Sramana 2003 10

Author(s): Shivprasad
Publisher: Parshvanath Vidhyashram Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/525051/1

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zramaNa SRAMANA (akTUbara-disambara 2003) pApITha, vArANasI maravarapumagata " pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI PARSWANATHA VIDYAPITHA, VARANASI

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zramaNa SRAMANA (akTUbara-disambara 2003) vidyApITha vArANasI PANE sAvarapumata pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI PARSWANATHA VIDYAPITHA, VARANASI

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varSa 54 zramaNa pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI traimAsika zodha-patrikA aMka 10-12 pradhAna sampAdaka prophesara sAgaramala jaina sampAdaka DaoN0 zivaprasAda prakAzaka pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, AI. TI. AI. mArga, karauMdI po. oN. - bI.eca.yU., vArANasI - 221005 ( u0 pra0 ) e-mail : parshwanathvidyapeeth@rediffmail.com dUrabhASa : 0542-2575521 akTUbara-disambara 2003 ISSN-0972-1002 vArSika sadasyatA zulka saMsthAoM ke lie vyaktiyoM ke lie : isa aMka kA mUlya : ru. : ru. 150.00 ru.100.00 25.00 AjIvana sadasyatA zulka saMsthAoM ke lie : vyaktiyoM ke lie : ru0 500.00 noTa : sadasyatA zulka kA ceka yA DrAphTa kevala pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nAma se hI bhejeN| ru.1000.00

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sampAdakIya zramaNa akTUbara-disambara 2003 kA aMka sammAnanIya pAThakoM ke samakSa prastuta hai| vibhinna apratyAzita kAraNoM se ise hama samaya se prastuta na kara sake, jisake liye pAThakagaNa kSamA karane kI kRpA kreNge| pUrva ke aMkoM kI bhAMti isa aMka meM bhI jaina darzana, AcAra, sAhitya, itihAsa, kalA evaM samasAmayika viSayoM para AdhArita 15 maulika Alekha prakAzita haiN| hamArA yahI uddezya hai ki zramaNa meM prakAzita hone vAle sabhI Alekha susampAdita evaM zuddha rUpa meM mudrita hoN| apane uddezya kI pUrti meM hama kahAM taka saphala ho sake haiM yaha nirNaya pAThakagaNa svayaM kareM aura apanI niSpakSa pratikriyA se hameM avagata karAne kI kRpA kreN| jaina dharma-darzana- sAhitya- itihAsa- kalA Adi pakSoM se sambaddha maulika evaM aprakAzita Alekha hindI, aMgrejI evaM gujarAtI bhASAoM meM prakAzanArtha sAdara AmaMtrita haiN| dinAMka : 15/3/04 sampAdaka

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6-9 zramaNa akTUbara-disambara 2003 sampAdakIya viSayasUcI hindI khaNDa 1. jaina darzana kI dravyadRSTi evaM paryAvaraNIya nItizAstra kA pArasparika sambandha - DaoN0 rAmakumAra gupta 2. jaina evaM bauddha bhikSuNiyoM ke AhAra sambandhI niyama - aMzu zrIvAstava 3. digambara jaina jAtiyA~ : udbhava evaM vikAsa - kusuma sogAnI 10.25 4. siddhasena divAkara kA jainadarzana ko avadAna / - DaoN0 kiraNa zrIvAstava 26-32 5. vanaspati aura jaina AhAra zAstra - DaoN0 nandalAla jaina / 33-53 6. AcArya zaMkara kI bauddha dRSTi - anAmikA siNh| 54-60 7. vartamAna sAmAjika saMdarbha meM adhyAtmavAda kI cunautiyAM evaM jaina dRSTi se unakA samAdhAna - DaoN0 zyAma kizora siMha 61-66 8. jAti vyavasthA aura usakA dAyitva- DaoN0 kamaleza kumAra jaina 67-70 9. gAMdhI aura zAkAhAra - DaoN0 zailabAlA zarmA 71-77 10. jainoM kI nAstikatA - dharmanirapekSa samAja kA AdhAra - DaoN0 kAkatakara vAsudeva rAva 78-92 11. kharataragaccha-bhAvaharSIyazAkhA kA itihAsa - zivaprasAda 93-9.9 12. jainoM evaM sikkhoM ke aitihAsika sambandha - zrI mahendra kumAra masta 100-102 ENGLISH SECTION 13. Landmark of Bahubali Images in Karnataka -Prof. M.N.P. Tiwari 103-110 14. Origin of Sramanism : Causes and Conflict ___-Dr. Niharika 111-118 15. Jaina Contribution to Indian Grammar - Dr. A.K. Singh 119-138 16. vidyApITha ke prAMgaNa meM 139-140 17. jaina jagat 141-143 18. sAhitya satkAra 144-148

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jaina-darzana kI dravya-dRSTi evaM paryAvaraNIya nItizAstra kA pArasparika sambandha DaoN0 rAma kumAra gupta* jaina-darzana meM 'dravya' ko sadrUpa (sat dravyam) pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai, jisase na kevala jIva varan jagat kI samasta anya vastue~ bhI satya nirUpita ho jAtI haiN| vastuta: ve mAnate haiM ki jitanA nizcita jJAtA kA astitva hai, utanA hI nizcita jJeya kA bhI hai| isase unakA vastuvAdI aura sApekSatAvAdI dRSTikoNa prakaTa hotA hai| jaina darzana kI 'dravya- dRSTi' vizvamImAMsA se sambandhita hai, jisameM saMsAra ke samasta 'sadrUpadravya' ko sajIva aura ajIva ke rUpa meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| dhyAtavya hai ki jaina dArzanikoM ne jIvana ke lakSaNoM ke avalokana se 'jIva-dravya' (cetanA lakSaNo jIva:) kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, na ki vyaSTi ke astitva ke AdhArabhUta tattva kI gaveSaNA se| ata: jaina-darzana ke 'jIva' zabda ko isI mUla artha meM yAnI 'prANatattva' ke artha meM hI grahaNa karanA ucita hogaa| ___ jaina-darzana ke anusAra sArA saMsAra anantAnanta asaMkhya jIvoM se ApUra hai| jIvadravya do prakAra ke haiM - 'mukta' evaM 'bddh'| mukta-jIva ve haiM jo saMsAracakra se chuTakArA pA cuke haiN| 'baddha jIva' ve haiM jo abhI taka bandhana meM haiN| baddha jIva bhI do prakAra ke hote haiM - 'trasa aura sthaavr'| 'trasa jIva' gatimAna hote haiM aura unameM sparza, rasanA, ghrANa, cakSu aura zrota ye pAMcoM indriyAM rahatI haiM aura 'sthAvara jIva' meM kisI bhI prakAra kI gati nahIM hotI aura sthAvarakAyika jIvoM meM ekamAtra sparzana indriya hotI hai| trasa jIvoM meM caitanya kA svarUpa tathA isakI mAtrA bhinna-bhinna hotI hai, jaise - kRmi, pipIlikA, bhramara, manuSya aadi| 'sthAvara jIva' meM aise ekendriya jIva haiM jo kSiti, jala, vAyu, agni, vanaspati Adi meM vAsa karate haiN| yoM to ina jIvoM meM caitanya kA sarvathA abhAva mAlUma par3atA hai; lekina vastutaH inameM 'sparza-jJAna' vartamAna rahatA hai| pRthvI nAmaka sthAvara jIva meM mUMgA, pASANa Adi kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai; kyoMki 'DAbha' ke aMkara ke samAna kATane para ve puna: bar3ha jAte haiN| jala tattva kA cihna sajIvatA aura kAma janita anya bhAva hai| jala kI sajIvatA kA pramANa yaha hai ki AkAza * variSTha prAdhyApaka, TI0DI0 pI0jI0 kAleja; jaunpur| Fort

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2 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 kA jala bAdala kA vikAra hone para svataH hI utpanna hotA hai| isI prakAra (agni bhI sajIva hai; kyoMki puruSa ke aMga kI bhA~ti AhAra Adi ke grahaNa karane se (jaTharAgni) usameM vRddhi hotI hai| vAyu ko bhI sajIva mAnanA yukti saMgata pratIta hotA hai; kyoMki gau ke samAna vaha dUsare se prerita hokara gamana karatA hai| vanaspatiyoM kI sajIvatA ke to anekoM pramANa haiN| dhyAtavya hai ki 'trasa jIvoM' meM 'sthAvara jIvoM' kI apekSA cetanA kI adhika abhivyakti hotI hai| isa prakAra jaina-darzana meM 'trasa tathA sthAvara' jIvoM ke bahusaMkhyaka astikAya 'SaDdravyoM' kI 'sajIvatA' kA gaMbhIra anuzIlana kiyA gayA hai| jo manuSya ko yaha bodha bhI karAtA hai ki usakA astitva 'sthAvara jIva' dravyoM ke samyak sahayoga para bhI nirbhara hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra 'jIva dravya' kA sAdhAraNata: jJAta astitva dvividha hai jisameM jIva tathA ajIva donoM hI tattva anusyUta haiN| ata: 'jIva dravya' ke pazcAt 'ajIva dravya' kA vivecana prAsaMgika ho jAtA hai| ajIva kA nivAsa sthAna yaha saMsAra hai| yaha ajIva dravyoM se nirmita hai| unameM se kucha ajIva dravya to zarIra dhAraNa karate haiM; jinheM 'astikAya' (deza meM rahane vAlA) kahA jAtA hai; jaise - dharma, adharma, AkAza aura pudgl| aura kucha bAhya paristhitiyoM kA nirmANa karate haiM; jo AkAra na dhAraNa karane ke kAraNa 'anastikAya ajIva dravya' kahalAte haiM - jaise - 'kAla' jaina-darzana meM 'jar3atattva' ko pudgala batalAyA gayA hai| jisameM vibhAga aura saMyoga ho sake vaha pudgala hai| manuSya ke mana,vacana aura prANa pudgaloM se hI nirmita haiN| pudgala varNa, rasa, gaMdha, sparza se yukta hote haiN| anya ajIva dravyoM meM ye guNa nahIM pAye jAte haiN| __ jIva, dharma, kAla, padgala Adi dravyoM kI sthiti AkAza ke antargata mAnI gayI hai| AkAza ke abhAva meM ina dravyoM kI na to sthiti saMbhava hai aura na vistAra hii| isalie kahA jAtA hai ki dravya AkAza ko vyApta karatA hai aura 'AkAza' 'dravya' dvArA vyApta hotA hai| astikAya dravyoM kI avasthA parivartana yA pariNAma niravayava anastikAya 'kAla' ke antargata hI sampanna hotA hai| jaina-darzana meM 'dharma' aura 'adharma' ko paramparAgata 'puNya' aura 'pApa' ke artha meM grahaNa na karake 'gati' aura 'vizrAma' ke artha meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai; jo trasa jIvoM ke astitva ke lie sthAvara jIvoM ke mAdhyama se sahAyaka banate haiN| dhyAtatva hai ki jaina-darzana kI 'dravya-dRSTi' meM kevala manuSyoM tathA pazu-pakSiyoM meM hI jIvana nahIM hai; varana per3a-paudhoM tathA dhUla-kaNoM meM bhI jIvana hai; jisase unakA 'dravya' anuzIlana Aja bhI prAsaMgika hai; kyoMki Adhunika vijJAna ke anusAra bhI dhUla

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jaina-darzana kI dravya dRSTi evaM paryAvaraNIya nItizAstra kA pArasparika sambandha : 3 kaNoM tathA anyAnya bhautika padArthoM meM bhI 'jIvANa' pAye jAte haiN| yadyapi sabhI jIva samAna prakAra se cetana nahIM haiM; tathApi 'sthAvara' aura 'ajIva' dravyoM ke abhAva meM mAnava jIvana 'AkAza-puSpa' kI bhA~ti hogaa| yahA~ yaha ullekhanIya hai ki jaina dharma ne kama se kama 2500 varSa pUrva hI vanaspati jagat meM AtmA ke astitva ko siddha kara diyA thA Aja vijJAna ne use puSTa kara diyA hai| AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, daza vaikAlika, mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA Adi samasta jaina graMthoM meM SaDkAyika jIvoM kI hiMsA se virata rahane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| jaina-darzana kI 'dravya-dRSTi' aura 'paryAvaraNIya nItizAstra' meM gaharA sambandha hai, paryAvaraNIya nItizAstra samAjazAstra se jur3A huA hai aura samAjazAstra, manovijJAna, nRtatva vijJAna, zikSA zAstra, itihAsa darzana Adi viSayoM se ghaniSThatA se sambaddha hai| paryAvaraNIya adhyayana samAja dvArA prasthApita sAmAjika, Arthika evaM AdhyAtmika jIvana mUlyoM, paramparAoM, abhikaraNoM evaM saMsthAoM ke vikAsa, unakI upAdeyatA tathA pavirtanazIla paristhitiyoM meM unakI gatyAtmakatA ko banAye rakhane kI AvazyakatA ko samajhane meM sahayoga detA hai| isIlie paryAvaraNIya vijJAna ko pAristhitikI vijJAna bhI kahA jAtA hai| pAristhitika tantra ke do mahattvapUrNa ghaTaka haiM - jaivika evaM ajaivik| jaivika saMsAdhanoM meM per3a-paudhoM aura jIva jantu Ate haiM tathA ajaivika tattvoM meM jala saMsAdhana, vAyavIya saMsAdhana, bhUmi sampadA saMsAdhana Adi ko liyA jAtA hai| donoM kA saMtulana paryAvaraNa surakSA kI dRSTi se parama Avazyaka hai| jaivika vaividhya kA pAristhitika tantra meM banA rahanA dhAraNIya vikAsa ke lie aparihArya hai| jainAcAryoM ne 'parasparopagraho jIvanAm, kA ghoSa dekara ahiMsA aura saMyama kA siddhAMta diyA jo paryAvaraNIya nItizAstra kI rIr3ha hai| vastuta: paryAvaraNIya nItizAstra manuSya ke svavivekAnusAra 'kartavya-bodha' para prakAza DAlatA hai| jainAcAra paryAvaraNa kA mukhya saMrakSaka hai| 'kartavya-pAlana' ke lie Avazyaka hai ki kAryoM meM cunAva karane kI svatantratA ho| kANTa ke zabdoM meM "tuma kara sakate ho; isalie tumheM karanA caahie|'' dhyAtavya hai ki paryAvaraNa ke anya 'avayava' niyama ke adhIna calate haiN| manuSya Adarza (Norm) kA ciMtana karatA hai aura cAhe to usake anukUla kara sakatA hai aura cAhe to usake prtikuul| lekina 'kRtapraNAza' (jaisA karo vaisA bharo) kA siddhAnta kartA ke sAtha 'paryAvaraNa' ko bhI prabhAvita karatA hai; kyoMki anucita AcaraNa ke anukUla yA pratikUla prabhAva na kevala AcaraNakartA para, balki sambaddha aneka vyaktiyoM para, pAsa-par3osiyoM para tathA parivAra para bhI par3atA hai| udAharaNArtha 'zarAbI' vyakti ke AcaraNa kA prabhAva na kevala usake svayaM para, balki usake parivAra ke sadasyoM para, mitroM para tathA anya AtmIya bandhuoM

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4 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 para bhI par3atA hai| ata: paryAvaraNIya nItizAstra kA mUla Azaya yahI hai ki vyakti ke sAtha samAja ko bhI usake AcaraNa ke supariNAma yA duspariNAma prabhAvita karate haiN| koI pUcha sakatA hai ki kisI vyakti ke anucita AcaraNa kA 'daNDa' mAtra use na milakara anya vyakti ko yA bhAvI pIr3hiyoM ko kyoM mile; jinhoMne vaha anucita kArya kiyA hI nahIM hai; to kyA yaha naitika avyavasthA nahIM hogI? samucita uttara hogA ki nahIM; naitika avyavasthA nahIM hogii| jaise 'navajAta zizu ko durAcArI 'mAtApitA' se 'AIDS' prApta hone para nahIM haatii| durAcArI vyakti bhI kisI parivAra, mohalle yA samAja ke sadasya hote haiM aura usako anucita kArya karane se rokanA bhI usI parivAra, mohalle yA samAja kA kartavya hotA hai| usa kartavya-pAlana ko na karane kA 'daNDa' bhI uttaradAyI vyaktiyoM ko to bhoganA hI pdd'egaa| jaise sarvAdhika vizvavizruta rUsa kI ceranobila paramANu durghaTanA tathA bhopAla ke 'mika' gaisa kAMDa ne isase asambaddha logoM ke bhI janajIvana ko gaMbhIra rUpa se prabhAvita kiyA thaa| ThIka isI taraha Apa 'dhUmrapAna' nahIM karane mAtra se usake duSpariNAma se baca nahIM sakate haiN| par3osa ke logoM dvArA 'dhUmrapAna' karane se bhI Apa usake duSpariNAma se prabhAvita ho sakate haiN| ata: 'dhUmrapAna' ke prabhAva se bacane ke lie na kevala Apako dhUmrapAna nahIM karanA hai; balki 'paryAvaraNa' ke isa uttaradAyitva kA pAlana bhI karanA cAhie ki koI vyakti dhUmrapAna na kre| yahI bAta 'jala-thala' kI 'chatarI', 'ojona-saMkaTa', prANavAyu kA sAdhana 'vanaspati kSaraNasaMkaTa', samAja ke mUlAdhAra bhrUNahatyA-saMkaTa Adi anya sabhI anucita AcaraNa ke saMdarbha meM bhI lAgU hotI hai| ata: paryAvaraNIya pragati yA adhogati kA uttaradAyitva mAnava kA apanA hai| yaha uttaradAyitva vyaiyaktika bhI hai aura sAmUhika bhI hai| hAphiMga ne mAnA hai - "jaba hama 'vizva-prakriyA' ke viSaya meM socate haiM, taba mAno 'vizva-prakriyA' hameM socatI hai|" jaina paramparA meM prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva paryAvaraNa ke prathama saMvAhaka mahApuruSa the jinhoMne pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu aura vanaspati jIva ke astitva kI avadhAraNA dI aura paryAvaraNa kI sImA rekhA ko na kevala trasa jIvoM taka balki sthAvara jIvoM taka bddh'aayaa| jaina-darzana kI 'dravya-dRSTi' tathA 'paryAvaraNIya nItizAstra ke uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki jainoM kA 'dravya-ciMtana' 'paryAvaraNIya nItizAstra' kA hI 'avyakta' rUpa hai jo unake dvArA pradatta manuSya ke samyak jIvana hetu 'triratna' (samyak darzana, samyak jJAna, samyak cAritra) ke anuzIlana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai| donoM meM hI jagat ke samasta tattvoM kI anyonyAzritA kI aparihAryatA ko hI batalAyA gayA hai| isase donoM ke pArasparika sambandha kI akSuNNatA svayameva spaSTa ho jAtI hai| donoM ke anusAra dezakAla meM vyApta pratyeka tattva ke astitva kA apanA-apanA pravAha hai; parantu kAphI

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jaina-darzana kI dravya dRSTi evaM paryAvaraNIya nItizAstra kA pArasparika sambandha : 5 pravAha eka dUsare ko prabhAvita karate rahate haiN| yaha kriyA-pratikriyA nirantara calatI rahatI hai - craiveti-craiveti| niSkarSata: donoM ke pArasparika sambandha ke viSaya meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki 'jaina-darzana' kA 'jIva' svarUpata: jJAnavAn hai aura 'paryAvaraNIya nItizAstra' kA mUlAdhAra manuSya Atmacetana prANI hai; tathA usake astitva meM jagat ke pratyeka 'tattva' kA aMza anusyUta hai aura kisI eka 'tattva' ke vikRta hone para usake 'duSpariNAma' sampUrNa jagat ko prabhAvita karate haiN| jaise mAnava ke 'udara' kI 'jaTharAgni' dUSita hone para usake sampUrNa zarIra ko vyAdhigrasta kara detI hai| ata: vartamAna aura bhAvI pIr3hiyoM ke samyak hita ko dhyAna meM rakhakara mAnava ko AcaraNa karanA hai| jaisA ki romaoN rolA~ ne mAnA hai ki "vyakti ke karttavya mAnava samAja taka hI sImita nahIM haiM, balki vAstava meM sampUrNa 'cetana-sRSTi ke andara phaile hue haiM; kyoMki pratyeka prANI manuSya kA par3osI hai|'' jainAcAryoM ne vyakti ko prakRtistha banAne ke lie aisI jIvana paddhati dI hai jo use sundara AdhyAtmika bhAva-bhUmi taiyAra kara detI hai| yaha bhAva-bhUmi ahiMsA aura aparigraha kI hai jisapara calakara koI bhI vyakti dUsare ko na kaSTa de sakatA hai aura na anaitika mArga para cala sakatA hai| paryAvaraNa ko vizuddha banAye rakhane ke lie ye do hI aMga vizeSa sAdhaka haiN| jinapara calakara paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa se mukta huA jA sakatA hai| sandarbha : 1. kRmipipIlikAbhramaramanuSyAdInAmekaika vRddhAni, tattvArthAdhigamasUtra, 2/24. 2. vahI, 2/13. 3. anyayogavyavacchedadvAtriMzikA; zloka; 2/22, SaDjIvakAyaM tvanantasaMkhya 'mAkhyastathA nAtha yathA na dossH| 4. DaoN0 bhAgacandra jaina, jaina dharma aura paryAvaraNa, nyU bhAratIya buka kAraporezana, dillI 2001. 4. Romain Rolland : Mahatma Gandhi, Shivlal Agrawal & Co. Ltd. Agara, 1948.

