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THE ESSENCE OF JÄINA SCRIPTURES
separated from material-substances functioning at that time as karman or no-karman, and being combined with them by combination, and, moreover, arising, being permanent, and vanishing through separation, they have movement as their proper nature.
Now he teaches that differentiation of the substances results from differentiation of the qualities:
II.38. As marks (linga) by which the substance is distinctly-known as soul or as non-soul we must consider the qualities differentiated by non-identity (with the substances) and by being of an incorporeal or corporeal nature (murta-amurta). (130)
Qualities are marks, because by them, as belonging to substance and not to anything else, substance is marked, gone to (lingyate = gamyate). And, being differentiated from substance by non-identity (atad-bhava), according to the saying the substance is not the qualities, and the qualities are not the substance (cf. Pravachana-sara, 108),” they function as marks thereof, when the mark and the possessor-ofthe-mark are known.
And these qualities cause in the substances such differentiations as “this is a soul," and "this is a non-soul"; fór they themselves are endowed with differentiation through the fact that (the substances) are differentiated by their distinctive-being (tad-bhava). And, because the differentiation of the (qualities) arises from the fact that a substance is differentiated by this, or that proper nature, therefore, as the corporeal and incorporeal substances are differentiated by their respective-distinctive-being, i.e. by either corporeality or incorporeality, we have certain differentiation of the qualities, “these qualities are corporeal, and those are incorporeal.”
Now he expounds the definition and relation of corporeal and incorporeal qualities:
II.39. Corporeal (murta) qualities, which can be perceived by the sense-organs, characterise the material substances (pudgala-dravya) and are manifold. The qualities of incorporeal substances should be considered incorporeal (amurta). (131)
Perceptibility by the sense-organs is the definition of corporeal qualities; and the very opposite holds true of the incorporeal qualities. And these corporeal qualities belong to material-substance, since this alone is corporeal. The incorporeal qualities belong to the other substances, since all substances, other than matter, are incorporeal.
