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156
Study of Civakacintamani
(He attained liberation (mokşa) by overcoming the four karmas (the aghātiya karmas)).
The soul which is completely free from karmas and which has attained the four infinite qualities and which has no body is called as siddha. According to Digambara Jains this stage of siddha cannot be attained by women and can be only attained by men. First the women have to get rid of their woman-hood and then only can attain salvation. This is explained in the Cc. through the characters, Vicayai, the mother of Civakan and the queens of Civakan. Vicayai renounced the world before Civakan and did penance, but there is no reference in the Cc. to show that she attained liberation. When describing the queens of Civakan Tēvar says that after they renounced the worldly affairs, they performed penance, in order to get rid of their life as women.
...pen pirapp ițiyac cintitlär 1 (They meditated to get rid of their birth as women).
As a result of this meditation they gained pure knowledge and destroyed their birth as women and attained the state of Indras.
All the souls which have attained siddhahood are equal. There is no god beyond these souls. The relationship between these souls and the souls which have not attained liberation will be discussed under the sub section "Theological ideas". Before dealing with the theological ideas, it is als) necessary to discuss the ritualistic ideas found in the Cc.
Ritualistic Ideas
In the early canons of Jainism no importance was given to rituals The first descriptive mention of Jaina rituals is found in the Adipurāpa of Jin 152 11.3 It is not known whether these rituals mentioned in the Adipurāņa (Ap.) were prevalent among Jainas earlier than the period of the Ap. or whether they were framed by Jinasena in a way similar to the Hindu samskāras. 4
The Ap. deals with fifty thre: kriyās, in its chapter thirty eight.8 Although all the ritual mentioned in the Ap. are not found in the Cc., there are references to a few rituals. The kriyās which are found in the Cc. are discussed below.
The kriyā which is performed when naming a child is called Nánakarman. This kriya is done on the twelfth day after the child's birth.. In the Cc, this kriya is per. formed when naming the children of Cvjakan. The astrologers draw their horoscopes calculating the position of the stars with their highest positions, their lowest positions and their relationship with each other. After calculating the horoscopes they named the children on the twelfth day. 8 1 Cc. v. 3120
5 Ap. chapter XXXVIII, 50-311 2 Ibid, v. 31 21
6 Ibid, XXXVIII, 57-59 3 Williams, op. cit. p. 274
7 Cc. v. 2703 4 Ibid. p. 274
8 Naccipārkkiniyar, the commentary written on Cc. v. 2703
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