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jaina evaM bauddha bhikSuNiyoM ke AhAra sambandhI niyama anzu zrIvAstava * jaina evaM bauddha dharma zramaNa paramparA ke mukhya nirvAhaka rahe haiN| ina donoM dharmoM kI vyavasthA meM bhikSu evaM bhikSuNI saMgha kA vizeSa mahatva hai kyoMki ye zramaNa paramparA ke AdhAra stambha haiN| prastuta zodha Alekha meM bhikSuNI saMgha ke bhojana sambandhI kucha niyamoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| jaina dharma meM bhikSu evaM bhikSuNiyoM donoM ke lie samAna niyamoM kI vyavasthA kI gaI thii| gRhasthoM ko kisI prakAra kI pIr3A na dete hue unake dvArA banAye gaye bhojana se apanI AvazyakatA kI pUrti kara lene kA unheM nirdeza diyA gayA hai|' unheM svAdiSTa bhojana ke lobha meM kisI sampanna ghara meM jAne kA niSedha thA, apitu unheM salAha dI gayI thI ki ve sabhI gharoM se thor3A-thor3A bhojana grahaNa kreN| zramaNa AhAra ke lie jAe to gRhastha ke ghara meM praveza karake zuddha AhAra kI gaveSaNA kre| vaha yaha jAnane kA prayAsa kare ki AhAra zuddha aura nirdoSa hai yA nhiiN| isa AhAra ko lene se pUrva aura pazcAt karma doSa to nahI lageMge? yadi AhAra atithi Adi ke lie banAyA gayA hai to use lene para gRhastha ko dobArA taiyAra karanA par3egA yA gRhastha ko aisA anubhava hogA ki mehamAna ke lie bhojana banAyA aura muni bIca meM hI A ttpke| isase unake mana meM kSobha kI bhAvanA ho sakatI hai ataH vaha bhI grahaNa nahIM karanA caahie| kisI garbhavatI mahilA ke lie banAyA gayA bhojana ho, vaha khA rahI ho aura usako antarAya lage vaha AhAra bhI zramaNa grahaNa na kare | 4 nirdhana aura bhikhAriyoM ke lie taiyAra kiyA gayA AhAra bhikSuNI ke lie akalpanIya hai | " do sAjhIdAroM kA AhAra ho aura donoM kI pUrva sahamati na ho to vaha AhAra bhI bhikSuNI grahaNa na kare | jisa svAmI ke upAzraya ( zayyAtara) meM bhikSuNI raha rahI ho usake ghara se bhikSA grahaNa karanA niSiddha thaa| dUsare ke ghara kA AhAra bhI yadi zayyAtara ke yahAM A jAya taba bhI vaha usake yahAM se bhojana nahIM le sakatI thI / bhikSA vRtti ke lie bhikSuNI akele jAnA niSiddha thaa| use do yA tIna bhikSuNiyoM ke sAtha jAne kA vidhAna kiyA gayA thaa|' use yaha nirdeza diyA gayA thA ki udvignatA rahita zAntacitta hokara bhikSA * zodha chAtrA, samAjazAstra vibhAga, sAmAjika vijJAna saMkAya, kA0hi0vi0vi0 /

Page #13
jaina evaM bauddha bhikSuNiyoM ke AhAra sambandhI niyama : 7 ke lie jaaye| yadi varSA ho rahI ho, ghanA kuharA par3a rahA ho, A~dhI cala rahI ho yA TiDDI Adi jIva-jantu idhara-udhara ghUma rahe hoM to aise samaya bhikSA vRtti ke lie jAne kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| bhikSuNI ko koyale, rAkha, bhUse aura gobara ke Dhera para se jAne kA niSedha hai|10 bhikSuNI ko atizIghratA se calanA caahie| calate hue haMsanA yA vArtAlApa karanA bhI varjita thaa| use bhikSA ke lie AturatA nahIM vyakta karanI cAhie apitu apanI indriyoM para saMyama rakhanA caahie|11 sthAnAMga12 meM AhAra sambandhI cAra niyama diye gaye haiN| (a) asaNe - anna se nirmita khAdya padArtha - (ba) pANe - peya padArtha (sa) khAIme - phala, mevA Adi . (da) sAime - tAmbUla, lauMga, ilAyacI Adi jaina granthoM meM upayukta tathA anupayukta prakAra ke AhAroM kA samyaka vivecana milatA hai| sAdhvI upayukta prakAra kA AhAra grahaNa kare, yaha nirdeza diyA gayA hai|13 AhAra sambandhI doSoM ko cAra bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai|14 (ka) udgama (kha) utpAdana (ga) eSaNA (gha) paribhoga jaina bhikSuNI ko AhAra sambandhI doSoM se rahita bhojana grahaNa karanA caahie| sUryodaya se pUrva tathA sUryAsta ke bAda AhAra lenA sarvathA varjita haiN|5 rAtri meM sUkSma prANI dikhAyI nahIM dete haiM hiMsA kI AzaMkA hotI hai isalie rAtri ke bhojana kA sarvathA niSedha kiyA gayA hai|16 / ' uttarAdhyayana meM bhojana grahaNa karane ke cha: kAraNa batAye gaye haiN| (1) veyaNa - kSudhA kI zAnti ke lie (2) veyAvacce - vedAvRtya (sevA) ke lie (3) iriyaTThAye - IryA samiti ke pAlana ke lie (4) saMjamaTThAe - saMyama pAlana ke lie (5) pANavRttiyAe - prANoM kI rakSA ke lie (6) dhammacintAe - dharmacintana ke lie jaina bhikSuNiyoM ko bhikSA ke lie dUra taka jAne kA vidhAna nahIM thaa| uttarAdhyayana ke anusAra bhikSuNI bhikSA ke lie Adhe yojana taka jA sakatI thii| bRhatkalpasUtra'7

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8 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 ke anusAra vaha eka kosa sahita eka yojana kA avagraha karake raha sakatI thI arthAta 2- kosa jAnA aura 2= kosa lauTanA isa prakAra 5 kosa jAne kA niyama thaa| bauddha bhikSuNiyoM ke AhAra sambandhI niyama - yadi hama bauddha bhikSaNiyoM ke AhAra sambandhI niyamoM para dhyAna kendrita karate haiM to yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina dharma kI taraha bauddha dharma meM bhI bhikSu-bhikSaNiyoM ke bhojana sambandhI niyamoM meM koI adhika asamAnatA nahIM hai| bauddha bhikSuNiyoM ko bhikSuoM ke samAna AcaraNa karane kA nirdeza svayaM bhagavAn buddha ne diyA thaa|18 bauddha bhikSuNiyoM ko AhAra sambandhI niyamoM kA pAlana karanA par3atA thaa| bauddha bhikSuNiyoM kA bhojana sAdA tathA sAtvika hotA thaa| bhojana meM lahasuna tathA pyAja kA prayoga niSiddha thaa|19 bauddha dharma meM bhikSuNI ko durbhikSa Adi ke avasara para bhI manuSya, kutte, siMha, bAgha, cite Adi kA mAMsa khAnA niSiddha ThaharAyA gayA hai| mAMsa khAne vAlA ghullaccAya kA gambhIra doSI mAnA jAtA thaa| isI prakAra surApAna karanA sarvathA varjita thaa|21 bauddha bhikSuNiyoM ko madhyAhna ke bAda bhojana karanA niSiddha thA aisA karane para unhe pAcittiya ke daNDa kA bhAgI bananA par3atA thaa|22 bhojana karane ke sambandha meM bauddha bhikSuNiyoM ko yaha nirdeza thA ki piMDa grAsa ko sAvadhAnI pUrvaka mu~ha meM ddaaleN| bhojana kA grAsa na to adhika bar3A honA cAhie aura na adhika choTA usakA AkAra gola honA caahie|23 gRhastha dvArA pradatta bhojana susvAdu ho athavA svAda rahita, bhikSA kA sammAna karate hue use grahaNa karane kA nirdeza diyA gayA thaa| bhikSA kaisI bhI ho vaha use lene se asvIkAra nahIM kara sakatI thii|24 bhikSA grahaNa karate samaya use apane pAtra kI tarapha hI dekhane ko kahA gayA thA tathA sAtha hI yaha bhI nirdeza diyA gayA thA ki grahaNa kiyA gayA padArtha Upara uThA huA na ho balki pAtra ke andara ho|25 grahaNa kiyA gayA padArtha AvazyakatA se adhika prApta hone para Apasa meM bhikSuNiyoM ko bAMTa kara khAnA caahiye| jaina aura bauddha donoM saMghoM ke AhAra sambandhI niyama dekhane para jJAta hotA hai ki donoM hI saMghoM meM bhikSuNiyoM kA bhojana sAdA evaM sAtvika hotA thaa| bhojana kI zuddhatA kA paryApta dhyAna rakhA jAtA thaa| donoM hI saMghoM meM rAtri bhojana varjita thaa| rAtri meM sUkSma jIvoM kI hiMsA kA Dara rahatA hai| isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki donoM saMghoM

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jaina evaM bauddha bhikSuNiyoM ke AhAra sambandhI niyama AhAra sambandhI niyamoM meM jyAdA antara nahIM thaa| jaina saMgha ati kaThoratA meM vizvAsa karatA thA jabaki bauddha saMgha madhyamamArgI thA / sandarbha : 1. dazavaikAlika, 1/2-4. 2. vahI, 8 / 23. 3. vahI, 5 /1 / 27, 5/1/56. 4. vahI, 5/1/25. vahI, 5. 5/1/39. 6. vahI, 5 /1/47. 7. bRhatkalpasUtra, 2/13. 8. vahI, 5/16 9. dazavaikAlika, 5/1/8. 10. vahI, 5/1/7. 11. vahI, 5 / 1 / 13-14. 12. sthAnAMGga, 4/288. 13. dazavaikAlika, 5/1/9-10. 14. uttarAdhyayana, 24 / 12. 15. dazavaikAlika, 8/28. 16. vahI, 6 / 24 - 26, bRhatkalpasUtra, 1/44, 5/47. 17. bRhatkalpasUtra, 3/34. 18. cullavagga, pRSTha 379. 19. pAtimokkha, bhikkhunI pAcittiya, 1. 20. mahAvagga, pRSTha 233-236. 21. pAtimokkha, bhikkhunI pAcittiya 132. 22. pAtimokkha, bhikkhunI pAcittiya 120. 23. pAtimokkha, bhikkhunI sekhiya, 35-40. 24. pAtimokkha, bhikkhunI sekhiya 25. pAtimokkha, bhikkhunI sekhiya, 27. 27. : 9

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digambara jaina jAtiyA~ : udbhava evaM vikAsa __ zrImatI kusuma sogAnI* __ jaina dharma kI bhAMti jaina samAja bhI aneka utAra-car3hAvoM se gujarA hai| aneka bAra itara jainoM ko yaha bhrama utpanna ho jAtA hai ki jaina koI jAti hai| jabaki vAstavikatA yaha hai ki jaina jAti na hokara eka dharma hai jise kisI bhI jAti kA vyakti svIkAra kara sakatA hai| jaina dharma ke prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ne jaina dharma ke anuyAyiyoM ko tIna varSoM meM vibhAjita kiyA thA evaM tatpazcAt unhoMne cAra varNoM kI avadhAraNA ko svIkRti pradAna kara dI thii| vaidika varNa vyavasthA ne hI kAlAntara meM jAti prathA kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyA thaa| jaina dharma ne prArambha se hI varNa vyavasthA ko svIkAra kiyA thA, yahI kAraNa hai ki ye aneka jAtiyoM meM baMTe hue haiN| 23veM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ne jaina dharma meM jAti va varNa ke nAma para koI vibhAjana nahIM kiyA thaa| isake sthAna para jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM ke AcAra-vicAra meM zuddhatA banAe rakhane ke dhyeya se samAja kA cAra vargoM meM vargIkaraNa kiyA thaa| mahAvIra svAmI ne bhI isI nIti kA pAlana kiyaa| bhAratIya samAja kI mukhya dhArA vaidika rahI hai jo Age calakara sanAtanI hindU saMskRti ke rUpa meM vikasita huii| yUM samanvita rUpa meM bhAratIya saMskRti eka hai kintu vaidika kAla se hI bhAratIya samAja varNa va jAti AdhArita rahA hai| ata: bhArata meM vaidika dharmAvalambiyoM ke atirikta phala-phUlane vAle dharmoM meM jAti-prathA kA samAveza kisI na kisI rUpa meM huA hai| jaina dharma meM jAti prathA kA pracalana kaI rUpoM meM hai| jaina jAtiyoM meM Apasa meM khAna-pAna va vaivAhika sambandhoM kA nirdhAraNa jaina samAja meM vidyamAna jAtIya AdhAroM para hotA hai| jAtIya AdhAroM para digambara jainoM meM bhArI bikharAva hai kintu dhArmika sUtra ne unheM ekatAbaddha kara rakhA hai| jAti aura sampradAya kevala sAmAjika mudde hI nahIM haiM balki ye sAMskRtika va dArzanika mudde bhI haiN| jaisA ki vidita hai ki jaina dharma do pramukha sampradAyoM kramaza: digambara va zvetAmbaroM meM vibhAjita hai| kintu digambara jaina samAja punaH do pramukha upasampradAyoM - kramaza: bIsapaMthI va terahapaMthI - meM baMTA huA hai| jaina sampradAya ke anuyAyiyoM meM saMgha bheda bhI vyApta hai| saMgha bheda se adhika vyApaka jAti prathA jaina samudAya meM adhika mahatva rakhatI hai kintu jAti prathA ke bAre meM yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki sAdhu - sAdhviyoM ke saMgha, gaNa evaM gacchoM meM vibhAjana se samasta jaina samAja bhI jAtiyoM evaM upajAtiyoM meM vibhAjita ho gyaa| * zodhArthI, 2/2 pArasI mohallA, chAvanI, indaura (ma0pra0)

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digambara jaina jAtiyA~ : udbhava evaM vikAsa : 11 digambara jaina jAtiyoM kI utpatti kA kAraNa digambara jaina samAja meM jAti prathA kI utpatti ke do pramukha kAraNa ubhara kara sAmane Ate haiN| prathama evaM pramukha kAraNa vaidika paramparA meM pracalita varNa va jAti prathA ko hI mAnA jaayegaa| dUsarA mahatvapUrNa kAraNa jaina samAja kA aneka saMghoM, upasaMghoM, sampradAyoM, upasampradAyoM ityAdi meM vibhAjita honA hai| digambara jaina jAtiyoM ke nAmoM se yaha bhI AbhAsa hotA hai ki inakI aneka jAtiyAM vyavasAya, pradeza sthAna ityAdi ke nAma para bhI utpanna huI haiN| yadyapi bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya jAti prathA ne adhika jora nahIM pakar3A lekina unakI mRtyu ke kucha varSoM pazcAt hI aneka jaina jAtiyoM kI utpatti dikhAI detI hai| isalie samyak darzana ke paripAlana meM jAtimada ko bhI avarodhaka mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi AdipurANa ke racayitA AcArya jinasena ne "manuSya jAti: ekaiva" kahakara jAtiyoM ke mahatva ko kama karanA cAhA aura samasta mAnava jAti ko eka hI samAna maanaa| mahAvIra svAmI ke pazcAt hone vAle gaNadharoM, kevaliyoM, AcAryoM evaM bhaTTArakoM kI aneka paTTAvaliyAM milatI haiM jinameM AcAryoM evaM bhaTTArakoM ke nAma ke sAtha unakI jAtiyoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina sampradAya meM jAti prathA kA pracalana mahAvIra svAmI ke nidhana ke pazcAta hI Arambha ho gayA thaa| jaisA ki pUrva meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai ki jaina jAtiyoM ke udgama ke tIna pramukha kAraNa haiM jinameM vaidika prabhAva, vibhinna jaina samUhoM va sampradAyoM kA udaya, sthAna vizeSa va vyavasAya AdhArita jAti pramukha rahe haiN| jaina samudAya meM jAti prathA aba pUrNata: janma AdhArita hai kintu isakA udaya vibhinna kAraNoM se huaa| jaina jAtiyAM nAmamAtra kI hI jAtiyAM nahIM haiM balki inakA Aja bhI bhArI sAmAjika va sAMskRtika mahatva hai| aneka sAmAjika nirNaya inakI jAtIya paMcAyatoM dvArA nirdhArita hote haiN| kisI bhI sAmAjika aparAdhI ko daNDita karane kA kArya jainoM kI jAtIya paMcAyateM karatI haiN| digambara jaina samudAya bhArI saMkhyA meM jAtiyoM meM baMTA huA hai tathA isakI pratyeka jAti kI apanI alaga paMcAyata hai jo apanI jAti ke logoM ke jIvana ko niyamita karatI hai| vibhinna jAtiyoM ke naitika staroM meM bhI bhArI bhinnatA vyApta hai| udAharaNa ke lie uttara bhArata kI adhikAMza jaina jAtiyAM vidhavA vivAha kI AjJA nahIM detIM jabaki dakSiNa kI jAtiyoM meM vidhavA vivAha Ama taura para pracalita hai| itanA hI nahIM balki pratyeka jAti ke janma, vivAha evaM mRtyu sambandhI AyojanoM meM bhI jAtIya bhinnatA hai| zrImAlI, agravAla, paravAra, setavAla evaM anya jAti, rIti rivAjoM meM bhArI bhinnatA lie hue haiN| inameM apanI-apanI jAti ko sarvocca mAnane kA mithyA abhimAna bhI dikhAI detA hai| aneka jaina jAtiyAM jAti taka hI sImita nahIM haiM balki jAti ke andara bhI unameM bIsA, dassA Adi bheda vyApta haiN| digambara jainoM ke terahapaMtha samudAya kI 6 jAtiyoM meM cAraNagAre jAti ko atyadhika sammAnajanaka

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12 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12 / akTUbara-disambara 2003 mAnA jAtA hai kyoMki isa jAti meM aneka dhArmika va vidvAn vibhUtiyAM paidA huI haiN| isI prakAra pUrva nijAma ke rAjya kSetra meM poravAr3oM kI tulanA meM zrAvagiyoM kA adhika sammAna hotA thA tathA unheM sabase U~cA mAnA jAtA thaa| karnATaka ke uttarI kanArA jile meM jainoM ke tIna vibhAjana haiM jinameM kramaza: caturtha, tagArA-bogarA evaM pujArI zAmila haiN| yaha bAta vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai ki adhikAMza jaina apane Apako vaizya samudAya kA mAnate haiM tathA unameM zUdra jAtiyAM nahIM haiM jabaki vAstavikatA isase bhinna dikhAI detI hai| eka ora jaina mAnate haiM ki binA kisI jAtIya bheda bhAva ke koI bhI vyakti jaina dharma aMgIkAra kara sakatA hai vahIM dUsarI ora yaha kahanA ki jainoM meM zUdra nahIM haiM, eka hAsyapada sthiti hai| jabaki mahAvIra svAmI ke samaya brAhmaNIya dharma se nimna jAtiyoM ne bhArI saMkhyA meM jaina dharma aMgIkAra kiyA thaa| zUdroM ko vaidika paramparA meM atyadhika nimna sthAna prApta thaa| unheM dhArmika grantha par3hane kA adhikAra nahIM thaa| mandira praveza para bhI roka thI, isalie nimna jAti ke loga jaina dharma kI ora AkarSita hue| isalie aneka jaina jAtiyAM zUdroM se banI haiN| aneka jAtiyAM jo dassA aura bIsA meM vibhAjita haiM unameM aneka sthAnoM para dassAoM ko mandira meM pUjA karane kI anumati nahIM hai / " digambara sAdhu aise logoM kA bhojana svIkAra nahIM karate jo vidhavA vivAha karate haiN| vartamAna meM bhI digambara jaina sAdhu zUdroM kA bhojana svIkAra nahIM karate / digambara jaina paramparA ke anusAra zUdroM ko mokSa kA adhikAra nahIM hai| ve ucca zreNI ke sAdhu bhI nahIM bana sakate tathA unheM pUjA kA bhI adhikAra nahIM hai| jaina sampradAya meM brAhmaNoM kA bhI mahatva nahIM hai| jaina brAhmaNoM ke sthAna para kSatriyoM ko pramukha sthAna dete haiN| aisA dekhane ko milatA hai ki jainoM kI aneka jAtiyoM ke nAma unake udgama sthAna ke nAma para haiN| udAharaNArtha zrImAla (vartamAna bhInamAla ) se zrImAlI, osiyAM se osavAla, agrohA se agravAla, bagherA se bagheravAla, cittaur3a se cittaur3A, khaNDelA se khaNDelavAla ityAdi / digambara jaina samAja bhI vibhinna jAtiyoM meM vibhAjita hai| jaina mAtra koI nahIM hai| inakI pahacAna kisI na kisI jAti meM samAhita hue binA nahIM hai / digambara jaina jAtiyoM kI saMkhyA nizcita nahIM hai| vaise adhikAMza jaina vidvAn 84 jAtiyoM ke nAma. ginAte haiM / 84 kI saMkhyA uttarI bhArata meM bahuta pracalita hai| isalie 84 jAtiyoM kA ullekha AtA hai| vibhinna zatAbdiyoM meM hone vAle vidvAnoM ne jAtiyoM kA jo vivaraNa likhA hai| usameM samAnatA nahIM hai / 15vIM zatAbdI ke vidvAn brahmajinadAsa ne sarvaprathama 84 jAtiyoM ke nAma ginAe haiM lekina unake pazcAt hone vAle racanAkAroM dvArA pratipAdita jAtiyoM kA vivaraNa brahmajinadAsa se nahIM milatA hai| 18vIM zatAbdI ke kavi bakhtadAsa zAha ne 5-7 pothiyoM ko dekhakara ina jAtiyoM ke bAre meM likhA hai| unake yuga meM kitanI

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digambara jaina jAtiyA~ : udbhava evaM vikAsa : 13 1. 263 jAtiyAM milatI thI isa bAre meM ve mauna haiN| san 1941 meM eka jAtiyoM kI janagaNanA kI gaI thI taba 84 ke sthAna para kevala 70 jAtiyoM kI jAnakArI dI gii| usa samaya deza meM 70 jaina jAtiyoM kI janasaMkhyA nimna prakAra thI - kramAMka jAti janasaMkhyA kramAMka jAti janasaMkhyA khaNDelavAla 64726 26. kAmbhoja jaisavAla 11089 27. samaiyyA 1107 agravAla 67121 28. asATI 467 4. paravAra 54873 29. hUMbar3a (dassA-bIsA) 20634 pallIvAla 4272 30. paMcama 32556 6. golAlAre 5582 31. caturtha 69285 7. vinaikyA 3685 32. badanere 501 8. . osavAla (di.)747 33. nemA varaiyyA 1584 34. bhAvasAra 80 10. gaMgeravAla 772 35. narasiMhapurA (dassA-bIsA) 7065 11. digambara jaina 1167 36. setavAla 20889 12. poravAla 115 . 37. mevAr3A 2160 13. buDhale 566 38. nAgadA 3551 14. lohiyA 602 39. cittaur3A (dassA-bIsA) 857 15. golasidhAre 629 40. zrImAla 780 16. kharauvA 1750 41. selavAra 433 17. lamecU 1977 42. zravaka 8467 18. , golApUrva 10834 43. sAdara (jaina) 11241 19. caranAgare 1987 44. bogAra 2431 20. dhAkar3a 1272 45. jaina digambara 9772 21. kaThanerA 699 46. haradara 236 22. poravAr3a 2581 47. upAdhyAya 1216 23. kAsAra 9987 brAhmaNa jaina 704 24. bagheravAla 4324 49. khurasAle 240 25. ayodhyAvAsI 592 50. 20 anya jAtiyoM kI saMkhyA 100 se kama hai aura saba milAkara 706 48.

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14 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 inameM se kucha pramukha jaina jAtiyoM kA paricaya nimna prakAra hai :1. khaNDelavAla udbhava kI kahAnI khaNDelavAla jaina samAja rAjasthAna, mAlavA, AsAma, bihAra, baMgAla, nAgAlaiNDa, maNipura, uttarapradeza ke kucha jiloM evaM mahArASTra meM bar3I saMkhyA meM haiM aura Aja bhI bambaI, kalakattA, jayapura, indaura, ajamera jaise nagara unake kendra mAne jAte haiM jahAM khaNDelavAla jaina bar3I saMkhyA meM haiN| isa jAti meM aneka dIvAna athavA pramukha rAjya saMcAlaka ucca padastha rAjyAdhikArI hue jinhoMne saikar3oM varSoM taka rAjapUtAne ke dezI rAjyoM kI abhUtapUrva sevA karate hue yuddha bhUmi meM vijaya bhI prApta kii| sAre deza meM phaile hae khaNDelavAla jaina saMkhyA kI dRSTi se pUre digambara jaina samAja kA pAMcavA hissA haiN| khaNDelavAla jAti kA nAmakaraNa khaNDelA nagara ke kAraNa huaa| khaNDelA nagara rAjasthAna ke sIkara jile meM jilA mukhyAlaya se 45 ki0mI0 dUra sthita hai| khaNDelA ke itihAsa kI abhI khoja nahIM ho sakI hai lekina yahAM para jo jaina avazeSa milate haiM usase patA calatA hai ki zaiva pAzupatoM kA kendra banane ke pahale yaha nagara jainoM kA pramukha kendra thaa| isakA purAnA nAma khaNDillakapattana athavA khaNDelagiri thaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke 10veM gaNadhara metArya ne khaNDillakapattana meM Akara kaThora tapasyA kI thI aisA ullekha AcArya jayasena ne apane grantha dharmaralAkara kI prazasti meM kiyA hai| zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya kI eka upazAkhA - khaMDillagaccha kA udgama sthala bhI yahI sthAna hai| khaNDelA kA rAjanaitika itihAsa adhikAMza rUpa meM to andhakArapUrNa hai| prArambha meM yahA~ cauhAnoM kA rAjya rhaa| hammIramahAkAvya meM bhI khaNDelA kA nAmollekha huA hai| mahArANA kumbhA ne bhI khaNDelA para apanI vizAla senA ko lekara AkramaNa kiyA thA tathA nagara kI khUba lUTa-khasoTa kI thii| saMvat 1524 meM yahAM udayakaraNa kA zAsana thA aisA vardhamAnacarita kI prazasti se jJAta hotA hai| 2. agravAla uttara bhArata meM agravAla jaina jAti atyadhika prasiddha, samRddha evaM vizAla saMkhyA vAlI mAnI jAtI hai| hariyANA, rAjasthAna, uttarapradeza aura dillI digambara jainoM ke pramukha kendra haiN| jaina dharma, sAhitya evaM saMskRti ke vikAsa meM agravAla jainoM kA pramukha yogadAna rahA hai| agravAla jAti jaina evaM vaiSNava donoM meM baMTI huI hai tathA una donoM meM sAmAjika sambandha bhI pragAr3ha bane hue haiN|

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digambara jaina jAtiyA~ : udbhava evaM vikAsa : 15 agravAla jAti kI utpati agrohA se mAnI jAtI hai| agrohA hariyANA pradeza ke hisAra jile meM sthita hai| prAcIna kAla meM yaha eka aitihAsika nagara thaa| san 1939-40 meM jaba yahAM ke eka TIle kI khudAI huI to usameM tAMbe ke sikkoM para aMkita karNa, gaja, vRSabha, mIna, siMha, caitya, vRkSa Adi ke jo cinha prApta hue haiM, unheM jaina mAnyatA kI ora spaSTa saMketa mAnA jA sakatA hai| agrohe kA nAma agrohaka bhI rahA hai| janazruti ke anusAra agrohA meM rAjA agrasena rAjya karatA thaa| isI se agravAla jAti kA udbhava huaa| lekina isake abhI taka koI pramANa nahIM mila sake haiN| kavivara bulAkhIcanda ne agravAla jAti kI utpatti eka RSi dvArA mAnI hai tathA lohAcArya dvArA agravAloM ko jaina dharma meM dIkSita karanA mAnA hai| agravAloM ke 18 gotra rahe haiM jinake nAma nimna prakAra haiM garga, goyala, siMghala, muMgila, tAyala, tarala, kaMsala, bachila, erana, DhAlaNa, cintala, mittala, jiMdala, kiMghala, haraharA, kaMchila, pukhanyA evaM bNsl| - eka digambara paTTAvalI ke anusAra vi0 saM0 565 meM muni ratnakIrti hue jo agravAla jAti ke the| dehalI ke tomaravaMzIya zAsaka anaMgapAla ke zAsana kAla meM racita pAsaNAhacariu ke anusAra kavi zrIdhara svayaM agravAla jaina the tathA apane lie "ayaravAla kula saMbhavena' likhA hai| pAsaNAhacariu ko likhAne vAle naTTalasAhu svayaM jaina agravAla the| alIgar3ha pradeza ke nivAsI sAhU pArasa ke putra ToDara agravAla ne mathurA meM 514 stUpoM kA nirmANa karavAkara pratiSThA karavAI thii| sAhU pAMDe rAjamalla ne saMvat 1642 meM jambUsvAmIcaritra kI racanA kI thii| apabhraMza ke mahAna kavi raidhU ke AzrayadAtA adhikAMza agravAla zrAvaka the| AdityavArakathA ke racayitA bhAu kavi svayaM agravAla jaina the| rAjasthAna ke jaina graMtha bhaNDAroM meM agravAla zrAvakoM dvArA likhavAI huI hajAroM pANDulipiyAM saMgrahIta haiN| , maMdiroM evaM mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa meM bhI agravAla jaina samAja kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai| gvAliyara kile kI aneka sundara mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa agravAla jainoM ne karAyA thaa| dillI ke rAjA harasukharAya suganacanda ne aneka jina maMdiroM kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| isa prakAra agravAla jaina samAja digambara jaina samAja kA pramukha aMga hai jo vartamAna meM deza ke pratyeka bhAga meM basA huA hai| deza meM agravAla jainoM kI saMkhyA 10 lAkha se adhika mAnI jAtI hai| 3. paravAra digambara jaina paravAra jAti kA pramukha kendra madhyapradeza kA sAgara aura jabalapura tathA uttara pradeza meM jhA~sI jile kA lalitapura mAnA jAtA hai| isa samAja ke zrAvaka evaM zrAvikAeM AcAra-vyavahAra meM dharmaniSTha aura prAcIna paramparAoM ke anuyAyI haiN|

