNaikaM ca dRshyte|| This example contains the name of Tirthankara Vrasabha (Adinatha), Sambhavanatha and Vimalanatha and able to say the entire story. I have discussed it in my another paper - '317rf siter Thunforto 3706F', (Co-author Mamta Agrawal), Arhat Vacana (Indore), 8(1), 1996, pp. 17-24. Group III - In this group we include those texts whose manuscripts are lying with me but so far unpublished. 1. Sattrinsika by Madhavacandra Traividya (11th C.A.D.) 2. Ganitasara by Hemaraja (1673 A.D.) 3. Istankapancavimsatika by Tejsingh Suri (1686) Group IV - In this group we include the name of those texts which are Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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still preserved in different libraries of India. In the catalouges of different bhandaras we have the informations about these texts. They should be preserved immediately. This list includes - 1. Ganita Sathasau - Mahimodaya 2. Ganitasara - Ananada Kavi 3. Ganividya Pannatti 4. Ganita samgraha - Yallacarya 5. Ksetra Ganita Nemicanda 6. Ksetra samasa - Somatilaka Suri 7. Ksetra samasa Prakarana - Sricandra Suri 8. Vrahat Ksetra samasa Vratti Siddha Suri 9. Laghu Ksetra samasa Vratti Haribhadra Suri 10. Ksetra samasa - Ratna sekhara Suri 11. Ksetra Samasa Simhatilak Suri 12. Uttara Chattisi Tika - Sridhara 13. Ganita Sastra - Rajaditya 14. Ganita Sastra - Gunabhadra 15. Ganita Vilasa Candram 16. Ganita Samgraha Rajaditya 17. Ganita Vilasa - Rajaditya - 18. Ganita Kosthaka - 19. Pudgala Bhanga Vratti - This list may be extended by making extensive survey. Group V In this group we list out those texts whose names are found in other texts but at present there is no information about the availability of these important texts. They should be searched. 1. Vrahada Dhara Parikarma (In Trilokasara) 2. Siddhabhupaddhati Tika (In Uttara purana) 3. Karana Sutra (Yativrasabha) 4. Karana Bhavana (Anantapala) 5. Patiganita (Anantapala) 6. Chattisa Purva Prati Uttara Pratisaha (Mahaviracarya) 7. Ksetra Ganita (Mahaviracarya) 8. Aloukika ganita (Ratnasekhara Sur) 9. Ganita Sutra (Ratnasekhara Sur) 10. Trisati (Ratnasekhara Suri) 22 16 17 Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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11. Ksetra Vicarana (Ratnasekhara Suri) 12. Ksetra Samasa Batavabodha 13. Litavali Bhasa Caupai etc. Group VI - There are so many old mathematical works which were composed in Sourseni Prakrta prose and poetry and in Ardhamagadhi. The quotations of these works found in later works but the original texts are not available. The names of the texts containing such quotations are following - 1. Tatvarthadhigama Sutra Bhasya of Umasvati 2. Commentory of Aryabhatiya by Bhaskara - I 3. Dhavata Tika by Acarya Virasena 4. Commentory of Anuyogadvara Sutra by Silanka 5. Litavafi of Bhaskara - II as 4as The well known method of solving quadratic equation given by Sridhara is available in Bhaskara's Lilavati. caturAhata vargasamai rUpai: pakSadvayaM gunnyet| avyakta vargarUpairyukto pakSo tato muulm|| ax2 + bx 4a (ax?) + 4a (bx) 4ac 4a2x2 + 4abx 4a?x? + 4abx + b2 4ac + b2 (2ax + b)2 4ac + b2 2ax + b # 4ac + b2 -b / 4ac + b2 2a It has been quoted from unavailable work Bijaganita of Sridhara. More detailed informations are available in my article 'jaina gaNitIya sAhitya' in Hindi. 18 kh Now I am giving the list of the Acaryas/Scholars, who are related with Jaina School and whose works have the material of mathematician's interest. Unless we identify all the available manuscripts and search out the mathematical treatise mentioned by later mathematicians, we cann't claim about the completeness of it. Even then it gives brief idea. Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002 23

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S. No. 1 2 3 1st c.B.C. Kasaya Pahuda 1st c.B.C.-1st c. A.D. Pancastikaya etc. 1st c.A.D. Satakhandagama 4 Puspadanta and Bhotabali 1st c.A.D. Satakhandagama, Mahabandha Umasvami Tatvarthasutra Umasvati Yatvrasabha Pujyapada (Devanandi) Jinabhadragani Bhasyakara 5 6 7 8 9 11 121 10 Akalanka 13 14 15 16 17 Name 22 20 Gunadhara 20 21 Kundakunda Dharasena 24 18 Nemicandra Vidyananda Sridharacarya Virasena Jinasena Mahavira or Mahaviracarya Kumudendu Silanka Siddhantacakravarti Period Padmanandi I Amitagat! II 2nd-4th c.A.D. 2nd-4th c.A.D. 176-609 A.D. 539 A.D. 609 A.D. 620-680 A.D. 775-840 A.D. 8th c.A.D. 19 Madhavacandra Traividya 10-11th c.A.D. 816 A.D. 9th C.A.D. 850 A.D. 860-880 A.D. 9th c.A.D. 10-11th c.A.D. 977-1043 A.D. Text of Mathematical Interest 11th c.A.D. Tatvarthadhigamasutrabhasya Tiloyapannatt Sarvartha Siddhi Visesavasyaka Bhasya Tatvartha Rajavartika Tatvartha Slokavartika Patiganita, Trisatika, Jyotirjanavidhi, Bljaganita (not available) etc. Dhaval Commentory Jayadhavala Commentory Ganitasara samgraha etc. Siribhavalaya Tikas of agams Gommatasara, Trilokasara, Labdhisara, Ksapanasara Sattrinsika, Tikas of Gommatasara, Trilokasara etc. Jambuddivapannatti samgaho Candraprajnapti, Sardhadvaya Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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prajnapti, Vyakhya prajnapti 22 Abhaidevasuri* 1015-1078 A.D. Tikas of 9 agamas Hemacandrasur* 1107 A.D. Anuyogadvara Vratti, Visesavasyaka Bhasyavratti 24 Malayagiri* 1080-1172 A.D. Tikas of Surya prajnapti, Candra prajnapti, Jambudvipa prajnapti etc. 25 Rajaditya 1120 A.D. Vyavahara Ganita, Ksetra Ganita, Vyavahara Ratna, Jaina Ganita Sutrodaharana, Citrahasuge, Lilavati 26 Simhatilakasuri* 13th c.A.D. Ganita Tilaka Tika Thakkara Pheru* 1265 - 1330 A.D. Ganitasara Kaumudt Ratnasekhara suri* 1440 A.D. Laghu Ksetra Samasa 1665 A.D. Ganita Sathasau 29 30 31 Mahimodaya* Hemaraja Tejasinha* 1673 A.D. Ganitasara 17th C.A.D. Istanka Pancavinsatika 32 Todaramala 1740-1767 A.D. Samyakajnana Candrika Tika on Gommatasara, Trilokasara etc. The names of the mathematicians whose works included in Group IV should also be added after getting the copies of the MSS from bhandars. The above list of authors may be extended by adding the names Haribhadra Suri, Padmaprabha Suri, Candrama, Siddhasena, Mahendra Suri, Malayendu Suri, Bulakicandra, Bulakldasa etc. The books writen by these authors include some material of mathematician's interest. Of course, it is true that these authors neither composed any mathematical texts nor any such book which have special mention from mathematical point of view. Apart from it in Jaina Canonical Text of Svetambara tradition, which is known as Amga & Upanga, we find enough interesting material. These amgas contains valuable informations regarding Number System, Theory of Infinity, Theory of Indices, Combination etc. Sthananga sutra, Bhagavali sutra, Anuyogadvara sira, Uttaradhyayana sutra, Jambudvipa prajnapti are more important from th: point of view. All these references are collectively available in Ganitanuyoga compiled by Muni Kanhaiyalal Kamal". Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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In the list given here the scholars having * belongs to svetambara tradition, while others are Digambara. This information is useful in compiling the life history of the Acarya. I would like to mention that Sridhara, Mahavira, Simhatilakasuri & Thakkarpheru are purely mathematician, while Yatfvrasabha, Vfrasena, Nemicandra & Todarmala, who are basically philosophers, contributed a lot. A deep study of the works of these philosopher mathematician is urgently needed. I am happy to note that Prof. Padmavathamma, Mr. Dipak Jadhav, Mrs. N. Shivkumar, Mrs. Shweta Jain, Mr. Jeevanprakash Jain & Mrs. Pragati Jain are busy in doing such studies. Now I am mentioning few points which were earlier discovered by Jainacaryas but still in the existing books on History of Mathematics we find wrong informations. 1. Fibonnaci Numbers & Fibonnacci Sequences are first found in the Ganita sara-samgraha of Mahaviacarya (850 A.D.)". It is discussed in detail in GSS of 9th c.A.D. Process of finding perpendiculars & base for fixed C is available in GSS, but credit is given to Fibonnacci (1202 A.D.) and Vieta (1580 A.D.). It is also clear by the name also. Actually credit should be given to Mahaviracarya (850 A.D.) . . .n n ! 2. The General formula for combination is available in GSS r r!(n-)! by Mahavira (850 A.D.) 22, but credit is given to Herigon (1634 A.D.).23 The theory of combination & permutation is available in many Jaina texts by the name Vikalpa or Bhamga. n! 3. The general formula for Permutation is "p = - is given in the r (n-1)! commentary of Anuyogadvara satra by Hemcandra24, while it is mentioned in the book of Smith that it is invented in Europe in 14-15th century." 4. The concept and formula for logarithms is available in the Tiloyapannattico (2-7 th century) and in the Dhavala commentary of Satakhandagama written by Virasena (816 A.D.)." The formulae which are available - log m.n = log m + log n. log m/n = log m - log n logm = n log m. Not only this, but the concept of log log and log log log is also available in the Dhavala commentory. More details are available in the article of Prof. L. C. Jain 'On Some Mathematical Topics of Dhavala' text Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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5. or in the book 'Exact Sciences from Jaina Sources, Vol. - 1, Basic Mathematics! 3 But credit for the invention of logarithm is given to John Napier (1550 - 1617) and Jobit Burgi (1552-1632) which is not proper. Of course it is true that in Dhavala all the rules are discussed with base 2,3,4, but in the modern mathematics base is '10' and 'e' are more popular. The concept of antiardhaccheda and antivargasalaka is also available in the commentories written by Madhvacandra Traividya. In the same Dhavala. there exists concepts and illustrations of set theory. In fact, the word 'rasi' is used for sets. Other synonomical words are Ogha, Punja, Sampata, Bhavya Jiva Rasi, Mithya dristi Jiva Rasi, Vanaspati Kayika Jiva Rasi, all are well defined hence they are sets. The concept of finite & infinite set, singlton set, null set, sub set, super set, etc. are available in Dhavala" in detail but the credit for invention and development of set theory goes to George Cantor (17th c.A.D.)." Of course it may be true that concept of set was developed by Cantor independently but on this ground we can not neglect the contributions of Virasena. 6. The continued fractions are available in Dhavala, Vol.-3, in 9th century, while credit goes to Antonio Catoldi (1540 - 1620 A.D.)." 7. Concept of Probability is available in the Apta mimansa commentory written by Samantabhadra (2nd c.A.D.), while credit goes to Galileo (1564-1642), rmat (1601 - 1625), Pascal (1623-1662), Bernouli (1654 - 1705). It is available in the name of Avaktavya (379 ), which is primary form of Probability. Of course it is in crude form. 8. Famous book Ganita Sara Samgraha of Mahaviracarya contains the rule adding fractions of unequal denominator by the name niruddha". He says - chedAparvatakAnAM labdhAnAM cAhatau nirUddha syaat| FEST Ama yford yield ariargut WHER: 11 3/56 This rule was invented in Europe in 15th C.A.D. and came in use about 17th C.A.D. 38 9. The use of unit fraction is an unique contribution of Mahaviracarya. No other Indian Mathematician discusses it". Seven f different type of cases are available ir GSS, ch-3, verse 75-85 10. The rule for finding the area & circumference of ellipse is available in Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002 27

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GSS -7/21 & 7/63. The name of ellipse is here z In the Trisatika of Sridhara, it is discussed under the name Yavakara. Both are not available in any contemporary or prior book 41. Finally I would like to suggest to write a complete book on Jaina School of Mathematics which may include all the references of Jaina Contributions. Certainly, it is a major project which can be completed by a team of Mathematicians, expert of Jainism and language expert. The proper evaluation of kamanuyoga and Drvyanuyoga should be done by mathematical point of view. I am sure that this august gathering of this seminar which includes experts and dedicated social workers must think over it and take necessary decision in near future. References - 1. Ganitasara Sangraha (GSS). Acarya Mahavira, English Translation by M. Rangacarya, Madras, 1912, Hindi Translation by L. C. Jain, Solapur, 1963, Kannada Translation by Padmavathamma with English Translation of M. Rangacarya, Hombuj, 2000, ch. 1, verse-1,2. 2. Trisatika Manuscript, Lucknow University, verse-1. 3. Preface of the GSS (Kannada Translation). 4. B.B. Dutta, The Jaina School of Mathematics, B.C.M.S. (Calcutta), 21 (1929), pp. 115-143. 5. Adipurana, Acarya Jinasena, vol. 1, ch.-16, verse 104-108, pp. 355-356. 6. Puranasara Samgraha, Acarya Damanandi, 3/14. 7. Adipurana, vol.-1, ch. -16, verse-114, pp. 356. 8. Bhagavan Sutra, 90 9. Thanam, ch. 10, verse-747. 10. Gommatasara (Livakanda). Acarya Nemicandra Siddhantacakravarti, with commentory of Todarmal, Jaina Siddhanta Prakasini Samstha, Kolkata, Purva Pithika, p. 58. 11. Ganitasara samgraha, Acarya Mahavira (850 A.D.), ch. 1, loka-16, (1/16). 12. See Ref: 1 13. Ganita Tilaka, Gaikwada Oriental Series, Baroda, 1935. 14. Changed mangalacarana is tvA zivaM svaviracita pATyA gaNitasya sAramuddhRtya / loka vyavahArAya pravakSyati zrIdharAcAryaH // here 'jina' has been replaced by "zivaM'. 15. Mamta Agrawal, foi z Ph.D. Thesis, Ch. Charanasingh University, Meerut, 2001, p. 169. 28 Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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16.99815 CUTITUT ERU RRIG f ail Parereat parere P T GUIE afyahi Trilokasara Gatha, 91. 17. R 446 cani videz : Etqu i faila - Uttarapurana Prasasti. 18. For details of such references, see 31944 ta, a morate wifery, Arhat Vacana (Indore), 1(1), 1988. 19. Ganitanuyoga, Muni Kanhaiyalal Kamal, Agam Anuyoga Prakashan Samiti, Sanderao, 1970. 20. GSS ch.-7, verse 95, 97 & 122 21. L.E. Dickson, History of Theory of Numbers, Vol-II, Washington, 1923, p. 167. 22. GSS, 6/218, p. 246. 23. D.E. Smith, History of Mathematics, Dower Publication, New York, Vol-2, p. 527. 24. Commentory of Anuyogadvara sutra by Hemchandra. 25. Smith, History, Vol-2, p. 524-528. 26. Tiloyapannatti, Yativrasabha, Hindi commentory by Aryika Visuddhamati, 3 Vols, Dig. Jaina Mahasabha, Kota, 1984-89. 27. Satakhandagama with Dhavala Commentary, Vol 1-16, 1st Ed., Amravati, Vidarbha, 1939. 28.L.C. Jain, On Some Mathematical Topics of Dhavala Texts, I.J.H.S. (Calcutta), 11(2), pp. 85-111, 1976. 29.L.C. Jain, Exact Sciences from Jaina Sources, Vol I & II, Rajasthana Prakrita Bharti, Jaipur, 1982-83. 30. Smith, History, Vol. II, p. 514-523 & B. Mohan, more on ERTERI, P. 220. 31. L.C. Jain, Set Theory in Jaina School of Mathematics, I.J.H.S. (Calcutta), 8(1), pp. 1-27, 1973. 32. B. Mohan, ora 1 TERH, p. 438-442. 33. Dhavala, Vol 3, pp. 45-46. 34. Smith, History, Vol. II, p. 419. 35. Apta Mimansa by Samantabhadra, Ch.-7, verse 15, 16. 36. Ramesh Chand Jain, furgar 5 HT 3Typ fua fasih, Proceeding of International Seminar on Jaina Mathematics & Astronomy, D.J.I.C.R. (Hastinapur), 1985, 95-99. 37. Ganita Sara Samgraha of Mahaviracarya, 3/56, p. 49. 38. B. L. Upadhyaya, urea de mora, p. 169. 39. B. Mohan, Tora 057 , p. 81. 40. Ganita Sara Samgraha, ch.-3, verse 75 - 84. 41. See Ref. 15 09 Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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ahat vacana puraskAra varSa 13 (2001) kI ghoSaNA / kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura dvArA maulika evaM zodhapUrNa AlekhoM ke sRjana ko protsAhana dene evaM zodhArthiyoM ke zrama ko sammAnita karane ke uddezya se varSa 1990 meM arhat vacana puraskAroM kI sthApanA kI gaI thii| isake antargata prativarSa arhat vacana meM eka varSa meM prakAzita 3 zreSTha AlekhoM ko puraskRta kiyA jAtA hai| varSa 2001 ke cAra aMkoM meM prakAzita AlekhoM ke mUlyAMkana ke liye eka trisadasyIya nirNAyaka maNDala kA nimnavat gaThana kiyA gayA thA - 1. pro. e. e. abbAsI pUrva kulapati - devI ahilyA vizvavidyAlaya, indaura bI-417, sudAmA nagara, indaura - 452 009 2. pro. gaNeza kAvar3iyA prAdhyApaka - arthazAstra, arthazAstra adhyayanazAlA, de.a.vi.vi, e-3, vizvavidyAlaya AvAsIya parisara, khaNDavA ror3a, indaura - 452017 3. zrI sarajamala bobarA sadasya - saMpAdaka maMDala, arhat vacana, 9/2, snehalatAgaMja (zrama zivira ke pIche), indaura nirNAyakoM dvArA pradatta prAptAMkoM ke AdhAra para nimnAMkita AlekhoM ko kramaza: prathama, dvitIya evaM tRtIya puraskAra hetu cunA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki pUjya munirAjoM, AryikA mAtAoM, arhat vacana sampAdaka maMDala ke sadasyoM evaM vigata pA~ca varSoM meM isa puraskAra se sammAnita lekhakoM dvArA likhita lekha pratiyogitA meM sammilita nahIM kiye jAte haiN| puraskRta lekha ke lekhakoM ko kramaza: rupaye 5000/-, 3000/- evaM 2000/- kI nagada rAzi, prazasti patra evaM smRti cinha se sammAnita kiyA jaayegaa| prathama puraskAra : Solar System in Jainism and Moderm Astronomy, 13 (1), January 2001. Dr. Rajmal Jain, 45, Adarsh Colony Pulla, P.B. 24, Udaipur (Raj.) dvitIya puraskAra : Jainism Abroad, 13(1), January 2001. Sri Satish Kumar Jain, Secretary General - Ahimsa International, C-III/3129, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi. tRtIya puraskAra : jaina dharma meM Asrava tattva kA svarUpa, 13 (3-4), julAI - disambara 2001. DaoN. mukularAja mehatA, risarca sAiMTisTa, 'sI' darzana evaM dharma vibhAga kAzI hindU vi.vi., vArANasI (u.pra.) nikaTa bhaviSya meM puraskAra samarpaNa kAryakrama Ayojita kiyA jaayegaa| devakumArasiMha kAsalIvAla DaoN. anupama jaina adhyakSa kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura mAnada saciva arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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ARHAT VACANA Kundakunda Jnanapitha, Indore THE MENSURATION OF A CONCH IN ANCIENT INDIA * ** I. INTRODUCTION According to Jaina cosmography, at the end of asamkhyata1 island-oceans here is the Suayambhuramana (self-born-merriment) ocean in which the deeply sunk one is a conch. The dimension (extension, length or diameter) of the conch is 12 yojanas and the diameter of its (circular) face is 4 yojanas. Jainas have calculated that the volume of the conch is 365 cubic yojanas. Vol. 14, No. 1, 2002, 31-54 Dipak Jadhav As far as known, from before the time of Yattursabha2 the Jaina School of Indian Mathematics has had a deep concern with the mensuration of a conch. Virasena, Mahavira". Nemicandra and Narayana are the other mathematicians whose works contain the elements of its mensuration. Among hem, Narayana is the only non-Jaina mathematician. classwise order, vide Table-A. The very object of this article is to make a thorough study on the mensuration of a conch in ancient India from those sources which are extant oday. This article shall definitely provide broad base for further study. * In the following sections, we shall give the details of the mensuration of a conch made by the mathematicians mentioned above in such an order hat the subject matter can be well understood. For chronological, schoolwise and 2. MAHAVIRA In footnotes (p. 186, Rangacharya) to his own English translation of the Ganita-sara-samgraha, Rangacharya (1912) conceives that the figure intended by Mahavira for a conch-like plane figure is two unequal semi-circles placed so that their diameters coincide in position as shown in Fig. 1a. Jain Education Internalof My & Padmavathamma B A Lecturer in Mathematics, J.N. Govt. Model H.S. (Residential) School, Barwani-451551 (M.P.) India. **Professor of Mathematics, Department of Studies in Mathematics, University Mysore, Mysore-570006, India. Fig. 1a A conch-like plane figure conceived by Rangacharya

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On the basis of the Fig. 1a, Hayashi has developed a Fig. 1b - em Fig. 1b : A conch - like plane figure developed by Hayashi Let the diameters of the two semi circles, AB and BC, be 'd' and (d-m) respectively, then the sum of their circumferences (except for the diameters AB and BC) and that of their areas are the perimeter 'P' and area 'A' of the conch-like plane figure (cf. Fig. 1a and 1b). P= d+p/d-m) [1a] [2a] Mahavira gives two types of formulae for the perimeter and area of a conch-like plane figure, one for gross (sthula) or practical (vyavaharika) results and the other for subtle (suksma) ones. For gross results : vadanA?no vyAsastriguNaH paridhistu kmbukaavRtte| valayAkRtitryaMzo mukhArdhavargatripAdayutaH / / (GSS v. 7.23, p. 437) In the case of a conch-circle (kambukaurtta), the diameter (vyasa) 'd' diminished by half the face (vadana) 'm' and then multiplied by three gives the perimeter (paridhi) 'P'. One-third of the square of half (this) perimeter (valaya), added by three-fourth of the square of half the face (mukha), (gives the area 'A'). 32 Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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[1b] P= 3 (-1) A = (E) (E) [2b] For subtle results : vadanA?no vyAso dazapadaguNito bhavetparikSepaH / mukhadalarahitavyAsArdhavarga mukhcrnnkRtiyogH|| dazapadaguNita: kSetre kambunibhe suukssmphlmett|| (GSSw. 7.65-65.5, p. 463) The diameter (vyasa) diminished by half the face (vadana) 'm' and (then) multiplied by the square - root of 10, becomes the perimeter (pariksepa) 'P'. The square of half the diameter d' as diminished by half the face (mukha) 'm' and the square of quarter (carana) of the face 'm' are added (together). The (resulting) sum is multiplied by the square - root of 10. This (result) gives rise to the subtle (suksma) (measure) of the area in the case of the conchiform (plane) figure (kambunibhaksetra). [10] P = /10 (d ) A = 410 [((0 - 1)) * ()] [20] It is, according to Hayashis, unlikely that the formula [2a] was obtained first, and then transformed into the ones [2b] and [2c] although he has shown that the formulae [1b] and [2b] with 3 for m. and ones [1c] and [2c] with /10 for r are modifications of the one [1a] and [2a] respectively.10 3. NARAYANA In his text, Ganita - kaumudi, Narayana gives the following formulae for a conch-like plane figure. mukhadalarahito vyAsas trighana: zaMkhe prajAyate pridhiH| vyAsadalakRti vRtyAMzahatAsyonitA phalam trighnaa|| vadanadalono vyAso vadanadalaM yata tdrdhvrgkym| triguNitam atha vA gaNitam sthUlaM zaMkhAkRtI bhvti|| (GK, ksetra, w. 10-1, pp. 6-7) Tho diamer (vyasa) 'd' diminished by half the face (mukha) 'm' and (then) multiplied three, becomes the perimeter (paridhi) 'P' of a conch (-like plane figur (samkha). The square of half the diameter 'd' diminished Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002 33

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by the print of the face 'm' and one-twelfth of the perimeter 'P' and (then) multiplied by three, is the area (phala) 'A'. The diameter 'd' is diminished by half the face (vadana) 'm'. The face 'm' is halved. The (sum of the) squares of their halves multiplied by three is the gross (sthula) area of a conchiform (plane) figure (samkhakrti). [1d] P=3 (0- A=3 [Com A = 3 [ 60 ml) + (12) (2d] [2] In the published text (part : 2, p. 7) of the GK, a figure (Fig. 2) is given for the example (GK, ksetra, Ex. 6) in which d = 24 and m = 8 Answer P = 60 and A = 312]. - 24 Fig. 2: A conchiform (plane) figure given in the published text of the GK. The figure (Fig. 2), according to Hayashi", appears to represent a side view of the conch, but it is difficult to relate the above formulae (1d], [2d) and [20] to this one. We think that one may make effort to relate this figure (Fig. 2) to the Fig. 6. Hayashi 12 gives a hypothesis that Mahavira and Narayana most probably obtained all the above formulae not from the two semi-circles, AB and BC (cf. Fig. 1a and 1b), but from the circle C, and half the lune (B, + B2) or from the circle C2 and half the lunes, B, and B2 (cf. Fig. 3). Let us consider three circles, C1, C2 and Cz, whose diameters are d, (d-d/2) and (d-a) and which, nested successively, touch each other at a single 34 Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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point (B) (cf. Fig. 3). B a/2 - a/2 -k (d-a) Fig. 3 : A conch-like plane figure proposed by Hayashi. Then, the perimeter of the conch-like plane figure (Fig. 3) (except for the straight line AC) could be approximated by that of the circle Cz: [10] The area of the same could be approximated by - (B, + B2) A - AL (21] where A, is the area of the circle C, and (B,+B) is the area of the lune made by C, & Cz; or by - (B, - B2) A AQ + [29] 2 where A, is the area of the circle Cz and B, and B2 are those of the lunes made by C, and C2 and C2 and Cz respectively. Mahavira gives a rule for finding the area of a lune. neme jayutyardhaM vyAsaguNaM tatphalArdhamiha baalendoH|| (GSS v 7.7 second half, p.430) The area oi a rim (nemi) is half the sum of the sides (bhujas) multiplied Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002 35

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by the breadth (vyasa) 13. Here the area of a lune (balendu cresent moon or young moon) is half of that area. B1 L. C. Jain 36 B2 1 2 1 a 2 2 where P1, P2 & P, are the circumferences of the circles C1, C2 and C, respectively. 15 * 4. YATIVRSABHA In his Prakrit work titled Tioloyapannatti. Yativrsabha quotes the following rule, in Sanskrit, for finding the area (A) of a (plane) conch. A = a . 2 (TP, v. 321, p. 208) The diameter (uyasa) 'd', multiplied by itself, diminished by half the face (vadana). added by the square of half the face (mukha) 'm', multiplied by two (dvi), and divided by four, is, they say, the mathematics of this (figure) having a focus (nabhi). (P1 + P2) 2 (P2 + P3) 2 vyAsaM tAvat kRtvA, vadana dalonaM mukhArdhavarga- yutam / dviguNaM cadurvibhaktaM sanAbhike'smin gaNitamAhuH / / This may imply that p 4 In the JSOIM 14, A = 73 square yojanas is calculated when d = 12 yojanas and m = 4 yojanas (cf. also Table B). [1958] obtained the above result through the following way. l (radius)2 A = 2 2*0*01 d2 - -73.28 square yojanas. = + 48 d-m 2 A = + d.m. [21] 2 This may be a possible reason behind his proposal of a figure (Fig. 4) to the conch-like plane one although he categorically stated that the figure by Yatiursabha might be different. 16 [2h] Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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12 Fig. 4 A conch-like plane figure proposed by L. C. Jain (1958) 4 But it is very difficult to relate the Fig. 4 and formula [21] to the formula [2h]. Therefore, after three decades, he [1988] again designed another figure [Fig. 5] for a conch on the basis of the exposition by Aryika Visuddhamati to Madhavacandra's rationale. Yatiursabha further gives a rule, in Prakrit, for calculating the thickness. (bahalya) 'v' of a conch. V = - - - / AyAmeM muha sohiya puNaravi AyAma sahida muha bhajiyaM bAhallaM NAyavyaM saMkhAyAraTThie khette // Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002 4 yojanas Fig. 5 A conch designed and its figure labelled by L. C. Jain [1988] , (TP, v. 322, p. 208) The dimension (ayama) 'd' diminished by the face (mukha) 'm' is added by the dimension 'd'. (This result) divided by the face 'm' gives (the value of) the thickness (bahalya) of the conchiform figure (samkhakrti ksetra). (d-m) + d m 12+4 2 = 8 yojans / vyAsaM tAvakRtvA vadanalonaM mukhArdhavargayutam / dviguNaM caturvibhaktaM sanAbhike'smin gaNitamAhuH / 5. VIRASENA In his Prakrit commentary titled Dhavala, on the Satkhandagama of Puspadanta and Bhulabali (1-2 nd century A.D.). Virasena too cites a rule, in Sanskrit, for finding the area of a conch (- like plane figure). [3a] (DVL, v. 13, p. 35) 37

