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NOVEMBER, 1907.) PANJAB ADMINISTRATIVE TERMS AND TITLES.
351
(i) The chat was the collector of revenue and the officer responsible for the internal management of the parganás.16
(ii) The likhnehárd kept the revenue accounts and did clerical work.
(ii) The bhatwali7 carried out their orders and held under them a position analogous to that of the házri ad kotwdl at the capital.
The other officials, who were all subordinate to the three kdrddrs, were
(iv) The jhotidr (from jhotd, an errand'), a messenger, who was under the immediate orders of the thatwal and carried out the kárdar's orders conveyed through him.
(v) Ugrád,18 a tax-gatherer, who collected the revenue demand under the char.
(vi) Jinsdli (from jins, 'grain' or goods, and dl, a store), a store-keeper, who was in charge of the storehouse of the pargana.
(vii) Pahri (from pahr, watch), a record-keeper, who was in charge of the State's kothi, records, and revenue, both in cash and kind.
(viii) Dhånd (? from bhanda, a vessel), a cook, who cooked the kárdárs' food and cleaned their atensils.
(ix) Hali, a care-taker, who kept the kothi clean and looked after the storage and safekeeping of the grain.
(3) Kågadidra (from Persian käyhaz and dri, bringing), a letter-carrier. (si) Lakkarhar, who supplied wood to the kotht. (ii) Ghidrú, who collected ghi from those who paid their revenue in that commodity. (xiii) Dudhiand, who similarly collected milk.
In certain parganas there used to be a high omoial called odhrů, who was superior to the kard&rs, and had under him more than one pargand.
In Barmeur, the ancient Brahmapura, all the above officials are known, but the ugráked is called durbial or drubiyal, and although the jhotiår is not anknown, his duties are performed by a kothéru. There is also an official called ahrá,19 below the durbiydl, who collects milk. Neither the kothóru nor the ahşi are paid servants of tho State, but they are allowed certain concessions and privileges in their wisdrat. Formerly an official called patwdri20 had woollen blankets made for the Rajâ out of the wool collected as revenue.
In the Bhattiyat wirdrat certain parganás had an odhrů over them and others an amin. Both were superior in rank to the kdrddrs. There the bhatwal was called tharth ; 21 the jhotidr, bhatwil; the ugråkd, muqaddam; and the ahra, jhiwar or jhar.
The remote wizdrat of Pangi used to be under a wazir (who visited it every third year to collect the revenue), and under him was a pâlerd. Otherwise Pångt bad all the officials except No. xiii, above described, the only difference being that the ugrálod was called muqaddam.
(To be continued.)
1. Hence his charge (tho paryand) was also called chari. Somo pargande also have a chhota chår, whose jurisdiction is separate from that of the bard char.
IT It is possible, but hardly probable, that the bhatwal is the bhata of the copper-plates.
15 Ugráka, ef. PaljAbt ugraha, collector or gatherer of tax. Tbe ugrakd and Shofiar were appointed as occasion required.
19 Possibly from ahrt, beestinga, the first milk of a cow after calving. If so, the word is practioally synonymous with dudhidra. *Probably from pattu, blanket.
Soe ante, p. 360, note 14.
