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A comparative study of the livandhara Story..
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Variations found in the Patumaiyār ilampakam
(i) According to the Up., Sudarsana gave Jivandbara a ring which would help the bearer to gain any desired form or desired object. 1 But in the Cc., Cutancanan taaght Civakan three mantras which could produce the following effects2:
(i) to cure poison (ii) to assume any desired form
(iii) to make his voice sweet. These mantras are introduced by Tēvar, because they are important for the development of the story. In the Patumaiyār ilampakam Civakan used the first mantra, i.e. the mantra which helps to cure the poison. In the Curamancariyār ilampakam he used the other two. He assumed the form of an old man and sang sweet songs to attract the attention of Curamancari.
(ii) In the Up., the King Dhanapati, the father of Padmottamā, proclaimed when his daughter was bitten by the snake that he would bestow his daughter and half the kingdom to him who freed her from the poison. This proclamation made by the king is not mentioned in the Cc. According to the Cc., when Civakan, entered the country of king Tanapati, he met the prince of the country, Ulokapalan, the brother of Patumai, at a dance recital given by Tēcikappavai. The news that Patumai had been bitten by a snake reached Ulokapalan while he was with Civakan. On hearing the news Ulokapālan rushed to see his sister, leaving Civakan. But, later on, when Ulokapalan failed to cure his sister from poison, he asked his servants to bring Civakan. Civakan cured Patumai and the king, being pleased, offered his daughter to Civakan. Differences found in the Patumaiyar ilam pakam
(i) In the Cc., when Civakan expressed Cutancaman the desire to leave the house of Cutancanan, the latter told him that Civakan would kill Kattiyankāran and regain the kingdom in twelve months' time. This prediction of Cutancapan is not found iš the Up.
(ii) According to the Cc. before Civakan reached the city of Captirāpam, he preached Jaina doctrine to a hunter who offered him meat and honey. This incident is not narrated in the Up.5
(ii) According to the Cc., Civakan helped a herd of elephants from a forest fire by causing a shower of rain. This incident is not related in the Up.
(iv) According to the Cc., Técikappavai, a dancing girl in whose dance recital Civnkan met Ulokapālan the brother of Patumai for the first time, fell in love with Civakan.? Civakan united with her after his marriage with Patumai in the park. 8 This episode is not found in the Up. 1 Up. loc. cit. v. 388. 2 Cc. v. 1218.
3 Up. loc. cit. vv. 392–393. 4 Cc. vv. 1220-1221.
5 lbid, vv. 1230-1236. 6 Ibid, v. 1237. 7 Ibid, vv. 1253-1261. 8 Ibid, vv. 1355-1357.
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