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Book II The Principle of the Knowable
Note: II. 1, II. 2, etc. denotes gatha (verse) No. 1, 2, etc. of Book II in serial number, while gatha Nos. 93/2, 94, etc. at the end of translation denote consecutive numbering of gathas starting from Book 1, which tallies with the gatha numbering of the original Prakrit text given at the end of this edition and most editions of the work in Hindi.
SUBSTANCE IN GENERAL (VERSES 93-126) Now begins the explanation of the principle (tattva) concerning the knowable. Here he explains the proper characteristic nature of the thing as substance, quality and modification:
II. 1 The object, indeed, consists of substance; the substances are said to have their essence in qualities. And through these [i.e. both substance and qualities) are the modifications. Those, who are deluded (moodh) in regard to the modifications, are para-samaya, i.e. those who hold the view of reality of things, including the self, "other" than what it is.31 (93/2)
(la) Whatever object (padartha) is distinguished by us consists of substance (dravya), inasmuch as it results from the substance, which is an aggregation (samudaya) of cross-wise-generality (vistara-samanya) and lenghtwise-generality (ayata-samanya). 32
(1b) The substances again have their essence in (or chracterised by their] qualities, inasmuch as they result (from the qualities, i.e.) from cross-wise particularities (vistara-vishesha), which abide in one thing
(1c) The modifications, again, have both the substance and the quality for essence; for being themselves lenght-wise particularities