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This is one and the same as the verse 321 (p. 208) of the TP and hence finds the formula (2h). He further states, in Prakrit, as follows: edena sutteNa ANiya muhahiNussehasahidussehaca dubhAgeNa guNiya usseha ghaNajoyaNANi ......... (DVL, V.1.3.2, p. 35) By means of this versified rule (sutra) (DVL, v.13, p. 35) (when one has calculated the area 'A', (the result A) is multiplied by the height (utsedha) 'u' diminished by the face (mukha) 'm' and added by the height 'u' and then divided by four gives (the volume 'V' in cubic utsedha yojanas 2 d) + (2) (u-m+u) V = [4a] If we write the above formula as V = A.v, [45] then V= U- mu [3b] To calculate the values of 'A' & 'V', the JSOIM furnishes only 'd' and 'm'. Therefore, what Virasena means by the term 'height (utsedha)' 'u' is not clear. The formula (3b) is equal to the one [3a] only when u = d and 4 = m. Thus we may say that he means by u is d (cf. Table B). According to Hayashi 18, the formula [2h) inferred from the verse 13 (p. 35) of the DVL has some inconsistency in its dimension. He 19, therefore, suggests the two emendations for that verse as follows : [a] Without violating its meter, one can interchange the two compounds arachat (multiplied by itself) and a Go (diminished by half the face). [b] The word "Bg (two)" should be replaced with the one " (three)". In this way, the formula [21] will become equivalent to Mahavira and Narayana's ones (2c and 2e) employing 3 for it. 6. NEMICANDRA In his Prakrit work titled Trilokasara, Nemicandra gives the following rule, in Prakrit, for finding the volume 'V' of a conch. AyAmakadI muhadalahINA muhavAsa addhvggjudaa| 38 Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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biguNA veheNa hadA saMkhAvattassa ravettaphalaM // (TLS, v.327, p. 271) The square (krti) of the dimension (ayama) 'd' is subtracted by half the face (mukha) 'm' and added by the square (varga) of half the diameter (uyasa) 'm' of the face. The double (of this result ) multiplied by the thickness (vedha) 'v' yields the volume 'V' of a conch (samikhavrtta ksetraphala). V d2 v = 2 [4 + (2) + (2)'] ' - If we compare this formula with the one [4b], we have 2 [(2) + (21 This formula seems far removed from the one [2h] but is not incorrect. This will be confirmed in coming pages (cf. also Table B). 7. MADHAVACANDRA'S RATIONALE A = 2 [4c] Madhavacandra Traividya claims to be an immediate pupil of Nemicandra. He has written a commentary, in Sanskrit, on the TLS. In it, he gives his rationale to the verse 327 (p.271) of the TLS under the same as follows : aayaam| etAvadudaya ( 12 ) mukhavyAse ( 4 ) zaMkhe etAvanmAtre RNe vikSipte saMpUrNamurajAkAro bhvti| mukhAyAmasamAsArdha (4212) madhyaphalaMmiti kRte evaM bhvti| khaNDadvaye kRte evN| atraikaravaNDasya kSetraphalamAnIyate / khaNDitatvAhidamardhamRNaM bhavati / "vikkhaMbhavaggadahaguNakaraNI vaTTassa parirayo hodI" ityanena ekakhaNDasya mukha (4) bhUmyo (8) vargamUlamagre kSetrakhaNDanAnuguNena gRhItvA (1222 / 2448) mukhamUlazeSe (24) aSTabhirapavartite (3) bhUmimUlazeSe (64) SoDazabhirapavartite (2) tayo: sUkSmaparidhI syAtAM / idaM kSetrabAhulyaM (8) madhya (4) paryaMtaM khaNDayitvA prasArite paridhipramANena tiSThati / tat kSetraM punaH mukha (0) bhUmiM (4) samAsArdhaM madhyaphalamiti vedharUpamadhyaphalaM sAdhayitvA tatratyobhayapArzvasthitakSetraM gRhItvA caturastrarUpeNa saMdhite evaM / tatra khAtapUraNArthaM koNadvayasthitayorekaikarUpaM gRhItvA zUnyasthAne nikSipte'pi saMpUrNa na bhavatIti etAvati RNe nikSipte sampUrNa bhavati / pArzvadvayavartitrikoNa kSetrarahita zeSacaturastrakSetraM ekasyopari ekasmin viparyAsarUpeNa nikSipte evaM / tasyopari pUrvamAnIte kSetre nikSipte evaM tasyopari pUrvamAnIte kSetre nikSipte evaM / atratyatRtIyAMzaM pRthak sthApayitvA tridhA khaNDite satyevaM / asmin khaNDatraye ekabhujarUpeNa sandhite satyevaM / tadapi tiryagrUpeNa dalayitvA pArzve saMsthApta saMdhite evaM te punarapi tiryagrUpeNa dalayitvA pRthak sthApite kSetradvaye evaM / atraikakSetraM dvitIyaRNena samAnamiti tasmai dAtavyaM / tribhAgarahitavRhatkSetraM tiryagrUpeNa dalayitvA pArzve saMsthApya saMdhite evaM / tadapi punastiryagrUpeNa dalayitvA UrdhvabhAge ( 6 ) saMdhite satyevaM / evaM samabhujakoTausatyAM " AyAmakadI "tyuktaM / tatrAyAmakRtau (144) vedhasya Arhat Vacana, 14 (1), 2002 [21] 39

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(E) vedhaM () darzayitvA prathamaRNakSetraphalaM (2) adhunA spheTayate iti heto: "muhdlhiine"tyuktN| tatra mukhadalasamaRNahInarAzau (142) RNAya datvA avaziSTakSetraphala (4) vedhasamaM darzayitvA adhunA saMyujyata iti kRtvA "muhavAsa adhdavaggajudA" ityuktN| tatra mukhavyAsArdhavargayukta rAzi: (146) eka murajakhaNDasyaitAvati (146) dvayostayA khaNDayo: kimityAgatena guNakAradvayena guNyata iti dRSTvA "biguNA" ityukt| eSa dvihatarAzi: (292) vedhena caturbhirapavartitena (73) / (5) hanyata iti "veheNa hadA" ityukt| etacchaMravAvartasarvakSetraphalaM (365) bhvti| ___ (TLS, under v. 327, pp. 271-272) This above Sanskrit passage needs exposition especially because Madhavacandra himself did not give any accompanying diagram which would have clarified our doubts. 8. EXPOSITION BY VISUDDHAMATI Aryika Visuddhamati (1975) has written a useful commentary, in Hindi, on the TLS. In it, she exposes Madhavacandra's above passage with many tiny diagrams. The figure taken by her for a conch is the real, vide Fig. 6. Without disturbing the exposition by Visuddhamati (pp. 273-276) the same with more explanation, well labelled diagrams and inevitable remarks which will be begun with "we would like to" is as follows: The dimension of the deeply sunk conch in the Svayambhuramana ocean is 12 yojanas and the diameter of its circular face is 4 yojanas. This conch is not complete (musical) drum (muraja = mrdamga) in shape. Therefore, if the debt (rna) 2 is added to it there, it becomes a complete drum (sampurnamurajakara) in shape, vide Fig. 7. Here we would like to make clear that a 12 represents a cuboid of 2 which length, breadth and thickness are 2, 2 and 5/4 yojanas respectively. We would like to call this 12 the first debt (FD). 40 Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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Half of the sum of the face (4) and the dimension (12) (mukhayamasamasardha) becomes the middle result (madhyaphala) 8 yojanas. This drum - shaped conch (Fig. 7) has to be divided into two parts (khandas) at the middle as in Fig. 8. d = 12 Hereon debt added 9 m=4 - ha m=4 8 > b=8 8 yojanas 5/4 (=V) 6 - 4 > Figure 7 Figure 6 : The figure taken and labelled (in yojanas) by Visuddhamati for a conch 4 Figure 8a Figure 8b The volume (ksetraphala) of the conch can be obtained by taking one out of these two parts into consideration. On dividing the drum-shaped conch (Fig. 7) into two parts at the middle, 2 the above said debt (FD 12 for each of the too becomes half parts. [The face and the base of each of the parts are circular in shape.] vikkhaMbhavaggadahaguNakaraNI vaTTassa parirayo hodii| (TLS, v. 96 first half, p. 88) Translation : The square - root (karni) of ten times the square (varga) of the diameter (viskambha) becomes the circumference (paridhi) of a circle. The diameter of the face of one part (take Fig. 8a for consideration) is 4 yojanas and! e diameter of its base is 8 yojanas. According the above rule, the square of the diameter (4 yojanas) Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002 41

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of the face (mukha) and the square of the diameter (8 yojanas) of the base (bhumi) are to be multiplied by 10 which yield 16.10 = 160 yojanas and 64.10 = 640 yojanas respectively. If the square root (vargamula) is obtained through the area-factor-multiplication (ksetrakhandananugunana), the circumferences of the face and base are 12 yojanas respectively. to 16 are 12 and 24 54 16 If the remainder in the square root of the face (mukhamulasesa) is reduced through dividing by 8 (asta) into its lowest term, then 2/3 is obtained. In the same way if the remainder it in the square root of the base (bhumimulasesa) is reduced through dividing by 16 (sodasa) into its lowest term, then is arrived at. In this way the subtle values of the circumferences (suksma paridhis) of the face and base become 12 yojanas and 24 yojanas respectively. - D Figure 9 If the thickness most of this field (Fig. 8a) (ksetra - bahalya) (8 yojanas) is cut up to the middle (madhya) (4 yojanas) and expanded (prasara) then we have like Fig. 9. Here we would like to make clear that it is the thickness (bahalya) 'b' which has been called the middle result and which has been calculated through halving the sum of the dimension 'd' and face 'm'. Therefore, we may infer that d+m (5a] Now, an open question arises before us as to how the above formula [5a) is obtained from the Fig. 7. Here it is certain that Madhavacandra calls 'bahalya' to the middle diameter of a complete drum - like figure (Fig. 7). We have seen that Yativrsabha 42 Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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calls 'bahalya' to the effective thickness V which is responsible to yield the volume of a conch and this is why the formula [3b) is different from the one [5a). In this way we observe that the term 'bahalya' has sense of thickness in the JSOIM but has no fixed use. (Cf. also Table C) Now we would like to say something about the Fig. 9. This figure is not two dimensional but is three dimensional. The numbers on it represent measures of thicknesses of those places where they are written. The thickness at its corners is zero. But it increases from 0 yojana to 5 yojanas in the middle. We do not claim that we have understood how the Fig. 8a is expanded through cutting its thickness (ksetra bahalya) (8 yojanas) up to the middle (8/2 = 4 yojanas) of that thickness to obtain Fig. 9. After all, the Fig. 8a is a solid figure. Half of the sum of the thickness (vedha) (0) of the face and the thickness (4) of the base becomes the middle thickness of 2 yojanas (vedharupamadhyapha la). To show that thickness, the face is divided into two parts. Then four parts are obtained, call them p, q, r and s, vide Fig. 10. AQDA Figure 10 The two triangular fields p and s lying on either side (ubhayaparsvasthitaksetra) have to be placed in such a way that they form a quadrilateral (caturastrarupa) (Fig. 11). a 6 Figure 12 Figure 11 Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002 43

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In this quadrilateral form (Fig. 11) the thickness of the fields of the corners at B and D are 2 and 2 yojanas and those of the corners at A and C are 0 and 0 yojana. To fill this diminution (or pit) (khata) if we take out one-one yojana from the fields of 2-2 yojanas lying at the corners B and D and keep them on the zero places (A and C fields), then also that diminution will not be full-filled. That means, thickness is not always of one-one yojana there. To fill this remaining diminution the debt ( ma) (this is the SD (second debt)) 2 has to be added. That means, the thicknesses of the four fields lying at the corners A, B, C and D always become one-one yojana, vide Fig. 12. If, in the remaining quadrilateral fields (g and r) without the two triangular fields (p and s) lying on either side (parsvadvayavartitrikonaksetrarahitasesa caturastraksetra), one (n) is kept with the other (a) in the opposite order (viparyasarupa), then we get a cuboid (Fig. 13) of length 65, breadth 6 and thickness 4 yojanas. For the account of the thickness of the Fig. 13, vide Table C. +(4+0) > (2+2) > + 1 22 (2+2) > (0+4) > Figure 13 If we place the already obtained field (Fig. 12) with this field (Fig. 13) then we again get a cubid (Fig. 14) of which length, breadth and thickness are 6 , 6 and 5 yojanas respectively. If the fractional part (1/3 yojanas) of the side 65 yojanas of this field (Fig. 14) is separated, then the remaining field will be again a cuboid (Fig. 15) of which length, breadth and thickness are 6, 6 and 5 yojanas respectively. 44 Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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6 H 4 6 C - 5 5 1 6 1 3 1/3 - Figure 14 Figure 15 The separated fractional part has to be trisected with respect to its breadth. For this trisection, vide Fig. 16. 2 7 | 2 7- 2 | Figure 16 2 Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002 F 5/2 G 1 1 1 1 A 2 | -- 5 - 1 6 2 Figure 18 5 1/3 6 BA 1/3 -- 1/3 1 Figure 17 45

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If these three parts (khandatraya) are placed in the form of unit length abscissa), then we get the field as shown in Fig. 17. (bhuja Bisect this field (Fig. 17) through the midcourse (tiryagrupa) (i.e. thickness=5) and then place them side by side (parsva). For this, vide Fig. 18. Again if the above field (Fig. 18) is bisected through its midcourse (thickness =), then we get two fields (Fig. 19a and 19b). Place them separately. 1 46 2 5/4 2 Figure 19a 5 2. 2 In this way, we find two fields. Both of them are equal to 4 Therefore one (Fig. 19a) of them has to give the SD. In other words, the SD will be remitted by one of them. Now if the fractionless big field (tribhagarahitavrhatksetra) (Fig. 15) is bisected through its midcourse (tiryagrupa) (thickness), then we get two fields. For placing them side by side (parsva), vide Fig. 20 6 5/2 - 2 6 5/4 - 6 Figure 20 2 Figure 19b Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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- 5/4 + ] 12 -> Figure 21 Again if the above field (Fig. 20) is bisected through its midcourse, then we get two fields. Place them upward (urdhava) as in Fig. 21. The Analysis of the Verse 327 (TLS, p. 271) The length (bhuja) and breadth (koti) of this field (Fig. 21) are 12 and 12 yojanas respectively. That is, they are equal (sama). In the verse, it is said as "the square of a dimension (31141afa)". Here the area of the face IJKL of the Fig. 21 is 12.12 = d.d 144 = ? Here we have to subtract the area of half FD. Therefore, in the verse it is said as "subtract half of the face (mukhadalahina)". The area of half FD 1.2 = 2 = = TEM From the area of the square-form-field (Fig. 20) if we subtract the number two which is equal to half the face 'm', we get 144 - 2 = d? m/2 142 = d - m/2. Now the remaining field (avasistaksetra) is the Fig. 196. Its face-area Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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22 = = (%) = (2) Therefore, in the verse it is said as "added by the square of half the diameter of the face (Tearstefarfym)". If the square of half the face is added, we get 142 + (%)* -8(2) + (*) 146 = d - (%) + (2) or When the area of one part of the drum (eka muraja khanda) is 146 square yojanas, then what will be the area of the two parts (i.e. of the complete drum)? Here the multiplicand is 2. That means, "multiply by 2 (faqUIT)" is stated in the verse. If we multiply by 2, we get 142.2 = 2 [0 - +(2) 292 = 2 [-*+ (2) *1 or The thickness of the FD is 5/4, the thickness of the Fig. 20 is 5/4 and the thickness of the Fig. 19b is also 5/4. Looking at the equality of the thickness, in the end of the verse it is said as "multiply by thickness (at 661)". If we divide 292 by the denominator of the thickness (v = 5/4), we get 73 and if we multiply 73 by the numerator of the thickness, we get 365 cubic yojanas. In this way, the volume of the (or a) conch comes out to be 365 cubic yojanas (or [d2 -+ (2)*1). The main item of interest in the above rationale, from the point of view of History of Mathematics is that it has been assumed that a body with curved boundaries can be deformed into another with plane boundaries in such a way that its volume remains unchanged. 9. DISCUSSION [A] Madhavacandra's rationale speaks, through the Fig. 9, that CD = rm, AB = 1 (0+ m) and AB = 2 CD Therefore, we have od+m = 2. am 48 Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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d + m = 4m d = 3m The example (GK, ksetra, Ex. 6, part 2, p. 7) in which d 24 and m = 8 confirms the above result. or or [B] The Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 show that d is the half curved length (or slant height) of a conch. The physical significance of d for the figure of a conch seems still to be known. [C] The volume of the FD the volume of half the FD 5 when v = and the volume of the SD (or Fig. 19b) = 2.2.2 - 5 cubic yojanas, yojana. If we take v = 5 yojanas, then the volume of the FD will be = 5 cubic yojanas = 1.1.55 1, or = 1.2.5 = 5 cubic yojanas the volume of half the FD will be 5 ==2 the volume of the SD (or Fig. 19b) will be or or = 2.2.5 = 5 cubic yojanas and the Fig. 15 will be as it is. In such case, we have A = 2[6.6 A = 2 = 5 cubic yojanas = 1.1.55 1, A = A 1 cubic yojanas = 1.5=51 1/2 Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002 1 * 24 2 +1.1) 1 4 4 + 2.4 [(3) 2 2 [ (12)2 - (2) 44] d.m d2 1 E. (Wen )] 2 (3)] This proves to formula [2h). In this way we observe that the formulae [2h], [4a] and [4c] have 1 49

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been originated from the same theory. = In the above theory, the thickness seems to be constant (v for different values of d and m except for the case of Nemicandra's formula [4c]. But Virasena's formula [3b] does not obey the just mentioned pattern. The possible reason behind this is that the generality of his formula [3b] is doubtful being 4 in place of m in denominator. This might have happened due to the influence of the example in which d= 12 yojanas and m 4 yojanas. 50 The derivations of the expressions of Mahavira's formula [2c] and Narayana's formula [2e] seem to have been derived from theory like the above one although Rangacharya's observation is very exact. 5) m 2 We, through Madhavacandra's rationale, have observed that the formulae [2h], [4a] and [4c] are with 10 and the occurence of the term (din them is significant. Hence Hayashi's emendations [a] and [b] for the verse (DVL, v. 13, p. 35] cited by Virasena are not in their work. He himself remarks 20 whether his emendations are correct or not, it is certain that the origin of Mahavira's problem of 'conch-shell-circle' can be traced back to the calculation of the volume of a conch-shell in the Jaina canonical works. The points raised at different places during the present study show that problems regarding the mensuration of a conch are not only with Mahavira but also with Yativrsabha, Virasena, Nemicandra, Madhavacandra and Narayana. [D] Yativrsabha and Virasena have quoted the same rule for finding the area of a plane conch. This rule is in Sanskrit whereas their works are in Prakrit. Therefore, here it can be easily inferred that they might have got the rule from an unknown treatise. That treatise might have either suffered destruction or is still lying hidden from view in some unknown place, it is certain that it must be in Sanskrit, of Jaina authorship and anterior to Yativrsabha. 10. CONCLUDING REMARKS The various patterns on the mensuration of a conch in ancient India come into sight within the JSOIM through the present article. They can be unified by making further study and developing hypothesis as well and by unearthing the unknown treatise from which Yativrsabha and Virasena have quoted the rule for finding the area of a plane conch. Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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Table A : The Chronological Order of the Mathematicians whose works contain the mensuration of a conch Date Mathematician Text Written in School Class (If any) ElementsB Given in 1 Verse written in of Mensuration A V. 321 Sanskrit Some date between 473 A.D. and 609 A.D. Yatiursabha TP | Prakrit JSOIM V. 322 Prakrit A V. 13 Sanskrit C. 816 A.D. Virasena DVL Prakrit JSOIM 1 sa V. 1.3.2 Prakrit C. 850 A.D. Mahavira GSS Sanskrit JSOIM TES P & A V. 7.23 and W. 7.65-.5 Sanskrit C. 981 A.D. Nemicandra 1 TLS Prakrit JSOIM CC V V. 327 Prakrit C. 1356 A.D. Narayana GK Sanskrit Non JSOIM P and A W. 10-1 Sanskrit a The JSOIM is divided into the two classes, namely, canonical class (CC) and exclusive class (EC). The works of the CC are based on or related to Jaina canons while those of the EC are exclusively on Mathematics. For details, see : Jadhav, Dipak (To be published elsewhere] Theory of A.P. and G.P. in Nemicandra's Works. Abbreviations : A = (Plane) Area, v = Thickness, P = Perimeter and V = Volume. B Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002 51

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Table B : The Area, Volume and Thickness for a given conch Area (in square units) when Volume (in cubic units) when Formula d = 12 d = 24 Formula d = 12 | d = 24 | used and and used and and m = 4 m = 8 m = 4 m = 8 Thickness (in units) when Formula d = 12 d = 24 used and and m = 4 m = 8 School Mathematician Yativrsabha 73 294 365 1470 [3] 5 to [24] TVTO [2] [2h) and Za [42] Virasena 73 294 365 2940 [35] JSOIM-CC Nemicandra 10 292 [2]] | 1176 5/4 [40] 365 1470 or 2940 31 78 312 Mahavira JSOIM-EC 3 10 [2b] [20] 80.6 322.4 Non-JSOIM Narayana 32d] or [281 78 312 Notes: 'a': When the formula (3a) is used for calculating thickness. 'B' : When the formula (3b) is used for calculating thickness. Y : Nemicandra has not given any formula for finding the thickness of a conch. 52 Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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Table C : The Thickness Account of the Fig. 13 Corner Field Field a Addition Thickness (in yojanas) 4+0 |(base - thickness) | (face-thickness) 2 + 2 (base - thickness) (face - thickness) 0 + 4 (face - thickness) (base - thickness) 2+2 (face - thickness) (base-thickness) | ABBREVIATIONS CC = Canonical Class = Dhavala = Exclusive Class = First Debt = Ganita - kaumudi GSS JSOIM SD EC = Ganita - sura-samgraha = Jaina School of Indian Mathematics = Second Debt Trilokasara = Tiloyapannatti FD TLS GK TP ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are highly indebted to Kundakunda Jnanapitha, Indore for providing the facilities in preparation of the present article and thankful to Prof. L. C. Jain (Jabalpur) & Dr. Anupam Jain (Indore) for their suggestions REFERENCES AND NOTES 1. In the Jaina works, the concept of number arose in connection with measurement (mana). One of the subdivisions of measurement is counting (ganitamana). Jainas have divided counting in three classes viz. samkhyata (countable or numerable), asankhyata (countless or innumerable) and ananta (infinity). 2. Tiloyapannatti (TP] Part-3 ed. with Aryika Visuddhamati's Hindi commentary by C. P. Patni, Sri 1008 Candraprabha Digambara Jaina Atisayaksetra, Dehra - Tijara Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002 53

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(Raj.), Second edition, 1997. 3. Dhavala [DVL), ed. with a Hindi translation by H. L. Jain et. al. vol. 4, Book-4, Amaraoti, 1940-50. Reprinted by Jaina Samskrti Samraksaka Sangh (JSSS), Sholapur, 1984. 4. Ganita-sara samgraha [GSS), ed. by and translated into English by M. Rangacharya, Chennai, 1912: ed. by and translated into Hindi by L. C. Jain, JSSS, Sholapur, 1963 and ed. by and translated into Kannada by Padmavathamma, Sri Siddhantakirti Granthamala, Hombuja, 2000. This new edition is in two languages: English and Kannada. The references are given throughout this article from this new edition if otherwise is not stated. 5. Trilokasara [TLS), ed. with Madhavacandra Traividya's Sanskrit commentary and with Anyika Visuddhamati's Hindi commentary by R. C. Jain Mukhtara and C. P. Patni, Sri Mahaviraji (Raj.) VNY 2501 (=1975 A.D.). 6. Ganita-kaumudi (GK), ed. by P. Dvivedi, 2 parts, Benares, 1936/42. 7. Hayashi, Takao [1992], Mahavira's formulas for a conch-like plane figure, Ganita Bharaf, 14, 1-10, Delhi, p. 2. 8. The term 'valaya' is generally used for annulus. 9. Hayashi [1992], p. 4. 10. Ibid, p. 3. 11. ibid, p. 9. 12. Ibid, pp 4-10. 13. Here the term 'vyasa' is used for 'breadth'. The similar use also occurs in the TLS (v. 310, p. 256) while discussing circular annulus. It is very well known that the term 'vyasa' is generally used for diameter. 14. TP, v. 73, p. 206. 15. Jain, L. C. [1958]. The Mathematics of the Tiloyapannatti (In Hindi), Published with the Jambu-dviva-pannatti-samgho, JSSS, 1-108, Sholapur, p. 85. 16. Ibid 17. TP, p. 42. 18. Hayashi, Takao [1996], Geometric Formulas in the Dhavala of Virasena (780 C.E.). Jina manjari, 14(2), 53-76, Ontario (Canada), p. 65. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid, p. 67. Recieved after revision: Dec. 2001 54 Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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ARHAT VACANA Kundakunda Jinaptha, Indore MATHEMATICAL FORMULARY OF JINISTIC PRECEPTS Dr. N.L. Jain * Vol. 14, No. 1, 2002, 55-60 The present century is the century of science and technology. Only those systems will survive which have high scientificity involving intellectual and experimental verifications. The faith may be secondary factor for attractions. The Jaina religion passes this test. It postulates realistic thoughts and rational behaviour. Its early texts encourage examination of religious concepts through intelligence. It encourages self-effort to make one's own destiny. It has an ideal of welfare of the self and of all the living beings. It defines religion both ways. subjectively and objectively. It is that way of life which leads to ultimate and spiritual happiness. It improves the individual and betters the society. It has certain basic precepts formulae to make them scientifically verifiable. It is seen that simple physical laws are applicable to complex biological systems which have made us learn about many complex phenomena of the life and the living. Why, similarly, the laws of abstract sciences like economics and psychology could not be applied to the spiritual systems? Yes, this could be done. A Jinistic formulary and graphery has been given here for understanding and, therefore, promoting the religious principles and practices of scientific basis. Precepts: The Physical World and Spiritual World The basic Jain tenets regarding the cosmos are given below: 1. The Cosmos in General The cosmos is real and eternal. It consists of conglomeration of all that exists. It functions on natural laws without any external agency. It is a non-theocentric system. 2. The Physical World. - Physically, it consists of six realities under two heads - (i) the living and (ii) non-living coexisting in (iii) space, (iv-v) moving and stopping. through the inert mediums of motion and rest with respect to (vi) time. It, thus, postulates a 4-d existence. 3. The Spiritual World - Spiritually, the path of happiness, H, is led through the accurate knowledge of seven reals. (i-ii) The living and the non-living combine together to lead to (iii-iv) the worldly existence through the influx and *Director, Jaina Kendra, Rewa-486001 (M.P.)