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16 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12 / akTUbara-disambara 2003 paravAra jAti kA ullekha pauraTTAnvaya ke rUpa meM mUrtilekhoM evaM grantha evaM pustaka prazastiyoM meM milatA hai| lekina isa jAti ke utpattisthAna ke rUpa meM abhI taka koI nizcita grAma yA nagara kA nAma nahIM milatA hai| paTTAvaliyoM meM paravAra jAti kA ullekha vikrama saMvat 26 se milatA hai aura muni guptigupta isa jAti meM utpanna hue the aisA bhI ullekha hai| isake pazcAta saM0 765 meM hone vAle paTTAdhIza evaM saM0 1256, 1264 meM hone vAle AcArya bhI paravAra jAti meM utpanna hue the / 10 paM0 phUlacanda zAstrI ke matAnusAra paravAra jAti ko prAcIna kalA meM prAgvATa nAma abhihita kiyA jAtA rahA hai| lekina brahama jinadAsa ne " caurAsI jAti jayamAlA " meM poravAr3a zabda se paravAra jAti kA ullekha kiyA hai| apabhraMza graMthoM meM paravAra ko paravAr3A zabda se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| mahAkavi dhanapAla ke bAhubalicariu, raidhU kavi ke zrIpAlasiddhacakracariu, AcArya zrutakIrti ke harivaMzapurANa evaM paM0 zrIdhara ke sukumAcariu kI graMtha prazastiyoM meM puravADa zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| lekina zrAvakoM kI 72 jJAtiyoM vAlI eka pANDulipi meM aSThasakhA poravAr3a, dusaravA poravAr3a, cosaravA poravAr3a, jAgar3A poravAr3a, padyAvatI poravAr3a, soraThiyA poravADa nAmoM ke sAtha paravAra nAma ko bhI ginAyA hai| aisA lagatA hai ki paravAra jAti bheda evaM abhedoM meM itanI baMTa gaI thI ki inameM paraspara meM roTI evaM beTI vyavahAra bhI banda ho gayA thaa| causakhA samAja vartamAna meM tAraNapaMthI samAja ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| kavivara bakhtarAma sAha ne apane buddhivilAsa meM paravAra jAti ke sAta khApoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| paurapaTTaanvaya meM jo 12 gotra suprasiddha haiM unake nAma nimna prakAra haiM - goilla, vAchalla, iyADimma, bAjhalla, kAsilla, koilla, loiccha, bhArilla, mADilla, gohilla aura phaagull| pratyeka gotra ke antargata 12 - 12 mUla ginAe gae haiM jo sambhavataH grAmoM ke nAma para bane hue haiN| deza meM paravAra jAti mukhyataH madhyapradeza meM milatI hai| jabalapura, sAgara, lalitapura, kaTanI, sivanI Adi nagaroM meM ye bar3I saMkhyA meM milate haiN| sAre deza meM paravAra jAti kI saMkhyA 5-7 lAkha se adhika hai| 4. bagheravAla 11 bagheravAla jAti rAjasthAna kI pramukha digambara jaina jAti hai| pradeza ke koTA, bUMdI evaM ToMka jile bagheravAla samAja ke pramukha kendra haiM | rAjasthAna ke atirikta mahArASTra meM bhI bagheravAla jAti acchI saMkhyA meM nivAsa karatI hai| bagheravAla jAti kI utpati saMvat 101 meM ToMka jile ke bagherA gAMva se mAnI jAtI hai| kRSNadatta ne saMvat 1746 meM racita apane bagheravAlarAsa meM ukta mata kI puSTi kI hai -

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Adi baghere apano nizcala utpatti nAma / baDa kula jasa tiNa varNae, bagheravAla vriyaam|| bagherA nAmaka sthAna rAjasthAna meM kekar3I tahasIla se lagabhaga 16 ki0mI0 dUrI para sthita hai| vartamAna meM vahAM bagheravAloM kA eka bhI parivAra nahIM rhtaa| lekina bagheravAla bandhu apanI paitRka bhUmi ke darzana karane yahAM avazya Ate rahate haiN| yahAM do digambara jaina maMdira haiM inameM 11vIM se 13vIM zatAbdI kI kaI jina pratimAeM haiM jinameM zAMtinAtha kI mUrti atyadhika manohara, prAcIna evaM kalApUrNa hai| yahAM khudAI meM aneka mUrtiyAM prApta huI haiM jisase patA calatA hai ki bagherA kabhI vaibhavazAlI vizAla nagara thA tathA digambara jaina samAja yahAM acchI saMkhyA meM rahatA thaa| zAMtinAtha svAmI kA maMdira atizaya kSetra ke rUpa meM vikhyAta hai jisake darzanArtha jaina, ajaina sabhI Ate haiN| gheravAla jAti ke 52 gotra mAne gae haiM jinakA varNana bhI ukta rAsa meM kiyA gayA hai| digambara jaina jAtiyA~ : udbhava evaM vikAsa : 17 5. bAvana gota udyotavara, avani huA avtaar| vivadhi tAsa jasa vistaroM, e karaNI adhikAra / / ina gotroM ke nAma nimna prakAra hai khaMDavaDa, lAMbAbAMsa, sAkhUvyA, dhAnotyA, samatharA, bAvar2yA, sIghaDator3a, kAgaTyA, harasorA, sAhulA, koriyA, bhaMDAr2yA, kaTAriyA, banAvar3ayA, TholyA, pagAsyA, borakhaMDyA, baMDamUDI, tAtahaDasayA, maMDAyA, badalacaDha, potalyA, darogyA, bhUrayA, dahaloDA, niTharaNIvAla, mathurayA, guhIvAla, sAkhUNyA, saravADyA, pApalya, DUMgaravAla, Thaga, vaharisA, seDiyA, camArayA, sAMbharayA, suralakyA, ghoTApA, solaurayA, gavAla, betagyA aura kharaDyA / bagheravAloM ke TholyA, sAkhUNyA, pItalyA, nigotyA, pApalyA, kaTAr2yA jaise gotra khaNDelavAla jainoM ke gotroM se milate julate haiN| ina gotroM meM 25 gotra mUlasaMghI mAne jAte haiN| cittaur3a kile para jaina kIrti stambha sAha jojA dvArA banavAyA gayA thaa| ye bagheravAla jAti ke zrAvaka the| nainavA, koTA, bUMdI meM bagheravAloM dvArA nirmita vizAla jinAlaya haiN| deza meM bagheravAloM kI saMkhyA eka lAkha se Upara ginI jAtI hai / 12 jaisavAla 17vIM zatAbdI ke kavi bulAkhIcanda jaisavAla jAti ke the| unhoMne apane vacanakoza (racanAkAla saMvat 1737) meM jaisavAla jAti kI utpatti jaisalamera nagara -

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18 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 se mAnI hai|13 yaha jAti bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadeza se jaina dharma meM dIkSita hii| jaisavAla do upajAtiyoM meM vibhakta haiM - eka tirotiyA evaM dUsarA uprotiyaa| uparotiyA jaisavAla kASThAsaMghI evaM titoriyA mUlasaMghI jaina dharmAvalambI haiN| uparotiyA zAkhA ke 36 gotra evaM tirotiyA zAkhA ke 46 gotra haiN| (uparotiyA gotra chattIsa, tirotiyA gani chayAlIsa) jaisavAla ikSvAku kula ke kSatriya the jo vaizya kula meM parivartita ho ge| jaisavAla jAti meM kaI rAjA, zreSThI, mahAmAtya aura rAjamAnya mahApuruSa ho gae haiN| saMvat 1190 meM jaisavAla vaMzIya sAhU nemicanda ne kavi zrIdhara se vardhamAnacarita kI racanA kraaii| jaisavAla kavi mANikyarAja ne amarasenacarita evaM nAgakumAracarita kI racanA kI thii| tomaravaMzIya rAjA vIramadeva ke mahAmAtma jaisavAla kuzarAja ne gvAliyara meM candraprabha kA maMdira banavAyA thaa| unhoMne saMvat 1475 meM eka yaMtra kI pratiSThA karavAI thI jo Ajakala naravara ke jinAlaya meM virAjamAna hai| jaisavAla kulotpanna kavivara lakSmaNadeva ne saMvat 1275 meM jiNadattacariu aura saMvat 1752 meM jaisavAla kulotpanna delha kavi ne jinadattacarita kI racanA kI thii| / jaisavAla jaina samAja ke AgarA, gvAliyara, phirojAbAda, jhAlAvAr3a Adi nagara pramukha kendra mAne jAte haiN| deza meM jaisavAla jaina samAja kI saMkhyA eka lAkha se adhika hone kA anumAna hai|5 6. pallIvAla pallIvAla prArambha meM digambara jaina jAti thI lekina vigata 300-400 varSoM se isa jAti meM kucha parivAra zvetAmbara dharmAvalambI bhI ho gae haiN| phira bhI vartamAna meM yaha jAti mukhyata: digambara dharmAnuyAyI hI hai| khaNDelA se khaNDelavAla, agrohA se agravAla jAti ke samAna pallIvAla jAti kI utpatti rAjasthAna ke pAlI nagara se mAnI jAtI hai| kucha vidvAnoM ke anusAra pallIvAla jAti kA udaya dakSiNa bhArata ke pallI nagara meM huaa| cUMki yadi pAlI nagara meM pallIvAla jAti kA udbhava huA hotA to yaha jAti pallIvAla ke sthAna para pAlIvAla kahalAtI kyoMki A ke sthAna para a ke prayoga kA koI aucitya pratIta nahIM hotaa| phirojAbAda ke nikaTa candravAr3a nAmaka nagara thA jisakI sthApanA saMvat 1052 meM candrapAla nAmaka rAjA kI smRti meM huI thii| candravAr3a meM 10vIM zatAbdI se lekara 12vIM zatAbdI taka gahar3avAlavaMzIya rAjAoM kA rAjya rhaa| ina rAjAoM ke adhikAMza maMtrI pallIvAla jaina the| vartamAna meM pallIvAla AgarA, phirojAbAda, kanauja, alIgar3ha kSetra evaM gvAliyara, ujjaina Adi nagaroM meM milate haiN| AgarA kSetra ke pallIvAloM ke gotroM evaM kanauja, alIgar3ha, phirojAbAda ke pallIvAloM ke gotroM meM thor3A antara hai| For

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digambara jaina jAtiyA~ : udbhava evaM vikAsa : 19 murainA tathA gvAliyara kSetra ke pallIvAloM ke 35 gotra haiN| jabaki nAgapura ke pallIvAloM ke 12 gotra hI haiN| 7. narasiMpurA narasiMhapurA jAti ke pramukha kendra haiM rAjasthAna meM mevAr3a evaM bAgaDa prdesh| vaise isa jAti kI utpatti bhI mevAr3a pradeza ke narasiMhapurA nagarI se mAnI jAtI hai| isI nagara meM seTha bhAhaDa zrAvaka rahate the jo zrAvaka dharma pAlana karate the| bhaTTAraka rAmasena ne aneka kSatriyoM ko jainadharma meM dIkSita kara narasiMhapurA jAti kA udbhava kiyaa|17 isa jAti kI utpatti saMvat 1020 meM mAnI jAtI hai tathA yaha 27 gotroM meM vibhAjita hai| pratApagar3ha meM narasiMhapurA jAti ke bhaTTArakoM kI gaddI thii| bhaTTAraka rAmasena ke pazcAt jinasena, yazakIrti, udayasena, tribhuvanakIrti, ratnabhUSaNa, jayakIrti Adi bhaTTAraka hue| ye sabhI tapasvI evaM sAhitya premI the aura pradeza meM vihAra karate hue samAja meM dhArmika kriyAoM ko sampAdita karAyA karate the| kASThAsaMgha nadItaTa gaccha vidyAgaNa narasiMhapurA laghu zAkhA AmnAya meM bhaTTArakoM kI saMkhyA 110 mAnI jAtI hai| antima bhaTTAraka yazakIrti the| yaha jAti bhI dassA-bIsA upa jAtiyoM meM vibhakta hai| siMhapurA jAti bhI eka digambara jaina jAti thI jo saMvat 1404 meM narasiMhapurA jAti meM vilIna ho gii|18 8. osavAla osavAla digambara samAja kI bhI eka jAti rahI hai| osavAla jAti kA udgama sthAna osiyA se mAnA jAtA hai| osavAloM meM digambara aura zvetAmbara donoM hI dharmoM ko mAnane vAle pAe jAte haiN| mulatAna se Aye hue mulatAnI osavAloM meM adhikAMza digambara dharma ko mAnane vAle haiN| mulatAnI osavAla vartamAna samaya meM jayapura evaM dillI meM base hue haiM jinake gharoM kI saMkhyA karIba 400 hogii| aisA lagatA hai ki osiyA se jaba osavAla jAti deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM jIvikopArjana ke lie nikalI tathA paMjAba kI ora basane ke lie Age bar3hI to usameM digambara dharmAnuyAyI bhI the| unameM se adhikAMza mulatAna, DerAgAjIkhAna evaM uttarI paMjAba ke anya nagaroM meM basa gae aura vahIM vyApAra karane lge| osavAla digambara samAja atyadhika samRddha evaM dharma ke prati dRr3ha AsthA vAlI jAti hai| isa jAti meM vardhamAna navalakhA, amolakAbAI, luhindAmala, daulatarAma osavAla Adi aneka vidvAn evaM zreSThIgaNa hue haiN| 19 9. lamecu0 yaha bhI 84 jAtiyoM meM eka jAti hai jo mUrtilekhoM aura graMthaprazastiyoM meM "lambakaMcukAnvaya' nAma se prasiddha hai| mUrti lekhoM meM lambakaMcukAnvaya ke sAtha yaduvaMzI

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20 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 likhA huA milatA hai| jisase yaha eka kSatriya jAti jJAta hotI hai| isa kA vikAsa kisI lambakAMcana nAmaka nagara se huA jAna par3atA hai| isameM khariyA, rAvata, kakoTA aura pacole gotroM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| inameM buDhale aura lamecU ye do bheda pAe jAte haiM, jo prAcIna nahIM hai| bAbU kAmatA prasAda jI ne pratimAlekhasaMgraha meM likhA hai ki - "buDhale laMbecU athavA lambakaMcuka jAti kA eka gotra thA, kintu kisI sAmAjika anabana ke kAraNa saMvat 1590 aura 1670 ke madhya kisI samaya yaha pRthaka jAti bana gii|" buDhele jAti ke sAtha rAvata saMghaI Adi gotroM kA ullekha milatA hai| isase prakaTa hai ki isa gotra ke sAtha anya loga bhI "labecuoM se alaga hokara eka anya jAti banAkara baiTha ge| ina jAtiyoM ke itivRtta ke lie anveSaNa kI AvazyakatA hai| 10. huMbaDa yA hUmaDa21 yaha jAti bhI pUrvokta caurAsI jAtiyoM meM se eka hai| yaha jAti AcArya vinayasena ke ziSya kumArasena dvArA saMvat 800 ke lagabhaga bAgar3a deza meM sthApita kI gaI thii| yaha jAti sampanna aura vaibhavazAlinI rahI hai| isa jAti kA nivAsa sthAna gujarAta, mahArASTra aura bAgar3a prAnta meM rahA hai| yaha dassA aura bIsA do bhAgoM meM baMTI huI hai| isa jAti meM utpanna zrAvaka aneka rAjyamaMtrI aura koSAdhyakSa Adi sammAnIya padoM para pratiSThita rahe haiN| inameM 18 gotra pracalita haiN| khairajU, kamalezvara, kAkaDezvara, uttarezvara, maMtrezvara, bhamezvara, bhadrezvara, gaNezvara, vizvezvara, saMkhezvara, Ambezvara, bAcanezvara, somezvara, rAjiyAnoM, lalitezvara, kAzvezvara, buddhezvara aura sNgheshvr| isake atirikta isa jAti ke dvArA nirmita maMdiroM meM sabase prAcIna jhAlarApATana bhagavAn meM zAMtinAtha kA hai jisameM humaDavaMzI zAha pIpA ne vi0saM0 1103 meM pratiSThA karavAI thii| vartamAna meM hUmaDa samAja kI janasaMkhyA 2-3 lAkha hogii| bambaI, udayapura, DUMgarapura, pratApagar3ha, sAgavAr3A jaise nagara isa samAja ke pramukha kendra haiN| 11. golApUrva jaina samAja kI 84 jAtiyoM meM golApUrva bhI eka sampanna jAti rahI hai| isa jAti kA vartamAna meM adhikatara nivAsa bundelakhaNDa meM pAyA jAtA hai| 12vIM aura 13vIM zatAbdI ke mUrti lekhoM se isake samRddhi kA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa jAti kA nivAsa gollAgar3ha (golAkoTa) kI pUrva dizA se huA hai| usakI pUrva dizA meM rahane vAle golApUrva kahalAte haiN| yaha jAti kisI samaya ikSvAkuvaMzIya kSatriya thI kintu vyApAra karane ke kAraNa vaNika samAja meM isakI gaNanA hone lgii| mUrtilekhoM aura maMdiroM kI vizAlatA se golApUrvAnvaya gauravAnvita hai| vartamAna meM bhI isa jAti dvArA nirmita aneka zikharabanda jinAlaya zobhA bar3hA rahe haiN|

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digambara jaina jAtiyA~ : udbhava evaM vikAsa : 21 12. golAlAre22 gogolAgar3ha gvAliyara/gopAcala kA hI dUsarA nAma hai| isake samIpa rahane vAle golAlAre kahalAte haiN| yaha upajAti yadyapi saMkhyA meM alpa rahI hai, parantu phira bhI dhArmika dRSTi se bar3I kaTTara rahI hai| isa jAti ke zrAvakoM dvArA nirmita aneka mUrtiyAM milatI haiN| aneka vidvAn tathA dhanADhya isa jAti meM the aura Aja bhI unakI acchI saMkhyA hai| isake nikAsa kA sthAna golAgar3ha hai| inake gotroM kI saMkhyA aura unake kyA-kyA nAma haiM, isake bAre meM pUrI jAnakArI nahIM miltii| 13. golasiMghAre (golazRMgAra)24 golAgar3ha meM sAmUhika rUpa se nivAsa karane vAle zrAvakagaNa golasiMghAre kahe jAte haiN| zRMgAra kA artha yahAM bhUSaNa hai jisakA artha huA golAgar3ha ke bhuussnn| isa jAti kA koI vizeSa itihAsa nahIM miltaa| 17vIM zatAbdI ke kitane hI graMtha prazastiyoM meM isa jAti ke zrAvakoM kA ullekha milatA hai| isa jAti ke udaya, abhyudaya aura hrAsa Adi kA vizeSa itivRtta jJAta nahIM ho sakA aura na hI isameM hue vidvAn kaviyoM kA hI paricaya jJAta ho skaa| 14. padmAvatI poravAla isa jAti ko paravAra jAti kA hI eka aMga mAnA jAtA hai jisakA samarthana . bakhtarAma sAha ke buddhivilAsa se hotA hai| isa upajAti kA nikAsa pomAbAI (padmAvatI) nAma kI nagarI se huA hai| yaha nagarI pUrvakAla meM atyanta samRddha thii| isakI samRddhi kA ullekha khajurAho ke saMvat 1052 ke zilAlekha meM pAyA jAtA hai| yaha nAga rAjAoM kI rAjadhAnI thii| isakI khudAI meM vibhinna nAga rAjAoM ke sikke Adi prApta hue haiN| isa jAti meM aneka vidvAn, tyAgI, brahmacArI aura sAdhu-puruSa hue haiN| mahAkavi raidhU isI jAti meM utpanna hue the| kavivara chatrapati evaM brahmagulAla bhI isI jAti ke aMga the| inake dvArA aneka maMdiroM aura mUrtiyoM kA bhI nirmANa huA hai| 15. cittaur3A26 digambara jaina cittaur3A samAja rAjasthAna ke mevAr3a pradeza meM adhika saMkhyA meM nivAsa karatA hai| akele udayapura meM isa samAja ke 100 se bhI adhika ghara haiN| yadyapi cittaur3A jAti kA udgama svayaM cittaur3a nagara hai lekina vartamAna meM vahAM isa samAja kA eka bhI ghara nahIM hai| cittaur3A samAja bhI dassA evaM bIsA meM baMTI huI hai| samAja meM gotroM kA astitva hai| vivAha ke avasara para kevala svayaM kA gotra hI TAlA jAtA hai| sAre deza meM cittaur3A samAja kI janasaMkhyA 50 hajAra ke lagabhaga hogii|

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22 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 16. nAgadA27 DUMgarapura meM UMDA maMdira nAgadoM evaM hUMbar3oM donoM kA kahalAtA hai| nAgadA samAja kA mukhya kendra rAjasthAna kA bAgar3a evaM mevAr3a pradeza hai| yaha samAja bhI dassA evaM bIsA meM baMTI huI hai| udayapura meM saMbhavanAtha digambara jaina maMdira nAgadA samAja dvArA nirmita hai| nAgadA samAja ke udayapura meM hI 150-200 parivAra haiN| 17. caranAgare28 yaha bhI 84 jAtiyoM meM se eka jAti hai| madhyapradeza meM caranAgare samAja pramukha rUpa se nivAsa karatA hai| san 1914 kI janagaNanA meM isa samAja kI janasaMkhyA 1987 thii| 18. kaThanerA29 yaha bhI 84 jAtiyoM meM eka choTI jAti hai| kaThanerA samAja kI janasaMkhyA san 1914 meM kevala 711 thI jo aba kitanI ho gaI hogI isakA anumAna lagAnA kaThina hai| phira bhI yaha eka jIvita jAti hai| 19. zrImAla yaha jAti bhI digambara samAja kI jIvita jAti mAnI jAtI hai| zrImAla yadyapi digambara-zvetAmbara donoM hI sampradAyoM meM milate haiM lekina adhikAMza jAti digambara dharma ko mAnane vAlI hai| rAjasthAna meM digambara dharmAnuyAyI zrImAloM kI acchI saMkhyA hai| 20. vinaikyA yaha jAti bhI digambara jaina samAja kA eka aMga to rahI hai lekina yaha bikharI rahI hai| jaina dharma evaM saMskRti ke saMrakSaNa meM isa jAti kA vizeSa yogadAna nahIM milatA hai| 21. samaiyyA22 kisI bhI itihAsakAra ne isa jAti kA ullekha nahIM kiyA kyoMki yaha paravAra jAti kI hI eka aMga thI lekina jaba se tAraNa samAja kI sthApanA huI tathA mUrti pUjA ke sthAna para zAstra pUjA kI jAne lagI taba se isa jAti kA samaiyyA nAmakaraNa ho gyaa| yaha jAti bhI sAgara jile meM mukhya rUpa meM milatI hai| san 1914 kI janasaMkhyA meM samaiyyA jAti kI saMkhyA 1107 thI lekina Aja tAraNapaMthiyoM kI acchI saMkhyA hai| prArambha meM tAraNa paMtha kA virodha avazya huA lekina vartamAna meM tAraNapaMthI bhI digambara jaina samAja ke hI aMga haiN|

