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APRIL 1879.]
PERIPLUS OF THE ERYTHRÆAN SEA.
113
16. Kpókos-Crocus, Saffron. (Sans. kasmiraja, dying yellow, and a liquor drawn from it was Guj. Mesir, Pers. zafran.) Exported from Egypt to | used as a medicine (Celsus v. 26, 30, and vi. 7) Mouza (24) and to Kanê (28).
It was held in great esteem by the ancients. Pliny 17. Kúrepos-Cyprus. Exported from Egypt to (xxiv. 77) says that a superior kind of Lycium Mouza (24). It is an aromatic rush used in medi- produced in India was made from a thorn called cine (Pliny xxi. 18). Herodotos (iv. 71) describes also Pyracanthus (box-thorn) Chironia. It is knom it as an aromatic plant used by the Skythians in India as Ruzot, an extract of the Berberis for embalming. Kúrepos is probably Ionic for lycium and B. aristata, both grown on the HimaKúrepos-Kúmerpos lv kòs of Dioskoridês, and layas. Conf. the Aúkrov ivockòv of Dioskor. i. 133. Oypria herba indica of Pliny.-Perhaps Turmeric, (? Gamboge.) Curcuma longa, or Galingal possibly.
21. Máyla-Magla- & kind of cassia mentioned 18. Aévria, (Lat. lintea)--Linen. Exported from only in the Periplás. Exported from Tabai (12). Egypt to Adouli (6).
22. Makeup-Macer. Exported from Malað and 19. Aißavos (Heb. lebonah, Arab. luban, Sans. Moundou (8,9). According to Pliny, Dioskoridês, srlvása) - Frankincense. Peratic or Libyan frank- and others, it is an Indian bark-perhaps a kind of incense exported from the Barbarine markets, cassia. The bark is red and the root large. The Tabai(12), Mossulon (10), Malao and Moundou, in
bark was used as a medicine in dysenteries. Pliny small quantities (8,9); produced in great abun. xii. 8; Salmasius, 1302. (? The Karachdid of the dance and of the best quality at Akannai (11); bâzârs, Kutajatvak). Arabian frankincense exported from Kanê (28). A 23. Maláßalpov (Sans. tamdlapattra, the leaf magazine for frankincense on the Sakhalitic Gulf of the Laurus Cassia), Malabathrum, Betel. Obtainnear Cape Suagros (30). Moskha, the port whence ed by the Thinai from the Sesatai and uxported to it was shipped for Kanê and India (32) and Indo- India (65); conveyed down the Ganges to Gangê Skythia (39).
near its mouth (63); conveyed from the interior Regarding this important product Yule thus of India to Mouziris and Nelkunda for export (56). writes :-"The coast of Hadhramaut is the trae That Malabathrum was not only a masticatory, but and ancient Xópa .Bavobopos or Außavuropópos, also an unguent or perfume, may be inferred from indicated or described under those names by The- Horace (Odes, II. vii. 89) :ophrastus, Ptolemy, Pliny, Pseudo-Arrian, and
... "coronatus nitentes other classical writers, i.e. the country producing
Malabathro Syrio capillos", the fragrant gum-resin called by the Hebrews Lebo- and from Pliny (xii. 59): "Dat et Malabathrum nah, by the Arabs Tuban and Kundur, by the Greeks
Syria, arborum folio convoluto, arido colore, ex Libanos, by the Romans Thus, in mediæval Latin quo exprimitur oleum ad unguenta: fertiliore Olibanum (probably the Arabic al-luban, but popu- ejusdem Egypto: laudatius tamen ex India venit." larly interpreted as oleum Libani), and in English From Ptolemy (VII. ii. 16) we learn that the best frankincense, i.e. I apprehend, 'genuine incense' Malabathrum was produced in Kirrhadia--that is, or 'incense proper. It is still produced in this Rangpur. Dioskoridês speaks of it as a mastiregion and exported from it, but the larger part of catory, and was aware of the confusion caused by that which enters the markets of the world is
mistaking the riard for the betel. exported from the roadsteads of the opposite
24. Μέλι το καλάμινον, το λεγόμενον σάκχαρ Sumalf coast. Frankincense when it first exudes
(Sans. sarkará, Prakrit sakara, Arab. sukkar, is milky white; whence the name white incense by Latin saccharum)-Honey from canes, called which Polo speaks of it, and the Arabic name
Sugar. Exported from Barugaza to the marts Zuban apparently refers to milk. The elder Niebuhr,
of Barbaria (14). The first Western writer who travelled in Arabia, depreciated the Libanos
who mentions this article was Theophrastos, who of Arabia, representing it as greatly inferior to that
continued the labours of Aristotle in natural hisbrought from India, called Benzoin. He adds that
tory. He called it a sort of honey extracted from the plant which produces it is not native, but
reeds. Strabo states, on theauthority of Nearkhos, originally from Abyssinia."- Marco Polo, vol. II.
that reeds in India yield honey without bees. p. 443, &c.
Ælian (Hist. Anim.) speaks of a kind of honey 20. AÚklov-Lycium. Exported from Barbari
pressed from reeds which grew among the Prasii. kon in Indo-Skythia (39), and from Barugaza (49).
| Seneca (Epist. 84) speaks of sugar as a kind of honey Lycium is a thorny plant, so called from being found in India on the leaves of reeds, which had found in Lykia principally. Its juice was used for
either been dropped on them from the sky as dew,
• What the BrAhmans call kuendaru is the gum of a tree Igundar.-B. I. P. called the Dhapa-salai; another sort of it, from Arabia, 10 More likely from Nepal, where it is called tejapát.they call Isesa, and in Kathi&ved it is known as Sesa- B. I. P.
