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184
THE INDIAN ANTIQUABY.
(JULY, 1907.
“the badly hurt cow" would be the subject and died suddenly yesterday" would be the predicate of a sentence.
And when the subject or predicate consists'. many words, it must contain principal and additional words. In the sentence already quoted, the words "Cow" and "died" are the principal words, and the rest are additional.
This leads to the argament that the components of a sentence are words, placed either in the subjective or predicative parts of it, having a relation to each other in that part of principal and subordinate. Therefore, because of such relation, words fulfil fanctions. The functions then of the principal words must be to indicate the subjeot or predicate, and of the subordinate words in the predicative part of the sentence to illustrate the predicate, and in the subjective part to explain the subject or to illustrate that explanation. Thus, in the sentence already discussed, the functions of each word are quite clear. “Cow" indicates the subject and "died" the predicate. "The" and "hurt" explain the sort and condition of the cow, i. e., of the subject. “Badly" illustrates the explanation of the subject by stating how much the cow was hurt. "Suddenly" and "yesterday" illustrate the predicate by stating how and when the cow died.
Again, as the predicate is the discussion of communication on the sabject, it is capable of extension or completion by complementary words, which form that part of a sentence recognised in the Grammars as "the object. Thus, in " the policeman found the dead man," the communication made in the predicate “found ". is completed by the complementary words the dead man," which form the complement or object.
These observations complete the first stage of the argument leading to a direct and simple definition of grammatical terms.But speech obviously does not stop here, because mankind speaks with a purposo, and the funotion of his sentences is to indicate that purpose, which must be one of the five following in any specified sentence: -(1) affirmation, (2) denial, (3) interrogation, (4) exhortation, (5) information. Now, purpose can only be indicated in a sentence by the position, as in English, or by the tones, as in Chinese, of its componente; or by variation of their forms, as in Latin ; or by the addition of special introductory words, as in most languages. Also it is obvious that when purposes are connected, they can be indicated by connected sentences, and that these sentences must be in the relation of principal and subordinate. This relation can only be expressed by the position of the sentences themselves, as in English; by tariation of the forms of their components, as in Tamil, Turkish, and many other languages, or by the addition of special words of reference. In English, subordinate sentences usually follow the principal. When they do not, this rule is recognised by saying that the statement is inverted. The use of special words of reference is shown in such a statement as "I am certain John died on Sunday, because Mary told me so," where "because" is specially added to the subordinate sentence to connect it with the principal sentence.
A word of reference 'must act in one of two ways, either by merely joining sentences, or by nabstituting itself in the subordinate sentence for the word in the principal sentence to which it refers. In "I caught the man who ran away, the word of reference “wbo" connects the subordinate with the principal sentence. * John ran away. He had killed his mother." Here are two connected sentences, the subordinate following the principal and connected with it by the words" he." And his" substituted for John" in the principal sentence to which they refer.
. Further, as there is a necessary interrelation between the words in a sentence, this can only be expressed by the addition of special connecting words, or by variation or correlated variation of form. In the story about John was told me yesterday," the intimate relation between "story" and "John" is expressed by the connecting word "abont." In "descensus Averni," inflexion of one of two intimately related words is used for the same purpose, just as in English the special