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digambara jaina jAtiyA~ : udbhava evaM vikAsa : 23 22. gaMgeravAla 33 gaMgeravAla bhI 84 jAtiyoM meM se eka haiN| isakA gaMgeDA, gaMgeravAla, gaMgarIka, gogarAja evaM gaMgeravAla Adi vibhinna nAmoM se ullekha milatA hai| paM0 RSabharAya ne saMvat 1833 meM kavivratakathA kI racanA kI thii| ve svayaM gaMgeravAla zrAvaka the| 23-26. dakSiNa bhArata kI digambara jaina jAtiyAM dakSiNa bhArata ke mahArASTra, Andhrapradeza, tamilanADu evaM karnATaka Adi prAntoM meM digambara jainoM kI kevala cAra jAtiyAM thiiN| paMcama, caturtha, kAsAra yA bogAra aura setvaal| pahale ye cAroM jAtiyAM eka hI thIM aura paMcama kahalAtI thiiN| jaina dharma varNa vyavasthA kA virodhI thA isalie usake anuyAyiyoM ko cAturvarNa se bAhara pAMcaveM varNa kA arthAta paMcama kahate the, lekina jaba jaina dharma kA prabhAva kama huA to nAma rUr3ha ho gayA aura antataH jainoM ne bhI ise svIkAra kara liyaa| dakSiNa meM jaba vIra zaiva yA liMgAyata sampradAya kA udaya huA to usane isa paMcama jainoM ko apane dharma meM dIkSita karanA zurU kara diyA aura ve paMcama liMgAyata kahalAne lge| 12vIM zatAbdI taka sAre dakSiNAtya jaina paMcama hI kahalAne lge| pahale dakSiNa ke sabhI jainoM meM roTIbeTI kA vyavahAra hotA thA / 34 16vIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga sabhI bhaTTArakoM ne apane prAntIya athavA prAdezika saMgha tor3akara jAtigata saMgha banAe aura usI samaya maThoM ke anuyAyiyoM ko caturtha, setavAla, bogAra athavA kAsAra nAma prApta hue / sAdhAraNa taura se khetI aura jamIMdArI karane vAloM ko caturtha; kAMse, pItala ke bartana banAne vAloM ko kAsAra yA bogAra aura kevala khetI tathA kapar3e kA vyApAra karane vAloM ko setavAla kahA jAtA hai | hindI meM jinheM kasere yA tamere kahate haiM ve hI dakSiNa meM kAsAra kahalAte haiN| paMcama meM brAhmaNa, kSatriya aura vaizya ina tInoM varNoM ke dhandhe karane vAloM ke nAma samAna rUpa se milate haiN| jinasena maTha (kolhApura) ke anuyAyiyoM ko chor3akara aura kisI maTha ke anuyAyI caturtha nahIM khlaate| paMcama, caturtha, setavAla aura bogAra yA kAsAroM meM paraspara roTIbeTI kA vyavahAra hotA hai| san 1914 meM prakAzita digambara jaina DAirekTarI ke anusAra digambara jaina jAtiyoM meM sabase adhika saMkhyA caturtha jAti kI thI jo usa samaya 69285 thI jisake AdhAra para vartamAna meM isa jAti kI saMkhyA 10 lAkha se kama nahIM honI caahie| isI taraha paMcama jAti ke zrAvakoM kI saMkhyA 32559, setavAloM kI saMkhyA 20889, bogAroM kI saMkhyA 2439 tathA kAsAroM kI saMkhyA 9987 thI / 35 yadi

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24 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 hama dakSiNa bhArata kI digambara jaina jAtiyoM ke zrAvakoM kI ora dhyAna deM to jJAta hogA ki inakI saMkhyA lAkhoM meM hogI kintu bhASA, rIti-rivAja kI bhinnatA ke kAraNa unameM sAmaMjasya sthApita nahIM hotaa| sandarbha : 1. eca0vI0 glAsanepa, jainijma, bhAvanagara 1937 I0, pR0 326-27. 2-5. vilAsa e0 saMgave, jaina kamyUniTI, e sozala sarve, dvitIya saMzodhita saMskaraNa, mumbaI 1980 I0, pR0 77-79. trilokacanda koThArI, digambara jaina samAja, vaicArika vikAsa evaM sAmAjika darzana (bIsavIM zatAbdI kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana) aprakAzita zodha graMtha, pR0 105. vahI, pR0 106-107; je0 ela0 jaina, dI jaina laoN, ArA 1916 I0, pR0 17. 8. eca0eca0 risale, TrAibsa eNDa kAsTsa oNpha baMgAla, bhAga 1, kalakattA . 1891 I0, pR0 7. 9. koThArI, pUrvokta, pR0 113. 10. phUlacanda zAstrI abhinandana graMtha, sampAdaka - bAbUlAla jaina, vArANasI 1985 I0. 11-12. kastUracanda kAsalIvAla, khaNDelavAla jaina samAja kA bRhada itihAsa, jaina itihAsa prakAzana saMsthAna, barakatanagara, jayapura, prathama saMskaraNa, 1989. I0, pR0 52. 13. kastUracanda kAsalIvAla, kavivara bulAkhIcandra, bulAkIdAsa evaM hemarAja, zrI mahAvIra graMtha akAdamI, jayapura 1983 I0, pR0 108-114. 14. DaoN0 mAtA prasAda gupta, jinadattacarita, sAhitya zodha vibhAga, digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIra jI, jayapura 1966 I0, pR0 1. 15. rAmajIta jaina eDavokeTa, jaisavAla jaina itihAsa, lazkara 1988 I0. 16-17. kastUracanda kAsalIvAla, khaNDelavAla jaina samAja kA bRhada itihAsa, pR0 54-55. 18-20. koThArI, pUrvokta, pR0 120-121. 21. vilAsa e0 saMgave, pUrvokta, pR0 92. 22. surendrakumAra jaina, golApUrva jaina samAja itihAsa evaM sarvekSaNa, pArasa zodha saMsthAna, sAgara 1996 I0.

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digambara jaina jAtiyA~ : udbhava evaM vikAsa : 25 23. rAmajIta jaina eDavokeTa, golAlAre jaina jAti kA itihAsa, prakAzaka mesarsa lAlArAma vIrasena jaina sarrApha, sadara bAjAra, bhiNDa 1995 I0. 24-25. kAsalIvAla, khaNDelavAla jaina samAja kA bRhada itihAsa, pRSTha 56 aura Age. 26-27. vahI, pR0 59. 28-29. vilAsa e0 saMgave, pUrvokta, pR0 88-89. 30. sI0ema0 dozI, dazA zrImAlI jaina baniyAj oNpha kAThiyAvAr3a, bAmbe, 1953 I0, pR0 54. 31-33. koThArI, pUrvokta, pR0 129. 34. " vilAsa e0 saMgave, pUrvokta, pR0 92-101. 35. koThArI, pUrvokta, pR0 131.

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siddhasena divAkara kA jaina darzana ko avadAna DA0 kiraNa zrIvAstava* AcArya siddhasena divAkara jaina sAhitya ke saMskRta bhASA meM tarkapUrNa kAvyamaya stuti kI racanA karane vAle prathama dArzanika haiN| unhoMne darzana ke kSetra meM naI dRSTiyA~ dI evaM jaina nyAya kA bIjAropaNa kiyA aura jaina siddhAntoM kI tarka purassara sUkSma carcA kara tAttvika mAnyatAoM para cintana-manana kA dvAra udghATita kiyaa| AcArya siddhasena ne AgamoM meM bikhare anekAnta sumanoM ko mAlA kA rUpa dete hue aneka maulika tathyoM ko bhI janamAnasa ke sAmane rkhaa| jJAna kI pramANatA aura apramANatA meM mokSamArgopayogitA ke sthAna para jJeya rUpa kA samarthana; pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama ke rUpa meM pramANa trayI kI kalpanA pratyakSa aura anumAna meM svArtha-parArtha kI anubhUti aura pramANa lakSaNa meM svaparAvabhAsaka ke sAtha bAdhavivarjita rUpa ko sunizcita karanA siddhasena kI apanI maulika sUjha hI thii| AcArya siddhasena divAkara ke jaina darzana ko die gae avadAna kA unake dvArA saMsthApita katipaya dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke Aloka meM mUlyAMkana kiyA jA sakatA hai jo nimna haiM : (1) darzana aura jJAna ke yugapat bhAva kA pratipAdana (pakSa-vipakSa) (2) nayoM kA punarvargIkaraNa (3) jJAna aura kriyA ke ekAntika Agraha kA nirAkaraNa (4) anekAnta vyavasthApana (1) darzana aura jJAna ke yugapat bhAva kA pratipAdana (pakSa-vipakSa) : AcArya siddhasena ne darzana aura jJAna ke abheda kI eka nayI paramparA sthApita kii| jainoM ke sarvajJa ke darzana aura jJAna ko bhinna mAnane kI isa Agamika paramparA para unhoMne prahAra kiyA aura apane tarka bala se yaha siddha kiyA ki sarvajJa ke darzana aura jJAna meM koI bheda nahIM hai| sarvajJatva ke stara para pahu~cakara donoM eka rUpa ho jAte haiN| unhoMne avadhi aura manaH paryaya tathA jJAna aura darzana ko bhI eka siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| * pUrva zodha chAtrA, pArzavanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI

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siddhasena divAkara kA jaina darzana ko avadAna : 27 anekAnta ke aMgabhUta darzana evaM jJAna kI mImAMsA meM unhoMne apane viziSTa pratibhA kA paricaya dete hue apane upayoga abhedavAda kI sthApanA kI hai| kevala darzana aura kevala jJAna kI utpatti krama se hotI hai aisA mata pahale se Agama paramparA meM prasiddha thaa| isake atirikta ina donoM kI utpatti yugapat hotI hai aisA mata bhI pracalita thaa| ina donoM matoM ke sAmane siddhasena ne apanA abhedavAda rkhaa| unhoMne kramavAditA aura yugapatvAditA meM doSa dikhAte hue abhedavAda yA ekopayogavAda kI sthApanA kii| isa krama meM jJAnAvaraNa aura darzanAvaraNa kA yugapat kSaya mAnate hue yaha bhI batalAyA hai ki do upayoga eka sAtha kahIM nahIM hote aura kevalI meM ve kramaza: bhI nahIM hote| jJAna aura darzana upayogoM kA bheda mana: paryaya jJAna athavA chadmAvasthA taka hI calatA hai| kevala jJAna ho jAne para koI nahIM rhtaa| cUMki kevalI niyama se aspRSTa padArthoM ko jAnatA hai aura dekhatA hai| isalie bheda ke binA bhI abhedarUpa se jJAna aura darzana siddha hote haiN| isa prakAra siddhasena kevalI ke jJAna darzanopayoga viSaya meM abhedavAda ke puraskartA haiN| TIkAkAra abhayadevasUri aura jJAnabindu ke kartA upAdhyAya yazovijaya ne isI mata kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| (2) nayoM kA punarvargIkaraNa : siddhasena divAkara ne nayoM kA punarvargIkaraNa kiyaa| unhoMne jainAgamoM meM prasiddha naigamAdi sAta nayoM ke sthAna para cha: nayoM kI sthApanA kii| naigama ko svataMtra naya na mAnate hue use saMgraha evaM vyavahAra meM samAviSTa kara diyA jo dravyAstika naya ke bheda haiN| saMgraha aura vyavahAra ke bAda RjasUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha tathA evaMbhUta ina cAra nayoM ko paryAyAstika naya ke bheda kahA hai| dravyAstika naya yAnI abhedagAmIdRSTi, paryAyAstika naya yAni bhedagAmI dRsstti| manuSya jaba bhI kucha socatA yA kahatA hai taba yA to abheda kI ora jhukakara yA phira bheda kI ora jhukkr| abheda kI ora jhukakara kie gae vicAra aura usake dvArA pratipAdita vastu ko saMgraha yA sAmAnya kahate haiN| bheda kI ora jhukakara kie gae vicAra aura usake dvArA pratipAdita vastu ko vizeSa kahate haiN| avAntara dRSTi se sAmAnya aura vizeSa ke car3hate utarate krama se cAhe jitane bheda kie jAeM para ve sabhI bheda saMkSepa meM do rAziyoM meM samAviSTa hote haiN| ve hI do rAziyAM anukrama se saMgrahaprastAra aura vizeSa prastAra haiN| zAstra ke vacana mukhya rUpa se ina do rAziyoM meM A jAte haiN| kyoMki unameM se kucha sAmAnya bodhaka hote haiM aura kucha vizeSa bodhk| ina do rAziyoM ke samAviSTa hone vAle sabhI zAstrIya vacanoM kI preraka dRSTi bhI mukhya rUpa se do haiN| sAmAnyavacana rAzi kA preraka abhedagAmI dRSTi dravyAstika naya hai aura vizeSa vacana rAzi kI preraka bhedagAmI dRSTi paryAyAstika naya hai| ye donoM naya hI samagra vicAra athavA vicAra janita samasta zAstra vAkya ke AdhArabhUta

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28 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12 / akTUbara-disambara 2003 hone se inheM zAstra kA mUla vaktA kahA gayA hai| ina do nayoM ke nirUpaNa aura inake samanvaya meM hI anekAntavAda kA paryavasAna hotA hai| jise siddhasena ne kuzalatA se sanmati tarka meM kiyA hai| jagat kisI bhI prakAra ke ekya se rahita kevala alaga-alaga kar3iyoM kI bhAMti bheda rUpa bhI nahIM hai aura tanika bhI bheda ke sparza se rahita akhaNDa abheda rUpa bhI nahIM hai| parantu usameM bheda ora abheda donoM kA anubhava hotA hai| use jaba bhI koI vyavahAra karanA hotA hai taba dRSTi kucha bheda kI tarapha jhukatI hai aura pahale grahaNa kie hue satrUpa akhaNDa tattva ke prayojana ke anusAra jIvaajIva Adi bhedoM kA avalambana letI hai / yahA~ sattA rUpa tattva ko akhaNDa rUpa se grahaNa karane vAlI prathama dRSTi saMgraha naya hai| yaha zuddha dravyAstika naya hai aura sattA ko jIva- ajIva Adi rUpa se khaNDita karake usake dvArA vyavahAra calAne kA prayatna karane vAlI parimita abhedasparzI dUsarI dRSTi vyavahAra naya hai| vyavahAra parimita hone se aparimita saMgraha kA hI aMza hai| isalie yadyapi vaha zuddha dravyAstika kA eka parimita khaNDa hai phira bhI saMgraha aura vyavahAra ina donoM ko dravyAstika naya ke anukrama se zuddha aparimita aura zuddha parimita aMza kaha sakate haiN| saMgraha aura vyavahAra ke bAda RjusUtra, samabhirUr3ha tathA evaMbhUta ina cAra nayoM ko paryAyAstika kA bheda kahA hai| kisI bhI sAmAnya tattva kA avAntara jAti yA guNa Adi kI vizeSatAoM ko lekara vibhAga kiyA jA sakatA hai| parantu jaba taka usa vibhAga meM kAla kRta bheda kA tattva nahIM AtA taba taka ve saba vibhAga vyavahAra naya kI koTi meM rakhe jAte haiN| kAlakRta bheda kA avalambana lekara vastu vibhAga kA Arambha hote hI RjusUtra naya mAnA jAtA hai aura vahI naya paryAyAstika kA prArambha samajhA jAtA hai| isI se yahA~ para RjusUtra ko paryAyAstika naya kA mUla AdhAra kahA gayA hai / bAda ke zabda Adi jo tIna naya haiM ve yadyapi RjusUtra kA avalambana lekara pravRtta hone se usI ke bheda haiM tathA RjusUtra Adi cAroM naya paryAyAstika ke prakAra mAne jA sakate haiN| dRSTi tattva va vartamAna kAla taka hI maryAdita mAnatI hai aura bhUta evaM bhaviSya kAla ko kArya kA asAdhaka mAnakara unheM svIkAra nahIM karatI, aisI kSaNika dRSTi RjusUtra naya kahalAtI hai / isa dRSTi dvArA mAnya vartamAnakAlIna tattva meM bhI jo dRSTi liMga aura puruSa Adi ke bheda se bheda kI kalpanA karatI hai vaha zabda 'naya' hai| zabda naya dvArA mAnya sAmAnya liMga vacana Adi vAle aneka zabdoM ke eka artha meM vyutpatti ke bheda se - paryAya ke bheda se jo dRSTi artha bheda kI kalpanA karatI hai vaha samabhirUr3ha naya hai| samabhirUr3ha naya dvArA eka paryAya zabda ke eka artha meM jo bhI dRSTi kriyA kAla taka

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siddhasena divAkara kA jaina darzana ko avadAna : 29 artha tattva mAnatI hai aura kriyA zUnya kAla meM nahIM, use evaMbhUta naya kahate haiN| aisA cAroM nayoM kA svarUpa hai| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki zabda Adi tIna naya mAtra vartamAna kAlasparzI RtusUtra naya ke AdhAra para uttarottara sUkSma vizeSatAoM ko lekara pravRtta hote haiM aura ve saba usI ke vistAra haiN| RjusUtra naya eka vRkSa jaisA hai, to zabda naya usakI zAkhA (DAla) hai| samabhirUr3ha usakI prazAkhA - TahanI hai aura evaMbhUta usa TahanI kI bhI pratizAkhA - sabase choTI aura patalI zAkhA hai| (3) jJAna aura kriyA ke ekAntika Agraha kA nirAkaraNa : . jJAna aura kriyA ke ekAntika Agraha ko cunautI dete hue siddhasena ne ghoSaNA kI ki jJAna aura kriyA donoM Avazyaka haiN| jJAna aura zakti rahita kriyA usI prakAra vyartha hai jisa prakAra kriyA rahita jJAna arthahIna hai| jJAna aura kriyA kA samyak saMyoga hI vAstavika sukha pradAna kara sakatA hai| janma aura maraNa se mukti pAne ke lie jJAna aura kriyA donoM Avazyaka haiN| sAdhanA mArga meM jJAna aura kriyA ke zreSThatattva ko lekara vivAda calA A rahA hai| vaidika yuga meM jahA~ vihita AcaraNa kI pradhAnatA rahI hai vahA~ aupaniSadika yuga meM jJAna para bala diyA jAne lgaa| bhAratIya cintakoM ke samakSa prAcIna samaya se hI yaha samasyA rahI hai jisakA samAdhAna jJAna aura kriyA kA samanvaya kara kiyA gayA hai| pArzvanAtha ke pUrvavartI yuga meM jaba zramaNa paramparA dehadaNDanaparaka tapa sAdhanA meM aura vaidika paramparA yajJa-yAgaparaka kriyAkANDoM meM hI sAdhanA kI iti zrI mAnakara mAtra AcaraNAtmaka pakSa para bala dene lagI thI to unhoMne use jJAna se samanvita karane kA prayAsa kiyA thaa| mahAvIra aura unake bAda jaina vicArakoM ne bhI jJAna aura AcaraNa donoM se samanvita AcaraNa patha kA upadeza diyaa| jaina vicArakoM kA yaha spaSTa nirdeza thA ki mukti na to mAtra jJAna se prApta ho sakatI hai aura na kevala sadAcaraNa se| jJAnamArgI aupaniSadika evaM sAMkhya paramparAoM kI samIkSA karate hue uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa kahA gayA ki, kucha vicAraka mAnate haiM ki pApa kA tyAga kie binA hI mAtra Aryatattva ko jAnakara hI AtmA sabhI duHkhoM se chUTa jAtI hai| lekina bandhana aura mukti ke siddhAnta meM vizvAsa karane vAle ye vicAraka saMyama kA AcaraNa nahIM karate hue kevala vacanoM se hI AtmA ko AzvAsana dete haiN| sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA hai ki manuSya cAhe vaha brAhmaNa ho, bhikSuka ho, aneka zAstroM kA jAnakAra ho athavA apane ko dhArmika prakaTa karatA ho, yadi usakA AcaraNa acchA nahIM hai to vaha apane karmoM ke kAraNa du:khI hI hogaa| aneka bhASAoM kA jJAna AtmA ko zaraNabhUta nahIM hotA, mantrAdi vidyA bhI use kaise bacA sakatI hai? asat AcaraNa meM anurakta apane Apako paNDita mAnane vAle loga vastuta: mUrkha hI haiN| AcaraNa vihIna aneka zAstroM ke jJAtA bhI saMsAra samudra se pAra nahIM hote| mAtra zAstrIya jJAna se, binA AcaraNa ke koI mukti prApta nahIM kara sktaa|

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30 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 jisa prakAra nipuNa cAlaka bhI vAyu yA gati kI kriyA ke abhAva meM jahAja ko icchita kinAre para nahIM pahu~cA sakatA vaise hI jJAnI AtmA bhI tapa, saMyama rUpa sadAcaraNa ke abhAva meM mokSa prApta nahIM kara sktaa| mAtra jAna lene se kArya siddhi nahIM hotii| tairanA jAnate hue bhI koI kArya ceSTA na kare to DUba jAtA hai| vaise hI zAstroM ko jAnate hue bhI jo dharma kA AcaraNa nahIM karatA vaha DUba jAtA hai| candana Dhone vAlA candana se lAbhAnvita nahIM hotA mAtra vAhaka hI banA rahatA hai| vaise hI AcaraNa se hIna jJAnI ke jJAna bhAva kA vAhaka mAtra hai| isase koI lAbha nahIM hotaa|11 jJAna aura kriyA ke pArasparika sambandha ko loka prasiddha aMdha-paMgu nyAya ke AdhAra para spaSTa karate hue AcArya likhate haiM ki jaise vana meM dAvAnala lagane para paMgu use dekhate hue bhI gati ke abhAva meM jala bharatA hai aura andhA samparka mArga na khoja pAne ke kAraNa jala maratA hai vaise hI AcaraNavihIna jJAna paMgu ke samAna hai aura isa cakSuvihIna AcaraNa andhe ke samAna hai| AcaraNavihIna jJAna aura jJAnavihIna AcaraNa nirarthaka hai aura saMsAra rUpI dAvAnala se sAdhaka ko bacAne meM asamartha hai| jisa prakAra eka cakra se ratha nahIM calatA akelA andhA akelA paMgu icchita sAdhya taka nahIM pahu~cate vaise hI mAtra jJAna yA mAtra kriyA se mukti nahIM hotI varan donoM ke sahayoga se mukti hotI hai| (4) anekAnta kI vyApakatA : anekAnta dRSTi eka prakAra kI pramANa paddhati hai| vaha atyanta vyApaka hai| jaise vaha anya sabhI prameyoM meM lAgU hokara unakA svarUpa nizcita karatI hai vaise hI vaha apane viSaya meM bhI lAgU hotI hai aura apanA svarUpa vizeSa sphUTa karatI hai| prameyoM meM lAgU hone kA yaha artha hai ki unake viSaya meM svarUpa viSayaka jo alaga-alaga dRSTiyA~ banI huI haiM, una sabakA yogya rUpa se samanvaya karake arthAt una saba dRSTiyoM kA sthAna nizcita karake prameyoM kA svarUpa kaisA honA cAhie yaha sthira krnaa| jaise ki jagat ke mUla tattva aura jar3a - cetana ke viSaya meM aneka vicAra haiN| koI unheM mAtra bhinna mAnatA hai to koI mAtra abhinn| koI mAtra nitya mAnatA hai to koI mAtra anitya rUpa mAnatA hai| koI eka mAnatA hai to koI aneka kahatA hai| ata: aneka vikalpoM ke svarUpa tAratamya aura avidhapane kA vicAra karake samanvaya karanA ki ye tattva sAmAnya dRSTi se dekhane para abhinna nitya aura eka haiM tathA vizeSa dRSTi se dekhane para bhitra nitya aura eka bhI haiN| prameya ke viSaya meM anekAnta kI pravRtti kA yaha eka udAharaNa huaa|12 isI prakAra anekAnta dRSTi jaba apane bAre meM hotI hai taba apane svarUpa ke viSaya meM vaha sUcita karatI hai ki vaha aneka dRSTiyoM kA samuccaya hone se anekAnta to hai hI parantu vaha eka svataMtra dRSTi hone se usa rUpa meM anekAnta dRSTi bhI hai| isI taraha anekAnta dUsarA kucha bhI nahIM hai, vaha to bhinna-bhinna dRSTi rUpa ikAiyoM kA saccA