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bonding of karmic aggregates with the living through its physical and psychological activities. However, the pure living has a longing for karmic decontaminations. Thus, we have: Worldly Living Pure living being (soul) + Karma (Body etc.) Worldly living Karmas Pure living or liberated soul. The aim of human life is to attain or create the state of (vii) ultimate happiness or liberation by zeroing the sufferings of the birth cycles or increasing the content of happiness. 4. Formulary of Precepts: 56 Or, (a) Happiness and Religiosity This happiness, H, results in proportion to (v) loosening and stopping and (vi) shredding of karmic bondage throuh physical or psychological processes of abstention and austerities. The (vii) ultimate happiness is the last stage of human exaltation which could also be designated as Religiosity, R, or Ha R The happiness is acquired by following the rationalistically coordinated path of gem-trio of right faith, knowledge and conduct in comparison to 1 or 2-way path. (b) Passions/Desires and Happiness The human world abounds in physical or psychological desires, D, ambitions, attachments, aversions, attainments etc. all forms of delusion-collectively called passions, P. These may be good or bad, limited and unlimited in numbers. The bad and, therefore, undesirable passions lead to sufferings. In fact, the world is a play-ground of passions resulting in a mixture of pleasurs and pains. The religious path leads to minimising pains/passions to zero and maximising the pleasures (happiness) to infinity. Mathematically, one could say that passions, Por desires, D are directly proportional to pains, W and inversly proportional to happiness, H. One could, thus, express: Da Pa W HaRa 1/P a 1/WW. or, (c) World as a Cyclic Whirlpool The world is assumed to be a cyclic whirlpool. The centrifugal forces of passions and possessions are working upon it for strengthening the rebirth-cycles. In contrast, observance of vows and austerities are working against it to counteract the above process. It is clears that until the centrifugal forces have exceeded the quantum of centripetal forces, no ultimate happiness or salvation will crystalize. Hence, for happiness: - Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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Centrifugal forces of non-attachment >> Centripetal forces of passions (d) Volitional Purity, Destinities and Karmic Density There are four destinities, Dy-infernal, sub-human, human and celestial for the living beings in order of decreasing karmic density, Dk and increasing volitional purity VP. This means that the volitional purity of the living beings is inversely proportional to karmic density, Dk and destinity. The Jaina system encourages the living beings to mutate their quality of purity to higher and higher levels through the process of reducing karmic density. Thus, combining the earlier. formulae, we have, Volitional purity, VP & 1/DK Higher Destinity, Dy a 1/Dk Inner Purity a 1/Dy a 1/Dk a H Thus, the inner purity is directly proportional to happiness. (e) Happiness and Karmic Density Karmic Density In order to attain the highest state of happiness, one must have Dk tending to zero, so that H becomes infinity. Thus if H is defined as H = D/Di or, or, where D is desires or passions fulfilled Di is the total number of desires which is normally infinite Dk is karmic density. 1/Dk The religion has an objective to have H= infinity. The common. man can only imagine the realisability of such a condition. Hence, he feels his mission of worldly life is to try to attain such a condition. This is easily surmisable that it is easier to reduce the number of desires to the minimum or zero to attain H infinity, as the fulfillment of desires is virually limited and constant. This is what the Jaina religion postulates limitation of desires results in happiness. The reduction in desires/passions could be effected by many voluntary controls and cultivation of good number of virtues checking the karmic influx and reducing Dk. Similarly, lower the karmic density, higher will be the H. As passions, P are proportional to D. P can be substituted for D in the above equation. Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002 (f) Satisfaction/Contenment and Happiness or Karmic Density - Like happiness contentment, C is also a desirable quality in worldly life. Both of these qualities are directly related with each other. The economists define C as below: C = Acquirement of desired objects S - 57

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Total number of desired objects S C = S/S e. and, CaHaRa 1/Dk This formula is similar to earlier formula for happiness. Thus, if we reduce the number of desired objects, Si, we would be more content and happy. (g) Spiritual Mathematics - In order to effect better H or C, the Jaina saints have advised to follow many primary and secondary vows. During practicing these vows, the aspirant learns about the specific spiritual mathematics where the sum of qualities results in the multiple of the qualities in effect in individual, social and spiritual levels. This could be expressed in three formulae as below: (1) Non-vilolence,N, + Non-absolutism, N2 + Non-possessions, N3 = N,,N,N (ii) Sweating, S, + Self-sufficiency, Sa+Sameness, S3 = S1,S2,S3 (ii) Right Faith, F + Right Knowledge, K++ Right Conduct, C) = Right (F, K, C.). (g) The Theory of Karmas - Karmavada is the important theory of Jainism. It is one of the most scientific, philosophical and psychological theory which is capable of (1) giving strength to bear the worldly strains, (i) reducing the number and intensity of pains and (iii) encouraging to work towards better future. It is an old form of the law of cause and effect, which has been verified by the psychologists in terms of relationship between stimulants, S and effects, R in medium ranges through a formula : S = K in R which indicates that specific stimulants (physical, vocal or psychical emotions etc. or karmas) of internal or external nature have specific effects. Normally, karmas are said to be a form of fine but strong force, whose binding effects our actions and normal life. Of course, this is not a complete formula as there are many other factors effecting the results. However, research could be undertaken to improve and verify this formula on karma theory at least on the physical and chemical effects caused by different passions. (e) The Theory of Anekanta and Nayas (Aspects) - The theory of manifold predications (Anekanta) is also a very important contribution of the Jainas. It was developed on philosophical basis, but it could now be verified scientifically applying it to many physical phenomena. It states that an entity is multi- aspectal and a common man can study it only relatively with respect to some aspects, P. The absolute truth, T is, in fact, indescribale (because of language limitations and other factors). If the overall nature of an entity is A, the number of aspects is P, we have : 58 Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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A = EP = T As P is infinite, we can integrate it to find the value of T as below: +00 JP dp = T = 0 This theory has a septadic form of expression. On this basis, an alternative expression could also be written : JP dp = T = 24 where the parameters 0 or 24 are virtually insoluble leading to T as indescribable. However, statistically, it could be shown that the septadic nature of describing an entity could be obtained in the form of the following equations : degC, + degC, + degC= (3 + 3 + 1) = 7 This principle has a very large number of beneficial applications in our life. We need not go into details. The important point is that it has acquired scientificity and verifiability. 5. Graphical Representation of Some Precepts (a) Linear Path of Higher States of Human Beings - The Jainas have two-fold religion - one for the house - holders and the other for the ascetics, a continued higher stage of the house - holders. Both the classes of followers have to observe certain practices and develop the corresponding attributes. Salvated Enlightened Leader of Sangh Preceptor Saint Pledged Gross TI 8 20 TTTT 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 QUALITIES NUMBER Fig. 1 : Qualities of Different States of Human Beings There are two kinds of house - holders - (1) inclined (Naisthikas) and . 59 Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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pledged (Paksika), who have to follow eight basic restraints (Mulagunas) eleven kinds of mental resolves (Pratimas). The ascetics have five varieties paragons (Parmesthis) named as Arhats (Enlightened venerable - 46), has (Salvated - 8), Acaryas (Order - Leaders - 36), Upadhyayas (Preceptors - 25) and Sadhus (Saints 36) whose attributes are shown against them. Thus, if one plots the number of attributes against the different states of the living beings, one gets a straight line showing that the path of spiritual or inner progress is approximately linear and not zigzag. The linear path is simplest one and refutes the charge of harsh path by the West. (b) The Theory of Spiritual Stages (Gunasthanas) The Jainas have developed the psychological theory of 14 spiritual stages (from wrong faith. to static omniscient stage) depending on the gradually growing nature of volitional inner purity due to observance of vows and austerities. Thus purity may also be called as stages of spiritual progress for the uplevelling the society and the individual himself. It moves oneself away from one's own home and moves one towards a universal home. Lowe life 60 1 (14) (6) Higher life - 2 (5) Humans (12) (9) (4) This purity depends inversaly on karmic density. Thus, the spiritual stages reduce the karmic density gradually leading (10) to better better happiness. happiness. These stages represent the fluctuations and improvements of mental volitions of the living beings. It is observed that they form a ladder from which a person may fall or move upwards based on could be framed to understand Fig. 2 Serpent Ladder: Spiritual Stages (Gunasthana) the nature of his volitions. A ladder, therefore, this theory. There are many such ladders one of which one a serpent-ladder is shown in Fig. 2 as per Mardia. It indicates a person may fall from stage 7 to 2 and 11 to 6 and may move upward from stage 5 to 8, 10 to 12 and 1 to 3. The elaboration of this theory needs another article. (11) One can, thus, see that many basic Jaina postulates can be mathematically and graphically expressed. This approach may lead to better understanding the religion in comparison to expressing them in traditional way. It is hoped that many such formulae can be developed for many other tenets of Jaina religion. The graphical representation given above are based on shwetambara tradition. Received 15.10.2000 (3) Arhat Vacana, 14(1), 2002

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arhat vacana kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura digambara jaina gaNitajJa mahAvIrAcArya dvArA saMskRta meM racita gaNitasAra saMgraha eka prasiddha grantha hai| isakI racanA rASTrakUTa nareza amoghavarSa prathama ke zAsana meM IsavI kI navIM sadI ke madhya meM dakSiNa bhArata meM huI thI / atyanta upayogI hone ke kAraNa vallabha ne usakA anuvAda kannar3a meM aura mallana (lagabhaga 1100 I.) ne telugu meM kiyA thaa| gaNitasAra saMgraha ema. raMgAcArya ke aMgrejI anuvAda ke sAtha madrAsa se 1912 meM tathA lakSmIcandra jaina ke hindI anuvAda ke sAtha 1963 meM solApura se ( jIvarAja jaina granthamAlA naM. 12) prakAzita ho cukA hai| abhI hAla meM hI vaha raMgAcArya ke aMgrejI anuvAda tathA padmavatammA ke kannar3a anuvAda ke sAtha zrI hombuja jaina maTha dvArA prakAzita huA hai| (Hombuja, 2000). samprati isa lekha meM hama kucha aise gaNita sUtroM kA vivaraNa prastuta kareMge jo bhArata meM prathama bAra gaNitasAra saMgraha ( = ga.sA.saM.) meM pAye jAte haiM aura jo kisI na kisI rUpa meM bAda meM nArAyaNa paMDita racita gaNita kaumudI ( 1356 I.) meM milate haiN| vizeSa sUtra hone ke kAraNa yaha kahanA kaThina hogA ki nArAyaNa ne una sUtroM kI svataMtra rUpa se racanA kI hogii| ga.sA.saM. kI khyAti ke kAraNa yaha mAnanA ucita hI hogA ki nArAyaNa ko vaha graMtha jJAta thA / kahane ke liye saMbhAvanAyeM anya bhI haiN| jaise yaha tarka diyA jA sakatA hai ki mahAvIra aura nArAyaNa donoM hI ne sUtroM ko kisI prAcIna grantha se prApta kiye hoN| lekina jaba taka aisA koI pUrva grantha yA mahAvIra kA zreya surakSita hai| srota spaSTa rUpa se sAmane nahIM AtA, aba hama apekSita sUtroM kI carcA kareMge - (1) sAmAnya tathA vakrIya bahubhuja (Polygon) P. V 2 12 12 T1 PA P2 varSa 14, aMka 1, 2002, 61-70 - jaina gaNita para AdhArita nArAyaNa paMDita ke kucha sUtra R DaoN. rAdhAcaraNa gupta * 3 13 citra 1 meM bAhara se sparza karate hue ( zliSTa) aneka vRtta haiM jinake kendra meM V,, V2, V3, V4 haiM aura arddhavyAsa 1, 2, 3, 4 haiN| kendroM ko milAne se eka sAmAnya bahubhuja (Polygon) bana jAtA hai jisake zIrSa V, V2, V 3, V4 haiN| vRttoM ke antaranihita P1, P2, P3, P4 eka vakrIya (curvilinear) bahubhuja banatA hai| bahubhuja kI bhujAyeM haiM - (1) V+ V2 = a = + 2 = (d, + d2)/2 V2V3=2=12+13= (d2 + d3)/2 (2) V3V4 = a3 = 13 + F4 = (d3 + d4)/2 (3) V4V1 = a4=r4+ 1 = (d4 + di)/2 (4) aura parimiti (perimeter) (jise mahAvIra ne rajju kahA hai). citra 1 * gaNita bhAratI akAdamI, Ara- 20, rasabahAra kaoNlonI, jhA~sI - 284003 (u.pra.)

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p = a + 2 + a3 + 4 = d + d2 + d3 + da (5) uparyukta donoM prakAra ke bahubhujoM kA kSetraphala nikAlane ke liye mahAvIra kA vyAvahArika sUtra isa prakAra hai| - "ardharajju ke varga ke tRtIya aMza ko bhujAoM kI saMkhyA (n) se bhAga do| usameM bhujAoM kI saMkhyA se eka kama saMkhyA dvArA guNA karane se bahubhuja kA kSetraphala prApta hotA hai| isa phala kA cauthAI bhAga zliSTa vRttoM ke antaranihita vakrIya bahubhuja kA kSetraphala hogaa|" V+ V2 arthAt bahubhuja tathA vakrIya bahubhuja P1P2 V2 rajjvardhakRtitryaMzo bAhuvibhakto nirekabAhuguNaH / sarveSAmazravatAM phalaM hi, bimbAntare caturthAMzaH // f3 62 aura bhujAoM kI saMkhyA n hai / tribhuja (n = 3) ke udAharaNa meM mahAvIra ne bhujAoM ke mAna 5, 7 aura 6 diye haiN| (ga.sA.saM. VII, 41). ata: vyadra 2 V3 s = (a + a2 + a3 + tathA sUtra ( 6 ) kA rUpa hogA A = ataH pUrvavat (6) aura (7) se A = 25/2, tathA B = 25/8. Vo kA kSetraphala A = .. P3 kA kSetraphala B = A/4 - (ga. sA. saM., VII, 39, pR. 189) (s2/3). (n-1)/n (n2 - n). a2/12 jahA~ s = p/2, (ardharajju) ina udAharaNoM se spaSTa hai ki mahAvIra ke mUla sUtra meM bhujAoM yA vRttoM kA samAna honA jarUrI nahIM hai| phira bhI n ko 3 se adhika lene para vivecana meM ( vyApaka rUpa sUtra ko lene para) kucha vyAvahArika kaThinAiyA~ haiN| ataH Age hama kevala samAnavRttoM se bane aura ghire samabahubhujoM (regular polygons) kA hI vicAra kreNge| taba na 2 V, V2 = a1 = 5 =1+2 V2V3 = a2 = 6 = 2 +3 V3V1 = a3 = 7 = 13 +1 . p = 18, s = 9, r = 3, 2 = 2, 3 = 4. sUtra ( 6 ) se, A = 18; tathA sUtra (7) se se ghire vakrIya tribhuja anya udAharaNa (VII, B = 9/2, jo ki zliSTa vRttoM ( rekhAMkita ) kA kSetraphala hai| eka 42) meM mahAvIra ne bhujAyeM na dekara tInoM vRttoM ke vyAsa 6, 5, 4 diye haiN| ataH d1 = 6 = 211, d2 = 5 = 2r2, d3 = 4 = 213. yahAM sUtra ( 5 ) se p = d + d2 + d3 15 = 2s. E @ .an)/2 = (9) (10) arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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gaNita ThIka nArAyaNa ne apanI kA jo sUtra diyA hai vaha ki unhoMne mahAvIra ke mUla sUtra meM chape arhat vacana, varSa - 4, aMka nArAyaNa ne eka anya parivartana bhI kiyA / vakrIya bahubhuja ke liye unhoMne agale sUtra ( IV, 16 ) meM nimnalikhita niyama diye B = (p/2) 2. (n-1)/9n B = A/3 athavA jahA~ (11) (12) p = d1 + d2 + (13) = nd, samAna vRttoM ke liye| (14) tathA A kA mAna sUtra ( 10 ) se liyA gyaa| yahA~ eka prazna uThatA hai ki mahAvIra ko sUtra ( 7 ) tathA nArAyaNa ko sUtra ( 12 ) kaise prApta hue aura unameM kauna jyAdA vyAvahArika hai| ise samajhane ke liye hama pahale vRtta ke usa bhAga (sector ) kA kSetraphala nikAleMge jo samabahubhuja ke andara AtA hai| samAna n bhujA vAle bahubhuja kA Antarika (interior) koNa 180 (n-2)/n aMza ( degrees) hotA hai jo ki kendra para bane vRttAMza (sector) kA bhI koNa hai| ata: eka vRttAMza kA kSetraphala jahA~ tathA a '' sabhI n vRttAMzoM kA kSetraphala hogA isa prakAra ( 10 ) aura (19) se tathA kaumudI ( IV, 15 ) meM samabahubhuja ke kSetraphala nikAlane niyama ( 10 ) se milatA hai| ataH kahA jA sakatA hai (6) kA saralIkaraNa kiyA aura vivaraNa ke liye 1992 1 kA pRSTha 50 dekheM | ga = (r).180(n-2)/360.n 3a2 (n-2)/8n............ 2r, = 3 (vyAvahArika mAna) 322 (1-2)/8 K - = + dn B = A - K = a2 (2n2-11n + 18)/24 (20) B/A = (2n2 11n 18 ) /2n (n-1) (21) samabahubhujoM meM varga (n 4) kA vivecana atyanta sarala aura sIdhA hai| mahAvIra ko isa saMbaMdha meM nimnalikhita sphuTa (exact) sUtra jJAta thA (ga.sA.saM. VII, 82-2) - B1 = 42-2 (22) = a2 - 3a2/4 = a 2/4 = A/4 ) = jo ki unakA sUtra ( 7 mAna 1/4 AtA hai| (n n 5 liyA jAye to hI hai| samIkaraNa ( 21 ) se bhI n 4 lene para, = 3 se bhI yahI mAna AtA hai| ) / lekina yadi ( = ( 3 lene para ) = (11) aura (12) dene meM nArAyaNa kA AdhArabhUta dhyAna paMcabhuja (n vyApaka sUtra ( 21 ) se yaha spaSTa hai ki B/A kA mAna sadA na hogaa| adhika jAnakArI ke liye saMlagna sAraNI (Table) dekheM / arhat vacana 14 (1) 2002 (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) B/A = 13/40 = 1/3 (lagabhaga) (24) jo ki nArAyaNa ne apane sUtra ( 12 ) meM liyA hai ataH aisA pratIta hotA hai ki sUtra (23) B/A kA 21 ) meM = 5) para thaa| vaise 1/4 aura nAhI 1/3 63

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sAraNI - samabahubhujoM kA kSetraphala (a = bhujA yA vyAsa) n kA mAna n=3 n = 4 n=5 n 36 sUtra 5a2 sAmAnya bahubhuja kSetraphala A= vakrIya samabhuja kSetraphala B= B/A = a2/2 a/8 a14 5a13 13a2/24 13/40 at sUtra (10) se sUtra (20) se sUtra (21) se 1/4 1/4 ___2/5 TippaNi - B/A kA mAna mahAvIra ne 1/4 aura nArAyaNa ne 1/3 liyaa| jAnakArI ke liye kSetraphala ke Adhunika gaNita se nikAle gaye sUtra isa prakAra (26) A = (n/4).a'.cot(ru/n) ............ ........ (25) B = A - na(n-2)/8 ........... yahA~ nArAyaNa ke sUtra (12) ke viSaya meM eka anya prazna bhI uTha sakatA hai| hamane sUtra (16) ko koNa (angle) ke mApa saMbaMdhI jJAna se nikAlA hai jo ki zAyada usa samaya upayoga meM nahIM lAyA gayA ho| eka prAcIna vidhi se bhI nArAyaNa kA kAma cala sakatA thaa| sammilita citra 3 n = 4 tathA 6 ke liye citroM se (citra 3 dekhiye) sIdhe K kA mAna kramaza: - gA tathA 2xr [sUtra (19) dekhiye] saralatA se prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| ausata (average) lene se n = 5 ke liye K kA mAna huA K = (3/2)zrr = 9a/8 (27) jisase B = (5a2/3) - (9a218) = 13a2/24 ...... isake phalasvarUpa (24) arthAt (12) mila jAtA hai| isa sandarbha meM gaNita premiyoM ko rucipUrNa sUtra (19) kI khoja AnandadAyaka hogI; kyoMki dhyAna dene se hameM mAlUma ho jAyegA ki K ke mAna eka samAnAntara zreNI (A.P.) meM haiM jisameM vRddhi kI dara gaP/2 hai! ___ jahA~ taka mahAvIra ke mUla sUtra (6) kI upapatti kI bAta hai use moTe rUpa (28) 64 arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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meM (empirically) isa prakAra samajhA jA sakatA hai| mAnA ki samabahubhuja ke parivRtta (circumcircle) kI trijyA R aura paridhi C hai| jaise jaise bhujAoM kI saMkhyA bar3hegI, vaise vaise bahubhuja parivRtta kI tarapha agrasara hogaa| arthAt yadi s kA mAna C/2 hotA hai to antata: (limit meM jaba n+ ) A kA mAna TRP (yAnI 3R2 yA C2/12, jahA~ C = 6R) honA caahiye| isaliye hama A ko nimnalikhita rUpa meM le sakate haiM - ___A = us2 (1 + ................ (29) jahA~ ajJAta sthirAMka 3 va 4 ko nikAlanA hai| aba isameM limiTa (n,0) lene yA. C2/12 = u(C/2)2 u= 1/3 ata: (29) aba, A = (s2/3).((1 + hogaa| phira, n ke samI mAnoM ke liye, A Page #68
(pUrNAMkoM kA) meM ho sakate haiN| vistRta jAnakArI ga.sA.saM. ke anuvAdoM aura datta tathA siMha dvArA likhita prasiddha hindU gaNita kA itihAsa (bhAga ||, pR. 224 - 225) meM upalabdha mahAvIra ke vyApaka sUtra se uparyukta prazna kA jo uttara AtA hai, usake anusAra eka tribhuja kI bhujAyeM hoMgI 29, 29 tathA 40 (AdhAra yA bhUmi) aura dUsare kI 37, 37 va 24 (pratyeka tribhuja kA kSetraphala = 420, tathA rajju = 98). nArAyaNa kI gaNita kaumudI meM bhI 'paizAcikam" vibhAga hai| lekina mahAvIra kA uparyukta prazna tathA usake hala karane kA sUtra, kevala kucha zabdoM kI herApherI ke sAtha gaNita kaumudI meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| namUne ke liye nArAyaNa kA prazna dekhiye - dvisamatryasayo rajjU samau ca gaNite same tayorvada bhujAdIni gaNitajJo'si cet skhe| 84 // (gaNita kaumudI, IV, udAharaNa 84) melajola spaSTa hai| yahA~ taka ki nArAyaNa ne mahAvIra ke isa sandarbha meM prayukta 'rajju' zabda ko bhI yahA~ apanA liyaa| DaoN. paramAnandasiMha ke anusAra uparyukta prazna mahAvIra ne hI prathama bAra diyA thaa| (dekhiye - gaNita bhAratI, khaMDa 21, pR. 53) mahAvIra ke ATha sau varSa bAda yUropa meM bahuta se gaNitajJoM ne bhI uparyukta paizAcika prazna kA vivecana kiyaa| inameM phrAMsa ke phAna vAna zUTena kaniSTha (Frans van Schooten, 1657) tathA je. eca. rAna (J. H. Rahn, 1697) pramukha the| (3) cApakSetra gaNita (Measurement of Circular Segment) PM citra 4 arddhavRtta kI cApa khaNDa mAna lo ki citra 4 meM pradarzita cApa kSetra (bow-figure) yAnI vRttIya cApakhaMDa (Segment of a circle) meM jIvA PQ, zara yA iSu (arrow) MN, tathA vakrIya cApa (arc) PNQ kI lambAI kramaza: C, h tathA s hai| nArAyaNa ne apanI gaNita kaumudI (IV, 12) meM ardhavRtta (semicircle) taka ke cApa kSetra ke liye nimnalikhita vyAvahArika sUtra diye haiM (dekhiye gaNita bhAratI, khaMDa 21, pR. 14 - 15) :cApa, s = (2c + 2h)/2 = c + h ......................... (35) cApakhaMDa kA kSetraphala, A = s.2h/4 .......................... (36) = (c + h)./2 ...... ......... (37) bhAratIya gaNita ke khyAti prApta vidvAna, jApAna ke takAo hayAzI (Takao Hayashi) ne 1990 meM prakAzita (gaNita bhAratI, khaMDa 12 dekheM) eka lekha meM nArAyaNa ke satroM kA vistRta vivecana kiyA hai| unake anusAra nArAyaNa ke sUtroM kA AdhAra ve sUtra haiM jo mahAvIra ne AyatavRtta (elongated circle) yA dIrgha vRtta (ellipse) ke liye prayoga z +p 66 arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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kiye haiN| ga.sA.saM., (VII, 21, pR. 185) meM 2a AyAma ( lambAI) tathA 2b vyAsa (caur3AI) vAle AyatavRtta (ellipse) ke nimnalikhita vyAvahArika sUtra haiM : 'AyAma meM AdhA vyAsa jor3akara dugunA karane se AyatavRtta kI paridhi prApta hotI hai / vyAsa ke cauthAI bhAga ko paridhi se guNA karane se kSetraphala milatA hai / " vyAsArdhato dviguNita AyatavRttasya paridhirAyAmaH / viSkambhacaturbhAga: pariveSahato bhavetsAram // 21 // arthAt, paridhi, p = 2(2a + b) |tathA kSetraphala A = p.2b/4 AyatavRtta ko doharA (double) cApa kSetra mAneM to 2a = c, b = hp = 2s. taba sUtra ( 38 ) se ( 35 ), tathA ( 39 ) se ( 36 ) prApta ho jaayegaa| isa prakAra hayAzI ke anumAna yA vicAra kI puSTi hotI hai| sambhava hai ki nArAyaNa mahAvIra ke sUtroM se bhalIbhAMti paricita aura prabhAvita hoN| lekina eka bAta vicAraNIya hai| Upara diye gaye sUtroM kA saMbaMdha kyA una prAcIna sUtroM se bhI hai jo kisI na kisI rUpa aura sandarbha meM yahA~ vahA~ pAye jAte haiN| jaise kSetraphala ke liye eka bahuta hI vyApaka prAcIna sUtra hai kSetraphala = (gherA ) x (caur3AI) / 4 - (40) dilacaspa bAta yaha hai ki vRtta aura varga donoM ke liye ( 40 ) sahI hai| mahAvIra ne use dIrghavRtta ke liye lagAyA to nArAyaNa ne dohare cApakhaMDa ke liye| sUtra ( 37 ) ko to mahAvIra ne svayaM (ga.sA.saM., VII, 43, pR. 190 ) cApakhaMDa kA sIdhe vyAvahArika kSetraphala nikAlane ke liye diyA hai| vAstava meM sUtra ( 37 ) kA digdarzana hameM vizva kI aneka prAcIna sabhyatAoM meM hotA hai tathA zrIdhara (750 I. lagabhaga) ne bhI use eka parivardhita rUpa meM diyA hai| sUtra ( 35 ) yA ( 38 ) para bhI isa lekha ke lekhaka ne kucha navIna khoja kI hai| isa pUre viSaya kI sAmagrI lekhaka ke kucha anya lekhoM meM chapane vAlI hai| gaNita ke itihAsa ko par3hane aura usameM zodha karane se hameM prAcIna kAla kI sabhyatAoM ke eka dUsare ke samparka tathA AdAna pradAna kI jhalakiyA~ milatI haiN| hai / (38) (39) 4. ekAMza bhinneM (Unit Fractions) - anta meM ekAMza bhinnoM ke viSaya meM kucha carcA kareMge jisameM mahAvIrAcArya kA vizeSa yogadAna hai| sAmAnyatayA sAdhAraNa (simple) bhinneM hI vibhinna dezoM ke prAcIna gaNita meM pAI jAtI haiN| lekina prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM jaTila bhinnoM kA bhI prayoga dekhane ko milatA hai| jaisA sUryaprajJapti (sUtra 18 ) meM ' cattAri joyaNAI addhabAvaNNaM ca tesIisayabhAge" ke anusAra mAna 4 + (51-)/183 yojana hai| isa prakAra jambUdvIpa prajJapti (sUtra 22 ) meM eka saMkhyA ( bhinna sahita ) 1892 2 19 arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002 misra deza ke eka ati prAcIna graMtha meM ekAMza bhinnoM kI eka sAraNI milatI hai| (7-2) 67

