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BOOK II: THE PRINCIPLE OF KNOWLEDGE
293
during the time of their own particular divergence (vyatireka), which is the modification, are therefore at other times not existent.
And, as regards the manifestation of the modifications, which takes place in the time given, according to succession, and threaded through them with its energy-of-sameness, which has a substance-character, in regard thereto the inodifications of nature, since they do not exist before their own several divergences, which constitute the respective modifications, are "others”.
Therefore, through this relation of otherness between the modifications it is ascertained that in substance-which is not separated from its modifications, inasmuch as it is the characteristic nature, the agent, the instrument and the abode 46 of the modifications, origination from a non-existent takes place.
Thus, a man is not a god or liberated soul; neither is a god a man or liberated soul; being “not” (read asan instead of asat) in this way, “other,” and so that a soul-substance whose modification as man, for instance, is being effected-like a piece of gold, whose secondary state of armlet, for example, is coming into existence-should not be at each stage (pratipadam)“other”?
Now he repudiates a contradiction between the anyatva and unanyatva in the one substance:
II.22. The soul substance when viewed from the point-of-viewof-substance (dravyarthikena), is the same (not other) in all its altered modifications, but when viewed from the point-of-view-of-modification (paryayarthikena), it is other and not other from the modifications because during a certain time it possesses the nature of that through which it evolves during the time of the evolution. (cf PS 8). (114)
With reference to any thing whatever, since it has generality (samanya) and particularity (vishesha) for self, those who consider its characteristic nature possess two (mental)-eyes, which successively distinguish the generality and the particularity, namely one eye for the substance-aspect and another for the modification-aspect.
When one looks with only the eye of the substance-aspect open, whilst the eye of the modification-aspect is decidedly closed, then to those who observe only the one generality of soul, placed in the differentiations consisting in being hell-inhabitant, animal, man, god and liberated soul, and do not observe the differentiations, all that manifests itself as soul-substance.
