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BOOK II: THE PRINCIPLE OF KNOWLEDGE
321
varieties such as configuration (samsthana) (the shape of body in which the soul temporarily lives), etc. (152)
When of one thing certified as existent in its characteristic nature, which is its definite individuality, there is in another thing, likewise certified in its characteristic nature, which is its definite individuality, a self-attainment achieved under a specialized form, that (other) thing, consisting of more than one substance, is a modification. Such a modification of soul in matter, as of matter in other matter, arising through qualification by configuration and so forth, is actually experienced. And such a modification is logical. For the modification of a single substance, differentiated from the pure (kevala) soul simply as consisting in a connection with more than one substance, is discerned unimpaired within (the composite thing).
Now he instances particular modifications:
II.61. Men, beings in hell (naraka), animals, and devas, are modifications of souls, metamorphosed by configurations and so forth, through the arising (udaya) of name-karman (nama-karma) (For the term udaya, see note 9 and note 12; for nama-karman, see note 51). (153)
Beings in hells, lower animals, men, devas-these in fact are modifications of souls. These, assuredly, as consisting of conjunctions with more than one substance-since this is the cause of the ripening of name-karman matter –have been metamorphosed by configurations and so forth; like the modifications of fire, chaff-fire, coal-fire and so forth through configurations such as agitation, vibration (for khilva read khela), and so on.
Now, as the reason for the distinction of own and others, he emphasizes the self's possession of existence, which, despite its mixture with other substances, makes it known as a thing:
11.62. Whoso knows the own nature of substance, dependent upon existence (sad-bhava), stated as triple (stability, origination, annihilation) and having varieties (vikalpa), will not be infatuated with other substance. (154)
The own nature of a substance is that possession of existence in a form of its own, which is the individuality and is called that which makes it known as a thing; since the own nature of a substance is dependent upon existence. Inasmuch as the own nature of a substance, when recognized as assuming, in the form of substance, quality and