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lekina unakA vistRta gaNita bhArata meM pahalI bAra mahAvIra ne apane ga.sA.saM. meM diyaa| yahA~ unake kucha niyama prastuta kiye jA rahe haiN| (1) saMkhyA eka ko aneka ekAMza bhinnoM meM nirUpita karanA - yadi 1 ko / ekAMza bhinnoM meM nirUpita kiyA jAye to haroM (denominators) ko prApta karane ke aneka niyama haiN| ga.sA.saM., (III, 75, pR. 52) meM eka niyama isa prakAra hai - rUpAdyAstriguNitA harA kramaza: dvidvitryaMzAbhyastAvAdima crmau| 1 se Arambha hokara kramaza: uttarottara 3 se guNA kro| isa prakAra prApta (1) padoM ke prathama ko 2 se tathA antima (rth) ko 2/3 se guNA karane para abhISTa hara prApta ho jAte haiN| arthAt 1 1 1 1 = 1+ 2 + 2 + .... 1273036-7 ....... ..... (41) hUbahU yahI sUtra nArAyaNa kI gaNita kaumUdI (XII, 2) meM bhI hai, kevala zabdoM kA parivartana mAtra hai| 1 (II) 1/N ko ekAMza bhinnoM meM badalanA - isake liye ga.sA.saM. (III, 78, pR. 54) ke vyApaka sUtra kA upayoga karake hameM nimnalikhita niyama milatA hai - + - + -+ ................ + N N(N+ 1) * (N+ 1)(N+2) * (N+2)(N+3) .......... (42) (42) (N+r-2) (N+r-1) (N+T-1) isameM yadi N = 1 rakhA jAye to hameM eka sAdhAraNa nirUpaNa yA jor3a mila jAyegA - + - + 1 = 1.2 * 2.3* ...... (r-1)* ......................... (43) __ jo gaNitakaumudI (XII,1) meM bhI hai| yadi haroM kA mAna bahuta tejI se bar3hAnA ho to nimnalikhita sarala niyama ko bArabAra lagAnA cAhiye - %3D + ........ (44) N (N+1) N(N+1) (111) kisI bhI bhinna ko aneka ekAMza bhinnoM meM badalanA - ga.sA.saM., (III, 80, pR. 54) meM eka bahuta hI sarala tathA upayogI sUtra hai jisakA rUpa Adhunika gaNitIya saMketoM meM isa prakAra hai - 68 arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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X q+x + jahA~ =r (45) pa r r.q P isase hama kisI bhI bhinna ( p/q) ko aneka ekAMza bhinnoM meM badala sakate haiN| q meM dhIre dhIre 1, 2, 3, 4, jor3akara utanA hI bar3hAyeM ki usameM p kA bhAga (division ) pUrA pUrA ho jAye tathA bhAgaphala (pUrNAMka) mila jAye AvazyakatAnusAra niyama ko dUsare pada x/rq meM phira lgaayeN| udAharaNa - 3 / 10 ko ekAMza bhinnoM meM badalo / yahA~ P se pUrA pUrA nahIM bhAga calA jAtA hai ataH 1 3 tathA q kaTatA / phira arthAt x = 2 2 = 3 1 = - 10 4 4x10 = dhyAna dene se hama sIdhe hI + 1 ise ( 48 ) meM rakhane para 1 = - 4 3 2+1 2 10 10 10 10 prApta kara sakate haiN| ise sUtra ( 45 ) 8 leM to sUtra ( 45 ) isa prakAra yadi x 3 8 + (48) 10 6 6 x 10 6 15 milegaa| yahA~ 2/15 ko ekAMza bhinnoM meM badalane ke liye sUtra ( 45 ) kA phira upayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai, jaise 2 2 2 2 == + 15 16 15 16 3 1 1 1 - + 10 6 8 120 arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002 10. aba 10 meM 1 jor3A to 11 AyA jo 3 10 meM 2 jor3A to 12 AyA jisameM 3 kA pUrA pUrA (q+x) / p = (10+2)/3 = 4 r = tathA ( 45 ) se 1 20 + + = + 1 2 1 8 se x se hameM 2 15 5 8 1 (47) 10 5 lekara bhI prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| = = *******.. 1 1 8 120 *******.. (46) (49) isa prakAra hama pAte haiM ki eka bhinna ( 3 / 10 ) ko aneka prakAra se, (46), yadi x kA mAna kama se sabase bar3A hogaa| Upara mahAvIra ke lagabhaga 350 ********** (47), (49), ekAMza bhinnoM meM badalA jA sakatA hai lekina kama liyA jAye to nirUpaNa meM pahalI ekAMza bhinna kA mAna ke udAharaNa meM 1/4 kA mAna, 1/5 tathA 1/6 se bar3A hai varSa bAda yUropa ke phIbonATcI ke phIbonATcI (Fibonacci) ne aisA hI kiyA thaa| sUtra ( 45 ) kI tulanA brahmagupta ke usa niyama se kI jA sakatI hai jo unhoMne bhAgaphala nikAlane kI dRSTi se diyA hai| (brAhmasphuTa siddhAnta, XII 57 ). 69

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saMdarbha grantha va lekha sUcI 1. B. Datta and A.N. Singh, History of Hindu Mathematics. Single Vol. ed., Bombay, 1962. 2. Padmakar Dvivedi (ed.), Ganita Kaumudi of Narayana Pandita, Part II, Benares, 1942. - 3. R.C. Gupta, Mahaviracarya on the Perimeter and Area of an Ellipse, Mathematics Education, Vol. 8, No. 3 (1974), Sec. B, pp. 17-19. 4. R.C. Gupta,, Mahaviracarya's Rule for the Area of a Plane Polygon, Arhat Vacana, 4 (1) (Jan. 1992), 45-54. 5. R.C. Gupta, The Mahavira-Fibonacci Device to Reduce p/q to Unit Fractions, HPM Newsletter, No. 29 (July 1993), 10-12. 6. R.C. Gupta, Areas of Regular Polygons in Ancient and Medieval Times, Ganita Bharati, 16 (1994), 61-65. 7. R. C. Gupta, prAcIna bhAratIya gaNita kI aitihAsika va sAMskRtika jhalakiyA~, NCERT, New Delhi, 1997, Chapter 5. 8. R.C. Gupta, Mensuration of a Circular Segment in Babylonian Mathematics, Ganita Bharati, 23(2001), 12-17 9. R.C. Gupta, Area of a Bow-Figure in India, sent for publication in a Felicitation Volume. 10. R.C. Gupta, Area of a Bow-Figure in Jaina Mathemtics, Arhat Vacana 14 (1), January 2002, 9-15. 11. Takao Hayashi, Narayana's Rule for a Segment of a Circle, Ganita Bharati, 12 (1990), 1-9. 12. L.C. Jain (ed.), Ganita-sara-sanigraha with Hindi Translation, Sholapur, 1963. 13. Padmavathamma (ed.), Ganita-sara sangraha with her Kannada & Rangacharya's English translations, Hombuja, 2000. 14. T.A. Sarasvati Amma, Geometry in Ancient and Medieval India, Delhi, 1979. 15. R.S. Sharma et al (ed.), Brahmasphuta-siddhanta of Brahmagupta, Vol. III, New Delhi, 1966. 16. P. Singh (transl.), Ganita Kaumudi of Narayana, Chapter IV, Ganita Bharati, 21 (1999), 10-73. 70 Apta - 03.07.2001 arhat vacana 14 (1), 2002

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varSa-14, aMka-1, 2002, 71-74 arhat vacana (kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura jaina sAhitya meM dhvani/ zabda vijJAna - DaoN. abhayaprakAza jaina* dravya karNendriya ke AdhAra se bhAva karNendriya ke dvArA jo dhvani sunI jAya use zabda kahate haiN| yaha zabda anaMta paramANuoM ke piNDa (skaMdha) se hI utpanna hotA hai| anaMta paramANuoM kI piNDa, svabhAva se hI utpanna zabda yogya vargaNAyeM isa loka meM sarvatra vyApta haiN| jahA~ - jahA~ zabda ke utpanna karane yogya bAhya sAdhana mila jAte haiM vahA~ ye zabda vargaNAyeM svata: zabda (nAda) rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtI haiN| maharSi kaNAda zabda ko AkAza kA guNa batAte haiN| yadi vAstava meM zabda AkAza kA guNa hotA to karNendriya dvArA vaha grahaNa meM hI na A pAtA kyoMki AkAza to amUrtika hai| amUrtika padArtha kA guNa martika honA caahiye| zabda to martika hai isIliye vaha martika indriyoM, reDiyo, TeparikArDa dvArA pakar3A jAtA hai| zabda do prakAra kA hotA hai - prAyogika aura vaishessik| jo zabda puruSa Adi ke sambandha se utpanna hotA hai vaha prAyogika kahalAtA hai, jo megha Adi se utpanna hotA hai vaizeSika kahalAtA hai| zabda ke do bheda haiM - bhASA aura abhaassaa| usameM bhASAtmaka zabda akSara - anakSara ke bheda se do prakAra kA hai| prAkRta, saMskRta, Arya, mlecchAdika bhASA rUpa jo zabda haiM ve saba akSarAtmaka haiN| jo indriyAtIta jIvoM ke zabda haiM tathA kevalI bhagavAna kI jo divya dhvani hai vaha akSarAtmaka aura anakSarAtmaka haiN| abhASAtmaka ke bhI do bheda haiM - prAyogika aura vaishessik| prAyogika to tat, vitat, dhana, sudhirAdi rUpa hote haiN| tat zabda use kahate haiM jo vINAdi se utpanna hotA hai| vitat, zabda r3hAla, nagAr3e Adi ke hote haiN| jhAMjha, karatAla Adi se utpanna hone vAle zabda dhvani kahalAte haiM aura bAMsAdi se utpanna hoM ve zabda sudhira kahalAte haiN| ye samasta pudgaloM ke skaMdhoM maiTara se utpanna hote haiN| jitane bhI bhASA, abhASA rUpa zabda loka meM hote haiM unakA upAdAna kAraNa ye bhASA vargaNAyeM haiM tathA isake zabda rUpa pariNaman meM nimitta kAraNa sthUla skaMdhoM kA paraspara milanA (TakarAnA) hai| jaise tAlI bajAnA aura tAlu hilAnA, vAdya bajAnA, dharatI para paga dharanA, pAnI kA paraspara dhakkA honA, vAyu kA dhakkA dIvAra Adi ko laganA, meghoM kA TakarAnA aadi| isa taraha aMtaraMga, bahiraMga kAraNoM se zabda paidA hote haiM, ye zabda vahIM sunAI dete haiM jahA~ taka inakI bhASA vargaNAyeM paraspara eka dUsare ko zabdAyamAna karatI haI jA skeN| yaha nimitta kAraNa ke bala ke Upara nirbhara hai| bahuta jora se tAlu hilAne para zabda dUra taka jA skegaa| yadi maMdatA se hilAyeM to kama dUrI taka hI jA skegaa| zabda amUrtika AkAza kA guNa kabhI nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki amUrtika ke guNa amUrtika aura mUrtika ke guNa mUrtika hote haiN| yadi zabda amartika hotA to kAnoM se na sunAI detA na hI vaha kisI se rUka sktaa| yadi hama apane hAthoM ko mu~ha ke Upara lagAkara boleM to hama dekheMge ki zabda ruka-rUka kara nikala rahA hai| zlokavArtika meM zabda mUrtika hai| skaMdha rUpa se pariNamana karane vAle pudgala hI zabdAdi rUpa hote haiM, yahI bAta pramANita evaM siddha hai| isa prakAra zabda pudgala dravya kA paryAya hai| 5 jaina zAstroM meM pudagala ke chaha bheda kiye haiM unameM zabda (sAuNDa) dhvani ko pudagala sUkSma - sthUla rUpa kahA gayA hai| kyoMki pudgala ke isa rUpa ko AMkhoM se nahIM dekhA jA sakatA kevala karNa indriya se sunA jA sakatA hai| vaijJAnika prayogoM se siddha ho gayA jaina - * ena - 14, cetakapurI, gvAliyara - 474009 (ma.pra.)

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hai ki zabda kI utpatti dravya ke paramANuoM ke kampana dvArA hotI hai| isa vivecana se yaha spaSTa siddha hotA hai ki hamAre jainAcAryoM ko dhvani ke sambandha meM bar3A hI vaijJAnika, sundara, sahI-sahI aura pUrNa jJAna thaa| bhautika vijJAna kI kisI pustaka ko yadi Apa dekheMge to dhvani utpanna karane kI yahI kriyA likhI milegI - 1. tAroM kI jhanajhanAhaTa 2. pleTa yA raoNDa kI jhanajhanAhaTa 3. tane hue parade kI jhanajhanAhaTa 4. vAyu stambha ke kampana se zabda yA dhvani ke saMbaMdha meM eka bAta vizeSa rUpa se samajhane yogya hai- yadi vastu ke kaNoM kI spaMdana gati prati sekaNDa kI gati se kama hai to koI zabda utpanna nahIM hotaa| spaMdana kI gati jaba 16 yA 20 prati sekaNDa se bar3ha jAtI hai to zabda sunAI dene lagatA hai| jaise - jaise spaMdana gati bar3hatI jAtI hai, svara bhI U~cA hotA jAtA hai kintu spaMdana gati 20,000 prati sekaNDa ho jAne para aura kabhI vizeSa avasthAoM meM 40,000 taka zabda karNagocara hotA hai arthAt sunAI par3atA hai| spaMdana kI gati 40,000 prati sekaNDa se adhika hone para jo zabda hotA hai use hamAre kAna suna nahIM skte| zabda ko karNagocara nAda (alTrAsonika) kahA jAtA hai| hAramoniyama ke andara jo choTI-choTI pItala kI paTTiyA~ (raoNDa) lagI rahatI haiM ve bhI isa prakAra prati sekaNDa bhinna-bhinna saMkhyA meM kaMpana karatI haiM aura isa prakAra bhinna - bhinna svaroM kI suSTi hotI hai| saMbhASaNa ke samaya hamAre kaMTha meM sthita snAyu lagabhaga 130 bAra prati sekaNDa kI gati se jhanajhanAte haiM, jhanajhanAhaTa kI yaha kriyA bAlakoM tathA nAriyoM ke kaMTha se adhika tIvra hotI haiM, isa kAraNa unakA svara puruSa svara se U~cA hotA hai| jaba hama saMbhASaNa karate haiM to vAyu meM lagabhaga 10 phITa lambI taraMgeM utpanna hotI haiN| ye taraMgeM jaba kAna ke paradoM taka pahu~catI haiM to paradA hilane lagatA hai aura usake kampana karane se hamAre mastiSka meM zabda kA bodha hotA hai kintu jaba karNa agocara zabda kI utpatti hotI hai to vAyu meM dhvani kI taraMgeM kevala eka iMca athavA AdhA iMca kI lambAI kI hotI hai| ina sUkSma taraMgoM kI yaha vizeSatA hotI hai ki ye eka hI dizA meM bahuta dUra taka binA hastakSepa kiye calI jAtI haiN| na kevala dhvani kI taraMgeM apitu vidyuta taraMgoM kI bhI yahI sthiti hai| isa kAraNa bI.bI.sI. Adi reDiyo samAcAra choTI laharoM dvArA hI bheje jAte haiN| jisa prakAra AMdhI, taphAna bar3e per3oM kA saMhAra karate haiM, ghAsa para unakA koI prabhAva nahIM par3atA, isa guNa ke kAraNa karNa agocara nAda kI laharoM kA aneka dizAoM meM upayoga huA hai| alTrA sAuNDa kiraNoM dvArA rogopacAra, rogoM kI jA~ca Adi ke udAharaNa hamAre sAmane haiN| Ajakala pIjoM ilekTrika osomITara yaMtra dvArA karNa agocara nAda taraMgoM ko samudra kI talI meM bhejA jAtA hai| isa taraMgAvalI ke mArga meM jaba koI barpha kI caTTAna A jAtI hai to taraMgeM usase TakarA kara vApisa lauTa jAtI haiN| taraMgoM ke jAne aura lauTane meM jo samaya lagatA hai vaha eka ghar3I se nApa liyA jAtA hai| cUMki samudra tala meM taraMgoM kI gati jJAta hai, gaNita karane se caTTAna kI dUrI kA anumAna ho jAtA hai aura jahAja khataroM se bacA liye jAte haiN| ina svara laharoM meM yadi AdamI apanA hAtha kara deta usake hAtha se rakta kI ba~deM Tapakane lgeNgii| eka yaMtra kisI anAja ke khetoM ke madhya 72 arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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lagAne se usase nikalI huI taraMgeM saba kIr3oM ko naSTa kara detI haiM yA behoza kara detI haiN| maMdiroM meM ghaNTA Adi bajAne se usake kSetra ke hAnikAraka kIr3e-makor3e nizcetanA kI sthiti meM ho jAte haiN| karNa agocara nAda kA upayoga dhAtu meM jhAla lagAne ke kArya meM huA hai| alTrAsonika solDriMga dvArA alyUminiyama ke bartanoM meM bhI jhAla lagAI jA sakatI hai| zabda zakti se itanA tApa utpanna kiyA jAtA hai ki dhAtu ke do Tukar3e pighalakara Apasa meM hI jur3a jAte haiN| tAnasena kI dIpaka rAga kI aitihAsika ghaTanA hama sabake sAmane hai| nAda saMgItazAstra kA prANa puruSa hai| yadyapi nAda ko nitAMta saMgIta jAtika nahIM mAnA jA sakatA kyoMki sampUrNa vizva nAdAdhiSThita hai| jainAcAryoM ne bhagavAna RSabha ko ziva rUpa meM smaraNa kiyaa| ziva saMgIta ke Adi guru haiN| saccidAnaMda (sat + cit + Ananda) vibhUtiyoM se sampanna prajApati RSabha se sarvaprathama jisa zakti kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai vaha zakti nAda ko utpanna karatI hai aura nAda se bindu kI utpatti hotI hai| jaina sAhitya meM nAda kalA kA AkAra Adhe candramA ke samAna hai, vaha sapheda raMga vAlI hai, bindu nIle raMga vAlA hai| nAda kI utpatti brahma graMthi se hotI hai| bhagavAna zaMkara nAda tanu haiM, nAda ke pravaktA haiN| saMgItopaniSad sAroddhAra meM varNana hai ki nAbhi meM eka kUrmacakra hai, usake kaMda para parabhinI hai, usakI nAla meM eka yaMtra hai, usameM eka kamala hai, usameM agniprANa kI sthiti hai. usase agnivAya saMyoga se siddha dhvani utpanna hotI hai, usI siddha dhvani se nAda kI utpatti hotI hai| 10 brahmA, viSNu, maheza tInoM nAdAtmA haiN| vizuddha nAda anAhatanAda kI upAsanA parAzakti trideva aura oMkAra kI upAsanA hai| jaina sAdhuoM ne pudgala ke sUkSmatama vyaktitva ko gaharAI se khojA hai| hamAre tIrthaMkara aura AcAryoM ne rasAyana zAstra aura bhautikI ke tala para usakI spaSTa vyAkhyAyeM kI haiN| isa mAyane meM hama tIrthakaroM ko paramANu vijJAnI bhI kaha sakate haiN| vastuta: unhoMne AtmA ko itanA anAvarita kara diyA ki ve mUrta/amUrta tamAma padArthoM ko yugapat dekha sakate the| yA kaheM unheM yaha ApoM - Apa dikhAI dene lagate the, samUcA jainAgama paramANu vijJAna se bharA - par3A hai| AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki bArIkiyoM ko vijJAna kI zabdAvalI meM duniyA ke sAmane prastuta kreN| Ane vAlI pIr3hI ko apanI asmitA ko surakSita rakhane ke liye hameM jaina darzana ke isa pakSa ko bahuta spaSTatA se sAmane lAnA hogaa| hama pudgala kA jo svarUpa jaina dharma meM varNita hai use naI bhASA zailI meM vaijJAnika akSaroM meM prastuta nahIM kara pA rahe haiN| hamArA tapa kyA hai? pratikUla/bAdhaka paramANuoM kA virecana aura anukUla/sAdhaka paramANuoM kA smnvyn| AThoM karma paudgalika haiN| tapa pudgala ke cayApacaya se saMbaMdhita haiN| kArmANa vargaNA kI samIcIna samIkSA se sampUrNa sthiti spaSTa ho jAtI hai| yadi Tepa para zabdAMkana hotA hai aura hama cumbakIya prabhAva se usakA virecana/kSaraNa kara sakate haiM to kyA kArmaNa vargaNA kI sthiti aisI nahIM hai| aise saikar3oM kSetra aura tathya haiM jinheM vijJAna ke tala para pravartita/pratipAdita karane kI AvazyakatA hai| vanaspati meM prANa hone ke tathya ko DaoN. jagadIzacandra vasu ne Aja se lagabhaga 1 sadI pUrva duniyA ke sAmane rakha diyaa| jaina dharma isa tathya ko hajAroM varSoM se mAnatA calA A rahA hai| ina/aise pramANoM dvArA hI hama jainadharma ke AdhyAtmika niSkarSoM kI puSTi kara saka haiN| kyA yaha saMbhava nahIM hai ki hama deza meM eka aisI sarva dharma 13 arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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sampanna kendrIya prayogazAlA sthApita kareM jisameM jaina samAja ke zIrSastha vaijJAnikoM ko pUre suvidhA sAdhana upalabdha karAye jAyeM aura phira una sAre tathyoM ko jo 'tattvArtha satra' jaise granthoM tathA usakI TIkAoM se bhare par3e haiM, pRSTa kiyA jaaye| sandarbha 1. taMta vINAdika jJeyaM vitataM paTahA dikam dhana tu kAMsyatAlAdi suSiraM vaMzAdike viduH:|| brahmadaka saMgraha TIkA, 13, pR. 51. 2. sAkSara evaM bha varNa samUhAnnaiva dinaarthgtirjgtismaat| mahApurANa, 23/73 evaM The Psychogenetic Foundation of Language by G. Revers, Lingua, PP. 318, 1955. 3. saddo saMghapyabhavo khaMdho paramANu sNgdhaado| paTTesu tesu jAyadi sadado uppAdago Niyado|AcArya kundakunda paMcAstikAya, 79. 4. proktA zabdA di mannastu pudgalA skaMdha bhadata: tathA pramANa sadbhAvAdanyathA tdbhaavt| vRhada jaina zabdArNava, vi.pR. 540. 5. paMcAstikAya TIkA bra. zItalaprasAda, sUrata, pR. 348. (ba) prAkRte saMskRte vApi svayaM prokta svymbhuvaa|| pANani zikSA. 3 (sa) akAra: sarvavarNAgra: prakArA paramaH shivH| Adhagradhyena saMyogAdaha mityevajAyate nandikezvara kAzikA 4. 6. tatvArtha sUtra, paMcama adhyAya, sUtra 24, uttarAdhyayana 28, gAthA 12 - 13. 7. AdipurANa, jinasena, 30 8. zrImad bhAgavata, 5/31/34. 9. nAdazcandra samAkArI bindurnAlasamaprabha kalArUNa samAkrAMtaM svarNaya: srvtomukhH| 12, RSimaMDala stotr| 10. saMgItopaniSatsArAdvAra, 1/25 - 27, gAyakavAr3a oriyanTala sIrIja, bdd'odaa| evaM E. SAPIR - A study of Phonetic symbosin, PP 61 - 72., University of California, 1949. prApta -5.4.2001 JINAMANJARI emamallowdnepaayamkridase jaina vidyA kA paThanIya SaTmAsika JINAMANJARI Editor - S.A. Bhuvanendra Kumar Periodicity . Bi-annual (April & October) Publisher - Brahmi Society, Canada-U.S.A. Contact Dr. S.A. Bhuvanendra Kumar 4665, Moccasin Trail, MISSISSAUGA, ANTARIO, Canada 14z2w5 This Anur Examines Expressions Emotions Of Jaina Life & Times 74 arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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arhat vacana kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura varSa - 14, aMka - 1, 2002, 75-86 Adhunikatama mastiSka sambandhI khojeM jaina karma siddhAnta ke pariprekSya meM - DaoN. (a.) prabhA jaina evaM pro. ela.sI. jaina* sArAMza vigata sadI meM bhautika zAstra, gaNita tathA jIva vijJAna meM hue AviSkAra evaM khoja se hamane prakRti ke aneka rahasyoM ko udghATita kiyA hai| sAtha hI dakSiNa bhArata meM vizeSakara SaTakhaNDAgama evaM kaSAyaprAbhata graMthoM se saMbaMdhita TIkAe~ evaM sAra rUpa graMtha gommaTasAra, labdhisAra kI gaNitIya TIkAe~ hindI bhASA meM anuvAdita hokara sAmane lAyI gayI haiN| inakI karma siddhAMta saMbaMdhI sAmagrI ke pariprekSya meM hama vijJAna kI Adhunika mastiSka sambandhI khojoM para lage praznoM ke uttara dene kA prayAsa kreNge| zatAbdiyoM taka vicArakoM ne mastiSka ke saMbaMdha meM ciMtana kiyA ki vaha kisa prakAra ceharoM ko, gandhoM ko, AvAjoM ko, pahacAnatA hai aura kisa prakAra vaha sudUravartI smRtiyoM ko saMjokara sAmane bulAtA hai tathA antaHprajJA yukta chalAMgeM mArakara pariNAmoM para pahuMca jAtA hai| yUnAna, cIna Adi dezoM ne vigata 2000 varSoM meM jo kucha pAyA aura khojA, usase kahIM bahuta adhika Azcaryajanaka upalabdhi dakSiNa bhArata meM ho cukI thI tathA gaNita dvArA Age vikasita kI gaI thii| Aja mastiSka vijJAna kI navIna khojeM jinheM kampyUTara ke navIna progrAmoM dvArA kriyAzIla kRtrima mastiSka niSekoM (Cells) dvArA sahAyatA milI hai, hameM eka naye sire se mastiSka kI jAnakArI bar3hAne ki preraNA de rahI haiN| sApekSatA kA AiMsTAina kA siddhAnta evaM maiksa plAMka kA kvAnTama siddhAnta taMtrikA vijJAna (neuro - Science) meM aMzadAna dete hue yaha samajhAne kA prayAsa prAraMbha kara rahe haiM ki kisa prakAra mastiSka sudUra smRtiyoM ke parade dUra kara ceharoM, sugandhoM aura anya jaTila rUpoM ko pahacAna sakatA hai jabaki utkRSTa kSamatA yukta kampyUTara bhI lar3akhar3A jAte haiN| jahAM kampyUTara kisI vyavasthA ke anusAra, vidhi vidhAnAnusAra kadama gaNanA karate calate haiM, vaha rUpa mastiSka kA nahIM hai| hamArA mastiSka aba nyUrAnoM (mastiSka - karma-vargaNAoM) kA ati gahana rUpa se paraspara saMyukta madhumakkhI ke chattoM jaisA niraMtara kAryarata aMtarjAli (internet) hai, jo lagAtAra eka dUsare ko vidyuta - rAsAyanika saMketa Age pIche bhejatA haA, pratyeka navIna anubhava ke sAtha saMcAra pathoM ko badalatA calA jAtA hai| aise vyasta bAjAra ke madhya jo nyUrAnoM kI vizAla jAlaracanA hai, usameM hI hamAre vicAra, smRtiyA~ aura avagraha, IhA, dhAraNAdi utpanna hote haiN| mastiSka vaijJAnikoM ko AzA hai ki yaha navIna siddhAnta mirgI yA vRddhAvasthA roga (epilepsy and alzheimer's disease) para niyaMtraNa pAne meM sahAyaka siddha ho skegaa| mastiSka ke naye pratirUpa (model) ko do bhinna vijJAnoM ke mela se krAMti pUrNa banAyA jA sakatA hai- taMtrikAgata jIva vijJAna (neuro-biology) * saMcAlikA-zrI brAhmI sundarI prasthAzrama, 21 kaMcana vihAra, vijayanagara, jblpur| ** nidezaka- AcArya zrI vidyAsAgara zodha saMsthAna, dIkSA jvelarsa ke Upara, 554 sarAphA,

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tathA kampyUTara vijnyaan| na to manovijJAna, na hI akelI kampyUTara kI purAnI saMracanA isameM saphala ho sakI thI kyoMki usameM mastiSka kI gaharI jAnakArI kA upayoga nahIM kiyA gayA thaa| mastiSka kA nirmANa 100,000,00 lAkha nyUrAnoM dvArA hotA hai jisameM sUkSmatama vidyuta taraMgeM saMcArita hotI haiM aura ina nyUrAnoM ke bIca sUcanA saMcAra meM rasAyana vijJAna kI bhUmikA rahatI hai| isake sabhI bhAga na to alaga-alaga rUpa se, na hI alaga - alaga samaya meM, varan sAmagra rUpa meM tatkAla yugapata kArya karate pAye gaye haiN| jaise satva kI samagra karmavargaNAeM Asavita karma vargaNAoM vAle asaMkhyAta samaya prabaddhoM se AcchAdita ho navIna nirjarA tatkAla detI hai, vaisA hI jJAnAvaraNIya prakRti kA kArya sampAdana mastiSka meM hotA pAyA gayA hai| mastiSka kI saMracanA meM darzanAvaraNIya, jJAnAvaraNIya evaM mohanIya prakRti kI karmavargaNAoM kI aham bhUmikA hotI hai, zeSa kI gauNa bhUmikAeM hotI haiN| ata: mastiSka gata niSekoM yA nyUrAnoM ke kArya ko samagra rUpa se kAryarata peTarna meM samajhanA ucita hogaa| yahI peTarna samajhA sakegA ki hama kyoM sneha karate haiM yA ha~sate haiN| abhI taka isa rahasyamaya gutthI ko Adhunika mastiSka vijJAna sulajhA nahIM sakA prayogazAlAoM ke mastiSka ke pratirUpa meM (nyUrala neTavarko meM) eka darjana se lekara kaI sau kRtrima nyUrAna hote haiM jinheM rUr3higata DijiTala kampyUTara dvArA saMcAlita kiyA jAtA hai| vaise eka akelA nyUrAna mastiSka meM 10,000 anya nyUrAnoM se saMyukta hotA hai, tAki sabhI nyUrAna eka dUsare ko saMketa preSaNa karate rheN| pratikRti meM bhI yahI saMcAra vyavasthA lAgU kI jAtI hai| kintu ye pratikRtiyA~ khilaune taka hI sImita raha jAtI haiN| aba zodyArthI aise taMtrikAya jAlasaMracanAe~ nirmita kara rahe haiM jo yaha pradarzita kara sake ki mastiSka kisa prakAra sAmAnya gaMdhoM ko pahicAnatA hai| kucha aise pratirUpa taiyAra kara rahe haiM jo yaha dikhA sake ki kisI lambe samaya se khoye mitra kI smRti jagA ske| kisa prakAra Asavita saMketa AMkhoM se prApta hokara dRSTa hote haiM, aura kisa prakAra AghAta lagane meM nyUrAnoM kA samUha punarvyavasthita rUpa se saMyukta hokara kArya karane lagate haiN| eka nyarAna ko kampyuTara svica kI apekSA saMketa preSaNa meM dasa lAkha gunA adhika samaya lagatA hai kintu mastiSka jAne pahacAne cehare ko eka sekeNDa meM pahicAna letA hai| yaha isalie ki kampyUTara kadama dara kadama calatA hai, jaba ki mastiSka ke nyUrAnsa eka sAtha sabhI yugapata rUpa se samasyA se nipaTane juTa jAte haiN| isa prakAra cintana ke kSetra meM zodhArthiyoM ko kampyUTara evaM taMtrikA - jIva vijJAna ke mela se mastiSka sambandhI kAryapraNAlI kA AbhAsa hotA jA rahA hai| kintu kaSAya kA kSetra abhI bhI unakI samajha ke pare haiN| kaSAya meM na kevala darzana moha varan cAritramoha sambandhI kArmANavargaNAoM kI bhUmikA hotI hai| yaha moha prakRti svayaM aneka upaprakRtiyoM vAlI kArmANa vargaNAoM ke rUpa meM hote hae nagara sabhA ko niSekoM rUpa meM carcita karate haiN| krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha tathA hAsya, rati, arati, zoka, bhaya jugupsA 76 arhat vacana, 14(1), 2002