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siddhasena divAkara kA jaina darzana ko avadAna : 31 jor3a hai| aisA hone se vaha anekAnta hone para bhI ekAnta bhI hai hii| alabattA isameM itanI vizeSatA hai ki yaha ekAnta yathArthatA kA virodhI nahIM honA caahie| sArAMza yaha hai ki anekAnta meM sApekSa (samyak) ekAntoM ko sthAna hai hii| jisa prakAra anekAnta dRSTi ekAnta dRSTi ke AdhAra para upasthita mantavyoM ke AdhAra para bacane kI zikSA detI haiN| vaise hI vaha anekAnta dRSTi ke nAma se jAne jAne vAle ekAnta AgrahoM se bhI bacane kI zikSA detI hai| jaise pravacana ekAnta rUpa hai aisA mAnane vAle bhI yadi usameM hue vicAroM ko ekAnta rUpa se grahaNa kareM to, vaha sthUla * dRSTi se anekAnta sevI hone para bhI tAttvika dRSTi se ekAntI hI bana jAte haiM ve samyak dRSTi nahIM rhte| jaina darzana meM saMsArI jIva ke cha: nikAya batAye gaye haiN| jIva kI cha: jAtiyA~ haiM aisA ekAnta mAnane para caitanya rUpa se jIvatattva kA ekatva bhulA diyA jAtA hai aura dRSTi meM mAtra bheda hI AtA hai| ata: pRthvIkAya Adi chaH vibhAgoM ko ekAnta rUpa se grahaNa na karake unameM caitanya ke rUpa meM jIva tattva kA ekatva mAnA jAya to vaha yathArtha hI hai| isI taraha AtmA eka hai tathA aneka hai| isa taraha ke bhinna-bhinna zAstrIya vAkya kA samanvaya hotA hai| isI prakAra jIvaghAta ko ekAnta hiMsA rUpa samajhane meM bhI yathArthatA kA lopa hotA hai kyoMki prasaMga vizeSa meM jIva kA ghAta hiMsA rUpa nahIM bhI hotA hai| koI apramatta muni sampUrNa rUpa se jAgRta rahane para bhI, sAvadhAnI rakhane para bhI jaba jIva ko nahIM bacA sakatA taba usake dvArA huA vaha jIva ghAta hiMsA kI koTi meM nahI aataa| tAtparyata: kabhI-kabhI jIvaghAta ahiMsA kI koTi meM bhI AtA hai| ataH jIvaghAta ko ekAnta hiMsA rUpa yA ekAnta ahiMsA na mAnakara yogya rUpa se usakA svabhAva samajhane meM hI anekAnta dRSTi hai aura yahI samyak dRSTi hai|13 (5) jaina darzana ke pramANa zAstra ko siddhasena kA avadAna : nyAya zAstra yA pramANa zAstra meM dArzanikoM ne pramANa, pramAtA. prameya aura pramiti ina cAra tattvoM ke nirUpaNa ko prAdhanya diyA hai| AcArya siddhasena hI prathama dArzanika haiM jinhoMne nyAyAvatAra jaisI choTI sI kRti meM jaina darzana sammat ina cAroM tattvoM kI vyAkhyA karane kA saphala vyavasthita prayatna kiyA hai| unhoMne pramANa aura usake bheda - prabhedoM kA lakSaNa batAyA hai| khAsa kara anumAna ke viSaya meM to usake hetvAdi sabhI aMga pratyaMgoM kI saMkSepa meM mArmika carcA kI hai| siddhasena divAkara prathama jaina tArkika lekhaka haiN| inhoMne pahalI bAra tarka ko jaina dharma kI anya vidhAoM se alaga kiyA aura 32 zlokoM meM nyAyAvatAra kI

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32 1:3 zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 racanA kI jisameM pramANa zAstra ke aneka aMgoM kA samyak vivecana huA hai| isa grantha ke mAdhyama se siddhasena ne pramANa kI paribhASA dete hue kahA hai ki pramANa vaha jJAna hai jo "sva" aura "para" ko binA kisI bAdhA ke prakAzita karatA hai| yaha pratyakSa aura parokSa do prakAra kA hotA hai| pramANa kI yaha paribhASA yogAcAra bauddha dArzanikoM kI pramANa kI paribhASA se sarvathA bhinna hai jo yaha mAnate haiM ki jJAna kevala svayaM ko prakAzita karatA hai| kyoMki vaha yaha mAnate haiM ki bAhyArtha kI sattA hI nahIM hai / siddhasena divAkara dvArA prastuta pramANa kI yaha paribhASA naiyAyika tathA mImAMsakoM ke usa paribhASA kA bhI khaNDana karatI hai jo yaha mAnate haiM ki jJAna kevala bAhya sattA ko hI prakAzita karatA hai, vaha svayaM ko prakAzita nahIM kara sktaa| jaina darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki jJAna sva aura para ko eka sAtha prakAzita karatA hai| jisa prakAra eka dIpaka apane prakAza ke sAtha-sAtha anya bAhya vastuoM ko bhI prakAzita karatA hai| siddhasena ne pramANa kI paribhASA meM jo bAdhavivarjita pada kA niveza kiyA hai vaha pramANa ko mithyA jJAna se alaga karane ke lie kiyaa| udAharaNArtha vaha vyakti jise netra doSa ho use do candramA dikhAI dete haiN| ataH siddhasena ne jo pramANa viSayaka saMzodhana kiyA hai vaha apane meM atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| sandarbha : 1. sanmatiprakaraNa, gAthA 3, pR0 2. 2. vahI, gAthA 4, pR0 4. 3. vahI, gAthA 5, pR0 4. 4. vahI, gAthA 5, pR0 6. vahI. 5. 6. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 6, 1, 10. 7. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/1/6. 8. uttarAdhyayana, 6 / 11. 9. avazyaniryukti, 95/96. 10. vahI, 1151-54. 11 . vahI, 100. 12 . vahI, 101-102 13. sanmatiprakaraNa, gAthA 27, pR0 74.

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vanaspati aura jaina AhAra zAstra vanaspati hamAre AhAra ke pramukha srota haiN| ye hameM 1. azana ( anna aura dAleM), 2. pAna (dugdha, dhRta, jala va phala Adi), khAdya (miThAI, pauSTika khAdya) evaM 4. svAdya (lauMga, ilAyacI Adi) ke aneka koTi ke padArthoM ko pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa se pradAna karate haiN| inake aneka rUpa hote haiM : 1. kacce yA apakva, 2. kAlapakva, 3. anagnipakva yA 4. azastra prinnt| ye prAkRtika rUpa meM pAye jAte haiN| zAstroM meM kahA gayA hai ki ye prAkRtika rUpa meM sAdhuoM aura uccatara koTi ke zrAvakoM ko nahIM khAnA cAhiye, para sAmAnya jana aura pAkSika zrAvaka inakA prAkRtika aura parivartita rUpa meM bhI apane AhAra meM upayoga karate haiN| zAstroM meM prAkRtika AhArya vanaspatiyoM ke liye Ama, Amaka, Ardra, sacitta aura anagnipakva Adi aneka zabda Aye haiM jinakA artha prAyaH eka-sA hI hai| tathApi kSullaka jJAna bhUSaNa jI ne sAmAnyataH inako sacitta ekendriya jIva kahA hai|" paM0 AzAdhara ne bhI ina harita kAyoM ko sacitta hI kahA hai| sAtha hI, unhoMne 'sacitta' zabda ko 'abhakSya' zabda se bhinna arthayukta mAnA hai| abhakSya kevala ve padArtha mAne haiM jo trasa - ghAta - samAhArI hoM / zvetAMbara graMthoM meM, azastrapariNata zabda bhI AyA hai jisase sacitta kA hI bodha hotA hai| vanaspatiyoM ke bheda - prabheda zAstroM meM, sAmAnyataH vanaspati ke do prakAra batAye gaye haiM : 1. pratyeka zarIrI (eka zarIra ekajIva) aura 2. sAdhAraNa zarIrI (eka zarIra - aneka jIva ) inameM pratyeka kI 1. saMpratiSThita (jIva-AdhArita, sAmAnyataH parajIvI) aura 2. apratiSThita ke rUpa meM punaH dvidhA vargIkRta kiyA hai| inameM se, dhavalA ke anusAra, bAdara - nigoda-pratiSThita yonibhUta vanaspati mUlI, adaraka, sUraNa, thUhara Adi haiM aura bAdara - nigoda-ayonibhUtapratiSThita pratyeka zarIrI meM nigoda to rahate haiM, para unakA vikAsa nahIM hotaa| isake viparyAsa meM, bAdara - nigoda- apratiSThita pratyeka zarIra vanaspati zuddha pratyeka zarIrI haiM / * naMdalAla jaina* hamAre AhAra meM, sAmAnyataH, donoM prakAra ke pratyeka zarIrI vanaspati hote haiN| dhavalA 3.1.2.87 meM mUlI, adaraka (kaMdamUla) Adi ko, bAdara - nigoda yonibhUta pratiSThita ko pratyeka zarIrI hI batAyA hai| ise dhavalA ke hI 1.1.41 meM bhI pUrva * jaina seMTara, rIvA, ma0pra0.

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34 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 meM batAyA gayA hai| digambara graMthoM meM pratiSThita yA apratiSThita pratyeka zarIrI vaspatiyoM ke kucha udAharaNoM ko chor3akara, aneka nAma nahIM milte| isake viparyAsa meM prajJApanA evaM jIvAbhigama Adi meM pratyeka zarIrI bAdara vanaspatiyoM ke bAraha prakAra aura unake prAyaH 350 nAma ginAye gaye haiN| inameM se aneka-harita, auSadhi, dhAnya, zAka Adi ke phala, parva, bIja Adi hama AhAra evaM auSadhi meM kAma meM lete haiN| ye sabhI vanaspati prakRti meM kacce yA kAlapakva rUpa meM pAye jAte haiN| inheM 'Ama' zabda se nirUpita kiyA jAtA hai| phalata: 'Ama' zabda kA artha kevala sacitta sapratiSThita pratyeka vanaspati mAtra nahIM lenA caahiye| Ama yA anya samAnArthI zabdoM se sabhI prakAra ke hare yA kacce vanaspatiyoM (cAhe ve sAdhAraNa koTi ke hoM yA pratyeka ke) ko lenA caahiye| digambara graMthoM kI tulanA meM, prajJApanA Adi graMthoM meM sAdhAraNa vanaspatiyoM ke prAya: 100 nAma diye gaye haiM jinameM aneka kaMda aura mUla Ate haiN| inheM bAdara nigoda kahA jAtA hai| sAdhAraNata: jaina loga inheM bhUmigata tanevAle paudhe kahate haiN| inake aMtargata, vanaspatizAstriyoM ke anusAra, nimna koTiyAM AtI haiM : 1. prakaMda (ri-joma) : haldI, adaraka Adi 2. kaMda (TyUba) : AlU Adi 3. zalka kaMda (balbsa) : pyAja, lahasuna Adi 4. ghana kaMda (kaurma) : krokasa Adi isake anusAra, jainoM dvArA svIkRta kaMda-mUla yA gaDaMta vanaspatiyAM ina cAra koTiyoM meM samAhita ho jAtI haiN| ina vanaspatiyoM kA tanA jamIna ke aMdara mUrtarUpa.letA hai aura UparI aMza ko poSaNa detA hai| vanaspatizAstrI haldI aura adaraka kI koTi ko, lahasuna aura pyAja tathA AlU kI koTi se bhinna mAnate haiN| zAyada ye dhUpa meM sukhAye yA parivartita kiye jA sakate haiM, phalata: inakI bhakSyatA utanI jar3amUla nahIM hai jitanI AlU Adi kI hai kyoMki ve dhUpa dvArA sukhAye nahIM jA sakate, ve kevala agnipakvana se parivartita kiye jA sakate haiN| yahAM agni se pAraMparika agni ke atirikta vidyuta-bhaTThI, mAikroveva yA anya Adhunika tejaskAyika utpAdI upakaraNa bhI lene caahiye| sAmAnyata: prayoga meM Ane vAle isa koTi ke vanaspati nimna haiM : 1. adaraka, 2. haldI, 3. mUlI, 4. gAjara, 5. pyAja, 6. lahasuna, 7. AlU, 8. dhuiyAM, 9. zakarakaMda, 10. jamIkaMda, 11. sUraNakaMda, 12. mUMgaphalI, 13. zalajama aadi| ina kaMdamUloM kA pattevAlA bhAga jamIna ke Upara rahatA hai| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki pattIvAlA bhAga , bhUtalIya aMza hai aura bhakSya hai aura bhUmigata aMza bhakSya nahIM hai| prakRti meM ye 'Ama' yA 'sacitta' avasthA meM pAye jAte haiM aura inakA agnipakvana yA zastra pariNamana kiyA jA sakatA hai| nal

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vanaspati aura jaina AhAra zAstra : 35 ina vanaspatiyoM kI sthUlatA ke kAraNa inameM anaMta sUkSmajIva, saMbhavata: nigodiyA jIva, hote hoNge| ye vanaspati bhI prakRti meM pAye jAte haiM aura ye 'harita' yA 'Ama' hote haiN| lekina ye sAdhAraNa vanaspati pratyeka koTi se bhinna haiM kyoMki inameM eka hI zarIra meM aneka se lekara anaMta taka jIva rahate haiN| sUkSma avasthA meM inameM nigoda (anaMta jIvoM ko sthAna dene vAle) yA nigota kahate haiN| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki saI kI eka noMka ke barAbara sthAna meM asaMkhyAta nigoda jIva hote haiN| yadi hama suI kI noMka kA AkAra 104 semI0 mAneM aura asaMkhyAta kA mAna sAmAnya gaNanA ke anusAra mahAsaMkha ke samakakSa 1020 mAne (yaha mAna jaina mAnyatAnusAra, sahI nahIM hai|), to eka sUkSma nigodiyA jIva 1024 semI0 sAija kA golAkara yA anya AkAra kA hogaa| isa taraha eka semI0 vistAra meM kama se kama 1024 nigodiyA jIva ho sakate haiM (anaMta na bhI mAneM, to)| Aja ke vanaspati-vijJAnI kI sajIva kozikA sAija 104 semI0 ke lagabhaga hotI hai| ata: Adhunika vanaspati vijJAna meM ina jIvoM kI samakakSatA pAnA kaThina hI hai| itane sUkSma jIvoM kA astitva to kevala-jJAna gamya hai| para Adhunika vaijJAnikoM ke liye sAdhAraNa vanaspatiyoM kI anaMta jIvakAyatA kiMcit vicAraNIya hai| anaMtoM kI eka-kAyatA, anekoM kI eka-kAyatA ke rUpa meM mAne jAne para ye vaijJAnikoM ke parajIvI vanaspati ke samakakSa mAne jA sakate haiN| dhavalA 3.1.2.87 meM inheM "eka-sarIra dviyabahUhI jIvehiM saha' ke rUpa meM batAyA hai| 'bahu' zabda anaMtArthaka kaba ho gayA, yaha anusaMdheya hai| phira bhI, itane choTe-se vistAra meM itane adhika jIvoM ke kAraNa, dhArmika dRSTi se, inakI sacitta ya acitta bhakSyatA vicAraNIya ho gaI hai| yahI nahIM, sAdhAraNa-vanaspati kI paribhASA bahuta jaTila hai, sAmAnyajanoM ke liye bodhagamya bhI nahIM hai| paudhoM ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM vividha koTi kI vanaspatikatA ke ullekha prajJApanA meM diye gaye haiN| AhAra kI AvazyakatA prAya: sabhI jIva AhAra-pAnI ke binA adhika samaya taka jIvita nahIM raha sakate cAhe ve pAramArthika saMsArI jIva hoM yA vyAvahArika saMsArI jiiv| donoM ko hI AhAra anivArya hai| vastuta: vyAvahArika saMsArI vyavahAra-mArga apanAkara pAramArthikatA kI ora agrasara hokara jIvana kA carama lakSya prApta karatA hai| vyAvahArika saMsArI jIva apane svAsthya-rakSaNa evaM rogamokSaNa ke mAdhyama se samucita AhAra-vihAra grahaNa kara dharma-sAdhana kara pAramArthika jIva bana sakatA hai| janma se koI pAramArthika nahIM hotaa| mUlAcAra 479 meM bhI AhAra ke aneka uddezyoM meM Avazyaka kriyAoM, saMyama aura dharma ke pAlana ke uddezya batAye gaye haiN| isIliye 'zarIramAdyaM khalu dharma sAdhanaM' kI ukti balavatI ho gayI hai| yaha kitanA manoraMjaka evaM hAsyAspada mata hai ki dharma aura zarIra svAsthya parasparata: asaMbaddha haiN| yadi aisA hI hotA, to Ayurveda para graMtha kyoM

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36 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 likhe jAte aura naipuNikoM kI gaNanA meM cikitsaka kA samAharaNa kyoM kiyA jAtA, jabaki yaha Agamika paraMparA meM pApazruta mAnA jAtA hai (sthAnAMga, sthAna 9)?11 kyA inake lekhaka AcArya paramArthI nahIM the? vastuta:, AhAra evaM svAsthya anyonya saMbaddha haiN| samucita poSaka AhAra hI svAsthya aura dharma kA pAlaka-rakSaka hotA hai| ata: AhAra kI guNavattA para sAmAnya jana kI ye kriyAeM nirbhara karatI haiN| isa tathya kI upekSA nahIM kI jA sktii| AhAra-vijJAnI batAte haiM ki hamAre liye samucita mAtraka sapta-ghaTakI AhAra honA cAhiye jisameM (1) zarkarA, (2) basA, (3) proTIna, (4) khanija, (5) viTAmina, (6) hArmona aura (7) jala honA caahie|12 inameM kucha ghaTaka pratyeka vanaspatiyoM se prApta hote haiM aura kucha sAdhAraNa vanaspatiyoM se| digambara AmnAya vartamAna meM yaha mAnatA hai ki sAdhAraNa vanaspatiyoM ko kisI bhI rUpa meM kisI ko bhI AhAra meM nahIM lenA caahiye| isake viparyAsa meM, zvetAMbara AmnAya meM isa para kiMcit svaicchikatA hai| vanaspatiyoM kI bhakSyatA : kisake liye? kSullaka jJAna bhUSaNa jI ne apane 'sacitta vivecana' meM ina vanaspatiyoM kI bhakSyatA para prakAza DAlA hai| ye vicAra bIsavIM sadI ke pUrvArdha meM vyakta kiye gaye the| isa pustaka kA dUsarA saMskaraNa 1994 meM digambara sampradAya kI vizruta saMsthA vIra sevA maMdira TrasTa, jayapura se ajamera jaina samAja ke saujanya se prakAzita huA hai| isameM sAdhAraNa vanaspatiyoM kI bhakSyatA kA Agama se aura vyAvahArikata: samarthana kiyA gayA hai| isa yuga meM aneka vidvAnoM ne bhI isa para sakArAtmaka carcA kii| isake vivaraNoM para koI samIkSA dekhane meM nahIM AyI aura unakI ziSya maMDalI bhI isa viSaya meM mauna hai| isase yaha anumAna to lagAyA hI jA sakatA hai ki prAcIna paramparAvAdiyoM meM tathA isa yuga ke vicArakoM meM AhAra ke harita yA sAdhAraNa vanaspati aMza ke prati visaMvAditA hai| zAstrIya gAthAoM, zabdoM kI vyAkaraNa-saMmata, aikAntikata: arthApatita evaM sakArAtmaka vyAkhyA kI bhinnatA hI isakA kAraNa hai| pUjya kSullakajI (uttaravartI AcArya jJAnasAgara jI) ne yaha batAyA hai ki abhakSyatA kA saMbaMdha trasandhAtI khAdyoM se hai| sthAvaroM kI abhakSyatA unake cAra rUpoM meM se kevala tIna rUpoM (vanaspati, vanaspatikAyika evaM vanaspati jIva) ke kAraNa hai jinameM sajIvatA yA sacittatA hotI hai| yadi sAdhAraNa vanaspati vanaspatikAya (dUsarA bheda) ke rUpa meM ho, to vaha bhakSya hai| vanaspati kA yaha rUpa acitta yA nirjIva hotA hai| sacittAhAra tyAga jIvana ke uccatara stara (zikSAvrata yA pAMcavIM pratimA) para hI niyamita hotA hai| ise sAmAnya jana yA pAkSika zrAvaka para lAgU karanA sahI nahIM hai|

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vanaspati aura jaina AhAra zAstra : 37 saMsArI jIva (vizeSataH jinake muni hone yA mokSa jAne kI saMbhAvanA hai ) cAra prakAra ke mAne jAte haiM : 1. sAmAnya jana, 2. zrAvaka jana (tIna prakAra ke) 3. sAdhujana evaM 4. abhavya jn| pahalI tIna koTiyAM bhavya bhI kahalAtI haiN| inameM sAdhujana jo alpasaMkhyaka hI hote haiM prAya: paiMtIsa sau meM eka (saMparka 2000 ke anusAra digambaroM meM sabhI koTi ke tyAgI janoM kI saMkhyA 818 hai aura digaMbara prAyaH 50 lAkha taka mAne jA sakate haiN)| 13 inakI AhAra-vihAra saMhitA paramArtha - mukhI ho sakatI hai| sAtha hI, naiSThika evaM sallekhanA - mukhI sAdhaka zrAvakoM kI saMkhyA bhI alpa hI hogI, mAna lIjiye tyAgiyoM se dugunI arthAt eka hajAra meM eka ke lagabhaga hogii| prAcIna jaina zAstroM meM inhIM se saMbaMdhita AhAra-vihAra kA varNana hai / isakA artha yaha huA ki prAcIna jaina AhAra-vihAra kevala 3 pratizata jainoM ke liye hI hai / isIliye pazcimI vicAraka jainadharma ko alpasaMkhyakoM ke dharma hone kA Aropa lagAte haiN| 14 isa Aropa kA nirAkaraNa Avazyaka hai| kSullaka jJAnabhUSaNa jI ne sahI likhA hai ki pAramArthika yA saMyamI jIvoM kA mArga, gRhasthoM kI tulanA meM, ulTA hI hotA hai / kahAM iMdriya damana aura kahAM iMdriya poSaNa, kahAM sthUla hiMsA kA tyAga aura kahAM sUkSma hiMsA kA bhI tyAga ? donoM ke liye eka-sI AcAra saMhitA kaise bana sakatI hai? paM0 AzAdhara jI ne sahI likhA hai ki gRhastha jana cAritramohI hote haiM, ataH unake liye tyAgiyoM kA nahIM, gRhasthadharma hI zreyaskara hai| hameM jaina mAnyatAoM ko bahusaMkhyaka - pAlanIya banAnA hogaa| phalataH pAkSika zrAvaka evaM sAmAnya jana kI bahusaMkhyaka koTi aura gRhastha evaM vyavasAya bhare jIvana ke liye zuddha pAramArthika saMhitA lAbhakArI nahIM hai| vastutaH gRhasthoM ke AcAra-vicAra se saMbaMdhita aSTa mUlaguNa, sAta vyasana yA bAisa abhakSya kI dhAraNA uttaravartI hai jo madhya yuga meM unake jIvana ko dharma- mukhI banAne ke liye vikasita kI gaI hogii| yaha prAcIna AcAryoM ke zAstrIya yugAnukUlana kA eka udAharaNa hai / yadyapi kArtikeyAnuprekSA 38 kI zubhacaMdrI TIkA (solahavIM sadI) meM darzana pratimA meM aneka vastuoM ke na khAne kI bAta kahI gaI hai, para kaMda-mUla na khAne kA saMketa vahAM nahIM hai| 15 hAM, cAritrapAhur3a 21 kI zrutasAgarI TIkA (solahavIM sadI) meM kaMdamUloM ke tyAga kA saMketa hai, 16 para unheM abhakSya nahIM kahA gayA hai| inakI abhakSyatA ke rUpa meM gaNanA saMbhavata: uttaravartI vrata vidhAna saMgraha, dharmasaMgraha yA paMcasaMgraha ke yuga se prAraMbha huI hogii| isIlie prAcIna graMthoM meM isa rUpa meM inakA ullekha nahIM pAyA jaataa| phira bhI, abhakSya ( yA trasaghAta) tyAga pahale hotA hai aura sacitta tyAga usakA paryApta uttaravartI caraNa hai| - - kevala dhArmika dRSTi se yaha dhAraNA sahI ho sakatI hai ki hiMsA - ahiMsA kI dRSTi se, pratyeka zarIrI vanaspatiyoM ke sacitta yA acitta rUpa meM AharaNa meM hiMsA alpa hogii| kSullaka jJAnabhUSaNa jI ne bhI yahI kahA hai ki harita yA sacitta vanaspatiyAM

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38 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 zuSka, nirjIva aura agnipakva acitta vanaspatiyoM kI apekSA adhika sadoSa haiN| para saMsAra meM prANiyoM meM kevala dharma-saMjJA hI nahIM hotI, unameM AhAra, nidrA, bhaya, maithuna aura AvegoM kI saMjJAyeM bhI hotI haiN| inake liye Avazyaka svasthavRtta bhI dhArmika dRSTi se svIkRta honA caahiye| ina saMjJAoM ke kAraNa bhI aneka prakAra kI anivArya hiMsA hotI hai| isI prakAra, kRSi, vyavasAya, zilpa Adi meM bhI hiMsA ke aneka rUpa anivAryataH samAhita hote haiN| isa prakAra kI hiMsA, kaMda-mUla-bhakSaNajanya hiMsA kI tulanA meM paryApta bahumAnI hotI hai| vastuta: sAdhAraNa vanaspatiyoM kI do koTiyAM haiM : 1. zarkarA yA kArbohAiDreTI (dhAnyoM ke samAna AlU, dhuiyAM aura kaMda Adi) aura 2. a-zarkarIya (haldI, adarakha aadi)| inameM se adhikAMza kA rAsAyanika saMghaTana jJAta ho cukA hai| inameM zAkoM kI apekSA jalAMza kama hotA hai| inakI khAdya-ghaTakIyatA bahumUlya hai| prathama koTi ke padArthoM meM supAcya zarkarAyeM hotI hai jo svAsthya-lAbha meM sahAyaka hotI haiM aura dUsarI koTi meM roga-pratikAra-kSamatA tathA kSAratattva ke ghaTaka hote haiN| isIliye prAcIna graMthoM meM inheM sAdhuoM ke liye bhI agnipakva-kara khAne kA ullekha hai| yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai ki bhagavatI 23.1 meM sAdhAraNa vanaspatiyoM kI utkRSTa evaM jaghanya Ayu mAtra aMtarmuhUta hI batAI hai| isase kyA yaha phalita hotA hai ki ve aMtarmuhurta ke bAda pratyeka vanaspati ke rUpa meM parivartita ho jAte hoMge? yaha unake bahukozikIya rUpa grahaNa karane se hI saMbhava hai| isameM aneka kozikAoM ke tila-papar3I meM tiloM yA laDDa meM kaNoM ke baMdha ke samAna zleSa hone meM paryApta UrjA vyayita hotI hai, phalata: inakI pratikozikA prANazakti kama ho jAtI hai| isIliye saMbhavata: prajJApanA 1.49 meM aneka pattevAlI bhAjiyAM va mUlI Adi pratyeka vanaspati meM ginAyI gayI haiN|18 ___jIvoM kI kozikIya saMracanA ke AdhAra para vanaspatiyoM kA pratyeka evaM sAdhAraNa rUpa meM vargIkaraNa aba eka aitihAsika tathya hai|19 donoM prakAra ke bAdara vanaspati bahukozikIya pAye gaye haiM jo apane vikAsa ke samaya nitya naI kozikAoM kA sarjana evaM vinAzana karate rahate haiN| anaMtakAyika ko bahukozikIya vanaspati mAnane para unase saMbaMdhita dhArmika evaM bhakSyAbhakSya saMbaMdhI samasyAyeM bhI paryApta samAdhAna pA sakatI haiN| kaMda-mUloM kI abhakSyatA ke tarkoM kI samIkSA aneka jaina vanaspatizAstrI yaha mAnate haiM ki sAdhAraNa vanaspati ke kacce yA agnipakva AharaNa meM dhArmika dRSTi se nimna doSa haiM20, 21 : a. bhUmigata kaMdoM ko ukhAr3ane ke kAraNa paudhe kA jIvana-cakra pUrNa nahIM ho pAtA hai aura vaha naSTa ho jAtA hai| isase usake avayavI jIvoM yA kozikAoM kI hiMsA hotI hai|

