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310
THE ESSENCE OF JAINA SCRIPTURES
The possession of (several) infinitesimal-spacial-units holds true of soul, because in both its contraction (samvarta) and expansion (vistara) it never leaves the (region of) the innumerable infinitesimal-spacialunits which are coextensive with the space of the universe62;
of matter, because although it is a-pradesha, particle-less, when considered as a substance (i.e. atom), owing to its extending over only one pradesha-yet it possesses a fluctuating number of infinitesimalspacial-units, through its modifications having a numerable number, two, etc., an innumerable and an infinite number;
of dharma, because it has the nature of extending over innumerable infinitesimal-spacial-units which pervade the whole universe;
of adharma, because it has the nature of extending over innumerable infinitesimal-spacial-units which pervade the whole universe;
of space, because it has the nature of extending over an infinite number of infinitesimal-spacial-units which pervade everything.
But the time-atom (kalanu) is devoid of infinitesimal-spacial-units (a-pradesha), because, considered as a substance, it covers only one infinitesimal-spacial-units, and, considered in its modifications, it has no intermingling.
Therefore the time-substance is without spacial-units, and all other substances have spacial-units.
Now he teaches where situated are these substances with and without infinitesimal-spacial-units:
II.44. Space or sky is in the universe (loka) and that which is beyond the universe (aloka); dharma, adharma [the principles of motion and rest]63 are stretched over the universe; so is time, with the remaining [two] substances, souls (jivas) and material-components. (136)
Space is in and outside the universe, since it occurs without any difference as to containing or not containing the six substances.64
Dharma and adharma are in the whole universe, because it is not possible that souls and matter, which move and rest through their causation, move or rest outside the universe or only in one region thereof.
Time, too, is in the universe; for its modifications, such as moments (samaya) etc., are found in the evolutions of souls and matter; but it covers one infinitesimal-spacial-unit of the world, since it does not possess pradeshas.65
