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I ADHYAYA, 4 PÂDA, 1.
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Pradhana, as established by Kapila's theory, of which Brahman is not the Self.— The Parvapakshin maintains the former alternative. For, he says, in the clause 'beyond the Great is the Unevolved, beyond the Unevolved is the Person,' we recognise the arrangement of entities as established by the Sankhya-system, and hence must take the Unevolved' to be the Pradhana. This is further confirmed by the additional clause 'beyond the Person there is nothing,' which in agreement with Sankhya principles) denies that there is any being beyond the soul, which itself is the twenty-fifth and last of the principles recognised by the Sankhyas. This prima facie view is expressed in the former part of the Satra, 'If it be said that in the sâkhas of some that which rests on Inference, i.e. the Pradhana, is stated as the universal cause.'
The latter part of the Satra refutes this view. The word Unevolved' does not denote a Pradhana independent of Brahman; it rather denotes the body represented as a chariot in the simile of the body, i.e. in the passage instituting a comparison between the Self, body, intellect, and so on, on the one side, and the charioteer, chariot, &c. on the other side.-The details are as follows. The text at first--in the section beginning. Know the Self to be the person driving,' &c., and ending 'he reaches the end of the journey, and that is the highest place of Vishnu' (1, 3, 3-9) -compares the devotee desirous of reaching the goal of his journey through the samsara, i.e. the abode of Vishnu, to a man driving in a chariot ; and his body, senses, and so on, to the chariot and parts of the chariot; the meaning of the whole comparison being that he only reaches the goal who has the chariot, &c. in his control. It thereupon proceeds to declare which of the different beings enumerated and compared to a chariot, and so on, occupy a superior position to the others in so far, namely, as they are that which requires to be controlled-' higher than the senses are the objects,' and so on. Higher than the sensescompared to the horses are the objects—compared to roads,-because even a man who generally controls his senses finds it difficult to master them when they are in
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