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vanaspati aura jaina AhAra zAstra : 39 ba. bhUmigata kaMda-mUloM ko ukhAr3ane para unase bhUmi meM cahuM ora saMpati sUkSma jIvoM kA jIvana-cakra bhI naSTa ho jAtA hai| sa. kaMda-mUloM meM sAMdrita jIvana hotA hai| da. bhUmigata kaMda-mUloM ko AharaNa ke liye ukhAr3ane para bhUmigata aura bhUmitalIya paryAvaraNa saMtulana prabhAvita hotA hai| i. dhArmika graMthoM meM kaMda-mUloM kA AharaNa aniMdita nahIM hai| (a) yaha sujJAta hai ki bhUmitalIya paudhe, phala evaM zAka bhI hama prAya: kacce yA agnipakva hI khAte haiN| inakI pUrNa-pakvatA inake sUkhane ke samaya hI AtI hai jaba ve prAya: akhAdya aura arucikara ho jAte haiN| kakar3I, kumhar3A, paravala, bhiMDI Adi sabhI baha-bIjaka kauna pUrNa-pakva hone para khAtA hai? bahu-bIjakIya abhakSyatA ke sAtha kyA pratyeka zarIrI vanaspati sacitta nahIM hote? kyA inakI jIva-kozikIya racanA ke AdhAra para inake AharaNa meM bahu-ghAta nahIM hotA? bhUtala para bhI inako mUla paudhoM se tor3ane aura khAne meM eka yA aneka paudhoM kA jIvana cakra naSTa hotA hai| inameM bhI agaNita ekeMdriya sUkSma kozikAyeM hotI haiN| hAM, inameM sAmAnyata: na to trasajIva hote haiM aura na hI ye madya, bhAMga Adi ke samAna koI hAni utpanna karate haiN| ata: inheM bhI kyoM na abhakSya mAnA jAve? hAM, kucha loga inheM kaccA tor3akara sukhAte haiM aura phira sUkhe kI hI sabjI khAte haiN| para isameM bhI sukhAne se jIvana cakra to naSTa hotA hI hai| bhUmigata tanoM ke rUpa meM upalabdha kaMda-mUloM ko bhI loga khAne yogya yA samucita pakva hone para hI bhUmitalIya phala-phUloM ke samAna sacitta yA acitta avasthA meM khAte haiN| phalata: unake AharaNa meM doSa mAnanA samucita pratIta nahIM hotA kyoMki ye bhI kozikIya hI hote haiN| isa mata kA samarthana aneka jaiva vanaspati zAstriyoM ne kiyA hai| rahI bAta, adhika sthAvara hiMsA kI, so sAmAnya jana sUkSma hiMsA ke tyAgI nahIM hote aura ye AhAra ke alpamAtrika ghaTaka haiN| aneka kaMda-mUla to vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM hI qhAye jAte haiN| phalata: inake AharaNa meM bhI hiMsA alpa hI hotI hai| phalata: bahughAta kA doSa ucita nahIM hai| (ba) kaMdamUla ke AhAra ke rUpa meM grahaNa karane ke vipakSa meM prabalatara tarka unake ukhAr3ane ke samaya unake cahuM ora pAye jAne vAle sUkSma jIvANuoM ke pIr3ana-hiMsAjanya saMbhAvita pApabaMdha se saMbaMdhita hai| isa viSaya meM bhI yaha manoraMjaka hai ki phUloM kI zobhA aura upayogitA unake mAdhyama se prabhu pUjana janya puNyArjana, puSpahAroM ke mAdhyama se svayaM tathA anyoM ko suvAsita evaM sammAnita karane tathA mahilAoM kI suSamA hetu veNI banAne Adi meM mAnI jAtI hai| yadyapi zuddha ahiMsaka jana isake samarthaka nahIM haiM, ve to nirjIva sUtra-guccha aura aba to plAsTika gucchAdi kA dIpa-jvalana

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40 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 kI prakriyA ke vidyuta balba jalane ke samAna, upayoga karate haiN| ve to dUdha ke upayoga kA bhI virodha karate haiM - vegana sosAyaTI isakA udAharaNa hai| ye puSpAdi vibhinna dhArmika evaM sAmAjika kAryoM meM garimA lAte haiN| inake suvAsita avasthA meM tor3ane meM bhI hiMsana to hotA hI hai| inake samAna hI, kaMda-mUla padArthoM kI upayogitA bhI zArIrika svAsthyasaMrakSaNa aura saMvardhana meM vizeSa hai kyoMki inameM aise ghaTaka hote haiM jo zarIra kI rogapratikAra kSamatA bar3hAte haiM aura rugNa ko niroga banAne meM sahAyaka hote haiM, viSamaya kRmiyoM evaM jIvANuoM ko naSTa karate haiN| udAharaNArtha, pyAja meM elila-propila DAisalphAiDa, aneka lavaNa evaM viTAmina, lahasuna meM DAi-elila evaM elila-propila salphAiDa, adaraka-soMTha meM aneka khanija tathA auSadhIya taila, haldI meM karyumina tathA sUraNakaMda meM kailasiyama oNkjeleTa tathA AlU meM supAcya zarkarA ke samAna aneka doSanivAraka ghaTaka hote haiN|22 yadi jIvana evaM svAsthya rakSaNa ke prakramoM ke nimitta kiye jAne vAle alpamAtrika hiMsana ko mAnyatA na dI jAve, to kRSi-karma aura usake adhihiMsA-mUlaka utpAdoM kA AharaNa-upabhoga bhI sarvAdhika pratibaMdhita honA caahiye| yahI nahIM, koI bhI sAMsArika prANI ke zvAsocchAsa, bhojana kA cayApacaya, AhAra, saMbhoga Adi sabhI kAryoM meM asaMkhyAta karor3a sUkSma jIvoM (sUtraprAbhRta, gAthA 24)22, paryApta sthAvara aura anya jIvoM kI hiMsA hotI hai| isIliye puruSArthasiddhiupAya, zloka 76-77 meM kahA gayA hai ki gRhastha ko apane jIvana meM trasa-hiMsA kA tyAga avazya karanA cAhiye, sthAvara hiMsA meM to vaha asamartha hI hogaa|24 vaha usake liye anivArya hai| sAdhu bhI isase nahIM baca skte| hAM, sthAvara hiMsA kA bhI alpIkaraNa karane kA prayatna karanA caahiye| vastuta: sacitta ke acittIkaraNa meM bhI hiMsA hai, phira bhI Atmahita evaM parahita kI dRSTi se use upekSaNIya mAnA gayA hai aura aise vyakti ko dayAlu taka kaha diyA gayA hai|25 isa dRSTi se, kaMda-mUloM ke ukhAr3ate samaya unase cahuM ora sahacarita sUkSma yA sthUla jIvoM ke hiMsana kI pApa-baMdhakatA para vicAra karanA caahiye| isa saMbaMdha meM yaha anumAna karanA cAhiye ki ye jIva bhUtala meM hI rahate haiM aura bhUtala kA vAtAvaraNa bhI unakI sajIvatA meM sahAyaka banA rahatA hai evaM kaMda-mUloM ko ukhAr3ane ke bAda bhI banA rhegaa| phalata: isa AdhAra para jitanI hiMsA kI bAta kI jAtI hai, usase AdhI bhI hogI, yaha vicAraNIya hai| vaise to jaina AcArya apane vargIkaraNa-vizeSajJatA evaM gaNitIya prarUpaNoM ke liye prasiddha haiM, para hiMsA-ahiMsA kI carcA karate samaya ve usakI parimANAtmakatA ke prati mauna hI rhe| saMbhavata: ve bhAvoM yA pariNAmoM kI gaNitIyatA meM niSNAta na ho pAye hoN| phira bhI ve atyaMta catura the, jIvana ke rakSaNa aura dhArmika kAryoM ke liye unhoMne 'sAvadyalezo bahupuNyarAzi'26 kahakara tIna prakAra kI hiMsAoM ke pApa ko, Atmahita tathA parahita sAdhana ke liye, durbala banA diyaa| AtmarakSaNa yA parahita kI icchA meM saMkalpa kA abhAva-sA mAnakara usake kAraNa hone vAlI tIna

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vanaspati aura jaina AhAra zAstra : 41 hiMsAoM ko asaMkalpI batAkara upekSaNIya batA diyaa| kaMda-mUla saMbaMdhI hiMsA kI koTi bhI isI durbala koTi meM AtI hai| 'vizva-jIvacite loke' kI dhAraNA se aneka prakAra kI saMjJAoM evaM vyavasAyoM ke kAraNa pAMca sthAvara ekendriyoM se hI saMbaMdhita hamArI dainika hiMsAvRtti kitane parimANa meM hogI, yaha parikalita karanA bar3A kaThina hai| phira bhI, yaha anaMta mAnI jA sakatI hai| yadi anaMta kA mAna utkRSTa asaMkhyAta+1 mAna liyA jAya aura utkRSTa asaMkhyAta kA nyUnatama mAna utkRSTa-saMkhyAta+1 arthAta 1051x10 213 (sAiMTiphika kaTaTsa ina prAkRta kainansa, peja 289-90)27 mAna liyA jAya, pratyeka vyakti kI dainika hiMsA kA mAna 1051x102134120 (samagra hiMsA ke yUniTa) x 54105=6410274 yUniTa hogaa| isI prakAra hama sAmAnyata: 8 varga semI0 kaMda-mUloM (jaise AlU - yaha una sabhI kaMda mUloM kA pratinidhi hai jinheM hama nyUnAdhika mAtrA meM AhAra meM lete haiM) kA apane AhAra meM prayoga karate haiN| kRSi vijJAniyoM evaM zrI mArDiyA ne isameM vidyamAna sAdhAraNa jIvoM (sUkSma jIva, kozikAyeM, jinheM vaijJAnika dekha sakate haiM) kI saMkhyA 108 prati varga semI0 aura sajIvatA 10 3 yUniTa mAnI hai| isa AdhAra para dainika bhojana meM kaMdamUla-janya hiMsA 8x10x10 3x12~108 yUniTa hogii| yadi isake khodane Adi kI evaM Azrita ekendriya jIvoM ke hiMsana kI bAta bhI jor3I jAya, to yaha saMkhyAta ke AdhAra para (saMkhyAta-acalAtma, 10122, trilokaprajJapti) nimna hogI : 10122410x10243 (kRta hiMsA)48 varga semI =2.4410 127 yuunitt| phalata: kaMda-mUla ke ukhAr3ane evaM bhakSaNa meM hone vAlI kula hiMsA 10+2.4x 10120~2.4410127 yUniTa hogii| yaha hamArI dainika hiMsA, 10274 ke mAna kI tulanA meM nagaNya hI hogii| (10.144) / isa prakAra, kaMdamUla ke AhAra se saMbaMdhita hiMsA hamArI samagra dainika hiMsA kA nagaNya bhAga hai|28 isake liye itanA Agraha samucita nahIM lgtaa| AcArya caMdanA jI bhI yaha mAnatI haiM ki dugdha-utpAdoM kA upayoga, silka kI veSabhUSA tathA kRSi karma aura usake utpAdoM ke upayoga se saMbaMdhita hiMsA kI tulanA meM kaMdamUloM ke utpAdana evaM bhakSaNa-janya hiMsA nagaNya hai (jaina spiriTa, akTUbara, 99 pRSTha 18) / 29 vastutaH hama hiMsA ke samudra ko ahiMsA kI nAva se pAra karanA cAhate haiN| isakI saMbhAvanA kitanI hai, yaha vicAraNIya hai| zAstra batAte haiM ki hamAre AhAra kA hamArI mAnasikatA evaM vyavahAra para prabhAva par3atA hai| phalataH hamArA AhAra sAtvika honA caahiye| isake aMtargata svAsthya ke liye upayogI kaMda-mUloM ke prabhAva kI dRSTi se unakI alpamAtrika ghaTakatA ke AdhAra para DaoN0 rAjakumAra jaina evaM tIrthaMkara ne bhI vicAra kiyA hai31 aura kahA hai ki isase AcAragata pavitratA khaMDita nahIM hotI aura svAsthatA tathA dIrgha-jIvitA bhI prApta hotI hai| yaha pavitratA yA sAtvikatA deza-kAla-sApekSa hotI hai aura khAdyoM kI

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42 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 upalabdhatA para nirbhara karatI hai| yahI nahIM, lalavAnI ne to yaha bhI kahA hai ki jo vastu hiMsA se utpanna hotI hai, usakA upayoga yA upabhoga kara hama hiMsA se kisI prakAra bhI nahIM baca skte| kRta, kArita, anumodana ke siddhAMta ke pracAlana meM hiMsA se utpanna padArthoM ke upayoga meM hiMsA kaise na mAnI jAya? sacitta ko acitta karane meM bhI to jIvaghAta hotA hai| yaha to acchA hai ki sArA saMsAra jaina nahIM hai, nahIM to use sivAya sallekhanA ke aura koI cArA hI na rhtaa| vastuta: ahiMsA kI itanI sUkSma vyAkhyA uttaravartI AcAryoM kI dena hai jisase usameM vyAvahArikatA kA bhI lopa ho gayA lagatA hai| ata: isa koTi ke padArthoM kI AtyaMtika abhakSyatA vartamAna poSAhAra ke vaijJAnika yuga meM pracaNDa vicAra ke ghere meM A gaI hai| isakA AdhAra, jaisA pahale kahA hai, hiMsA-ahiMsA ke atirikta saMjJAoM para bhI vaijJAnikata: AdhArita honA caahiye| (sa) kaMda-mUloM meM sAMdrita jIvana hone kI bAta isaliye kahI jAtI hai ki inameM pratyeka vanaspatiyoM kI tulanA meM jalAMza kama hotA hai| phalataH inake yUniTa kSetraphala meM sajIva yA prasupta kozikAoM kI saMkhyA adhika hogii| cUMki prasupta kozikAoM meM caitanya (jo jIvana kA lakSaNa hai aura hiMsA kA AdhAra hai) kI sAmAnya mAtrA haritakAyoM kI tulanA meM alpa hotI hai, ata: hiMsana kA mAna alpa hI hotA hai| vaise bhI bhAvaprANoM yA caitanya guNa kA vinAza hI hiMsA mAnA jAtA hai| mAtra zarIra vinAza hiMsA nahIM hai| (da) kaMdamUla ke AharaNa se bhUmigata paryAvaraNa ke asaMtulita hone kI yukti meM hiMsA para AdhArita vizeSa mahatva nahIM hai| yaha to prakRti svayaM saMtulita karatI rahatI hai| vastuta: paryAvaraNa kA asaMtulana hamArI janasaMkhyA vRddhi evaM AvazyakatA vRddhi para nirbhara karatA hai| isake kAraNa hama prakRti se adhika lete haiM, phalata: vaha asaMtulita hotI hai| isake liye janasaMkhyA ke sAtha AvazyakatAoM yA icchAoM ke niyamana kI AvazyakatA hai| isa viSaya meM hamAre sAdhu-saMtoM evaM netAoM ko janatA janArdana ko sajaga karanA chiye| kevala Izvara aura bhakti kI mahimA isa dizA meM kAma na kregii| (i) vartamAna Agamakalpa grantha jinavANI yA AcArya vANI 'satteNa aNiMditaM' ke viSaya meM bhI yaha prazna vicAraNIya hai ki hama 'sutta' yA 'Agama' kise mAne? AgamoM ke vibhinna koTi ke mantavyoM meM yugAnukUlana hotA rahA hai| isameM dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva ke anusAra parivardhanIyatA yA varNanAtmakatA rahI hai| yahI jaina dharma kI dIrghajIvitA kA mukhya kAraNa hai| unakI pramANikatA aitihAsika dRSTikoNa se hI mAnanI cAhiye aura jJAna-vijJAna ke isa yuga meM unakI traikAlika prAmANikatA kI dhAraNA kA mUlyAMkana karanA caahiye| ApavAdika sthitiyoM ke nirdeza ke AdhAra para kucha prAcIna graMthoM ko pUrNataH aprAmANika mAna lenA udAra dRSTikoNa nahIM hai| ina nirdezoM se hI saMketa milatA hai ki prAcIna graMthoM ke varNana dravya, kSetra,

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vanaspati aura jaina AhAra zAstra : 43 kAla, bhAva - sApekSa hote haiN| unheM usI rUpa meM dekhanA caahiye| vaise bhI, Aja ke upalabdha Agama- kalpa graMtha to trikAla - vyApinI jinavANI nahIM haiM, ve sadiyoM bAda utpanna AcAryoM kI vANI haiM jinhoMne apane vicAroM ko prAmANika mAnane ke liye jinavANI kA AdhAra liyA hai| isakA anaMta anantavAM bhAga hI unheM milA hai| inake kathanoM meM virodha bhI dekhA jAtA hai| isa artha bhinnatA kI ora paramparAvAdI dhyAna nahIM dete haiN| nemacandra zAstrI ne apane graMtha aura ena0ela0 jaina ne eka lekha meM aneka AMtara aura antarAvirodhoM kI ora dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA hai| prastuta prakaraNa se saMbaMdhita sAraNI - 1 se bhI ukta tathya samarthita hotA hai: 2 3 1. jahAM bhAvaprAbhRta ke TIkAkAra zrutasAgara Adi vibhinna kaMdoM tathA pyAja, lahasuna, adaraka, haldI Adi ko kaMda kahate haiM, mUlI gAjara Adi ko mUla kahate haiM, vahIM mUlAcAra kA mata isase kucha pRthaka hai| 2. dhavalA 1.1.41 meM Ardraka, mUlaka, snuga ( thUhara ) Adi ko pratyeka koTi kA batAyA gayA hai (isa prakAra inhIM kI ArdrarUpa meM bhI bhakSyatA siddha hotI hai) jabaki mUlAcAra meM inheM anaMtakAya mAnA hai| dhavalA kA mata hI prajJApanA meM hai| 3. aneka koTi ke vanaspatiyoM ko donoM hI koTi meM batAyA gayA hai (zAyada vibhinna avasthAoM meM) / phalataH unakI bhakSyatA kI paristhatiyAM vicAraNIya ho gaI haiN| vastutaH pratiSThita/apratiSThita / sAdhAraNa vanaspati kI paribhASAoM ke bAvajUda bhI vyaktigata vanaspatiyoM ke vibhinna avayavoM ke aura unake bhI vividha aMzoM ke svarUpa nirdhAraNa meM aspaSTatA itanI hai, ki vaha kevala vidvAnoM ke liye hI bodhagamya hai| sAmAnya jana na to isa koTi meM Ate haiM aura na ve tyAgI ho sakate haiN| isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki AgamoM kI samayAnukUlana kI pravRtti ke kAraNa inameM parivartana/parivardhana hotA rahA hai| isaliye madhyayuga kI abhakSyatA ke AdhAra punarvicAraNIya haiN| unake niMdita yA aniMdita ke vaktavya Aja ke saMvardhita jJAna kI dRSTi se parIkSaNIya haiN| aba prazna kevala yaha raha jAtA hai ki kaMdamUloM kI bhakSyatA sacitta rUpa meM ho, 'Ama' rUpa meM ho yA isake bhinna rUpa meM ho| isa para vicAra apekSita hai| arthApatita yA niSedha-paraka artha kI dvitaH pravRtti aisA pratIta hotA hai ki samaMtabhadra, vaTTakera yA kuMdakuMda ke samAna prAcIna AcAryoM kI prAkRta gAthAoM meM prayukta Ama, Amaka yA sacitta zabda kA kozakArIya artha prakRtyA apakva, anagnipakva, kaccA yA sajIva hI hai jaisA muni ratnacaMdra jI ne paMcabhASIya ardhamAgadhI koSa" meM yA ApTe ne saMskRta- aMgrejI koSa" meM diyA hai| kozakAroM

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44 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12 / akTUbara-disambara 2003 ke artha ko anucita kahane kA artha unakI vidvattA ke prati anyAya hI kahA jaaegaa| vyutpattijanya yA rUr3ha arthoM kA ullekha bhI vahAM kiyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra sacitta zabda bhI hai| yaha Ama kA samAnArthI bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai| yadi vyutpattijanya yA rUr3ha artha ko zAstrAnusAra vyakta karane meM eka ora arthApatti (samyakatvaM ca, na devAH Adi) kA upayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai, to anya prakaraNoM meM usakI upayogitA kyoM nahIM mAnI jAtI?36 vastutaH 'Ama' zabda sAmAnya vanaspati ke viziSTa prAkRtika rUpa kA dyotaka hai, sapratiSThita pratyeka yA sAdhAraNa vanaspati mAtra kA nhiiN| isa prakAra arthApatti ke samAna hI niSedha ke AdhAra para vidhi bhI arthApatita ho jAtI hai, anumAnita ho jAtI hai| jainadharma ko vaise hI niSedha pradhAna yA nakArAtmaka mAnA jAtA hai, to kyA usakA sakArAtmaka pakSa hI koI nahIM hogA ? nakArAtmaka ahiMsA, karuNA, prema aura bhAIcAre kA pratIka hai / phalataH niSedha ke AdhAra para vidhi kA anumAna sahaja hIM laga jAtA hai| yaha sAmAnya pravRtti hai| isakA eka udAharaNa mUlAcAra 473 (pRSTha 366) kI TIkA meM diye gaye 'pariNatAni grAhyAnIti' ke rUpa meM diyA gayA hai| zAstroM meM Ama aura sacita kaMdamUloM kI sthiti vibhinna graMthoM meM AhAra aura usake ghaTakoM yA unake tyAga ke saMbaMdha meM do prakaraNoM meM vivaraNa pAyA jAtA hai : 1. bhogopayoga - parimANa vrata aura sacitta tyAga pratimA jisakI koTi vrata se uccatara hotI hai| isa pratimAdhArI ke AhAra meM sacitta vanaspatiyoM kA prAyaH Ajanma aura saMpUrNa tyAga kiyA jAtA hai| isake viparyAsa meM, bhogopabhoga parimANa vrata meM bhojana-ghaTakoM kA parimANa, kucha kA tyAga tathA tyAga kAla parimANa bhI samAhita hotA hai| sAmAnya jana ina donoM hI koTiyoM meM nahIM aate| ataH inase saMbaMdhita AhAra niyama una para anivAryataH lAgU nahIM kiye jA skte| hAM, yadi koI icchuka hai, to vaha niyamoM ke pAlana kA abhyAsa kara sakatA hai| isa saMbaMdha meM hama yahAM kucha zAstroM meM vidyamAna vivaraNoM para prakAza ddaaleNge| inake AdhAra para zAstrIya vidvAn isa carcA ko niSedhAtmaka rUpa meM prastuta karate haiN| hama niSedha se arthApatita vidhi rUpa meM prastuta kareMge! a. bhogopabhoga parimANa vrata bhogopabhoga parimANa vrata se saMbaMdhita ratnakaraMDa zrAvakAcAra ke zloka 85 meM alpa-phala bahu-vidhAta ke rUpa meM Ardra adarakha va mUlI (kucha phUla) ke anAharaNa kA saMketa hai| yadi inheM kaMda-mUla kA pratinidhi mAnA jAya, to kevala Ardra yA cit sAdhAraNa vanaspati kA niSedha prApta hotA hai, acitta yA zastrapariNata anaMtakAya kA nhiiN| vastutaH isa vrata meM saMpUrNa tyAga nahIM, apitu ekAdhika vanaspatiyoM ke rUpa meM parimita kAla ke liye tyAga kiyA jAtA hai| yaha to sacitta tyAga pratimA hai jahAM +