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vAle aneka sthiti evaM anubhAga vAlI kArmANa vargaNAyeM eka samUha banAkara bhUmikA nibhAtI hoMgI jise sAmUhika rUpa-prakRti kahA jA sakatA hai| sAtha hI mithyAtva ko milAkara darzana moha aura cAritra moha kI bhUmikAeM bhI kampyUTara kI jAla saMracanA meM kisa prakAra kI jAye yaha abhI taka zodha kA viSaya nahIM bana sakA hai| yadi hama priMsipala thyoreTika eproca athavA siddhAnta-saiddhAntI vidhA ke viSaya meM vicAra kareM to hameM zIrSa se tala taka kI paha~ca kI yathA saMbhava jAnakArI jJAta ho sakatI hai| abhI taka kansTrakzana thyoreTika eproca rahI hai jise hama saMracanA - saiddhAntI vidhA kaha sakate haiN| ise tala se zIrSa taka kI pahu~ca kahA jAtA hai| jJAna ke bhedoM meM kevalajJAna jJAnAvaraNIya karma paramANuoM yA niSekoM ke kSaya se prakaTa hotA hai| kSAyika darzana yA kevaladarzana darzanAvaraNa karma niSekoM ke kSaya se prakaTa hotA hai| isI prakAra mati jJAna, zruta jJAna, avadhijJAna, mana:paryaya jJAna, kumati, kuzruta, kuavadhi evaM cakSudarzana, acakSudarzana, avadhidarzana kSAyopazamika bhAva hone se kramaza: apane karma niSeka AvaraNa ke kSayopazama dvArA prakaTa hote haiN| kSayopazamika kI prakriyA meM apane pratipakSI karmoM ke sparddhakoM ko udayAbhAvI kSaya se, kinhIM sparddhakoM ke upazama se va kinhIM sparddhakoM ke udaya se jo bhAva prakaTa hote haiM unheM kSAyopazAmika bhAva kahate haiN| kinhIM sparddhakoM kI mAtrA bhI hotI hai aura usakI zakti bhI dI gayI hotI hai| inheM varga, vargaNA tathA guNahAni kI mAtrA aura zakti se samIkaraNoM dvArA karma siddhAnta se saMbaMdhita kiyA jAtA rahA hai| jahA~ saMjJI yA mana sahita kI carcA AtI hai unheM saMjJI jIva kahate haiN| saMjJI yA sainI yAne mana sahita paMcendriya saMjJI kahe jAte hai jo cAroM gatiyoM meM pAye jAte haiN| kintu asaMjJI (yA alpa saMjJI) ekendriya jIva se lekara asainI paMcendriya taka asaMjJI hone se tiryaMca kahe jAte haiN| mana do prakAra kA hotA hai - dravya mana jise hama mastiSka (Brain) kaha sakate haiM tathA bhAva mana jJAna rUpa pariNati ko kahA jA sakatA hai jo mati aura zruta rUpa dikhA sakatA hai| ata: jaina siddhAMta ke jIva karma vijJAnAnusAra hameM kampyUTara ke sAphTaveara (Software) meM karma - taMtrikA niSekoM (Cells) ke (nyUrAna) nirmita jAloM meM kSaya evaM kSayopazama kI prakriyA nirdhArita karanA hogI jo apane - apane yathAyogya samUhoM meM kArya (Function) kara skeN| padagala ke vizeSa guNa - 5 varNa, 5 rasa, 2 gaMdha, 8 sparza ke uddIpaka niSekoM se jaba uparokta karma- taMtrikA-niSekoM ke satva pArasparika kriyA karate haiM to satva ke pratisamaya parivartana ke sAtha kucha taMtrikA - niSekoM ke udaya udIraNA bhUta nirjarA hone ke kAraNa jIva apanA pratyuttara (Response) apanI apanI yathAyogya pariNati ke anusAra uttejanazIlatA (Irritability) dvArA pradatta karate haiN| ata: uddIpana aura uttejanazIlatA ke sambandha - samIkaraNoM se jIva kI karma-phala cetanA, karma cetanA tathA jJAna cetanA kA pramANa (Measure) prApta ho sakatA hai| jo Asravita samayaprabaddha taMtrikA-niSeka ke pradeza, anubhAga evaM sthiti ko lekara udaya, udIraNAdi rUpa nirjarA ko prApta hotA hai, vaha uttejanazIlatA rUpa hai| ata: ina prakRti, pradeza anubhAga, sthiti rUpa cAra nyAsa pramANa kA gahana adhyayana kampyUTara meM Feed kiyA jAnA vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hogaa| isameM svameva kaSAya (Emotion) kI yAMtrikI (Mechanics) bhI kampyUTara arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002 77

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meM samAvezita ho sakegI, jo abhI taka kampyUTara vijJAna meM vikasita nahIM ho sakI haiN| kaSAya ke pradarzana kI asaphalatA ke sAtha hI sAtha, purAnI vidhAoM vAle kampyUTara dekhane, sunane, bhASaNa ko samajhane Adi kI mastiSka sambandhI kriyAoM ko karane meM asaphala rahe haiN| mAtra 1.35 kilo grAma ke isa mastiSka kA piNDa kRtrima rUpa se banAne meM zodhArthI usakI maulikatA, ekAgratA aura cetanA kA pratirUpa banAne meM asaphala rahe haiN| kevala zodha meM itanA avazya ho sakatA hai ki taMtrikA - niSekoM ke samUha eka sAtha, eka hI samaya kriyAMvita hokara dekhane, sUMghane, sunane Adi ki kriyAoM meM bhUmikA nibhAte haiN| taMtrikA - niSekoM ke jAla zodhArthIyoM ko sahAyaka ho sakate haiM ki mastiSka kisa prakAra sUkSma sUcanA prakriyA ko nibhAte haiN| yadyapi taMtrikA-niSekoM se dekhane sambaMdhI saMketoM ko vyaktiza: samajhanA atyaMta jaTila kArya hai| taMtrikA - niSekoM (Neurons) ko eka sAtha kriyA pratikriyAMvita karanA, vaha bhI asaMkhya saMkhyA samUha rUpa meM siddha hue hoM, hameM mastiSka ke pratirUpa banAne meM saphala banA sakatA hai| prathamata: iMdriya janya saMvedanA kI ora bar3hanA hogA tatpazcAt kaSAyoM ko pradarzita karane, isI AdhAra para, mastiSka ke prati rUpa jaTilatama rUpa meM nirmita ho skegeN| vaha samagratA kI bhUmikA abhI kevala mastiSka hI nibhA sakatA hai, jahA~ taMtrikA-niSeka eka sAtha, eka hI samaya meM eka juTa hokara uddIpana ke prati apanI kSamatA ke anukUla dAyitva nibhAte dekhe gaye haiN| bhUmikA hama tatvArthasUtra ko lekara prAraMbha kareMge - "mati smRti saMjJA ciMtA abhinibodha itynrthaatrm||" mastiSka se yahA~ dravya mana abhipreta hai| dravya mana kI racanA paudgalika hai| isa prakAra dravya mana kI racanA meM prakRti, pradeza, anubhAga aura sthiti saMbhava ho jAtI haiN| manoyoga aura kaSAya milakara smRti nAmaka matijJAna kI racanA meM sahAyaka hote hoNge| sakSama smaraNa zakti ati prAcIna kAla se sabhI sabhyatAoM va saMskRtiyoM meM lAbhadAyaka siddha huI hai, kyoMki vidyAoM ko sIkhane kA mUlya sadaiva sarvopari rahA hai| yAda karane kI mahattA bhArata meM aura bhI adhika AMkI jAtI rahI jo zrRta rUpa jJAna ko paramparAgata saMsthAoM dvArA lipiyoM ke abhAva meM samrATa azoka ke kAla taka calI aaii| zlokAdi gar3hane kI kalA meM bhAratIyoM ne zruta ko akSuNNa rakhane kI jo kSamatA vikasita kI vaha vizva ke sabhI abhilekhoM kI saMrakSaNa kalA ke Age nikala gyii| videza meM bhI mArkasa phesava kvinTiliyana (I. 35-95) ne vaktAoM ko zikSita karane hetu tIna sarala niyama diye the1. acchI taraha dhyAna do| 2. abhyAsa karate jaao| 3. yadi kucha bhI nayA suno to use apanI jAnakArI ke sAtha saMgata meM le aao| yUnAna meM pleTo ne bhI mana ko moma kI aisI TikiyA mAnA thA jisameM smRti 78 arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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kI dena nimna rUpa meM thI - "Let us say that this tablet is a gift of memory, the mother of the Muses; and that when we wish to remember anything which we have heard or thought in our minds, we hold the wax to the perceptions and thoughts, and in that material receive the impression of them as from the seal of a ring; and that we remember and know what is imprinted as long as the image lasts; but when the image is effaced or can not be taken, then we forget and do not know". isI prakAra pataMjali jaise kaI bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne smRti ko saMskAra rUpa (Impression) meM mAnyatA dI thii| pataMjali ne smRti ko mana ke pAMca prakAroM meM se eka paryAya mAnA, jisameM zeSa paryAya samyakjJAna, mithyAjJAna, kalpanA (Fancy) evaM nidrA (rUpa) meM sviikaaraa| jaina Agama meM nimnalikhita sAmagrI upalabdha hai : manovargaNAeM, baMdhana, saMhanana, saMsthAna, aMgopAMga, nirmANa, nAmakarma kI vargaNAe~, mukhyata: kArmANa vargaNAeM, unakI gati - eka samaya meM eka pradeza yA 14 rAjugata pradeza (lokAntargata pradeza rAzi), pudgalakAya banane meM sparza rUkSatva guNa ke avibhAgI praticcheda, matijJAnAdi ke avibhAgI praticcheda, paramANu tathA skandhoM ke guNoM ke avibhAgI praticcheda - yathA: varNa, rasa, gandha tathA ATha prakAra ke sparza, zabdAdi diye gaye hote haiN| puna: yoga aura kaSAya ke saMyoga se, athavA moha ke saMyoga se karma paramANuoM kA jIva se vyAvahArika sambandha yA baMdha hotA hai, jisakI dasa avasthAe~ hotI haiN| asaMkhya prakAra ke skandha hote haiM jo jIva ke nimitta se hone para karma nimittika tathA anya nimitta hone para pudgala nimittika hote haiN| 93 prakAra ke nAmakarma aadi| vizeSa vivaraNa ke lie gommaTasArAdi graMtha dRSTavya haiN| yUnAnI gailena (Galen), (prAya: 130 - 200 I.) kI kalpanA thI ki mana sira meM rahatA hogaa| arastu (Aristotle) nissaMdeha rUpa se mana kA sthAna hRdaya meM mAnatA thA jise ThaMDA rakhane meM mastiSka yukti saMgata mAnA gayA thaa| 16 vIM sadI taka usakA graMtha De Memoria et Reminiscentia" pazcimI vizva meM mAnya rhaa| prAya: 700 varSa pazcAta Augustine vidvAna kI mAnyatA thI, "bhUtakAla smRti rUpa hai, bhaviSya AzA rUpa aura vartamAna upayoga rUpa hai| athavA, saMkSepa meM, vartamAna hI astitvazIla hai ata: vartamAna meM hI bhUtakAla vartamAna smRti ke rUpa meM tathA bhaviSya vartamAna AzA rUpa meM garbhita rahatA hai| smRti sambandhI vaijJAnika khojeM sara phrAMsesa gAlTana (I. 1822 - 1911) dvArA prAraMbha kI gayI mAnI jAtI haiN| yaha vaijJAnika cArla DAravina kA cacerA bhAI thaa| vaha auSadhi, khoja, mausama vijJAna, mAnava utpatti vijJAna aura vaMza vijJAna meM ulajhA rahatA thaa| usakI rUci isa samasyA meM thI ki kisa prakAra loga vastuoM ko smRta rakhate haiM tathA vizeSakara unakI rUci mAnasika bimba yojanA meM thii| usane jo mitroM Adi ko lekara prayoga kiye the ve 1883 meM Inquiries into Human Faculty" nAmaka pustaka meM prakAzita hue| yaha antarnirIkSaNa sUcanA smRti adhyayana sambandhI thii| tatpazcAta jarmana cikitsaka evaM manovaijJAnika haramA~ ebiMghosa (1850-1909 I.) ne kisI bhI smRta akramabaddha dhArA meM aneka prakAra kI sAmagrI sambandhI bhUla jAne ke samaya kI gaNanAeM kI thiiN| yahA~ se pratidhAraNA (retention) sambandhI, punarpata kArya meM lagane vAle samaya kA mAtrA vAcaka (pariNAma vAcaka) prAyogika adhyayana prAraMbha huaa| tatsambandhI pustaka, "Psychologie des Gedachtniss" 1855 I. meM prakAzita hii| isa prakAra sIkhane tathA smRti sambandhI Adhunika prAyogika, manovijJAna kA mAtrA vAcaka (quantitative) adhyayana arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002 79

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kA mahatva bar3hatA gayA / smaraNa rahe ki gommaTasArAdi graMthoM meM mAtrAvAcaka mati Adi jJAnoM kA gaNitIya upakrama varddhamAna mahAvIra kI zruta paramparA meM bahuta pahile hI prAraMbha ho cukA thA / kintu rUr3higata samAja dvArA isa ora tanika bhI dhyAna nahIM diyA gayA aba hama jIva vijJAna sambaMdhI yAMtrikIkaraNa ke bAre meM carcA kareMge jo smRti meM upasevita huI hai| smRti apanI aMguli yA dRzyamAna Tebala sadRza koI vastu nahIM hai| vaha vyavahAra kI eka jhalaka hai, vaha jo hamArA karma hai| hama koI kavitA yA gIta par3hate yA sunate haiM aura kaI dinoM yA varSoM pazcAt hameM kinhIM bilakula bhinna paristhitiyoM meM vaha pichalA anubhava, sukhada athavA dukhada yAda A jAtA hai smRti isa prakAra sIkhane tathA punaH smaraNa ke bIca sthita smRti kA vicAra hotA hai - yAda A jAtA hai| isa prakAra smRta yA smaraNa ho jAtA hai| hotI hai| tIna bhAva (Phase) rUpoM meM 1. prathama bhAva meM koI anubhava yA kriyA hamAre mastiSka meM hotI hai, 2. dvitIya mAdhya bhAva jisameM prathama bhAva meM hone vAle parivartana samaya gujarate bane rahate haiN| 3. aMtima bhAva meM prathama bhAva dvArA hone vAlA anubhava yA kriyA prabhAvita hotA hai| manovaijJAnikoM dvArA isa avadhArita karane vAle bhAva ko engram yA smRti anurekhaNa kahA gayA hai, jo bajAye jAne vAlI rikArDiMga mazIna athavA pleToM ke moma kA sAMcA na samajha liyA jaaye| ni:saMdeha, mastiSka ke niSeka ( Cells) ke rUpAntaraNa dvArA avadhAraNA kI upalabdhi hotI hogii| yaha rUpAntaraNa kriyA gaharAI se samajha lenA cAhiye / tatvArtha sUtra meM isakA cAra kramita bhAvoM meM vivecana kiyA gayA hai : avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA / smRtiyoM kI jhalakiyoM ke cintana meM hama spaSTata: yAdagAroM ko dekhate haiN| unake sAtha hI hameM kaSAyoM se raMjita rAga- anurAga, sukha, dukha, darda, krodhAdi kI saMvedanAeM bhI prakaTa huI anubhava meM AtI haiN| ataH anivArya rUpa se hameM smRti mAno apanI cetana yA svajAgRti kI pratibimba jaisI bhAsita hotI hai| kintu manovaijJAnikoM ne prAyogika vizleSaNa dvArA yaha pAyA hai ki smRti kA sambandha cetanA se na hokara bilakula svataMtra yAMtrika pariNamana rUpa hotA hai| cAhe vaha mAnava meM ho athavA pazuoM meM / Adhunika smRti vijJAna (jaina Agama ke pariprekSya meM) taMtrikA - niSeka (neuron) aura usakI kriyA prathamataH mastiSka dvArA smRti kisa prakAra saMgRhIta kI jAtI hogI, isake lie matijJAnAvaraNIya taMtrikA upAMga niSekoM (nerve cells) kI kriyA ke sambandha meM jAnakArI kreNge| taMtrikA - niSekoM ko nyUrAnsa bhI kahate haiN| unakA AkAra, vistAra aneka prakAra kA hotA hai| sabhI ke niSeka- kAya (cell body or trunk) se zAkhAyeM phUTatI haiN| isa prakAra taMtrikA - niSeka (neuron) kI jhalaka eka vRkSa jaisI hotI hai| vidyuta saMketa usakI kebila jaisI zAkhAoM para anugamana karate haiN| do prakAra kI zAkhAeM hotI hai : DrenDrAiTsa (Dendrites) yA Avaka taMtrikA taMtu zAkhAoM meM Ane vAle vidyuta saMketa hokara niSeka kAya (cell body) meM pahu~cate haiN| niSeka kAya meM utpanna saMketa anya taMtrikA - niSekoM (neurons) kI ora aisI zAkhAoM se agreSita ( agrasara ) hote haiM jinheM jAvaka taMtrikA tantu (axon yA nerver fibre) kahate haiN| ye taMtrikA tantu taMtrikA niSeka kI bAhara kI aura le jAne vAlI kebiloM ke rUpa meM hote haiN| inakI lambAI kAphI adhika ho sakatI hai, jaise ki UMTa ke mastiSka ke taMtrikA tntu| isa prakAra taMtrikA - niSeka eka dUsare se bar3I-bar3I dUriyA~ taka jur3e rahate haiM / jAvaka taMtrikA tantu (axon) ke antika chora paripatha (circuit) meM sthita agale taMtrikA - niSeka arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002 80 - -

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ke Avaka taMtrikA taMtu (dendrites ) se saMyoga sthApita karate haiN| inake milApa yA saMgama 1 sthAna ko junction yA synapse kahate haiM / saMgama sthAna ( synapse), jo ki jAvaka taMtrikA tantu (dendrite) ke aMta meM hotA hai, grAhaka Avaka - taMtrikA tantu kI jhillI se samIpI saMyoga meM rahatA hai| - jaba taMtrikA - niSekoM ke jur3Ava anya taMtrikA niSekoM (neurons) se hote haiM tabhI taMtrikA paripatha yA jAlIdAra kAma (neural circuits or networks) kI saMracanA ho jAtI hai / ye paripatha mAtra koI aTakala paccU rUpa se jur3e niSeka samUha nahIM hote haiN| mAnavIya anumastiSka (cerebellum), meM lagabhaga dasa araba (10,000,000,000) taMtrikA - niSeka hote haiN| ye taMtrikA - niSeka pA~ca prakAra ke hote haiM, jinake sthAna anumastiSka ke alaga - alaga vizeSa bhAgoM meM hote haiM tathA ve anya prakAra ke taMtrikA - niSeka se bhI jur3e rahate haiN| taMtrikA jaiva- vaijJAnikoM ko lagAtAra taMtrikA kI saMracanA evaM kArya ke bIca sambandhoM kI khoja meM lagA rahanA hotA hai| yathA: netra ke taMtrikA - niSeka evaM anumastiSka bhI bhItarI tvacA (cortex) kisa prakAra dRSTi sambandhI sUcanA prasArita karatI haiN| ho sakatA hai ki isameM pazuoM ke nAma karma sambandhI vargaNAeM (genes) apanA (genetic code ) rUpI niyaMtraNa rakhatI hoN| taMtrikA niSeka apanA vyApAra vidyuta saMketoM (signals) dvArA karate haiN| saMketoM kI prakriyA jaiva bhautikI kA viSaya bana cukA hai| jaba kisI taMtrikA - niSeka (neuron) ko uddIpta ( stimulate ) kiyA jAtA hai to usakI jhillI (membrane) meM yaha saMketa vidyuta rAsAyanika khalabalI ( azAMti) macAtA hai| isase jhillI (membrane) ke pAra vidyuta vibhava (potential) meM saMkramaka sthAnIya parivartana hotA hai| jhillI kA vibhava (potential) zIghratA se bar3hatA hai jo lagabhaga volTa (volt) kA dazAMza hotA hai| aura bAda meM vaha pUrNa avasthA meM vApasa calA jAtA hai| yaha sampUrNa prakriyA 1 / 1000 yA 1 / 10000 sekeNDa samaya meM ho jAtI hai| isa samaya kahA jAtA hai ki niSeka meM karma - vibhava ( anubhAga yA action potential) ko dAga diyA (fire kiyA) hai| aise karma anubhAgoM (action potentials) ko dekhA jA sakatA hai, jaba taMtrikA - niSeka kI sataha para yA usake bhItara ilekTrAiDsa (vidyuta agra- baiTarI ke vidyuta choroM) ko rakhA jAtA hai aura saMvedanazIla vidyuta vistAraka tathA vibhavamApI yaMtroM se unheM jor3a diyA jAtA hai| grAphika rikArDa meM vibhava meM zIghra parivartana 'kIla' (spike) ke rUpa meM dikhAI detA hai| yaha 'spAika' yA 'kIla' zabda "karma anubhAga" ke lie dUsarA zabda hai| arthAt action potential, jise kriyA vibhava rUpa meM anuvAdita kiyA gayA hai| karma anubhAga kisI jAvaka taMtrikA tantu yA taMtrikA akSa (axon ) ke kisI bhAga meM karma - anubhAga par3osI bhAga ko uttejita (excite) karatA hai, jisase vaha dAga detA hai, aura badale meM yaha agale par3osI bhAga ko uttejita karatA hai| isa prakAra yaha saMketa (signal) bhAga-bhAga para gamana karatA huA aMta meM jAvaka taMtrikA tantu (axon) ke aMtima chora taka pahu~catA hai| - vastutaH taMtrikA saMketa vidyuta dhArA nahIM hote haiM jo saMcAlaka kevila meM zAMti se bahate cale jaayeN| jAvaka taMtrikA taMtu (axon) meM se hokara gamana karane vAlI vastu vidyuta rAsAyanika padArtha hotI hai jo uttarottara jAvaka taMtrikA tantu (axon ) ke pratyeka bhAga para AkramaNa karatI hai, pratyeka bindu para saMketa puna: utpanna hotA hai naye sire se, aura usakA AkAra tathA AyAma (amplitude) hara sthala para samAna hotA hai| - - arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002 isa prakAra rma- anubhAga (action-potential), isa prakAra ke niyata prakAra kA ( stereo typed) "sarvAsti athaka sarvanAsti" yA "asti athavA nAsti" rUpa ghaTanA jaisA hotA hai| 81

