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THE ESSENCE OF JAINA SCRIPTURES
SUBSTANCE IN PARTICULAR (VERSES 127-144) II.35. Substance is sout and non-soul. Soul, again, is constituted of consciousness (chetna) and psychic-attention (upayoga); non-soul is devoid of consciousness, primarily material-substance. (127)
Substance, even while not forsaking the generality (samanya) of substance, which is the condition (nibandhana) of oneness, yet, since there exist differential characteristics, “mounted” upon this (generality), admits the particularization of soul and non-soul, in consequence of their mutual exclusion (vyavaccheda).
Of these two, the soul has only one specialized-form (vyakti), the self-substance. But of non-soul there are five specialized-forms, (1) material substance, (2) substance dharma (principle of motion), (3) the substance adharma (principle of rest), (4) the substance time, (5) the substance space.
The differential (i.e. only belonging to one class of substances, and therefore used in the definition) characteristic (vishesha-lakshana) of soul is the fact that it consists of consciousness with its manifestation or psychic-attention; of non-soul, again, it is being without consciousness.
The soul is that (substance) in which we see installed a manifestation of consciousness, august, in the form of conscious awareness (samvitti), never absent, and since it penetrates its own properties, shining with characteristic nature.
and of psychic-attention, characterized as an evolution thereof and having the form of a functioning of the substance.
Where, on the other hand, we see installed an insentient-nature (achetana), inwardly and outwardly, due to absence of consciousness, accompanied by psychic-attention and with characteristics as described, that is non-soul
Now he defines the differentiation between the universe and the beyond (a-loka):
II.36. That which is located in space, provided with time and asti-kayas (those having extension in space), dharma and adharma (the principles of motion and rest], and conjoined with soul and matter, is at all times the universe [loka]. (128)
Of substance (read dravyam) there is what is differentiated by differentiation as universe and the beyond, because these have each its own characteristics.