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vanaspati aura jaina AhAra zAstra : 45 sacittoM ke tyAga kI pUrNatA hotI hai| kArtikeyAnuprekSA kI gAthA 350 meM to kevala tAMbUla (patra-zAka kA pratinidhi) ke parimita tyAga kI bAta kahI gaI hai| isake viparyAsa meM, gAthA 379 meM bhI sAta ke badale pAMca sacittoM ke khAne kA niSedha hai| gAthA 350 meM Adi zabda bhI nahIM hai jisase gAjara Adi kaMda-mUloM kA samAveza ho| (zAyada ye usa yuga meM jJAta na hoM?) ye gAthAyeM sthAvara-hiMsA kI adhikatA ke kiMcit niyamana kI pratIka haiN| isake sAtha hI, vrata bhI uccatara zreNI kA hai| kitane loga isa zreNI meM Ate haiM? zrAvaka ke ATha mUla-guNoM meM bhI kaMda-mUla samAhita nahIM hai| ahiMsA vrata ke aticAroM aura bhAvanAoM meM bhI inakA nAma nahIM hai| hAM, vahAM AlokitapAna bhojana avazya hai jo sabhI kA kartavya hai| sAgAradharmAmRta 5.20 meM bhogopabhoga parimANa vrata ke aticAroM meM sacittAhAra kA nAma hai, acittAhAra kA nhiiN| sAtha hI, na sevana karane yogya padArthoM meM aniSTa aura anupasenya kI carcA hai jo abhakSyatA kI koTiyoM ke apavAda mArga haiN| vahAM kalIMdA, sUraNakaMda evaM droNapuSpa ke parimita kAla na khAne kA ullekha hai| vastuta: acittAhAra ko kahIM bhI doSa nahIM batAyA gayA hai| yaha sarvatra arthApatita evaM vidhirUpa me anumata mAnA jAtA hai| isameM svAbhiprAya-poSaNa yA a-vicAraNA kA koI prazna nahIM hai| sacittatyAga pratimA ratnakaraMDazrAvakAcAra kA zloka 141 pAMcavIM sacitta pratimA ke liye hai| yahAM sAta prakAra kI 'Ama' arthAt apakva, harita yA sacitta vanaspatiyoM yA unake avayavoM ke AharaNa kA niSedha hai| isase arthApatita acita yA acittakRta rUpa meM grahaNa karane kI vidhi prApta hotI hai| jaba pAMcavIM pratimA ke liye acitta AharaNa arthApatita hai, to pratimAvihIna zrAvaka kI to bAta hI kyA? isa zloka kA 'Ama' zabda bhI vanaspati ke sabhI rUpoM kA vizeSaNa hai| ise viziSTa vanaspati ke rUpa meM vizeSya nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| mUla-phala-zAka-Adi meM acittatA lAkara hI unheM bhakSya banAyA jA sakatA hai| kArtikeyAnuprekSA meM bhI gAthA 379 meM sAta ke sthAna para pAMca sacittoM ke tyAga kI bAta kahI gaI hai| bhAvapAhur3a gAthA 100 bhI muni-caryA se saMbaMdhita hai| isameM bhI sacitta bhaktapAna se saMsAra-bhramaNa kI bAta kahI hai| Age kI gAthA 101 meM sacitta zreNI ke kucha padArthoM kA nAma hai jisakI TIkAkAra ne vyAkhyA kI hai| sacitta na khAye, to kyA khAye? phalata: yahAM bhI acittAhAra ke viSaya meM, ralakaraMDazrAvakAcAra ke samAna hI, vidhi Apatita hotI hai| yadi aisA na hotA, to zrutasAgara ke prAya: samakAlIna zubhacaMdra ne acittIkaraNa kI vidhiyAM yA zvetAMbara AgamoM ke vRttikAroM ne zastra-pariNamana ke aneka

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46 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 upAya kyoM batAye hote? kyA sacitta aura harita zabda meM kevala pratyeka vanaspati hI Ate haiM? yahAM bhI sacitta zabda vizeSaNa hai aura kiMci zabda se kanda mUlAdi ke atirikta anya koI bhI aisI koTi ke padArthoM (jaise viziSTa kakar3I Adi) kA artha liyA gayA hai| gAthA ke anusAra, sabhI kaMda-mUla Adi apanI prAkRtika avasthA meM sacitta haiN| sAhityAcArya ne to isa gAthA ke anuvAda meM gehUM Adi dhAnyoM ke sUkhe bIjoM ko yonibhUta mAnakara sacitta batAyA hai| to kyA anna bhI nahIM khAnA cAhiye? acittIkaraNa kI vidhiyAM sAdhAraNa aura pratyeka-donoM koTi kI vanaspatiyoM para lAgU hotI haiN| yaha mAnyatA sahI nahIM lagatI ki sAdhAraNa koTi ke vanaspati acittIkRta nahIM hote yA ve anaMtakAyika avasthA meM hI bane rahate haiN| ve anaMtakAya ho jAte haiM, phalataH bhakSya haiN| . sAgAradharmAmRta ke zloka 7.8 meM sacittavirata ke vivaraNa meM bhI, aprAsuka, harita, aMkura evaM bIja ke tyAga evaM sacitta bhojana ke tyAga kA hI saMketa hai| isakA bhI vidhi paraka artha hI lenA caahiye| isI prakAra, mUlAcAra eka zramaNAcAra viSayaka graMtha hai| usakI gAthA 827 meM anagnipakva vizeSaNa hI hai, vizeSya nhiiN| yaha tathya uttaravartI gAthA 828 se spaSTa ho jAtA hai jahAM muni ke liye bIjarahita, gUdA nikalA huA, agnipakva yA prAsuka AhAra kalpanIya batAyA gayA hai| ye saba acittIkaraNa ke rUpa hI haiN| yahAM to kaMda-mUla vizeSa kA koI ullekha hI nahIM hai| yadi ve agnipakva ke rUpa meM bhI niSiddha hote to isa gAthA meM unakA ullekha avazya hotaa| bhalA jainAcArya niSedhavAkya kI upekSA kaise karate? mUlAcAra ke AcArya ke praNetA jisane eka gAthA sakArAtmaka to likhii| isI graMtha kI gAthA 484 meM bhI bIja, phala aura kaMda-mUla ko svalpa-mala kahA hai| isase bhI inakI AMzika abhakSyatA (apakva avasthA meM?) hI vyakta hotI hai| isa prakAra jahAM, sAmAnya anaMtakAya zabda AyA hai, vahAM unheM apakva aura azastra-pariNata ke rUpa meM hI tyAjya mAnanA caahiye| zrI jinendra varNI (jainendra siddhAntakoza - 3, pRSTha 204) aura anya vidvAnoM ne bhI gAthA 827 ke anagnipakva zabda kA vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM hI artha kiyA hai| phalata: mUlAcAra kI gAthA 827-28 ko kaMda-mUloM kI bhakSyatA ke saMbaMdha meM prAmANika mAnanA aura usake artha ko sahI rUpa meM lenA caahiye| gaNinI jJAnamatI mAtAjI ne mUlAcAra kI hindI TIkA meM pahale yahI artha lagAyA thA, para aba gAthA 213-17 kA udAharaNa dekara apane artha ko parivardhita kiyA hai| ina gAthAoM meM pratyeka aura saMmUrchina vanaspatiyoM ke udAharaNa haiN| inheM 'haritakAya' kahate hue unake parihAra kI sUcanA dI hai| uparokta carcA ke AdhAra para unakA bhI parivardhita mata punarvicAraNIya hai|38 mUlAcAra ko digambara jainoM kA AcArAMga kahA jAtA hai| usameM zvetAMbara AgAmoM ke aneka mata pAye jAte haiN| gAthA 827-28 bhI dazavaikAlika, gAthA

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vanaspati aura jaina AhAra zAstra : 47 5.1.70. evaM AcArAMga 2.1.325 ke sAtha svara milatI hai| yaha AcAra muniyoM yA zikSAvrata pAlakoM ke liye hai| ye kaMdamUloM ko apakva rUpa meM agrAhya mAnate haiM, agnipakva, nirjIva yA zastra-pariNata ke rUpa meM nhiiN| yaha artha AcArya mahAprajJa, vasunaMdi AcArya aura muni madhukara ne bhI lagAyA hai| isa artha ko bhUla kahanA sahI nahIM lgtaa| ina zAstroM ke mantavyoM ko sAraNI-2 meM diyA gayA hai| mUlAcAra, 473 meM bhI 'apariNadaM Nebagehajjo' kA kathana hai| bhagavatIArAdhanA 1206 meM andArita phala, mUla, patra, aMkura evaM kaMda ke tyAga kI hI carcA hai| isa yuga meM bhI paM0 devakInaMdana jI ne sAgAradharmAmRta ke zloka 7.7-8 meM 'harita' kA artha harI vanaspati yA aprAsuka bIjAdi kiyA hai| yaha zloka bhI yahI kahatA hai ki haritAMkura-bIja aprAsuka avasthA meM na khaaye| kSullaka jJAnabhUSaNa jI ne apane sacitta vivecana nAmaka pustaka meM aneka vidvAnoM (paM0 bularakI dAsa Adi) ke mantavya diye haiN| lATIsaMhitA to yahAM taka kahatI hai ki pAMcavI pratimAdhArI svayaM bhI sacitta ko acitta kara sakatA hai| itanA avazya hai ki unhoMne kAlapakvana yA anya vidhiyoM kI apekSA agnipakvana ko acittatA kA AdhAra mAnA hai| AcArya caMdanA jI bhI sacittAhAra-janya hiMsA ko tulanAtmakata: kSudra hI mAnatI haiN| ina vivaraNoM kA sAra sAraNI 2 meM diyA gayA hai| bhagavatIArAdhanA 216-17 meM to sallekhanAgata sAdhu ko 'patra-zAka' ke tyAga kI bAta kahI hai| isakA artha anusaMdheya hai| vastutaH sacittAhAra se saMbaMdhita madhyayugIna vicAradhArA ke samAna anya mAnyatAoM ke kAraNa hI naI pIr3hI se dharma upekSita hone lagI hai| unakI AsthA ko balavatI banAne ke liye hameM vartamAna meM upalabdha vaijJAnika jAnakArI kA upayoga kara svAsthya evaM dharmasaMrakSaNa ko protsAhita karanA caahiye| uparokta carcA ke AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki - 1. sacitta/Ama zabda pratyeka aura sAdhAraNa-donoM koTi ke vanaspatiyoM ke liye prayukta hotA hai| 2. hamAre sAmAnya AhAra meM pratyeka vanaspati kI tulanA meM sAdhAraNa vanaspati kA aMza alpa hotA hai, ata: use bahughAtI hiMsA kA srota nahIM mAnA jAnA caahiye| 3. bhogopabhoga parimANa vrata meM kucha hI sacitta vastuoM kA parimita kAla ke liye tyAga kiyA jAtA hai| unheM acitta kara khAyA jA sakatA hai| 4. sacitta tyAga pratimA ke stara para sabhI prakAra kI sacitta vastuoM kA Ajanma tyAga kiyA jAtA hai| hAM, unheM svayaM yA anya ke dvArA acittIkRta kara AhAra ke ghaTaka ke rUpa meM kAma meM liyA jA sakatA hai|

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48 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 5. zikSAvratI evaM sacitta tyAga pratimAdhArI ke viparyAsa meM, sAmAnya jana yA pAkSika zrAvaka para uparokta AhAra niyama prayukta nahIM karane cAhiye kyoMki unakA jIvana krama inase viparIta dizA meM gatizIla hotA hai ata: ve sacitta aura acitta-donoM koTi ke pratyeka aura sAdhAraNa vanaspatiyoM ko apane AhAra meM le sakate haiN| tathApi, dharmamukhI hone ke liye unheM apane vyavasAyoM, saMjJAnoM tathA AhAra meM jahAM taka samajha meM Aye, hiMsA ke alpIkaraNa kA prayatna karanA caahiye| sAmAnya jana ke liye yahI karma hai, yahI dharma hai| vartamAna vaijJAnika yuga meM hameM apane prAcIna yA madhyayugIna AcAryoM dvArA racita zAstroM kI sArvakAlikatA ke liye paNA sambhikkhae dhammaM kI uttarAdhyayana kI ukti ke anurUpa samIkSaNa karate rahanA cAhiye jisase hamArA jIvana prazastatara bana sake aura vaijJAnika buddhivAda ke mAdhyama se hama apane vizvAsa evaM bhaktivAda ko prabalatara banA skeN| sandarbha pATha 1. AcArAMga-2/1/325: se bhikkhUvA bhikkhuNI vA gAhAvatI jAva paviDhe samANe se jjAo paNa osahIo jANejjA kasiNAo, sAsiyAo, avidalakaDAo, atiricchacchiNNAo, avvocchiNNAo taruNiyaM vA chivADi aNabhikkaMtAbhajjitaM pehAe aphAsuyaM aNesaNijjaM ti maNNamANe lAbhe saMte No pddigaahejjaa| 2. prajJApanA-1 : (a) patteyasarIra-bAdara-vaNaphphaikAiyA duvAlasavihA paNNttA / taM jahA: rukkhA 32,33; gucchA 52; gummA 24; latA 10; ballI 46; pavvaga 22; taNa 22; valaya 17; harita 30; osahi 26; jalaruha 28; kuhaNa 11 (ba) se kiM sAhAraNasarIra-bAdara-vaNaphphaikAiyA? sAhAraNa-sarIra-bAdara-vaNaphphaikAiyA aNegavihA pnnnnttaa| taM jahA : (53nAma) 3. mUlAcAra-1, 217 : hodi vaNapphadi vallI rukkhataNAdI taheva eiNdii| te jANa haritajIvA jANittA prihredvvaa|| . 4. mUlAcAra-1 :tilataMDulausiNodayaM caNodayaM tusodayaM aviddhatthaM aNNaM vrahAvihaM vA apariNadaM geva gennheijjo||463. 5. mUlAcAra-2 : phalakaMdamUlavIyaM aNaggipakkaM tu AmayaM kiNci| NaccA aNesaNIyaM Na vi ya paDicchaMti te dhiiraa||827. jaM havadi aNivvIyaM, NivaTTiyaM, phAsuyaM kayaM cev| NAUNa esaNIyaM taM bhikkhuM muNI pddicchNti||828.

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vanaspati aura jaina AhAra zAstra : 49 sacittavirata 6. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra : mUlaphalazAkazAkhAkarIrakaMdaprasUna vIjAni / nAmAni yo'tti so'yaM sacittavirato dayAmUrtiH // 5/20 7. kArtikeyAnuprekSA : saccitaM patta phalaM challI mUlaM ca kisalayaM bIyaM / jo Na ya bhakkhadi NANI sacitta virado have so du|| 8. vasunaMdIzrAvakAcAra : jaM vajjijjai hariyaM - tuya - patta - pavAla - kaMda-phala- -bIyaM / appAsugaM ca salilaM sacittaNivvitti taM ThANaM / / 295. 9. sAgAradharmAmRta : haritAGkurabIjAmbulavaNAdyaprAsukaM tyajan / jAgratkRpaJcaturniSThaH sacittavirataH smRtaH // 16/8. 10. lATI saMhitA : bhakSaNe'tra sacittasya niyamo na tu sparzane / tatsvahastAdinA kRtvA prAsukaM cAtra bhojayet // 7 /17 bhogopabhogaparimANa vrata 11. ratnakaraMDa zrAvakAcAra : alpaphalabahuvighAtAnmUlakamArdrANi zrRMgaverANi / navanItanibaMkusumaM, kaitkmityevmvheym||3/39. 12. kArtikeyAnuprekSA : jANittA saMpattI bhoyaNa taMbola- vatthamAdINaM / jaM parimANaM kIradi, bhouvabhoyaM vayaM tassa // 350. vrjyet| Ajanma tadbhujAM hi alpaM phalaM ghAtazca bhUyasAm / / 13. sAgAradharmAmRta : nAlIsUraNakAliMdadroNapuSpAdi pratyeka vanaspati 14. SaTkhaMDAgama - dhavalA 1.1.41 : bAdaranigodapratiSThitAzcArSAntareSu zrUyaMte, kva teSAmantarbhAvazcet ? pratyekazarIravanaspatiSviti brUmaH / ke te ? snuga- Ardraka- mUlakAdayaH / 15. SaTkhaMDAgama - dhavalA 3.1.2.87 : ke te? (bAdaraNigodapadiTThidA) mUlayuddha-bhallaka-sUraNa-galoi-logesara- pabhAdao / sutte bAdara - vaNaphphadi patteya sarIrANameva gahaNaM kadaM, Na tabbhedANaM ? Na, bAdara- vaNaphphAdikAiyapatteyasarIreSu ceva tesiM aMtabbhAvAdo /

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50 : | puSpa sin x s wg voor a sAraNI - 1 : vibhinna graMthoM meM vanaspatiyoM kI koTi aura udAharaNa kramAMka vanaspati vAcaka zabda | bhAva pAhur3a (101) koTi mUlAcAra 213* | mUlAcAra 214* | dhavala paM0 273 1. kaMda* | sUraNa, pyAja, lahasuna, anaMtakAya | kadalI, piMDAlu sUraNa, padmakaMda adaraka, haldI Adi 2. mUla (bIja)* mUlI, gAjara, adi anaMtakAya haldI, adaraka Adi | haldI, adaraka 3. bIja/bIja-bIja* gehUM Adi dhAnya | pratyeka/sacitta gehUM Adi dhAnya puSpa vibhinna phUla pratyeka/anaMtakAya | - pAna Adi kA pattA | pratyeka/anaMtakAya | patra yatkimapi |viziSTa kakar3I Adi pratyeka nAriyala, supAr3I agrabIja pratyeka/anaMtakAya | koraMTaka/mallikAdi / mallikAdi parvabIja pratyeka/anaMtakAya gannA, beMta Adi ganna, beMta Adi skaMdha* pratyeka/anaMtakAya | sallakI, pAlibhadrAdi | pAlibhadrAdi anaMtakAya snu hI, giloya Adi mallikA-karaMjakAdi | chAla/guccha/gulma pratyeka supAr3I Adi pratyeka phala Ardraka mUlaka, zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 |phala snugAdi latAdi 13. vallI 14. tRNA pratyeka/anaMtakAyaH pratyeka/anaMtakAyaH pratyeka/anaMtakAya vibhinna tRNa [vRkSa (217)

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h h >> tm sAraNI - 2 : vibhinna zAstroM meM bhogopabhoga parimANavratI evaM sacittatyAga pratimAdhArI ke AhAra meM sacitta vanaspati kramAMka grantha nAma samaya / | bhogopabhoga parimANa | sacitta tyAga ratnakaraMDa zrAvakAcAra | 2-3rI sadI | Ardra mUlaka, adaraka, makkhana, nIma aura kacce (sacitta) mUla, phala, zAka, zAkhA, koMpala, kaMda, prasUna, ketakI ke phUla (85) bIja kA tyAga (141) cArittapAhur3a 2-3rI sadI | bhojana kA parimANa 24/74 sacitta kaMdAdi kA abhakSaNa / bhAvapAhur3a 2-3rI sadI kaMda, mUla, bIja, puSpa, patrAdi, kiMci se saMsAra bhramaNa mUlAcAra - 1 | 2-3rI sadI vallI, vRkSa, tRNa Adi vanaspatiyoM kA parihAra karanA caahiye| (sAdhu ke liye, 217) mUlAcAra - 2 | 2-3rI sadI anirvIja, madhyasAra-rahita, prAsuka AhAra kalpanIya hai| (828) sacitta, Ama yA anagnipakva, kaMda, mUla, bIja, puSpa, patrAdi kiMci bhakSaNa kA tyAga (827) 6. | kArtikeyAnuprekSA 10vIM sadI | tAMbUlAdi (svAdya) kA parimANa, bhojana kA | sacitta patte, phala, chAla, mUla, kisalaya evaM bIja ke parimANa (350) | bhakSaNa kA tyAga (379) 7. | vasunaMdizrAvakAcAra | 10vIM sadI harita yA Ardra, chAla, patra, pravAla, kaMda, mUla aura aprAsuka jala kA tyAga 8. | sAgAradharmAmRta | 13vIM sadI | trasaghAta, bahughAta, pramAda,aniSTa, anupasevya, | aprAsuka harita aMkura, bIja, kaccA jala, harita vanaspati kA kaMda, kalIMdA, droNapuSpa Adi kA sImita | tyAga (7.8) kAla/Ajanma tyAga 9. cAritraprAbhRta TIkA | 16vIM sadI | kaMda, zAka, puSpa va aneka vanaspatiyAM, phaloM sacitta kA abhakSaNa Adi kA tyAga (vizeSata:) (23) sacitta vivecana | 20vIM sadI | sacitta aura acitta - donoM bhakSya sacitta ko acitta karane para bhakSya hai| vanaspati aura jaina AhAra zAstra : 51 10.

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52 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 sandarbha : 1. kSullaka jJAnabhUSaNa; sacitta vivecana, vIra sevA maMdira TrasTa, jayapura 1994. 2. AzAdhara; sAgAradharmAmRta (TIkA paM0 devakInaMdana zAstrI), pRSTha 236-37, 176-77. 3. AcArAMga-2, sUtra 375, Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara 1980, pRSTha 82. 4. AcArya vIrasena; a. dhavalA-1, jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, solApura 1973, pRSTha 273. ba. dhAvalA-3, ela0esa0jaina TrasTa, amarAvatI 1941, pRSTha 348, 232. 5. Arya zyAma; prajJApanA-1, vyAvara 1982, pRSTha 49-53, 67. 6. zAMtisUri; jIvavicAraprakaraNa, jaina siddhAMta sosAyaTI, ahamadAbAda 1950, pRSTha 53, 56. 7. azoka bendre evaM azoka kumAra; vanaspati vijJAna, meraTha 1999, pRSTha 507. 8. dekhiye, saMdarbha 5, pRSTha 67. 9. AcArya, vaTTekara; mUlAcAra-1, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, 1984, peja 369. 10. nAthUlAla zAstrI; vyaktigata patrAcAra 11. sudharmA svAmI; sthAnAMga, lADanUM 1976, pRSTha 850. 12. Ara0ela0 pAika evaM piraTila brAuna; nyUTrIzana, dillI 1970, pRSTha 2-4. 13. saMparka 2000, RSabha vidvat mahAsaMgha, indaura. 14.ena0ela0 jaina; pazcima meM sanamati kA samucita samAhAra, jaina pracAraka, dillI navaMbara 1999. 15. kumAra svAmI, kArtikeyAnuprekSA; agAsa 1978, pRSTha 71. 16.AcArya kuMdakuMda; aSTapAhuDa, mahAvIra jI 1967, pRSTha 71. 17. bhagavatI-3, vyAvara 1994, pRSTha 116. 18. dekhiye saMdarbha-5, pRSTha 54. 19.azoka jaina; vyaktigata patrAcAra. 20.pI0sI0 jaina; tIrthaMkara vANI, jUna 1996, pRSTha 10. 21.ke0vI0 maraDiyA; sAinTiphika phAuMDezana oNpha jainijma, dillI 1996.

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vanaspati aura jaina AhAra zAstra 22. priyavrata zarmA; dravyaguNa vijJAna, vArANasI 1996 (saMbaMdhita pRSTha ) 23. dekhiye saMdarbha - 16, pRSTha 112. 24. amitagati; puruSArthasiddhiupAya, sonagar3ha 1978, pRSTha 68-69. 25. svAmI samaMtabhadra, ratnakaraMDa zrAvakAcAra, TIkamagar3ha 1985, pRSTha 85/141. 26. samaMtabhadra; vAsupUjya stavana 58, pratiSThAratnAkara meM uddhRta, pRSTha 64. 27. ena0ela0 jaina, sAiMTiphika kaMTeMTsa ina prAkRta kainansa, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI 1996, pRSTha 289-90. 28. vahI, hiMsA - ahiMsA viveka (prakAzanAdhIna) 29. AcArya candanA; jaina spiriTa, akTUbara 1999, pRSTha 18. 30. rAjakumAra jaina, paM0 jamolA zAstrI sAdhuvAda grantha, jaina kendra, rIvA 1989, pRSTha 293. 31. gaNeza lalavAnI; tIrthaMkara, iMdaura, janavarI 1986, pRSTha 32. : 53 12. nemicanda zAstrI; mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya paramparA, di0jaina vidvat pariSada, sAgara 1974, pRSTha 296. 33. dekhiye, saMdarbha- 27, peja VII - IX 34. muni ratnacaMdra, ardhamAgadhIkoza-4, pRSTha 579. 35. vhI 0 esa0 ApTe, saMskRta aMgrejIzabdakoza, pRSTha 83. 36. nAthUlAla zAstrI; vyaktigata patrAcAra. 37. kSu0 jinendra varNI; jainendra siddhAMta koza- 3, bhAratIya jJAnapITha 1975, pRSTha 204. 38. gaNinI jJAnamatI mAtAjI; vyaktigata patrAcAra.