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koI niSeka (neuron) jaba kisI " uddIpaka" (stimulus) kA nimitta pAtA hai to usakI dAgane kI dara yA to bar3hatI hai yA ghaTatI hai| kintu pratyeka vyaktiza: saMketa anya pratyeka saMketa ke samAna hotA hai| cUMki karma - anubhAga (action-potential) samayAnusAra aniyamita rUpa se baMTe rahate haiM, ata: vyaktiza: niSekoM (neurons) kI saMketaka banAvaTeM (patterns) eka dUsare kI pahicAna meM na Ane vAlI hotI haiM, jinakI dI gaI parAsa (range) meM sthita vizeSa dAgane vAlI AvRttiyA~ (bAraMbAratAyeM) (Frequencies) huA karatI haiN| lagabhaga 50 varSa pUrva zeriMgaTana ne eka vizeSa taMtrikA niSeka (neuron) ke viSaya meM dekhA ki usakA mahatva saMketaka banAvaToM para nirbhara nahIM hotA kintu una jor3oM se sambandhita hotA hai jo dUsare taMtrikA - niSekoM ko usa taMtrikA - niSeka se jor3ate haiN| isa niyama ke apavAda ve taMtrikA - niSeka ho sakate haiM jo miyAdI (periodic) athavA bhAvita (phasic) saMketa utpanna karate hoM / vastutaH prAyaH sabhI taMtrikA- niSeka samAna rUpa se dAga kriyA karate haiN| isa sambandha meM "Biochemistry of Memory " pustaka dRSTavya hai| jaba karma anubhAga (action-potential) jAvaka taMtrikA tantu (axon) ke aMtima chora para pahu~catA hai to vaha taMtrikA - saMgama ( synapse) jor3a se muThabher3a ( encounters) karatA hai| taMtrikA - saMgama kA pUrva bhAga eka ucca starIya viziSTa saMracanA hotA hai jisameM rAsAyanika padArtha, "nyUro TrAMsmiTara yA taMtrikA - preSaka" hotA hai| jAvaka taMtrikA tantu (axon ) ke aMta vAle taMtrikA saMketa usake vidyuta anubhAga (potential) ko badala dete haiN| aura cUMki jAvaka taMtrikA tantu kA sirA vidhruvIkRta (depolarised) ho jAtA hai, vaha aisI napI-tulI mAtrA meM rAsAyanika preSaka ko vimukta karatA jAtA hai jo dAgane kI AvRtti ke anupAta meM hotI hai| preSaka bhI pazca taMtrikA saMgama (post synaptic) jhillI para kriyA karatA hai aura saMketa - grAhaka taMtrikA - niSeka (neuron) meM anubhAga (potential) parivartana kara detA hai| taMtrikA saMgama jor3a vibhinna prakAra ke hote haiN| pratyeka meM eka lAkSaNika saMpreSaka (transmitter) kA prayoga hotA hai| kucha taMtrikA saMgama vidyutIya rUpa se yugmita ( coupled ) hotI haiM aura taMtrikA saMgama ke pUrva bhAgAMta meM vidhruvIkaraNa jor3a ke pAra phaila jAtA hai, jabaki koI rAsAyanika saMpreSaNoM dvArA koI madhyasthatA nahIM hotI hai| rAsAyanika tathA vidyutIya taMtrikA - saMgameM (synapses) saMketoM kA "sarvaasti yA sarvanAsti" (all or none) ke aMta kA bodha detI haiN| isa bindu para dAgIya bAraMbAratA (frequency) parivartita kI jAtI hai, aisI eka vidyutIya anubhAga (electric potential) meM, jo niSkriya (passive) rUpa se pazca taMtrikA saMgama (post- synapse) meM phailatA calA jAtA hai| isa prakAra hama dUsare prakAra ke vidyutIya saMketoM ko pAte haiM jinase taMtrikA - niSekoM ko nipaTanA par3atA hai| ye adhika mahatvapUrNa hote haiN| grAhaka taMtrikA - niSekoM ke Avaka taMtrikA tantu (dendrite) meM taMtrikA saMgama anubhAga (potentials) meM tIna mahatvapUrNa guNa hote haiN| 1. pratyeka taMtrikA - saMgama saMketa kA lAkSaNika cinha hotA hai, anubhAga (potential) yA to udaya ( vidhruvita) hotA hai athavA giratA (atidhruvita) (hyperpolarise) hai| jo taMtrikA saMgameM vidhruvIkaraNa karatI haiM ve uttejaka (+) hotI haiM, aura jo atidhruvIkaraNa karatI haiM ve avarodhaka (-) (resistent) hotI haiN| 2. jAvaka - tantu meM sarvAsti yA sarvanAsti dAgana (firing) se vilaga anukrama meM yA kramabaddha ( graded ) hote haiM; saMketa kA mAna meM bhI ho sakatA hai, jo pUrva- taMtrikA saMgama jAvaka kucha meM hone vAle visarjana (nirjarana) (discharge) para nirbhara rahatA hai| taMtrikA 82 - taMtrikA saMgamoM ke anubhAga nirdiSTa (prescribed ) reMja tantu (presynaptic-axon) - - arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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3. apane mUla sthAna bindu se taMtrikA - saMgamoM ke anubhAga niSkriya rUpa se phailate haiM, aise jaTila rUpa se AyAma ( amplitude) meM kamI (decaying) karate calate haiM jo taMtrikA - niSeka ke ThIka mApa, AkAra aura bhautika saMracanA para nirbhara karatI hai| mAna leM Apa kisI aise sthAna para taMtrikA niSeka para baiThe haiM jahA~ usakA jAvaka taMtrikA tantu kA udgama sthala hotA hai| isa sthAna ko jAvaka taMtrikA tantuoM (axon) kI cUlikA (hillock) kahate haiN| Apako taMtrikA saMgama saMketa anya taMtrikA niSekoM se hajAroM jAvaka taMtrikA tantu ke dvArA prApta ho rahe haiM, jinameM se pratyeka kisI na kisI mAtrA meM anubhAga (potential) meM "vRddhi" yA "hAni" kA aMzadAna karatA hai| isa cUlikA para baiThe hue Apako parivartanoM ke samagra ko dekhanA hai| yaha sAdhAraNa yoga nahIM hotA hai| kucha taMtrikA saMgamoM dvArA bahuta bhArI aMzadAna hotA hai, kyoMki yA to ve bar3e saMketa dete haiM, athavA kyoMki ve pAsa meM sthita hote haiN| anya dvArA aMzadAna thor3A ho sakatA hai kyoMki ve mahInatama (thinnest ) Avaka - taMtrikA tantu (axon ) cUlikA para saMkalita anubhAga kisI sImAMta (threshold) ke pAra ho jAtA hai to jAvaka taMtrikA tantu (axon) dvArA kIloM (spikes) kA visphoTana utpanna hotA hai jo agale taMtrikA saMgama taka anugamana karatA haiN| - - yahA~ eka saMkalaka vistAraka (summing amplifier) hai jo kinhIM nirdiSTa niyamoM ke anusAra Ane vAle saMketoM kA yoga nikAlatA hai| taMtrikA - niSeka (nuron) taMtrikA - paripatha kA mAtra avayava (element) nahIM hai, varan eka ucca starIya sUkSma sAdhana ( device) hai jo vizeSa mAtrA meM sUcanA saMsAdhita (process) karane meM sakSama hai| isa sAdhana ke nirgata ( output) lakSaNoM kA niyaMtraNa atyaMta jaTila cara avayavoM kI rAzi dvArA hotA hai| ina lakSaNoM meM koI bhI adhika samaya taka rahane vAlA parivartana dvArA smRti kA anubhAgIya yaMtrIkaraNa (potential mechanism) saMracita hotA hai| arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002 - abhI taka taMtrikAoM saMbandhI prAcaloM (neuronal parameters) para par3ane vAlA anubhava kA prabhAva bahuta thor3e aMzoM meM jJAta ho sakA hai| kucha siddhAnta taMtrikA saMgama kI kAragaratA ( prabhAvakatA ) meM hone vAle parivartana kA kAraNa sIkhanA ( learning) mAnate haiN| isakA artha yaha hai ki vidyamAna taMtrikA saMgamoM (synapses) kA majabUta yA nirbala honA, majabUta bananA, athavA naye saMgamoM kA bananA ho sakatA hai| isake samAna pariNAma kA kAraNa ApakA taMtrikA tantu ( dendrite ) tala para taMtrikA saMgamoM kA punarvitaraNa, utpatti yA zAkhA Ugane meM yA jhillI kA rAsAyanika rUpAntaraNa ho sakatA hai| vastutaH taMtrikA niSeka kA taMtrikA - saMgamI zarIra kriyA vijJAna sIkhane kI prakriyA aura smRti para gahana prakAza DAla skeN| - laghu avadhi smRti : kucha paloM meM hI hama sIkha yA yAda kara sakate haiN| jo smRti zIghra kho jAtI hai, vaha laghu smRti hotI hai jo jAnavaroM meM pAI jAtI hai| ve tatva (agents) jo smRti meM kamI ( amnesia) lA dete haiM, ve taMtrikA niSekoM kI sakriyatA ko prabhAvita kara dete haiN| vidyuta AghAta se bhI smRti calI jAtI hai kucha samaya ke liye| laghu avadhi smRti ko dIrgha avadhi smRti meM badalane ko "dRr3hIkaraNa" (consolidation) kahate haiN| sira para coTa lagane se, atikama tApamAna aura behoza karane vAlI auSadhiyA~ (barbiturates) bhI vidyuta AghAta kI bhAMti laghu avadhi smRti ko dRr3hIkRta hone se rokatI haiN| ata: laghu avadhi smRti vidyutIya ho sakatI haiM aura unake dRr3hIkaraNa meM samaya laga sakatA hai tAki rAsAyanika saMzleSaNa yA utpAda taMtrikA niSeka meM ho ske| laghu avadhi smRti kA eka doSa sthirIkaraNa smRti hAni (fixation amnesia) hai| mastiSka ke kucha bhAgoM (mamillary body aura hippocampus ) ke taMtrikA - niSekoM ke 83

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naSTa hone ke kAraNa yaha bImArI hotI hai| isI prakAra pazcayAmI smRti hAni (retrograde amnesia) bhI hotI hai| laghu avadhi smRti ke jo bhI kAraNa hoM isameM taMtrikA ke spaMdana yA AvegoM (impulse) kA lagAtAra choTe baMda taMtrikA paripatha para calanA bhI ho sakatA hai| taMtrikA-saMgamoM ke anubhAgoM (potentials) ke parivartana bhI isameM kAraNa ho sakate hoN| ina sabhI ko EEG (Electroencephologram) ke abhilekhoM meM dekhA jaay| isI prakAra tatsambandhI aura siddhAnta prastuta kiye gaye haiN| prAyogika pratibaMdhana aura dIrgha-avadhi smRti (Experimental Conditioning and Long Term Memory) : dIrgha avadhi vAlI smRti, sudRr3ha hone ke pazcAt, kyA laghu avadhi vAlI smRti kI taraha vidyutIya rahatI hai? vidyuta AghAta (electroconvulsive shocks), vikSobha (concussion), yA zAmaka, saMjJAhArika, vedanAhArI (aneasthesia), yadi itane adhika gahare hoM ki vidyutIya nIravatA (silence) ho jAye aura dIrghakAla smRti akSuNNa banI rhe| ata: sthAyI smRti vivRttIya Avega (impluses) yA vidyutA se utpanna anya taMtrikA niSeka kI vidyutIya avasthA nahIM hai| vastuta: yaha mAnyatA hai ki isameM saMracanAtmaka morphological) AkRti vijJAna athavA rAsAyanika parivartana taMtrikA - niSekoM meM ho jAtA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki (neurons) para AghAta yA taMtrikA - saMgamI danAdana (synaptic bombardment) taMtrikA jor3a se dAgane se sthAyI (durable) parivartana ho jAtA hai, jisase tAMtrika (neuronal) paripatha pazca kriyA ke prati adhika sugrAhI (susceptible) yA suprabhAvya ho jAtA hai| smRti sudRDhatA (consolidation) para jo prayoga kiye gaye ve prazikSaNa yA saMskAra (conditioning) se saMbaMdhita haiN| ye prayoga IvAna petrovica pAvalova (Ivan Petrovich Pavlov) dvArA meDikala akAdamI, seTa pITarsabarga, rUsa meM kiye gaye jisa para unheM 1904 meM nobela puraskAra milaa| unake prayoga kuttoM ke muMha meM lAra Ane se saMbandhita the| jaba kuttA roTI bhojana karatA hai to usake mu~ha se lAra TapakatI hai| yaha svayameva hone vAlI prativarta kriyA (reflex action) hai| isameM niyamitatA aura tAtkAlikatA eka sahaja taMtrikA paripatha prativartI cApa (reflux arc) para AdhArita rahatI hai| jinake dvArA Aveza yAtrA karate haiN| isameM kendrIya taMtrikA taMtra zAmila hotA hai| (uddIpana, jaise suI cubhana, dvArA AvegoM ke samUha aneka saMvedI taMtrikA taMtuoM dvArA merU rajju meM jAte haiM, jahA~ se ve dUsare taMtrikA taMtuoM ko bheja diye jAte haiN| tathA Avega preraka taMtrikA tantuoM ke eka samUha meM nIce jAte haiM jo peziyoM ko sakriya karate haiM, jinake sikur3ane se pAMva suI cubhana se uThA liyA jAtA hai|) yadi dUra se bhI roTI dikhAI jAye to bhI usa pratibandhita kutte kI lAra Tapakane lagatI hai| yaha Antarika prativarta (innate reflex) nahIM hai tathA kutte (puppy) meM nahIM hotA hai| kuttA lAra TakapAne ko dekha - dekha kara kahIM se sIkha jAtA hai| vaha roTI kI AzA (expection) meM lAra nahIM TapakAtA, kintu vaha sIkhatA hai| pahale ghaMTI bajAkara daravAjA kholakara khAnA lAyA jAtA hai| khAne ko dekhakara lAra (saliva) TapakanA, phira ghaMTI ko sunakara bhI lAra kA niklnaa| yahA~ ghaMTI kI AvAja ko pratibaMdhita uddIpaka (conditioned stimulus) kahA jAtA hai aura bhojana (food) ko apratibaMdhita uddIpaka (unconditinal stimulus) kahate haiN| isa prakAra ke pratibandhana (cpnditioning) ko cirasammata pratibaMdhana (classical conditioning) kahate haiN| vedanAdAyaka uddIpaka (stimulus) bhI isI prakAra vedanA dete haiN| kutte ko pratibaMdhita (conditioned) kara lAra TapakAne hetu apratibaMdhita uddIpaka ke sthAna para apratibaMdhita uddIpaka (uncondit stimulus) ko visthApita kara pratibaMdhita udIdapaka (conditioned stimulus) dvArA pUMcha hilAnA (wagging) Adi karAnA aura prakAza, AvAja, sparza, pina, bijalI dhakkA dvArA aneka prakriyAoM dvArA 84 arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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katte ko aneka prakAra se pratibaMdhita kiyA jA sakatA hai| yahI karma baMdhana prakriyA kA eka svarUpa kahA jA sakatA hai| tathya : pratibaMdhita (conditioned response) kA sIkhanA atyaMta pracalita hai, vistRta hai. aura sabhI taMtrikIya vyavasthA (neural organisation) kA eka mUlabhuta guNa pratIta hotA hai| pAvalova ne pratibaMdhana (conditioning) ko pazu aura mAnava ke vyavahAra kA sAmAnya mizraNa btlaayaa| yaha cirasammata pratibaMdhana (classical conditioning) hai| lAra TapakanA, AMkha putalI kA sikur3anA Adi aise prakAra ke pratibaMdhana haiN| dUsare prakAra kA pratibaMdhana hai prakriyAtmaka pratibaMdhana (operant conditioning) isake lie daMDa evaM pAritoSika ke dvArA pazu ko asAdhAraNa vyavahAra sikhalAyA jAtA hai| jaise, keMcue kI cAla dAhinI ora karanA sikhAnA, tote ko bhASA sikhaanaa| sarkasa Adi meM isakA prayoga hotA hai| atyaMta bhayAnaka upalabdhiyA~ bhI isa praNAlI pratibandhana kadamoM (systemetic conditioning steps) ke dvArA prApta kI jA sakatI haiN| ye yAMtrika hote haiN| jaise bAlaka yA ciMpaijI bhI para kiye gaye sIkhanA jaise pratibaMdhana prayoga dikhalAte haiM ki taMtrikIya yaMtra astitva meM hai jo saMvedI - preraka (sensory-motor) kI navIna banAvaTeM/ abhiracanAeM (patterns) sthApita kara detI haiN| isa pratibaMdhana (conditioning) ke dvArA Trigara kI jAne vAlI saMvedI Azraya (input) aura cunA gayA vyAvahArika (behavioral) udaya (output) ke bIja jo jur3Ava (connections) hote haiM ve anya vikalpa preraka progrAmoM kI apekSA adhika zaktizAlI ho sakate haiN| ata: smRti kA AdhAra, pratibaMdhana ke sAtha hone vAle saMbhava taMtrikIya parivartana ko khojA jAnA caahie| isase sIkhane aura smRti ke svarUpa sambandhI surAga (clues) prApta hone kI AzA hai| sIkhanA aura smati ke vidyutIya sahavartI padArtha (concommitants) taMtrikA - niSekoM kI vidyutIya sakriyatA bhI yathAyogya (appropriate) uddIpakoM (stimuli) kI jor3iyoM dvArA pratibaMdhita kI jA sakatI hai| galagaMDa (thalamus) (kazerUkI ke agra mastiSka ke bhAga meM eka mukhya saMvedI samanvayana bhAga) kI kendrika nAbhi (central nucleus) kI jaghanya bAraMbAratA vAlA uddIpana, satahI vibhava (potential) yA anubhAga meM saMkSipta haTAva kara detA hai| yadi vidyuta uddIpana ko AvAja ke svara (tone) ke sAtha bArabAra jor3A jAye to prAya: 30 prayAsoM ke bAda galagaMDa ke niSeka mAtra AvAja ke prati dAyitvazIla ho jAte haiN| isa prakAra ke taMtrikIya pratibaMdhana ke anya prayoga aura udAharaNa haiN| yathA : kharagoza ko prakAza dvArA paMjA uThavA denaa| dRzyamAna mastiSka prabhAga meM (visual cortex) ke kucha bhAgoM meM RNAtmaka vidyuta Aveza dene para, vidyuta uddIpana se prApta anubhava ke dhAraNa ko avarUddha (boick) kiyA jA sakatA hai| mastiSka ke kisI kSetra ke taMtrikA - niSekoM (nurons) meM anya dIrghakAlIna anubhAgIya parivartana tathA uttejaka evaM rodhaka (excitatory & inhibitory) pazca taMtrikIya jor3a anubhAga kA milA julA pratinidhitva vidyutIya saketa yA dhImI taraMgeM karatI pratIta haI hai| ye pratibaMdhana ke samaya prApta bhItarI mastiSka kI laya yA tAla (rhythm) rUpa yA tulyakAlikatA (synchrony) kI taloM (levels) meM hone vAle parivartanoM ke rUpa meM parIkSita kiye gaye haiN| pratibaMdhita anukriyAoM kI sthApanA se jur3e anubhAga meM bhI isI prakAra ke lAkSaNika parivartana dekhe gaye haiN| taMtrikA ke jor3oM kA nirmANa : dIrgha avadhi vAlI smRti yAMtrikI aura taMtrikA niSekoM ke bIca nayI saMracanAmaya jor3oM para vicAra kreN| yadyapi nAma karma niSekoM (genes) dvArA taMtrikA maMDala kA samagra saMgaThana vivecita hotA hai, kintu vibhinna jAtiyoM ke lie yaha bhinna-bhinna hotA hai| taMtrikA jor3oM ke sambandha meM do bhinna mata hai : arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002 85

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1. saMpUrNa taMtrikA jAla kArya eka aisI samAna vibhava vAlI abhinna prathamata: praNAlI hai jisameM gatizIla saMracanAeM dUra sthita binduoM ko sAmAnya kArya heta jor3atI hai| ye saMracanAeM jaTila, lacIlI aura sva-niyamita hotI haiN| 2. taMtrikA jAla pUrva niyojita rUpa se tAra saMbaMdhita evaM nizcAyaka lakSaNa vAlA hotA hai| jaba inake taMtrikA saMgamoM meM parivartana hote haiM to una para dIrgha avadhi vAlI smRti Azrita hotI hai| mastiSka ke niSeka vibhAjita nahIM hote hai kintu ve naI zAkhAoM meM ugate haiN| jyoM-jyoM ye umra pAkara bar3hate haiM tyoM-tyoM sIkhane kI kSamatA. naI yogyatAeM vikasita haiN| yadi nirantara zAkhA utpAdana evaM taMtrikA -niSekoM meM pArasparika jor3a smRti kI AvazyakatA kI pUrti karate haiM, to unakA sambandha anubhava (experience) se honA caahiye| prayogoM ke AdhAra para jor3oM kI kSamatA anubhava ke anusAra bar3hatI dekhI gayI hai| mastiSka meM gliyA (glia) nAmaka aneka taMtrikA -baMdha niSeka hote haiN| gliyA ke AvyUha banate haiM jinameM taMtrikA - niSeka jur3e hote haiN| ye taMtrikA - niSeka zAkhAoM ko sahI jor3oM ko banAne meM gAiDa (nidezaka) kA kArya karate haiM - aisA prastAvita hai| gliyA vibhAjita hote haiM kintu taMtrikA - niSeka nhiiN| vidyuta kriyAzIlatA jo taMtrikA niSeka meM hotI hai vaha gliyA ke cAroM ora uddIpana kara gliyA kI saMkhyA bar3hAkara kucha jor3a bar3hA sakatI hai| yaha mAtra anumAna hai| smRti kA sthAnIkaraNa (Localisation of memory) : yaha na jAnate hue bhI ki smRti ke cinha kyA haiM? kyA hama kaha sakate haiM ki ve kahA~ haiN| pazu ke saMvedI (sensory) aura preraka (motor) kAryoM ko pramastiSka valkuTa ke cinhita bhAgoM meM rahane vAle saMvedI taMtrikA - niSeka niyaMtrita karate haiN| dRSTi se saMbaMdhita niSeka saMvedI Asaya, jaise AkAra, varNa, gamana Adi ko vizleSita karate haiN| aura ve stambhoM aura paMktiyoM meM vyavasthita praNAlI meM rahate haiN| mAnavIya valkuTa ke saMvedI evaM preraka vyavahAra ke sunizcita kSetra meM dRSTavya haiN| bhASaNa kI smRti kA sambandha hone se usa sthAna se sambandhita hai| usakA sthAna dAyeM mastiSka meM hotA hai| thelemasa meM TyUmara vAloM ko vizeSa bhASaNa doSa bhI dekhA gayA hai| smRti kA jIva rasAyana : jaba taMtrikA niSekoM kI vidyutIya kriyAzIlatA bar3hatI hai taba RNA (Ribonuclieic Acid) aura proTIna meM vRddhi hotI hai| jisa prakAra DNA yA usake RNA anulekhana kI mUla dhArA ke rUpa meM proTInoM kI saMracanA AnuvAMzika kuTita (genetic coded) ho jAtI hai ThIka usI prakAra smRti saMbhavata: vizeSa prakAra ke Ara.ena.e. yA RNA rUpa meM kUTita (coded) hotI ho| aisA kucha vyakitayoM kA mata hai ki RNA kI mUla - dhArA kA nizcaya taMtrikA - niSakoM kI vidyutIya kriyAzIlatA se hotA hai| RNA kA sUcI vetha (injection) vRddhoM ko dene para smRti bar3hatI hai| isase smRti aura bhASA - vyavahAra meM sambandha spaSTa hotA hai| prApta -9.5.2001 86 arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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jIvana kyA hai? What is Life? kRti lekhaka prakAzaka saMskaraNa pustaka samIkSA jaina dharma meM jIvana : vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa - jIvana kyA hai ? DaoN. anilakumAra jaina, ahamadAbAda kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura evaM tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva jaina vidvat mahAsaMgha, jambUdvIpa - hastinApura prathama, varSa 2002, AkAra - DimAI, pRSTha 102 + XIV, mUlya - ru.50/zrI sUrajamala jaina bobarA, 9/2, indaura - 452015 samIkSaka snehalatAgaMja, DaoN. anilakumAra jaina zodhaparaka kaI Alekha likha cuke haiN| unakI khojI dRSTi ne darzana se jur3e kaI vaijJAnika lekha likhe haiM, yaha pustikA unhIM kA saMkalana hai| sarala bhASA meM, vaijJAnika AdhAra ke dArzanika viSaya vastuoM ko par3hanA atyanta sukhada hai| pustakeM bahudhA vidvAnoM ke liye likhI jAtI haiM, kintu mujhe lagatA hai ki yaha pustaka vidvAnoM ke sAtha jijJAsuoM kI bhI AvazyakatA pUrI kregii| zramaNa jaina ciMtana ke do mukhya AdhAra haiN| pahalA AdhAra usakI dArzanika pIThikA va dUsarA AdhAra usakA vaijJAnika dRssttikonn| cUMki AdhyAtma tathA jIvana kI vizuddha avasthA kI prApti kA lakSya isa dhArA meM sarvopari hai ataH dArzanika pIThikA para AcAryoM aura vidvAnoM ne bahuta kucha likhA hai aura kabhI kabhI aisA lagane lagatA hai ki isa para calanA kevala tyAgiyoM ke liye hI saMbhava hai yA usako samajhanA kevala vidvAnoM kA kAma hai| kintu gata do zatAbdiyoM ke vaijJAnika zodha kAryoM ne isa dhAraNA meM badalAva lAyA hai| nyUTana ke sApekSavAda tathA vasu ke vanaspati meM bhI prANa kI khoja ne yaha saMketa diyA hai ki jaina cintana ne apane vaijJAnika soca ke AdhAra para aisI avadhAraNAoM ko apane AgamoM se saMjo rakhA hai jisa para zodha karane se kaI anuttarita praznoM ke uttara mila jAte haiN| sRSTi kI niraMtaratA kA siddhAnta bhI aba svIkAra kiyA jAne lagA hai aura jaba ise pUrNata: svIkAra kara liyA jAyegA, vizva se dhArmika saMgharSa samApta ho jAyegA / sRSTi ko yadi koI tIsarI zakti banAne vAlI nahIM rahegI to terA bhagavAna aura merA bhagavAna kA dvanda samApta ho jaayegaa| jIvana vijJAna ke kSetra meM vaijJAnikoM ne bahuta adhika zodha kiyA hai| to prazna yaha paidA hotA hai ki jo niSkarSa ina vaijJAnikoM ne nikAle haiM, jaina cintana usa bAre meM kyA kahatA hai ? DaoN. anilakumAra ne apanI pustaka meM isI prazna kA uttara DhUMDhane kA, vastusthiti ko pahacAnane kA prayatna kiyA hai unhoMne vaijJAnika prarUpaNAoM ke AdhAra para kahA hai 'vijJAna meM jIva ke jina lakSaNoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai usakA varNana jaina darzana meM bhI kiyA gayA hai'| ina prarUpaNAoM se rUbarU honA pratyeka pAThaka ko sammohita karegA / sUkSma jIvoM kI jaina darzana meM sthiti para vicAra karate hue anilajI ne bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa saMketa diye haiN| sAdhAraNa jIvana meM ina vaijJAnika khojoM ke bAre meM hameM bahuta kucha patA nahIM hotA hai| hama dhArmika pATha karate hue trasa va sthAvara ke sambandha meM par3hate haiM, bolate haiM, kintu hama usa para gaharAI se vicAra nahIM kara paate| yaha pustaka hamArI arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002 87

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jaina avadhAraNAoM meM chipI vaijJAnikatA ko ujAgara karatI hai| DaoN. anilakumAra ne adhyAya 6 meM kozikA, vAyarasa tathA nigodiyA jIvoM kI tulanA kI hai| kucha citra bhI diye haiN| yaha nirNaya nikAlA hai ki kozikA tathA vAyarasa nigodiyA jIva haiN| nigodiyA ke bAre meM aura adhika spaSTa citra vikasita honA caahiye| 'karma siddhAnta' va 'AtmA' jaina darzana kA vaha siddhAnta hai jisa para sabhI bhAratIya darzana vizvAsa karate haiN| jaineTikala iMjIniyariMga ne aisI avadhAraNAe~ pratipAdita kI haiM jinheM hama jaina darzana ke anukUla pAte haiN| prastuta pustaka meM isa tathya ko janasulabha kiyA gayA sammarchana para bhI zrI jaina ne khojaparaka saMdarbha juTAye haiN| pratyeka vaha vyakti jise jaina darzana para vizvAsa hai use to avazya isa pustaka para vizvAsa jamegA - anya bhI isake niSkarSoM ko sahajatA se nakAra nahIM paayeNge| jIvana kyA hai? isa para soca taba taka pUrNa nahIM hotA jaba taka hama utpAda, vyaya va dhrauvya kI kasauTI para sAre parivartanoM ko kasa nahIM lete| isa pustaka kI viSaya vastu ko samajhane ke liye hameM jaina darzana ko bhI usake sahI pariprekSya meM samajha lenA hogaa| bhale hI usake liye hameM 'naya cakra' ko samajhanA pdd'e| dekheM DaoN. anilakumAra hamArI isa dRSTi se kyA madada karate haiN| eka bAta para hameM avazya dhyAna denA hogA ki jaina cintana meM darzana va vijJAna eka hI sikke ke do pahalU haiN| yoga aura tapasyA ne sAdhuoM ke zarIra ko vijJAnazAlA aura jJAna ke vibhinna AyAmoM kI upalabdhi ne use avadhijJAnI banA diyA thaa| yahI vaha zakti hai jisane itane sUkSma Abjarvezana ko saMbhava bnaayaa| kaI jaina vaijJAnika dhAraNAe~ abhI bhI vizleSaNa kA intajAra kara rahI haiN| bhAI anilajI ko bahuta dhanyavAda ki unhoMne isa banda khajAne para dastaka dii| kundakunda jJAnapITha evaM tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva jaina vidvat mahAsaMgha ko itane upayogI prakAzana ko kama dAma meM upalabdha karAne ke liye shubhkaamnaa| kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura ke 2 anya navIna prakAzana E NTRODNCTION MAhimse:Tendmate winnerware m Joine SAR AN INTRODUCTION TO JAINISM & ITS CULTURE By Pt. Balbhadra Jain ___Rs. 100%D00 AHIMSA THE ULTIMATE WINNER By Dr. N. P. Jain Rs. 200%D00 88 arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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arhat vacana / kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura) saMkSipta AkhyA bhagavAna mahAvIra : jIvana evaM darzana rASTrIya saMgoSThI - indaura, 24 - 25 pharavarI 2002 - sUrajamala bobarA* akhila bhAratIya digambara jaina mahilA saMgaThana se sambaddha digambara jaina mahilA saMgaThana indaura dvArA devI ahilyA vizvavidyAlaya - indaura, a. bhA. di. jaina mahilA saMgaThana, digambara jaina samAja - indaura, gaNinI jJAnamatI prAkRta zodhapITha - hastinApura evaM tIrthakara RSabhadeva jaina vidvat mahAsaMgha ke sahayoga se 'bhagavAna mahAvIra : jIvana evaM darzana' zIrSaka dvidivasIya rASTrIya saMgoSThI 24 - 25 pharavarI 2002 ko indaura prImiyara koApareTiva baiMka li., mahArAnI ror3a, indaura ke bhavya sabhAgRha meM Ayojita kI gii| saMgoSThI ke udghATana evaM samApana satroM ke atirikta sampanna 'bhrUNa hatyA evaM usake duSprabhAva', 'bhagavAna mahAvIra evaM janmabhUmi kuNDalapura' 'jaina itihAsa ke upekSita pahalU', tathA 'jainadharma kI vaijJAnikatA' zIrSaka cAra satroM meM 40 vaktAoM ne apane AlekhoM kA vAcana kiyA jisameM 88 vidvAn, netAgaNa sammilita hue| zrImatI sumana jaina kI adhyakSatA evaM sUrajamala bobarA ke mahAmaMtritva meM gaThita Ayojana samiti ne sampUrNa kAryakrama kI prabhAvI saMyojanA kii| saMgoSThI ke saMyojaka evaM pramukha parAmarzadAtA kundakunda jJAnapITha ke mAnada saciva DaoN. anupama jaina, indaura the| mahAvIra : jIvana evaM darzana va saMgoSThI, indaura 24-25 pharavarI 2002 di.jaina saMgaThana se sAjhA kAya udghATana satra meM maMca kA dRzya kendrIya mahilA evaM bAla vikAsa rAjya maMtrI zrImatI sumitrA mahAjana ke mukhya Atithya tathA nyAyamUrti zrI ena. ke. jaina, ma.pra. ucca nyAyAlaya kI adhyakSatA meM sampanna udghATana satra meM viziSTa ati ke rUpa meM kundakunda jJAnapITha ke adhyakSa zrI devakumArasiMha kAsalIvAla arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002 89

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evaM pUrva rAjadUta DaoN. ena. pI. jaina upasthita the| isa satra meM zrImatI sumana jaina- indaura, pro. esa. ke. baMDI - indaura, zrImatI AzA jaina - dillI, iMjI. jaina zrI kailAza veda - indaura, zrI nirmala jaina - satanA evaM DaoN. zekharacanda jaina- ahamadAbAda ne Ayojaka saMsthAoM kA paricaya diyaa| zrImatI mInA vinAyakyA ne maMcAsIna atithiyoM kA paricaya tathA arhat vacana sampAdaka maMDala ke sadasya zrI sUrajamala bobarA ne saMgoSThI kI pRSThabhUmi evaM AgAmI satroM kI AyojanA para prakAza haalaa| saMgoSThI ko sambodhita karate hue zrImatI sumitrA mahAjana ne kahA ki yadi deza kI samasta striyA~ sItA bana jAyeM to deza ke puruSa svayaM hI rAma bana jaayeNge| Aja AvazyakatA paramparAoM ko tor3ane kI nahIM varan AvazyakatAnusAra jor3ane kI hai| unhoMne saskAra nirmANa para vizeSa bala diyaa| apane viSaya ko spaSTa karane hetu unhoMne anekoM udAharaNa prastuta kiye| paramapUjya gaNinIpramukha zrI jJAnamatI mAtAjI ke AzIrvAda sahita padhArI saMghastha brahmacAriNI bahanoM (ku.) AsthAjI evaM (ku.) candrikAjI ne mahAvIra janmabhUmi kuNDalapura kI vizAla AmaMtraNa patrikA kA vimocana mukhya atithi ke hAthoM kraayaa| sAtha hI atithiyoM ko kuNDalapura ke rAjakumAra - mahAvIra kA citra bhI samarpita kiyaa| maMcAsIna saMgoSThI ke saMrakSaka zrI digvijayasiMha jaina ne gaNinI jJAnamatI prAkRta zodhapITha, jambUdvIpa-hastinApura ke indaura kendra ke vikAsa hetu sudAmAnagara meM eka bhUkhaNDa ke dAna kI ghoSaNA kI / etadartha digambara jaina samAja ke adhyakSa zrI hIrAlAlajI jhA~jharI dvArA zrI digvijayasiMha jaina kA puSpahAra evaM zrIphala samarpita kara sammAna kiyaa| isa avasara para RSabha dezanA ke pharavarI-2002 aMka, saMgoSThI meM par3he jAne vAle AlekhoM kI sArAMza pastikA tathA DaoN. ena. pI. jaina dvArA likhita evaM kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura dvArA prakAzita pustaka - Ahimsa-The Ultimate Winner kA vimocana atithiyoM dvArA kiyA gyaa| satra kA saMcAlana arhat vacana ke sampAdaka DaoN. anupama jaina, indaura ne kiyA evaM AbhAra mAnA mahilA saMgaThana indaura kI variSTha upAdhyakSa zrImatI lIlA jaina ne| isI avasara para jaina itihAsa ke durlabha citroM kI eka bhavya pradarzanI kA Ayojana zrI sUrajamala bobarA ke saujanya se kiyA gyaa| pradarzanI ko darzakoM ne rUcipUrvaka dekhakara sraahaa| pradarzanI meM pradarzita sAmagrI kA paricaya dene vAlA pholDara bhI nikAlA gyaa| bhrUNa hatyA niSedha Andolana ke pariprekSya meM bhrUNa hatyA na karane evaM na preraNA dene vAle 26 prakhyAta cikitsakoM kA sammAna karane ke sAtha hI 2600 mahilAoM dvArA bhare gaye saMkalpa patra Andolana kI prerikA pUjya gaNinIpramukha zrI jJAnamatI mAtAjI kI saMghastha brahmacAriNI bahanoM ko samarpita kiye gye| saMgoSThI meM vizeSa rUpa se padhAre Jain Academic Foundation of North America (JAFNA) ke navanirvAcita adhyakSa DaoN. dilIpa bobarA ne DaoN. anupama jaina ke pradhAna sampAdakatva meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana ke sabhI pahaluoM para eka prAmANika pustaka ke sRjana evaM prakAzana kI ghoSaNA kii| isameM gaNinI jJAnamatI prAkRta zodhapITha - hastinApura, tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva jaina vidvat mahAsaMgha evaM akhila bhAratIya digambara jaina mahilA saMgaThana meM se pratyeka mahairahawar Thrs anaa 90 arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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ne 25% aMzadAna dene kI ghoSaNA kii| saMgoSThI meM pro. pArasamala agravAla (oklehomA- amerikA), iMjIniyara zrI abhaya jaina (amerikA), DaoN. savitA inAmadAra (adhyakSa - ma.pra. mahilA Ayoga), suzrI rAdhA bahana evaM puSpA bahana (kastUrabA grAma TrasTa, indaura), paM. zivacaranalAla jaina (adhyakSa - tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva jaina vidvat mahAsaMgha), DaoN. phUlacandra jaina 'premI' (adhyakSa - a. bhA. di. jaina vidvat pariSada), pro. e. e. abbAsI (pUrva kulapati), pro. narendra dhAkar3a (prAcArya - holkara vijJAna mahAvidyAlaya), zrI devakumArasiMha kAsalIvAla (adhyakSa - kundakunda jJAnapITha), zrI pradIpakumArasiMha kAsalIvAla (rASTrIya adhyakSa - di. jaina mahAsamiti), zrI nirmalakumAra seThI (rASTrIya adhyakSa - di. jaina mahAsabhA), zrI mANikacanda pATanI (rASTrIya mahAmaMtrI - di. jaina mahAsamiti), padmazrI bAbUlAla pATodI Adi mahAnubhAvoM kI upasthiti evaM udabodhana vizeSa ullekhanIya rhe| vidvat mahAsaMgha ke kAryAdhyakSa evaM tIrthakara vANI ke sampAdaka DaoN. zekharacanda jaina - ahamadAbAda ne saMgoSThI kI anuzaMsA meM apane hRdayodgAra prastuta karate hue kahA - 1. bhagavAna mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi nAlandA jile kA kuNDalapura hI hai, isakA sabako milakara vikAsa karanA caahiye| 2. saMgoSThI meM apekSatayA kama vaktAoM ko AmaMtrita karanA cAhiye jisase pratyeka vaktA ko adhika samaya diyA jA ske| 3. bhrUNa hatyA ke satra ke zodha patroM meM zodhAtmaka sAmagrI kI nyUnatA thI, kintu kendrIya ___ maMtrI zrImatI sumitrA mahAjanajI kA lekha atyanta gambhIra evaM zodhapUrNa thaa| 4. zeSa tInoM satra kI sAmagrI atyanta mUlyavAna, zodhapUrNa evaM sAragarbhita rahI, isase samAgata __vidvAnoM ke jJAna kI abhivRddhi huii| 5. saMgoSThI ke AyojakoM ne AvAsa, bhojana, sabhAgAra, sAhitya Adi kI sundara vyavasthA kI hai, etadartha ve badhAI ke pAtra haiN| 6. mahilA saMgaThana kI bahanoM kA samarpaNa vizeSata: zrImatI sumana jaina kI lagana evaM DaoN. anupama jaina kA sakSama, sabala sahayoga evaM mArgadarzana stutya hai| ina donoM kI yuti ne saMgoSThI ko bahuta U~cAiyA~ pradAna kI haiM, sabhI ko bdhaaii|| samApana satra meM kundakunda jJAnapITha evaM vidvat mahAsaMgha dvArA saMyukta rUpa se prakAzita DaoN. anilakumAra jaina - ahamadAbAda kI kRti 'jIvana kyA hai?' kA vimocana karane ke uparAnta (dekheM samIkSA pRSTha 87-88) apane adhyakSIya udbodhana meM prAcArya pro. dhAkar3a ne kahA ki dharma kA adhyayana jJAna ke liye honA cAhiye, kevala puNya ke liye nhiiN| kaNa - kaNa ko jor3anA hI jIvana hai evaM yahI dharma hai| sAtha hI kaNa - kaNa ko tor3anA hI mRtyu| ata: hameM paraspara logoM ko jor3ane vAle jJAnavarddhaka kAryakrama nirantara Ayojita karanA caahiye| Apane saphala saMgoSThI ke Ayojana hetu badhAI dete hue samAgata samasta vidvAnoM kA sammAna kiyA evaM agalI saMgoSThI holkara vijJAna mahAvidyAlaya ke sabhAgRha meM Ayojita karane kA prastAva rakhA, jisakA karatala dhvani se svAgata kiyA gyaa| * mahAmaMtrI-Ayojana samiti 9/2, snehalatAgaMja, zrama zivira ke pIche, indaura - 452 002 arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002 91

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bhagavAna mahAvIra janmabhUmi para akhila bhAratIya nibaMdha pratiyogitA 2002 paramapUjya, gaNinIpramukha, AryikAziromaNi zrI jJAnamatI mAtAjI kI preraNA se sthApita tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva jaina vidvat mahAsaMgha, jambUdvIpa- hastinApura dvArA eka akhila bhAratIya nibaMdha pratiyogitA Ayojita kI jA rahI hai| nibaMdha pratiyogitA kA viSaya hai - "bhagavAna mahAvIra kI janmasthalI kuNDalapura (nAlaMdA) yA vaizAlI? - digambara jaina Agama ke pariprekSya meN"| nibaMdha pratiyogitA ke niyama nimnAnusAra raheMge - 1. pratiyogitA samasta Ayu varga ke bAlaka/bAlikA athavA mahilA/puruSa ke liye khulI hai| jaina yA jainetara koI bhI sammilita ho sakate haiM? 2. nibaMdha kama se kama 4 peja (phula skepa kAgaja ke) meM honA caahiye| 3. nibaMdha TaMkita athavA suvAcya akSaroM meM pRSTha ke eka ora hI likhA huA honA Avazyaka hai| 4. prastuta viSaya para apanA pakSa Thosa AdhAra para puSTa pramANoM sahita pratipAdita karane kA prayAsa kreN| samasta sandarbha lekha ke anta meM dekheN| 5. nibaMdha bhejane kI aMtima tithi 30 jUna 2002 nizcita kI gaI hai| nirdhArita tithi ke pazcAt prApta hone vAle nibaMdha pratiyogitA meM sammilita karanA saMbhava nahIM hogaa| 6. prApta nibaMdhoM kA mUlyAMkana pratiSThita vidvAnoM ke dala dvArA kiyA jAkara prathama, dvitIya va tRtIya puraskAra sthAna prApta karane vAle pratiyogIgaNoM ko kramaza: ru. 5000/-, 3000/- va 2000/ nagada puraskAra diyA jaayegaa| sAMtvanA puraskAroM kI bhI vyavasthA hai| 7. mahAsaMgha dvArA gaThita nirNAyaka maMDala kA nirNaya aMtima va sarvamAnya hogaa| 8. pratiyogitA ke viSaya ke niyamoM ko saMzodhita/parivartita/parivarddhita karane athavA sthagita karane evaM anya samasta viSayoM meM mahAsaMgha ke adhyakSa kA nirNaya aMtima evaM baMdhanakArI hogaa| 9. nibaMdha ke mukhapRSTha para pratiyogI kA pUrA nAma evaM patA aMkita kiyA jAnA caahiye| nibaMdha saMyojaka ke pate para indaura hI bheje jAnA caahiye| - saMyojakadvaya jayasena jaina DaoN. abhayaprakAza jaina 201, amita apArTamenTa, ena-14, cetakapurI, 1/1, pArasI mohallA, chAvanI, gvAliyara - 474009 (ma.pra.) indaura - 452001 (ma.pra.) phona : 0751- 324392 phona : 0731-700020 zrI DAlacandajI jaina kI dharmapatnI kA du:khada nidhana kundakunda jJAnapITha ke ananya sahayogI, pUrva sAMsada evaM ma. pra. kAMgresa kameTI ke koSAdhyakSa zrI DAlacandajI jaina, sAgara kI dharmapatnI zrImatI sudhArAnI jaina, sAgara kA Akasmika nidhana 22 janavarI 2002 ko indaura meM hRdayAghAta se ho gyaa| 29 jUna 1932 ko jabalapura meM janmIM zrImatI jaina aneka dhArmika, sAmAjika saMsthAoM kI adhyakSa evaM saraMkSaka thiiN| iMglaiNDa, amerikA, kanADA, jarmanI, hAMgakAMga, siMgApura, kuvaita, kAhirA, dubaI Adi aneka dezoM kI yAtrAyeM kara cukIM zrImatI jaina apane pIche 2 putra evaM 6 putriyoM kA bharApUrA parivAra chor3a giiN| jJAnapITha parivAra kI divaMgata AtmA ke prati vinamra shrddhaaNjli| 92 arhat vacana, 14(1), 2002

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arhatva kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura prAcIna jaina sAhitya, saMskRti ke saMrakSaNa evaM sarAka bandhuoM ke utthAna hetu satata saceSTa paramapUjya upAdhyAya zrI jJAnasAgarajI mahArAja ke prati kRtajJatA jJApita karane ke bhAva se zruta saMvarddhana saMsthAna, meraTha dvArA apraila 2000 meM upAdhyAya jJAnasAgara zruta saMvarddhana puraskAra kI sthApanA kI gii| puraskAra ke antargata jaina sAhitya, saMskRti yA samAja kI sevA karane vAle vyakti / saMsthA ko prativarSa ru.1,00,000/- kI rAzi evaM rajata prazasti patra, zAla, zrIphala se sammAnita karane kA nizcaya kiyA gyaa| saMkSipta AkhyA prathama upAdhyAya jJAnasAgara zruta saMvarddhana puraskAra - 2000 samarpaNa samAroha, dillI, 6 janavarI 2002 / haMsakumAra jaina* arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002 hama mizana Ai sAhU ramezacandrajI jaina ko prazasti pradAna karate hue DaoN. siMghavI evaM evaM zrI nirmalakumArajI seThI puraskAra rAzi ke ceka ke sAtha jJAnapITha ke mAnada nidezaka zrI dineza mizra vidhipUrvaka gaThita nirNAyaka maMDala kI sarvasammata anuzaMsA ke AdhAra para prathama puraskAra anupalabdha jaina sAhitya ke utkRSTa prakAzana kArya hetu bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI ko dene kA nizcaya kiyA gyaa| maI 2001 meM kI gaI ghoSaNA ke anurUpa yaha puraskAra cinmaya mizana ADiyoriyama, naI dillI meM 6 janavarI 2002 ko pUjya upAdhyAya zrI jJAnasAgarajI mahArAja ke sasaMgha maMgala sAnnidhya meM bhavyatA pUrvaka buddhijIviyoM, samAjaseviyoM evaM jaina vidyA ke adhyetAoM kI upasthiti meM samarpita kiyA gyaa| kAryakrama ke mukhya atithi kendrIya kRSi maMtrI zrI ajitasiMhajI evaM pramukha atithi prakhyAta vidhivettA, sAMsada DaoN lakSmImala mAnanIyA pAnanIya 93

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siMghavI the| kAryakrama kI adhyakSatA bhAratavarSIya digambara jaina mahAsabhA ke adhyakSa zrI nirmalakumArajI seThI ne kii| - saMghastha bra. bahana anItAjI ke maMgalAcaraNa ke pazcAt zruta saMvarddhana saMsthAna, meraTha ke mahAmaMtrI haMsakumAra jaina, meraTha ne svAgata bhASaNa evaM saMsthA paricaya diyaa| saMsthAna ke adhyakSa DaoN. nalina ke. zAstrI, kulasaciva bI. Ara. ambeDakara kendrIya vi. vi. lakhanaU ne prazasti vAcana kiyA evaM puraskAra saMyojaka DaoN. anupama jaina dvArA puraskAra yojanA kA vistRta paricaya diyA gayA / jJAnapITha ke prabandha nyAsI sAhU zrI ramezacandajI jaina ne zruta saMvarddhana saMsthAna, meraTha dvArA pradatta isa puraskAra ke mAdhyama se jJAnapITha kI sevAoM kA mUlyAMkana karane hetu AbhAra maanaa| Apane apane udbodhana meM jJAnapITha kI gatividhiyoM kI vistRta jAnakArI prastuta kI / kAryakrama ke adhyakSa zrI nirmalakumArajI seThI ne AcArya praNIta granthoM ke prakAzana kI AvazyakatA pratipAdita kI evaM kahA ki Aja jarUrata isa bAta kI hai ki hama Agama kI dRSTi se apanI kArya paddhati banAyeM na ki apanI dRSTi se Agama ko vyAkhyApita kareM / pUjya upAdhyAyazrI ne hue kahA ki hama vidvAnoM kA prAcIna hastalikhita granthoM ko kiyaa| Apane jaina sAhitya ke hetu saMsthAna ke kAryakartAoM apanA AzIrvAda pradAna kiyA / apane AzIrvacana meM saMsthAna ke kAryakartAoM ko zubhAzISa dete sammAna kareM tathA una saMsthAoM kA bhI sammAna kareM jinhoMne janasulabha karAyA evaM svAdhyAya kI paramparA ko bhI paripuSTa saMrakSaNa evaM samvarddhana hetu jJAnapITha ko evaM isa prazasta nirNaya kAryakrama ko nirNAyaka maMDala kI ora se zrI sureza jaina I.A.S. (bhopAla), zAstrI pariSada ke adhyakSa prAcArya narendraprakAza jaina ( phirojAbAda), vidvat mahAsaMgha ke adhyakSa paM. zivacaranalAla jaina (mainapurI) tathA zrI nIraja jaina (satanA) ne bhI sambodhita kiyaa| AbhAra mAnA saMsthAna ke kAryAdhyakSa zrI yogeza jaina ( khataulI ) ne| puraskAra prAyojaka zrI abhayakumAra jaina ke suputra zrI nitina jaina ( ahamadAbAda) evaM puraskAra ke saMyojaka DaoN. anupama jaina (indaura) kA sammAna kiyA gyaa| kAryakrama kA saMcAlana DaoN. nIlama jaina (gAjiyAbAda) ne kiyaa| isameM DaoN. ramezacanda ( kulapati - meraTha vi.vi.), DaoN. dineza mizra ( mAnad nidezaka bhAratIya jJAnapITha), DaoN. DI. sI. jaina (vAisa cearamena varddhamAna meDikala kaoNleja), DaoN. jayakumAra jaina (mujaphpharanagara), DaoN. zItalacandra jaina (jayapura), AcArya gopIlAla 'amara' (dillI), DaoN. surezacanda jaina (dillI), DaoN. azokakumAra jaina (lADanU~), DaoN. kapUracandra jaina ( khataulI), DaoN. jyoti jaina ( khataulI, zrI viveka jaina (gAjiyAbAda), zrI ravIndra jaina (mujaphpharanagara) kI upasthiti ullekhanIya rahI / isa avasara para puraskAra samiti ke saMyojaka DaoN. anupama jaina ke sampAdakatva meM eka pustikA kA prakAzana kiyA gayA jisameM prazasti evaM bhAratIya jJAnapITha ke paricaya ke sAtha hI zruta saMvarddhana saMsthAna, meraTha evaM sahayogI saMsthA prAcya zramaNa bhAratI, mujaphpharanagara kA bhI paricaya diyA gyaa| 94 * 247, prathama tala, dillI roDa, ajantAsa sinemA ke pAsa, meraTha 250002 arhat vacana, 14 ( 1 ), 2002

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sabhAdhyakSa zrI nirmalakumAra jaina seThI ko sammAnita karate hue DaoN. nalina ke. zAstrI (saMsthAdhyakSa) evaM DaoN. anupama jaina (puraskAra saMyojaka) / E DaoN. anupama jaina kA sammAna karate hue DaoN. ela. ema. siMghavI evaM DaoN. nalina ke. zAstrI sabhAgAra meM upasthita vidvatjana evaM sAhitya premI arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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jJAnodaya itihAsa puraskAra zrImatI zAMtidevI ratanalAlajI bobarA kI smRti meM zrI sUrajamalajI bobarA, indaura dvArA kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura ke mAdhyama se jJAnodaya puraskAra kI sthApanA 1998 meM kI gaI hai| yaha sarvavidita tathya hai ki darzana evaM sAhitya kI apekSA itihAsa evaM purAtattva ke kSetra meM maulika zodha kI mAtrA alpa rahatI hai| phalata: yaha puraskAra jaina itihAsa ke kSetra meM maulika zodha ko samarpita kiyA gayA hai| isake antargata puraskAra rAzi meM vRddhi karate hue varSa 2000 se prativarSa jaina itihAsa ke kSetra meM sarvazreSTha zodha patra / pustaka prastuta karane vAle vidvAn ko rupaye 11000/- kI nagada rAzi, zAla evaM zrIphala se sammAnita kiyA jaayegaa| __ varSa 1998 kA puraskAra rAmakathA saMgrahAlaya, phaijAbAda ke pUrva nidezaka DaoN. zailendra rastogI ko unakI kRti 'jaina dharma kalA prANa RSabhadeva aura unake abhilekhIya sAkSya' para 29.3.2000 ko samarpita kiyA gyaa| varSa 1999 kA puraskAra pro. hampA nAgarAjaiyyA (Prof. Hampa Nagarajaiyah) ko unakI kRti 'A History of the Rastrakutas of Malkhed and Jainism para pradAna kiyA gyaa| varSa 2000 evaM 2001 ke puraskAra alaga se ghoSita kiye jA rahe haiN| varSa 2002 se cayana kI prakriyA meM parivartana kiyA jA rahA hai| aba koI bhI vyakti puraskAra hetu kisI lekha yA pustaka ke lekhaka ke nAma kA prastAva sAmagrI sahita preSita kara sakatA hai| cayanita kRti ke lekhaka ko aba ru. 11000/- kI rAzi, zAla, zrIphala evaM prazasti pradAna kI jaayegii| / cayanita kRti ke prastAvaka ko bhI ru. 1000/- kI rAzi se sammAnita kiyA jaayegaa| varSa 2002 ke puraskAra hetu prastAva sAde kAgaja para evaM sambaddha kRti/Alekha ke lekhaka tathA prastAvaka ke samparka ke pate, phona naM. sahita 31 disambara 2002 taka saciva - kundakunda jJAnapITha, 584, mahAtmA gAMdhI mArga, tukogaMja, indaura - 45200 ke pate para prApta ho jAnA caahiye| jaina vidyAoM ke adhyayana/anusaMdhAna meM ruci rakhane vAle sabhI vidvAnoM/samAjaseviyoM se Agraha hai ki ve vigata 5 varSoM meM prakAza meM Aye jaina itihAsa/purAtattva viSayaka maulika zodha kAryoM ke saMkalana, mUlyAMkana evaM sammAnita karane meM hameM apanA sahayoga pradAna kreN| devakumArasiMha kAsalIvAla DaoN. anupama jaina mAnada saciva adhyakSa kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura 96 arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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gatividhiyA~ bhagavAna mahAvIra vicAra - darzana saMgoSThI sampanna / zrI akhila bhAratavarSIya digambara jaina vidvat pariSada ke tattvAvadhAna evaM pa.pU. upAdhyAya zrI jJAnasAgarajI mahArAja, upAdhyAya zrI nayanasAgarajI mahArAja, muni zrI vairAgyasAgarajI mahArAja, kSu. zrI samarpaNasAgarajI mahArAja evaM kSu. zrI samyaktvasAgarajI mahArAja ke sAnnidhya meM zrI di. jaina samAja, devabanda (u.pra.) ke saujanya se di. 13 - 14 disambara 01 ko bhagavAna mahAvIra vicAra darzana saMgoSThI Ayojita kI gaI jisameM zrI paM. indrasena jaina (sahAranapura), DaoN. ramezacanda jaina (bijanaura), DaoN. narendra jaina 'bhAratI' (sanAvada), paM. pUrNacanda jaina 'sumana' (durga), zrI zarAphata husaina (mahAsaciva - lokadala), zrI siddIkI meara Adi maMcAsIna mahAnubhAvoM kI upasthiti meM saMgoSThI kA udghATana vaktavya DaoN. surendra jaina 'bhAratI' ne dete hue bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA pratipAdita ahiMsA, aparigraha evaM anekAnta ko samAja meM sahaastitva, sauhArdra evaM samatA ke liye upayogI btaayaa| do dina taka calI isa saMgoSThI ko DaoN. ramezacanda jaina, DaoN. azokakumAra jaina, DaoN. phUlacanda jaina 'premI', DaoN. surezacandra jaina, DaoN. supArzvakumAra jaina, pro. hIrAlAla pAMDe 'hIraka', paM. pUrNacandra jaina 'sumana', DaoN. vijayakumAra jaina. DaoN. (zrImatI) rAkA jaina, DaoN. zItalacanda jaina, DaoN. jinendra jaina, prA. nihAlacanda jaina, DaoN. sanatakumAra jaina, paM. paMkaja jaina, ku. indu jaina, DaoN. vimalA jaina 'vimala' Adi vicArakoM ne sambodhita kiyaa| isa avasara para upAdhyAya zrI jJAnasAgarajI mahArAja ne kahA ki bhagavAna mahAvIra mAtra jainoM ke nahIM apitu jana-jana ke haiN| jisakI AsthA evaM karma ahiMsAmaya hai vaha jaina hai| jo doSoM se rahita hai, vahI deva hai| hama sabakA samarpaNa unhIM deva mahAvIra ke prati hai| merI to yahI icchA hai ki tattva kA abhyAsa ho, adhyAtma kI carcA ho tathA samyagdarzana samatA kI dhArA bhe| vidvAn aura adhika svAdhyAyazIla hoM tAki purAne vidvAnoM jaisI pratiSThA arjita kara skeN| - DaoN. surendrakumAra jaina 'bhAratI', burahAnapura (ma.pra.) bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2600 varSa para kAryazAlA paramapUjya upAdhyAya zrI jJAnasAgarajI mahArAja ke sAnnidhya meM kekar3I- ajamera (rAja.) meM 26 maI 2002 se 30 maI 2002 taka bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2600 veM janmakalyANaka varSa para eka rASTrIya kAryazAlA kA Ayojana kiyA jA rahA hai, jisameM pratyeka zatAbdI ke AdhAra para jaina dharma kI sthiti evaM jaina dharma ke avadAna kA aitihAsika mUlyAMkana kiyA jaayegaa| isameM deza ke prasiddha itihAsavida, purAtattavavida, jaina dharma - darzana evaM sAhitya ke jJAtA zatAdhika vidvAnoM ko AmaMtrita kiyA gayA hai| samasta kAryakrama kA Ayojana zrI 1008 zrI neminAtha di. jaina jinabimba paMcakalyANaka pratiSThA mahotsava samiti, kekar3I - ajamera (rAja.) dvArA hogaa| - DaoN. vijayakumAra jaina, lakhanaU, saMyojaka SUMMER SCHOOL Apllications are invited from eligible candidates for admission to the following summer schools to be held w.e.t. 26.5.02 to 16.06.02 - 1. Prakrit Language & Literature (Elementary), 2. Prakrit Language & Literature (Advanced), 3. Jain Religion & Philosophy, 4. Manuscriptology and research Methodology. Eligible candidates can apply to participate in either one of the above courses. These courses will run concurrently. / . Dr. Vimal Prakash Jain, Director-B.L.I.I. 20th Kilometer, G.T. Karnal Road, Alipur, New Delhi 97 arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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vardhamAna meDikala kaoNleja kI sthApanA jIvanazailI ThIka ho to cikitsA kI jarUrata hI nahIM par3atI dillI ke saphadarajaMga aspatAla meM 3 dazaka ke bAda vardhamAna mahAvIra meDikala kaoNleja kA udghATana 17 disambara 2001 ko pradhAnamaMtrI zrI aTalabihArI bAjapeyI dvArA kiyA gyaa| isa avasara para kendrIya gRhamaMtrI zrI lAlakRSNa ADavANI aura kendrIya svAsthya maMtrI zrI DaoN. sI.pI. ThAkura evaM aneka cikitsaka aura jaina samAja ke gaNamAnya atithi maujUda the| TAimsa phAuNDezana kI adhyakSa sAhU zrImatI indu jaina ke netRtva meM jaina samAja ne isa kaoNleja kA nAma vardhamAna mahAvIra ke nAma para rakhane ke liye vizeSa prayAsa kiye the DaoN. sI. pI. ThAkura ne mahAvIra ke 2600 veM janmotsava kA ullekha karate hue kahA ki pradhAnamaMtrI svayaM mahotsava samiti ke adhyakSa hai isaliye isa kaoNleja ke sAtha vardhamAna mahAvIra kA nAma joDanA zreyaskara samajhA gyaa| mahAvIra ne hI 'jIo aura jIne do kA maMtra diyA thA, jo ki meDikala kAleja aura aspatAla kI bhAvanAoM ke anurUpa hai| sAtha meM unhoMne yaha bhI kahA ki jaina samAja ne isa aspatAla ke sAtha eka dharmazAlA banAne kA bhI prastAva rakhA hai jisameM ki bhojana kI bhI vyavasthA hogii| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nAma para kaoNleja kA udghATana karate hue pradhAnamaMtrIjI ne apane udbodhana meM kahA ki nAma rakhanA AsAna hai lekina nAma ke anurUpa kAma karanA eka cunautI hai| unhoMne vizvAsa vyakta kiyA ki vardhamAna mahAvIra ke nAma se banAyA gayA yaha kaoNleja anya kaoNlejoM se kucha viziSTa hogA aura apane nAma ko sArthaka kregaa| zrI bAjapeyI ne apane cira paricita manovinoda svabhAva se cuTakI lete hue deza ke eka pratiSThita cikitsA saMsthAna Ala iMDiyA iMsTITyUTa oNpha meDikala sAIMsa ke sammukha sthApita isa meDikala kaoNleja ke cikitsaka samudAya ko jhakajhorate hue kahA ki 'ghara le liyA hai tere ghara ke sAmane', isaliye aba isakI ijjata bar3hanI cAhiye / pradhAnamaMtrI ne cikitsA ke kSetra meM anusaMdhAna aura khojoM para jora dete hue kahA ki isa kSetra meM jitanA anusaMdhAna honA cAhiye thA usakI ora apekSita dhyAna nahIM diyA gyaa| unhoMne kahA ki vaha yaha bhI jAnate haiM ki deza meM aspatAloM aura cikitsA saMsthAnoM ke sammukha janatA ko cikitsA suvidhA juTAnA eka prAthamika AvazyakatA hai lekina yaha bhI utanA hI jarUrI hai ki bhAratIya meDikala kaoNleja aura aspatAla vizva pratiyogitA meM apanA sthAna banA skeN| isa avasara para zrI ADavANI ne kahA ki isa kaoNleja ke nAma ke sAtha vardhamAna mahAvIra kA nAma jor3anA bhale hI atyaMta mahatvapUrNa hai lekina bhagavAna mahAvIra kI zikSA yahI batAtI hai ki jIvana zailI ThIka ho to cikitsA kI jarUrata hI nahIM pdd'tii| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA kahanA thA ki jIvana zailI zuddha honI cAhiye / 'pariNaya pratIka' patrikA ke zrI pATanI pradhAna sampAdaka evaM zrI bAgar3iyA saMpAdaka bane digambara jaina mahAsamiti dvArA sthApita digambara jaina mereja byUro kI mAsika patrikA 'pariNaya pratIka' ke pradhAna sampAdaka zrI mANikacanda jaina pATanI va sampAdaka zrI pavanakumAra bAgar3iyA bne| 98 digambara jaina mahAsamiti ke rASTrIya mahAmaMtrI evaM pariNaya pratIka ke prakAzaka zrI pATanI ema. kaoNma., elaela.bI., sAhityaratna haiM tathA bhagavAna mahAvIra 2600 vA~ janmajayaMtI mahotsava kI kendrIya samiti ke sadasya, madhyapradeza prAMtIya samiti ke kAryAdhyakSa evaM indaura jilA samiti ke parAmarzadAtA ke rUpa meM apanI sevAyeM de rahe haiN| zrI bAgar3iyA digambara jaina mahAsamiti madhyAMcala ke yuvA prakoSTha ke maMtrI hai tathA digambara jaina sozala grupa tathA hUmar3a jaina samAja kI aneka saMsthAoM meM padAdhikArI hai evaM hamar3a mitra patrikA va hUmar3a saMdeza samAcAra patra ke sampAdaka maMDala ke sadasya haiN| arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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'ahiMsA' zIrSaka zreSTha pustaka para ru. 51,000/- ke puraskAra kI ghoSaNA zrI digambara jaina sAhitya saMrakSaNa samiti, dillI dvArA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2600 veM janma kalyANaka mahotsava varSa ke upalakSya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mUla siddhAnta 'ahiMsA' zIrSaka para zreSTha pustaka para ru. 51,000/- kA puraskAra pradAna kiyA jAyegA pustaka ke sRjana meM icchuka vidvatz2ana nimna pate para samparka kreN| yaha puraskAra varSa 2003 meM AcArya zrI 108 vidyAsAgarajI mahArAja ke pAvana sAnnidhya meM pradAna kiyA jaayegaa| vizeSa jAnakArI ke liye nimna pate para patra vyavahAra kareM zrI zikharacanda jaina / zrI pravINakumAra jaina zrI digambara jaina sAhitya / saMskRti saMrakSaNa samiti DI- 302, viveka vihAra, dillI 110065 - landana vizvavidyAlaya ke jaina vidyA adhyayana vibhAga meM karmazAlA landana vizvavidyAlaya ke pUrvI tathA aphrIkI adhyayana kendra ne jaina adhyayana vibhAga meM mArca 2002 meM 'jaina vidyA ke vividha pakSa' para eka karmazAlA tathA viziSTa vyAkhyAna Ayojita kiye gaye isameM 5 dezoM ke nau vidvAnoM ne 'zvetAmbara sAdhu sAdhviyoM ke AcaraNa', 'jaina avadhAraNAoM meM bhrUNa parivartana' 'khajurAho' tathA 'karuNA' para 45-45 miniTa ke zodhapatra par3he aura praznottarI meM vividha samAdhAna kiye DaoN. korTa ne tAraNa svAmI para vizeSa bhASaNa diyA isa karmazAlA meM bhArata kI ora se rIvAM ke DaoN. nandalAla jaina bhI sammilita hue| apane zodhapatra ke atirikta unhoMne 'jainadharma aura vijJAna' tathA 'akalaMka aura tatvArtha sUtra para bhI vyAkhyAna diye| # DaoN. naMdalAla jaina, rIMvA DaoN. rAjArAma jaina rASTrapati sahasrAbdI puraskAra sammAna se sammAnita gata 6 pharavarI 2002 ko pro. DaoN. rAjArAma jaina, ArA (bihAra), mAnada nidezaka zrI kundakunda bhAratI zodha saMsthAna, naI dillI ko rASTrapati bhavana ke azoka sabhAgAra meM rASTrapati sahasrAbdI puraskAra se sammAnita kiyA gyaa| prAkRta, jaina vidyA evaM durlabha prAkRta apabhraMza pAMDulipiyoM ke zramasAdhya evaM dhairyasAdhya sampAdana kAryoM kA mUlyAMkana kara bhArata sarakAra ne unheM sammAnita karane kA gatavarSa nirNaya liyA thA apane kSetra kA yaha bhArata kA sarvocca puraskAra mAnA jAtA hai| kundakunda jJAnapITha kI ora se bdhaaii| ahamadAbAda meM tIna vidvAnoM kA viziSTa sammAna saMbodhi saMsthAna evaM bAbUlAla amRtalAla ceriTebala TrasTa, ahamadAbAda ke tattvAvadhAna meM bhAIkAkA bhavana meM sanniSTha vidvAnoM ko puraskRta karane kA suMdara kAryakrama dinAMka 2.12.01 ko Ayojita kiyA gyaa| isa kAryakrama meM adhyakSa ke rUpa meM gujarAtI ke khyAtiprApta sAhityakAra zrI bholAbhAI paTela evaM atithivizeSa ke rUpa meM zrI kulInacandra bhAI yAjJika (pUrva kulapati) virAjamAna the| samAroha meM prAkRta evaM apabhraMza bhASA ke prakhara vidvAn zrI ramaNIkabhAI ema. zAha ( ahamadAbAda) ko ru.31,000/-, zAla evaM sundara kalAtmaka prazastipatra tathA jaina zramaNa paramparA meM gacchoM kI utpatti evaM vikAsa ke bAre meM anUThA saMzodhana karane vAle DaoN. zivaprasAda (banArasa) ko saMbodhi saMsthAna kI ora se ru. 11,000/- zAla evaM sundara kalAtmaka prazastipatra samAroha ke adhyakSa evaM atithivizeSa ke hAthoM arpaNa kiye gye| prAcIna jina pratimAe~ evaM prAcIna jaina sAhitya para dIrghakAlIna saMzodhana karane vAle baiMgalora ke medhAvI vidvAn hampA nAgarAjaiyyA ko bAbUlAla amRtalAla zAha ceriTebala TrasTa kI ora se zrI umI bhAI ne 'bAhubalI suvarNa candraka evaM prazastipatra arpaNa kiyaa| puraskRta vidvAnoM ko bdhaaii| arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002 # gopAla prasAda vyAkhyAtA prAkRta vibhAga, ArA 99

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bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2600 veM janma kalyANaka mahotsava ke upalakSya meM kendra, rAjya sarakAreM tathA jaina saMgaThanoM dvArA vibhinna rASTravyApI kAryakrama Ayojita kiye jA rahe haiN| isI sandarbha meM vinamra prastAva hai ki dillI evaM sabhI rAjyoM ke zAsakIya sthApatya evaM kalA saMgrahAlayoM meM jaina sthApatya evaM kalA vIthikAoM (gailarI) kI sthApanA kI jAnA cAhiye, tAki jaina kalAkRtiyoM ke adhyayana evaM mUlyAMkana meM suvidhA prApta ho ske| jaina zilpa evaM kalAkRtiyoM kI nijI viziSTatA evaM mahatva hai| lagabhaga 5000 varSa IsA pUrva kI har3appA sabhyatA se Arambha hokara arvAcIna kAla nirantara jaina sthApatya kalA bhAratIya saMskRti ko samRddha karatI rahI hai, parantu durbhAgyavaza yaha samucita mUlyAMkana evaM prazasti se vaMcita rahI hai| yaha kaisA viDambanA hai ki vizvavikhyAta gyArasapura kI yakSI (surasuMdarI) ke pradarzana meM isakA ullekha jaina kalAkRti ke rUpa meM nahIM kiyA jAtA aura aisI hI pravaMcanA mUrti zilpa kI prazaMsanIya kalAkRti jaina mandira pallU kI sarasvatI, rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya dillI meM pradarzita, ko jhelanA par3a rahI hai| yahA~ bhI jaina zabda Azcaryajanaka rUpa se gAyaba hai| yahI sthiti yahA~ pradarzita aneka jaina kalAkRtiyoM kI hai ataH yaha ati Avazyaka hai ki jaina kalAkRtiyoM kI sahI pahacAna kI jAye aura isakA prathama caraNa hai pRthaka jaina vIthikA kI sthApanA / dillI ke rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya meM bhagavAna buddha ke 2500 veM nirvANa mahotsava para prathama buddha vIthikA banAI jA cukI hai| parantu bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2500 vai nirvANa mahotsava para bauddha vIthikA kI taraha jaina vIthikA kI sthApanA ko Avazyaka nahIM samajhA gyaa| isa yakSa prazna kA uttara kisake pAsa hai ? AzA hai ki jaina samAja aba jAgarUka hokara kadama dara kadama upekSA kA zikAra banane rAjakIya sthApatya evaM kalA saMgrahAlayoM meM pRthaka jaina kalA vIthikA (gailarI) kI sthApanA ke tiraskAra kA parimArjana karane ke liye samucita kAryavAhI kregaa| 'vardhamAna' pustaka kA vitaraNa rokA gayA eka pustaka 'vardhamAna kA prakAzana bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2600 veM janmakalyANaka mahotsava ke upalakSya meM TAimsa oNpha iNDiyA prakAzana dvArA kiyA gayA thaa| magara bAda meM umare tathyoM se patA calA ki usameM digambara jaina mAnyatAoM ke virUddha kucha Apattijanaka bAteM tathA aneka citra prakAzita ho gaye isa pustaka kI prastAvanA mahAsamiti kI kAryAdhyakSa zrImatI indu jaina ne likhI thii| unhoMne spaSTa kiyA hai ki unhoMne samaya ke abhAva ke kAraNa pustaka ko bagaira par3he hI prastAvanA chapane ke liye de dI thii| unheM isakA bahuta kheda hai| unakA kahanA hai ki yaha tathya sAmane Ane para turaMta hI isa pustaka kA vitaraNa roka diyA gayA aura Age usakA koI aura saMskaraNa prakAzita na karane kA nirNaya liyA gyaa| unhoMne kahA ki unheM isa bAta kA bahuta pazcAtApa hai ki samAja ke aneka bhAI bahanoM aura saMsthAoM kI bhAvanA ko isa pustaka ke prakAzana se Thesa phuNcii| unhoMne bharosA dilAyA hai ki bhaviSya meM jo bhI pustaka chapegI, usa para pUrA pUrA dhyAna diyA jAyage aura sabhI kI bhAvanAoM kA pUrA sammAna kiyA jaayegaa| # kailAzacanda jaina, maMtrI zrI diga jaina mAnastambha samiti, belagachiyA, kolakAtA rIvA vizvavidyAlaya dvArA arhat vacana ko mAnyatA avadheza pratApa siMha vizvavidyAlaya, rIMvA ne vijJapti kramAMka prA.sa./ a.ma. / 2001/1005, dinAMka 21.12.2001 dvArA jaina samAja kI nimnalikhita bahucarcita evaM sarvopayogI 4 patrikAoM ko zodha patrikA kI mAnyatA pradAna kI hai arhat vacana - indaura, prAkRta vidyA kundakunda bhAratI, dillI, zodhAdarza - lakhanaU evaM vItarAga vANI- ttiikmgddh'| 100 jJAtavya ki anya kaI vizvavidyAlayoM dvArA pUrva se hI arhat vacana ko zodha patrikA kA mAnyatA aghoSita rUpa meM prApta hai| - arhat vacana, 14 (1) 2002

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antarrASTrIya sammelana meM jaina gaNita kI dhUma sammelana meM sammilita jaina gaNita ke adhyetAoM kA dala kramazaH zrImatI ujjavalA DoMDagAvakara, zrI ena. zivakumAra, pro. (zrImatI) padmAvatammA, DaoN. anupama jaina, zrI dipaka jAdhava evaM zrImatI pragati jaina bhAratIya gaNita itihAsa pariSada (I.S.H.M.) evaM rAmajasa kaoNleja, dillI vizvavidyAlaya, dillI dvArA gata 20-23 disambara 2001 ke madhya bhAratIya rASTrIya vijJAna akAdamI, naI dillI (I.N.S.A. ) meM First International Conference of New Millenium in History of Mathematics kA saphala Ayojana kiyA gyaa| isa antarrASTrIya sammelana meM briTena, amerikA, ijarAila, kanAr3A, IrAna Adi dezoM ke aneka pratinidhiyoM ne apanI prabhAvI upasthiti dii| 12 videzI evaM 49 bhAratIya zodha patroM kI zrRMkhalA meM nimnAMkita 6 zodha patra jaina gaNita se sambaddha prastuta kiye gaye 1. Dr. Anupam Jain, Dept. of Mathematics, Holkar Autonomous Science College, Indore (M.P.), 'Prominent Jaina Mathematicians and their Works'. 2. Mr. Dipak Jadhav, Lecturer in Mathematics, J.N. Govt. Model High School, Barwani (M.P.), Theories of Indices and Logarithms in India from Jaina Sources'. 3. Mr. N. Shiv Kumar, Head, Dept. of Mathematics, R.V. College of Engineering. Banglore (Karnataka), Direct Method of Summation of Life Time Structure Matrix in the Gommalasara". 4. Prof. Padmavathamma, Dept. of Mathematics, University of Mysore, Mysore (Karnataka), Sri Mahaviracarya's Ganitasara sarigraha', 5. Mrs. Pragati Jain, Lecturer in Mathematics, ILVA College of Science and Commerce, Indore, Mathematical Contributions of Acarya Virasena. 6. Mrs. Ujjawala Dondagaonkar, Elenstien International Foundation, Nagpur, A Brief Review of Literature of Jaina Karma Theory'. arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002 101

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ina 6 zodha patroM ke mAdhyama se jaina gaNita ke vividha pakSoM kI prabhAvI prastuti kI gii| saMgoSThI ke samApana satra meM Jaina School kI ora se pratikriyA vyakta karate hetu DaoN. anupama jaina, indaura ko AmaMtrita kiyA gyaa| DaoN. jaina ne apane udgAra vyakta karate hue kahA ki maiM lagabhaga 23 varSoM se I.S.H.M. se jur3A huuN| bhAratIya gaNita itihAsa pariSada kI zodha patrikA gaNita bhAratI ke prakAzana ke atirikta anya gatividhiyA~ lagabhaga 1/2 dazaka se susta par3I thI, gata 2 varSoM se puna: gati AI hai, isI kA pratiphala hai ki jaina gaNita ke adhyayana ke kArya meM pragati ho rahI hai| I.S.H.M. ke isa maMca se pro. bI.bI. datta, pro. e.ena. siMha evaM pro. ela.sI. jaina ke kAma ko Age bar3hAne meM madada milegI evaM jainAcAryoM ke gaNitIya kRtitva ke samyaka adhyayana se bhAratIya gaNita itihAsa ke punarlekhana kA patha prazasta hogA, aisA merA vizvAsa jaina gaNita ke adhyayana meM saMlagna hama sabhI kocIna meM prastAvita AgAmI sammelana meM sammilita hone kA vizvAsa dilAte hue pariSada kI zodha patrikA gaNita bhAratI kI AvRtti bar3hAne kA anurodha karate haiN| jaina gaNita itihAsa ke ina sabhI adhyetAoM kA dala DaoN. anupama jaina ke netRtva meM pUjya gaNinIpramukha zrI jJAnamatI mAtAjI ke darzana hetu rAjAbAjAra gyaa| vahA~ pUjya mAtAjI ne sabhI ko sAhitya bheMTa kara maMgala AzIrvAda diyaa| prajJAzramaNI AryikA zrI candanAmatI mAtAjI evaM kSu. motIsAgarajI ne vidvAnoM ko sambodhita kara unheM zodha kAryoM meM pUrNa sahayoga kA AzvAsana diyaa| kundakunda jJAnapITha puraskAra zrI digambara jaina udAsIna Azrama TrasTa, indaura dvArA jaina sAhitya ke sRjana, adhyayana, anusaMdhAna ko protsAhita karane ke uddezya se kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura ke antargata rupaye 25,000% 00 kA kundakunda jJAnapITha puraskAra prativarSa dene kA nirNaya 1992 meM liyA gayA thaa| isake antargata nagada rAzi ke atirikta lekhaka ko prazasti patra, smRti cihna, zAla, zrIphala bheMTa kara sammAnita kiyA jAtA hai| 1993 se 1999 ke madhya saMhitAsari paM. nAthUlAla jaina zAstrI (indaura), pro. lakSmIcandra jaina (jabalapura), pro. bhAgacandra 'bhAskara' (nAgapura), DaoN. udayacandra jaina (udayapura), AcArya gopIlAla 'amara' (naI dillI), pro. rAdhAcaraNa gunta (jhAMsI) evaM DaoN. prakAzacandra jaina (indaura) ko kundakunda jJAnapITha puraskAra se sammAnita kiyA jA cukA hai| varSa 2000 evaM 2001 hetu prApta praviSTiyoM kA mUlyAMkana kArya pragati para hai| varSa 2002 hetu jaina vidyAoM ke adhyayana se sambaddha kisI bhI vidhA para likhI hindI/aMgrejI, maulika, prakAzita/aprakAzita kRti para prastAva 31 disambara 02 taka sAdara AmaMtrita haiN| nirdhArita prastAva patra evaM niyamAvalI kundakunda jJAnapITha kAryAlaya se upalabdha hai| devakumArasiMha kAsalIvAla DaoN. anupama jaina adhyakSa 31.3.2002 mAnada saciva 102 arhat vacana, 14 (1), 2002

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mata- abhimata ahA arhat vacana traimAsika patrikA kA chamAhI saMyuktAMka (julAI - disambara 01) prApta huaa| prArambha se hI isa patrikA meM jJAnopayogI, paThanIya sAmagrI hone se isakA baicenI se iMtajAra rahatA hai, jabaki isa bAra cha mAha taka bA~Ta johanI pdd'ii| isake sAtha hI patrikA meM kAgaja kucha halkA upayoga meM lene se isakI sundaratA ko bhI Thesa lgii| pRSThoM kI saMkhyA kama kiye jAne se Alekha bhI kama prakAzita kiye gaye haiM, isase pAThakoM kI tRSNA kI pUrti nahIM ho pAtI hai| bar3I kRpA hogI agara Apa patrikA ko traimAsika rakha usakA kAgaja tathA pRSTha saMkhyA pUrvavata karake usakA stara yathAvata kAyama rakha skeN| . mANicanda jaina pATanI 2 janavarI 2002 rASTrIya mahAmaMtrI- di. jaina mahAsamiti, indaura arhat vacana kA julAI - disambara 2001 aMka prApta huaa| AbhArI huuN| aMka kI sAmagrI paThanIya evaM saMgrahaNIya hai| parizrama aura prastuti ke liye saadhuvaad| 4 janavarI 2002 . DA. bhagavatIlAla rAjapurohita, ujjaina arhat vacana varSa - 13, aMka - 3-4 mere samakSa hai| 'Agamika sandarbho ke zilpI : vaijJAnika itihAsakAra yativRSabha' zodhAlekha zrI sUrajamala bobarA ke gahana adhyayana kA pratIka hai| lekhaka ne bahuta se tathya udghATita kiye haiM jinase jaina gaNitajJoM ko ucca stara para sthAna prApta hotA hai| 'dvAdazAMga zruta aura usakI paramparA' lekha bhI dvAdazAMga para acchA prakAza DAlane vAlA hai| 'arhat vacana' ke isa saMyukta aMka meM sampAdakIya kA abhAva kucha khaTakatA sA rhaa| hara aMka meM sampAdakIya kA apanA vaiziSTya rahatA hai| 10 janavarI 2002 . bra. saMdIpa 'sarala' saMsthApaka - anekAnta jJAna mandira, bInA arhat vacana kA julAI - disambara 2001 aMka prApta huA, dhnyvaad| patrikA dekhane meM AkarSaka evaM par3hane meM upayogI hai| patrikA ke AvaraNa pRSTha para kuNDalapura ke bar3e bAbA - bhagavAna RSabhadeva kA citra patrikA ko sArthakatA pradAna karatA hai| patrikA ke Alekha, TippaNiyA~ evaM AkhyAe~ jJAnavarddhaka sarala, sahaja evaM pravAhamayI hindI ke mAdhyama se aisI upayogI jAnakArI dene ke liye patrikA prakAzana se jur3A samasta parivAra sAdhuvAda kA pAtra hai| sampAdakIya kI satata prakriyA kyoM ruka gaI hai? hameM isakI pratIkSA rahatI hai| 22.01.02 . pro. bI. ke. jaina prAdhyApaka evaM adhyakSa - vANijya vibhAga, DaoN. harisiMha gaura vi.vi., sAgara bhAratIya saMskRti kI anamola dharohara pAMDulipiyoM meM chipI huI hai jinako kundakunda jJAnapITha ke vidvAnoM ke dvArA kaThina parizrama se ujAgara kiyA jA rahA hai| ucita samaya Ane para inakI mehanata avazya saphala hogI tathA hameM aise aneka tathyoM kI jAnakArI milegI jina para hamArI Ane vAlI pIr3hI avazya garva kreNgii| 2.3.02 . DaoN. je. sI. pAlIvAla, kharagona arhat vacana, 14(1), 2002 103

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kundakunda jJAnapITha dvArA prakAzita sAhitya pustaka kA nAma lekhaka kramAka I.S.B.N. mUlya 4.00 * 1. jainadharma kA sarala paricaya paM. balabhadra jaina 81-86933 - 00-X 200.00 2. bAlabodha jainadharma, pahalA bhAga paM. dayAcanda goyalIya 81-86933-01- 8 1.50 ___saMzodhita 3. bAlabodha jainadharma, dUsarA bhAga paM. dayAcanda goyalIya 81-86933-02-6 1.50 4. bAlabodha jainadharma, tIsarA bhAga paM. dayAcanda goyalIya 81-86933-03-4 3.00 5. bAlabodha jainadharma, cauthA bhAga paM. dayAcanda goyalIya 81-86933-04-2 4.00 6. naitika zikSA, prathama bhAga paM. nAthUlAla zAstrI 81-86933-05- 0 4 .00 7. naitika zikSA, dUsarA bhAga paM. nAthUlAla zAstrI 81-86933-06-9 4.00 8. naitika zikSA, tIsarA bhAga paM. nAthUlAla zAstrI 81-86933-07-7 9. naitika zikSA, cauthA bhAga paM. nAthUlAla zAstrI 81-86933-08- 5 6 .00 10. naitika zikSA, pAMcavAM bhAga paM. nAthUlAla zAstrI 81-86933-09- 3 6.00 11. naitika zikSA, chaThA bhAga pa. nAthUlAla zAstrI 81-86933-10- 7 6.00 12. naitika zikSA, sAtavAM bhAga paM. nAthUlAla zAstrI 81-86933-11- 5 6.00 13. The Jaina Sanctuaries of Dr. T.V.G. Shastri 81-86933 - 12 -3 500.00 the Fortress of Gwalior 14. jaina dharma - vizva dharma ma DoMgarIya jaina 81-86933 - 13-1 10.00 15. mUlasaMgha aura usakA prAcIna pa. nAthUlAla zAstrI 81-86933-14-X 70.00 sAhitya 16. Jain Dharma Pt. Nathuram 81-86933 - 15-8 20.00 Vishwa Dharma Dongariya Jain 17. amara granthAlaya meM saMgrahIta saMpA. - DaoN. anupama jaina 81-86933-16-6200.00 pANDulipiyoM kI sUcI evaM anya 18. AcArya kundakundU zruta bhaNDAra, khajurAho saMpA- DaoN. anupama jaina 81-86933 - 17-4 200.00 ____ meM saMgrahIta pANDulipiyoM kI sUcI evaM anya 19. madhyapradeza kA jaina zilpa zrI narezakumAra pAThaka 81-86933-18-2300.00 20. bhaTTAraka yazakIrti diga. jaina sarasvatI saMpA - DaoN. anupama jaina 81-86933 - 19 - 0_200.00 bhaNDAra, RSabhadeva meM saMgrahIta evaM anya pANDulipiyoM kI sUcI 21. jainAcAra vijJAna muni sunIlasAgara 81-86933-20-4 20.00 22. samIcIna sArvadharma sopAna paM. nAthUrAma DoMgarIya jaina 81-86933-21-2 20.00 23. An Introduction to Jainism Pt. Balbhadra Jain 81-186933-22-0 100.00 & Its Culture 24. Ahimsa : The Ultimate Winner Dr. N.P. Jain 81-186933-23-9100.00 25. jIvana kyA hai? DaoN. anilakumAra jaina 81-186933 - 24-7_50.00 * anupalabdha noTa : pUrva ke sabhI sUcI patra radda kiye jAte haiN| mUlya parivartanIya haiN| ____ prApti samparka : kundakunda jJAnapITha, 584, mahAtmA gAMdhI mArga, indaura - 452 001 104 arhat vacana, 14 (2), 2002

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DaoN. anila kumAra jaina, ahamadAbAda dvArA likhita tathA kundakunda jJAnapITha evaM tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva jaina vidvat mahAsaMgha dvArA sayuMkta rupa se prakAzita pustaka 'jIvana kyA hai?' kA vimocana karate hue pro. narendra dhAkar3a, pracArya - holkara svazAsI vijJAna mahAvidyAlaya, indaura paNa SThI, indaura 24-25 pharavarI 2002 ra jaina mahilA saMgaThana indaura jaina mahilA saMgaThana se sambaddha) sa jaina sammAnayadaura gaNitI First International Conference of New Millenium on History of Mathematics (New Delhi, 20-23 Dec.01) ke samApana satra ko sambodhita karate hue kundakunda jJAnapITha ke mAnada saciva DaoN. anupama jaina Mathematics College, by of Delhi [oration with andhi National iversity nstitute of S Simla bhagavAna mahAvIra janma jayantI mahotsava varSa meM Ayojita * bhagavA hAvIra : jIvana evaM darzana dvidivasI 24 University Grants Cor -Indian National Scier -Council of Scientific Maharaja Agrasen In -Power Grid Corporat Indian ster of IC 2002 'jaina itihAsa ke upekSita pahalU' zIrSaka satra ke maMca para AsIna paM. zivacaranalAla jaina, mainapurI (adhyakSa-vidvat mahAsaMgha), zrImatI sumana jaina, zrI pradIpakumAra siMha kAsalIvAla (rASTrIya adhyakSa-mahAsamiti) evaM DaoN. rameza jaina, bhopAla (MACTI) Chu www.jainelibrary.om

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I.S.S.N. 0971-9024 arhat vacana bhArata sarakAra ke samAcAra-patroM ke mahApaMjIyaka se prApta paMjIyana saMkhyA 50199/88 napITha samasAvacyAjavarUpa so cikisakamAekaraNaM ramezajavANANavaNamA indaura svAmI zrI di. jaina udAsIna Azrama TrasTa, kundakunda jJAnapITha, iMdaura kI ora se devakumArasiMha kAsalIvAla dvArA 584, mahAtmA gAMdhI mArga, iMdaura se prakAzita evaM sugana grAphiksa, siTI plAjA ma.gAM. mArga iMdaura phona-538283 dvArA mudrita For Private & Personal use only mAnada sampAdaka-DaoN. anupama jaina