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AcArya zaGkara kI bauddha dRSTi anAmikA siMha AcArya zaGkara jisa vaidika vicAradhArA kA pratinidhitva karate haiM bauddha vicAradhArA usase bhinna hai| tathApi donoM vicAradhArAe~ eka hI deza kI saMskRti se janmIM haiN| isalie unameM vaiSamya ke sAtha sAmya honA bhI avazyaMbhAvI hai| ina donoM vicAradhArAoM ko darzana ke kSetra meM apane-apane varcasva ko sthApita karane ke lie paraspara saMvAda meM saMlagna honA aparihArya ho gayA thaa| isa AvazyakatA meM brahmasUtra' ne agraNI bhUmikA nibhaaii| isa aitihAsika grantha ne vaidika sAhitya meM vikIrNa brahmaviSayaka vicAroM ko sUtra zailI meM ekatra va vyavasthita kara prastuta kiyA tathA sAtha hI vedAnta ke dRSTikoNa se vaidika, avaidika anya darzanoM ke sAtha bauddha darzana ke prati bhI samAlocanA kI pravRtti dikhlaaii| brahmasUtra ke pazcAt saMvAda kI isa paramparA kA sImita nirvahana gaur3apAda ne kiyaa| samanvayAtmaka vedAntIya advaitavAda ke praNetA AcArya zaGkara ne, zArIraka bhASya meM jahA~ eka ora apane siddhAnta kA sayuktika pratipAdana kiyA vahIM dUsarI ora sUtroM ke mAdhyama se (2/2/18-32) bauddha darzana ke prati bhI apanI abhinava dRSTi kA paricaya diyaa| prastuta lekha kA mukhya uddezya brahmasUtra ke inhIM 15 sUtroM para likhe gae zArIraka bhASya ke mAdhyama se bauddha darzana ke prati AcArya zaGkara kI dRSTi kA vivecana karanA hai| zArIraka bhASya meM ullikhita bauddha darzana ke pradhAna bindu buddha, sampradAya, pAribhASika zabda, avadhAraNAe~, yuktiyA~ Adi haiN| ata: inhIM ke mAdhyama se prastuta viSaya para Age vicAra kiyA jaaegaa| buddha - AcArya zaGkara ke pUrvavartI vedAntAcAryoM meM brahmasUtrakAra ne buddha ke prati mauna dhAraNa kiyA aura gaur3apAda ne buddha kA spaSTa nAmollekha karate hue unake prati AsthA ke saMketa die jise vedAnta ke prasaGga meM aitihAsika ghaTanA mAnA jA sakatA hai| AcArya zaGkara ne, buddha kA ullekha bauddha darzana ke upadeSTA ke rUpa meM kiyA hai| isake antargata baddha ke vyaktitva meM kaI anya vizeSaNa bhI jor3e gae haiM yathA - buddha ko asambaddha * zodha chAtrA, jaina-bauddha darzana vibhAga, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI

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AcArya zaGkara kI bauddha dRSTi : 55 pralApa karane vAlA, loka-kalyANa ke viparIta bauddha darzana ke nAma se tIna paraspara viruddha matoM kA pratipAdana kara samAja meM bhrAnti va vidveSa phailAne vAlA, dezanA-vizeSa ke mAdhyama se mokSamArga se pathabhraSTa karane vAlA aadi| vastutaH zaGkara ke zabdoM meM, baddha va unakI yaha vicAradhArA (bauddha darzana) na kevala anAdaraNIya hai apitu upekSaNIya bhI hai| yahA~ dArzanika stara para ve bauddha darzana kI samasta visaGgatiyoM aura vyAvahArika kamiyoM ke lie sIdhe buddha ko uttaradAyI mAnate haiM jabaki aitihAsika stara para buddha ke upadezoM kI saralatA aura bauddha darzana kI kliSTatA meM paryApta dUrI hai| - uparyukta vivaraNoM se spaSTa hai ki buddha ke prati AcArya zaGkara kI dRSTi saMkSipta va mArmika TippaNiyoM ke mAdhyama se tIkhe va gahare AkSepa karane kI rahI hai| AkSepa krama meM, AcArya zaGkara ne na kevala kaThoratama zabdoM kA upayoga kiyA hai balki Akroza se paripUrNa unakI zailI dArzanika kI apekSA pUrvAgraha se yukta eka sAmAjika va dhArmika vyakti kI ho gaI hai| isa kathana kA pramANa yaha bhI hai ki unhoMne bauddha darzana ke prasaGga meM hI nahIM apitu jaina darzana ke khaNDana (zArIraka bhASya - 2/2/33 va 36) ke prasaGga meM bhI do bAra sugata-mata kA smaraNa kiyA hai| sampradAya - vedAnta ke itihAsa meM zaGkara pahale aise AcArya haiM jinhoMne bauddha darzana ko pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI tulanA meM adhika mahattva diyA hai| ve bauddha darzana ke pradhAna sampradAyoM (sarvAstivAda, vijJAnavAda va zUnyavAda) kA spaSTa nAma lete hue unakI samAlocanA karate haiN|11 AcArya kI dRSTi meM bauddha darzana ke ina sampradAyoM kI anekatA aura vividhatA ke do pradhAna kAraNa haiM - (1) pratipatti kA bheda (2) ziSyoM kA bhed|12 pratipatti va ziSyoM ke bheda se yadyapi ye sampradAya paraspara saGgati nahIM rakhate tathApi inameM eka samAnatA hai| AcArya zaGkara kI dRSTi meM ye sabhI - "sarvavainAzika'13 haiN| pAribhASika zabda - bauddha pAribhASika zabdoM ke upayoga kI dRSTi se bhI brahmasUtra aura mANDUkyakArikA kI apekSA zArIraka bhASya adhika samRddha hai| AcArya zaGkara ne pratyeka sampradAya kA jo vivaraNa diyA hai usameM sampradAya ke mata ko pAribhASika zabdoM ke mAdhyama se prastuta karane kA vizeSa dhyAna rakhA hai|14 isase aisA pratIta hotA hai ki pAribhASika zabdoM kI adhikatA kI dRSTi se 'sarvAstivAda' pradhAna hai| bhAratIya darzana ke itihAsa meM, bauddha darzana apanI samRddha pAribhASika zabdAvalI ke lie jo mahattva rakhatA hai, zaGkara usase suparicita the aura isakA pramANa unhoMne bhASya meM adhikAdhika pAribhASika zabdoM kA upayoga kara diyA hai|

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56 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12 / akTUbara-disambara 2003 avadhAraNAe~ - AcArya zaGkara ne bauddha darzana ke paramANuvAda, pratItyasamutpAda, anAtmavAda, kSaNabhaGgavAda, asaMskRta dharma, smRti, pratyabhijJA, bhoga va mokSa, vijJAna, vijJeya, vAsanA, sahopalambha niyama, AlayavijJAna, zUnya Adi pramukha avadhAraNAoM ko samIkSArtha liyA hai| kSaNabhaGgavAda, bauddha darzana kI aisI avadhAraNA hai jo (bauddha darzana ke hI eka sampradAya zUnyavAda sahita ) anya sabhI bauddha-virodhI dArzanikoM ke AlocanA kA kendra rahI hai| bauddha darzana ke do pradhAna sampradAyoM (sarvAstivAda aura vijJAnavAda) kA samasta dArzanika cintana isI avadhAraNA para kendrita hai| AcArya zaGkara ne bhASya meM 'sikatA - kUpa' zabda ke mAdhyama se kSaNabhaGgavAda kI isa avadhAraNA para AkSepa kiyA hai| 15 AcArya kI dRSTi meM yaha siddhAnta itanA nirarthaka hai ki isake mAdhyama se jIvana kI samasyAoM (tattvamImAMsIya, pramANamImAMsIya aura mokSamImAMsIya) ke hala DhU~Dhane kA prayatna, bAlU ke ku~e meM pAnI DhU~Dhane jaisA hI hai| AcArya zaGkara kI dRSTi meM brahmasUtra meM sAkSAt zUnyavAda kA khaNDana nahIM hai isalie vijJAnavAda ke sandarbha meM prayukta eka sUtra (2/2/31) ke mAdhyama se unhoMne zUnyavAda para TippaNI kI hai| zUnyavAda para zaGkara kI TippaNiyA~ itanI saMkSipta haiM ki inake viSaya meM yaha vivAda ho gayA ki vastutaH ise zUnyavAda kA khaNDana mAnA bhI jAe athavA nhiiN| isa vivAda ko pare rakhakara TippaNI ke zabdoM para yadi dhyAna kendrita kiyA jAtA hai to yaha spaSTa hai ki unhoMne zUnyavAda ko pramANAtIta, anirvacanIya aura avyavahArika batAyA hai tathA sAtha hI ise khaNDana ke yogya bhI mAnA hai / 16 yuktiyA~, darzana kI prANa haiN| inake mAdhyama se na kevala darzana ke siddhAntoM kA paricaya hI prApta hotA hai apitu una siddhAntoM ke pIche chipI, dArzanika kI dRSTi bhI udghATita hotI hai| AcArya zaGkara kI bauddha darzana ke prati kyA dRSTi hai, isakA sabase prabala pramANa ve yuktiyA~ haiM jo unhoMne bauddha darzana ke khaNDana meM dI haiN| zArIraka bhASya meM yuktiyoM ke do varga haiM - (1) pUrvapakSa kI samarthaka yuktiyA~ (2) pUrvapakSa kI khaNDanAtmaka yuktiyaaN| sampradAyAnusAra siddhAnta ke samarthana meM dI gaI yuktiyA~, bauddha sAhitya kA anukaraNa karatI haiN| ina yuktiyoM ke mAdhyama se zaGkara ne yathAsaMbhava bauddha vicAradhArA ke prati nyAya kiyA hai kintu jahA~ taka yuktiyoM kI maulikatA kA prazna hai, usameM krama va vyavasthA AcArya kI apanI hai| tathApi khaNDanAtmaka yuktiyA~ bauddha sampradAyoM ke prati AcArya kI dRSTi aura zailI kI vividhatA kA pramANa haiN| zaGkaradarzana meM anubhava evaM zruti ke anantara tarka ko tRtIya sopAna para svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| tarka yahA~ svatantra pramANa ke rUpa meM na mAnakara zrutiyoM ke anugrAhaka

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AcArya zaGkara kI bauddha dRSTi : 57 mAne gae haiM (zrutyanukUlastarka eva hi trk:)| tathApi bauddha AlocanA ke prasaMga meM zaGkara ke tarkoM kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki ve yahA~ zruti ke prati Agraha nahIM dikhAte haiN| bauddha sampradAya kI tattvamImAMsA ko yuktiyoM ke mAdhyama se asaGgata, apUrNa, paramArtha va vyavahAra donoM dRSTiyoM se asaphala aura atArkika siddha karane kA yaha prayatna vastuta: zaGkara dvArA tarka ke prati bauddhoM kI AsthA kA sammAna hI hai| brahmasUtrakAra dvArA sarvAstivAda ke khaNDana meM jo yukti dI gaI usameM unake do pradhAna niSkarSa the - (1) kSaNabhaGgavAda mAnane se lokavyavahAra kI susaGgata vyAkhyA nahIM ho sakatI aura (2) acetana padArtha jagat kI utpatti meM samartha nahIM haiN| ata: sthira cetana tattva kI sattA mAnanA Avazyaka hai| AcArya zaGkara ne ina sUtroM para apane bhASya meM sUtrakAra ke ukta Azaya ko hI vistArapUrvaka puSTa kiyA hai| sarvAstivAda ke viruddha AcArya zaGkara dvArA dI gaI yaktiyoM kI eka anya vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM kSaNabhaGgavAda kI AlocanA, vyavahAra ke stara para mAnya acetana saMsAra kI kSaNikatA ko lekara nahIM kI gaI hai| apitu Apatti kA pradhAna bindu sarvAstivAda meM mAnya citta kA kSaNika svarUpa hai jisakI gaNanA vaha darzana-sampradAya ghaTapaTAdi kI taraha vyavahAra ke stara para karatA hai (zArIraka bhASya 2/2/18, 26) / isI prakAra AcArya ne sarvAstivAda meM mAnya asaMskRta dharma (pratisaMkhyAnirodha va apratisaMkhyA nirodha) kA svarUpa padArtha-vinAza mAnA hai aura vinAza ko kArya mAnakara usake kAraNa kI apekSA kI hai| zaGkara kI yaha Apatti kSaNa bhaGgavAda ke svarUpa se haTakara kAryakAraNabhAva ke dharAtala se kI gaI hai jo bauddha dRSTi se saGgati nahIM rakhatI hai (vahI, 2/2/22) / AcArya zaGkara ne vijJAnavAda ke khaNDana meM jina yuktiyoM kA prayoga kiyA hai, unheM do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai - (1) bAhyArthavAda ke pakSa se yuktiyA~ (2) zaGkara ke pakSa se yuktiyaaN| vijJAnavAda ke viruddha, bAhyArthavAda ke pakSa se kula cAra yuktiyA~ prastuta kI gaI haiN| inameM se do yuktiyoM kA lakSya vyavahAra meM vijJeya kI sattA, AvazyakatA va upayogitA ko siddha karanA hai (zArIraka bhASya 2/2/28) / tRtIya yukti kSaNabhaGgavAda se sahopalambha-niyama kI asaMgati ko batAtI hai (vhii)| caturtha meM, AcArya ne vijJAnavAda meM bAhyArtha ke lie prastAvita svapna ke dRSTAnta para Apatti kI hai (vahI, 2/2/29) / uparyukta yuktiyoM ke alAvA anya yuktiyA~ zaGkara ne apane darzana ke pakSa se bhI prastuta kI haiM (vahI, 2/2/31) / inakA pradhAna lakSya bAhyArtha kA khaNDana karanA na hokara, vijJAnavAda meM prastAvita vijJAna ke svarUpa athavA vijJAna ke AdhAra para vyavahAra ke vaicitrya kI vyAkhyA para Apatti karanA hai| vAsanA va vijJAna kA sambandha,

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zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12 / akTUbara-disambara 2003 vAsanA ke lie nitya Azraya kI apekSA athavA Azraya vijJAna ke svarUpa para Apatti Adi yuktiyA~ vastutaH ukta pradhAna yukti kI hI pUraka haiN| niSkarSa 58 : - 1. vedAnta aura bauddha vicAradhArAoM meM vedAnta pakSa se brahmasUtra ne sarvaprathama sayuktika aura khaNDanAtmaka saMvAda ko prArambha kiyA / 2. vedAnta aura bauddha tattvacintana ko advaita ke dharAtala para lAne kA sarvaprathama prayAsa gaur3apAda ne kiyaa| 3. do prasiddha avaidika darzanoM (jaina aura bauddhoM) kI brahmasUtra ke mAdhyama se samIkSA karate hue zaGkara ne bauddha darzana ko apekSAkRta adhika mahattva diyA hai| 4. zaGkara kI bauddha dRSTi ke AdhAra sayuktika pUrvapakSa, sayuktika khaNDana, pAribhASika zabdoM ke paryApta upayoga, buddha ke prati vicAra Adi rahe haiM jo brahmasUtrakAra aura gaur3apAda kI apekSA isa dRSTi ko vyApaka banAte haiN| 5. bauddha darzana kI tattvamImAMsA kI samIkSA ke prasaMga meM buddha ke prati zaGkara kI dRSTi nyAyasaMgata nahIM hai| isa vivaraNa se unakA Akroza aura pUrvAgraha (dhArmika, sAmAjika va sAMskRtika) spaSTa dikhAI detA hai / eka ora bauddha tattvamImAMsA kI visaMgatiyoM ke lie buddha ko uttaradAyI banAnA tathA dUsarI ora adhikArI-bheda kA samAdhAna dene se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki buddha kI mahattA ke viSaya meM zaGkara svayaM meM spaSTa nahIM haiN| 6. bauddha sampradAyoM kI AMtarika matabhinnatA ke prati zaGkara kI doSa-dRSTi isalie ucita pratIta nahIM hotI hai ki yaha prakriyA vedAnta sahita sabhI darzana- sampradAyoM meM vidyamAna rahI hai aura dArzanika cintana ke vikAsa kI svAbhAvika prakriyA hai| 7. samIkSA ke lie bauddha avadhAraNAoM ke cayana meM dArzanika zaGkara kI dRSTi mArmika va lakSyabhedI rahI hai jo bauddha darzana meM unake gUr3ha jJAna ko spaSTa karatI hai| 8. nityatAvAda ke sarvathA virodhI siddhAnta kSaNabhaGgavAda ke khaNDana ke prasaMga meM dI gaI unakI yuktiyoM meM abhinava dRSTi kA abhAva pratIta hotA hai kyoMki zaGkara se pUrva zUnyavAda sahita anya vaidika sampradAyoM meM bhI inase nyUnAdhikya sAmya vAlI yuktiyA~ milatI haiN| 9. bauddha darzana ke prati zaGkara kI dRSTi bAhya rUpa se bauddha virodhI hote hue bhI prabhAva aura sAmaMjasya ke katipaya gaMbhIra tattva apanI pRSThabhUmi meM samAhita kiye huye haiM jisake kAraNa una para 'pracchanna-bauddha' jaisA Aropa lagA hai|

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AcArya zaGkara kI bauddha dRSTi : 59 sandarbha : 1. draSTavya - (i) candradhara zarmA, bauddha aura vedaant| (ii) rAdhAkRSNan, bhAratIya drshn| (iii) rAmamUrti pAThaka, bhAratIya darzana kI samIkSAtmaka ruuprekhaa| 2. brahmasUtra meM kula milAkara 555 sUtra haiN| viSaya kI dRSTi se yaha sUtra-grantha cAra adhyAyoM aura solaha pAdoM meM vibhakta hai| viSayAnusAra inake pRthak-pRthak nAma die gae haiN| adhyAyoM aura pAdoM kA puna: vibhAjana adhikaraNoM meM kiyA gayA hai| brahmasUtra para aneka bhASya bhI likhe gae haiM tathA ina bhASyoM kI adhikatama saMkhyA 22 nirdhArita kI gaI hai| brahmasUtra para racita pA~ca pradhAna bhASyoM ke AdhAra para vedAnta ke pA~ca pradhAna sampradAyoM kI sthApanA huI hai| 3. jaina, bauddha, sAMkhya, vaizeSika, pAzupata aura paanycraatr| 4. 'gaur3apAda-praNIta mANDUkyakArikA meM bauddha darzana sahita sAMkhya Adi sampradAyoM evaM unake siddhAntoM kA ullekha hai kintu darzana ke pUrvottara pakSoM va yuktiyoM, suvyavasthita zailI Adi kA lagabhaga abhAva hai| 5. vedAntIya advaitavAda ke praNetA AcArya gaur3apAda ko zukadeva kA ziSya athavA zaGkarAcArya ke praguru hone kA sammAna prApta hai| inake kAla kI pUrva sImA dvitIya zatI se pUrva va apara sImA AThavIM zatI nirdhArita hai| inhoMne jIvana meM uttaragItAbhASya, sAMkhyakArikA-TIkA Adi kaI granthoM kI racanA kI hai| kintu gaur3apAda ko advaita vedAnta ke nikaTa lAne kA zreya unakI pradhAna kRti mANDUkyakArikA ko jAtA hai, jo mANDUkyaupaniSad para AdhArita hai| Agama, vaitathya, advaita va alAtazAnti nAmaka cAra prakaraNoM meM vibhakta isa grantha meM kramaza: 29, 38, 48 aura 100 kArikAe~ haiN| alAtazAnti nAmaka isakA caturtha prakaraNa bauddha darzana kI samIkSA kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| 6. kramate na hi buddhasya jJAnaM dharmeSu taapinH| sarve dharmAstathA jJAnaM naitabuddhena bhaassitm|| mANDUkyakArikA 4/99. 7. jJAnejA''kAzakalpena dharmAnyo ggnopmaan| jJeyAbhinnena saMbuddhastaM vande dvipadAM vrm|| vahI, 4/1 kucha vidvAn isa saMdarbha ko buddha se sambaddha nahIM mAnate haiN| 8. api ca bAhyArtha-vijJAna-zUnyavAdatrayamitaretaraviruddhamupadizatA sugten.......| brahmasUtra zAGkarabhASya, 2/2/32.

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60 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12 / akTUbara-disambara 2003 vahI / 9. (i) sarvathApyanAdaraNIyo'yaM sugatasamayaH zreyaskAmairityabhiprAyaH, (ii) saugatavadArhatamapi matamasaMgatamityupekSitavyam; vahI, 2/2/36 / 10. isa AlocanA kA artha yaha nahIM hai ki zaGkara ke hRdaya meM buddha ke prati koI Adara - bhAva nahIM thaa| anyatra unhoMne buddha-vandanA ke mAdhyama se unake prati AsthA ke pramANa bhI die haiM - bhAti yasya tu jagat dRr3habuddheH sarvamatyanizamAtmathaiva, sadvijo'su bhavatu zvapaco vA vandanIya iti meM dRr3haniSThA / yA citti; sphurati viSNumukhe sA puttikAvadhiSu saiva sadA'ham, naiva dRzyamiti yasya manImprA pulkaso bhavatu vA sa gururme / / 11. tatraite trayo vAdino bhavanti kecitsarvAstitvavAdinaH, kecadvijJAnAsti - tvamAtravAdinaH, anye punaH sarvazUnyatvavAdina iti / brahmasUtra zAGkarabhASya, 2/2/18| 12. sa ca bahuprakAra: pratipattibhedAdvineyabhedAdvA, vahI / 13. atazcAnupapanno vainAzikatantravyavahAraH / vahI, 2 / 2 / 32| 14. samudAya, bAhyArthavAda, kSaNabhaGgavAda, vijJAna, vAsanA, AlayavijJAna ityAdi / 15. (i) .... kSaNabhaGgavAdI vainAziko naaptrpet| brahmasUtra zAGkarabhASya, 2/2/25 / (ii) kiM bahunA ? sarvaprakAreNa yathA yathA'yaM vainAzikasamaya upapattimattvAya parIkSyate, tathA tathA sikatAkUpavadvidIryata ev| vahI, 2/2/32| 16. zUnyavAdipakSastu sarvapramANavipratiSiddha iti tannirAkaraNAya nAdaraH kriyate / zArIraka bhASya, 2 / 2 / 31 |

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vartamAna sAmAjika sandarbha meM adhyAtmavAda kI cunautiyA~ evaM jaina- dRSTi se unakA samAdhAna zyAma kizora siMha* vartamAna meM adhikAMza loga vijJAna ke bAharI camaka-damaka se AkRSTa ho rahe haiM, phalata: unakA dRSTikoNa saMkIrNa evaM saMkucita hotA jA rahA hai| ve bhautikavAdI, yaMtravAdI aura sukhavAdI vicAradhArAoM se adhika prabhAvita aura prerita hote hue dikhAI par3ate haiN| ve bhUla jAte haiM ki vijJAna kI bhI sImAe~ haiN| ve yaha bhI bhUla jAte haiM ki manuSya kevala zarIra aura mana kI ikAI nahIM hai, balki usakA AdhyAtmika AyAma bhI hai| AdhyAtmika jIvana ke prati usakA dRSTikoNa itanA saMkIrNa ho gayA hai ki vaha sevA, tyAga, dayA, paropakAra Adi uccatama mUlyoM kI upekSA kara rahA hai phalataH bhogavAdI saMskRti usa para hAvI hotI jA rahI hai| Aja hama vibhinna prakAra ke pradUSaNoM " kI bAteM karate haiM - vAtAvaraNa kA pradUSaNa bhI cintA kA viSaya hai, lekina sabase gaMbhIra samasyA vaicArika aura sAMskRtika pradUSaNa kI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki hama apane deza 'kI prAcIna saMskRti ko bhUlate aura pazcima kI bhogavAdI AcAra-vicAra dhArA kA aMdha anukaraNa karate jA rahe haiN| isalie jIvana ke vibhinna kSetroM meM taraha-taraha kI viSamatAe~ aura visaMgatiyA~ ubharatI huI dikhAI par3atI haiN| Aja kA yuvA varga bhI apanI prAcIna paramparA se dUra hotA jA rahA hai| use bhI vijJAna kI upalabdhiyA~ AkRSTa karatI haiN| vaha bhI uddezyahInatA aura bhogavAdI saMskRti kA zikAra hotA huA dIkha par3atA hai| vaha sukhavAdI dRSTikoNa ko adhika priya aura lAbhadAyaka samajhane lagA hai| phalataH usakA AcAra-vicAra bhI usI ke anurUpa ho gayA hai| naitikatA aura AdhyAtmikatA ke prati ubharatI saMkIrNa vaicArika dRSTiyA~ mAnava jIvana meM vyApta visaMgatiyoM kA eka kAraNa hai jo nirvivAdataH hamArI AdhyAtmika vipatratA kI sUcaka hai| durbhAgya kI bAta hai ki loga adhyAtmavAda tathA naitika AdarzavAda ke sahI artha taka nahIM pahu~ca pAte haiM aura ise rUr3hivAda, andhavizvAsa, pAkhaNDa Adi ke artha meM dekhate haiN| adhyAtmavAda vastutaH jIvana ko usakI sampUrNatA meM dekhatA hai tathA manuSya jAgoDIha 3, po0- paur3A, ji0- vaizAlI 844 117 * grAma - -

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62 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12 / akTUbara-disambara 2003 ke zArIrika aura mAnasika pakSa ke sAtha-sAtha usake AdhyAtmika pakSa ko bhI samajhatA hai| Adhunika samakAlIna vicAraka rASTrapitA mahAtmA gA~dhI, ravindra nAtha Taigora, paM0 javAhara lAla neharU, rAdhAkRSNana ityAdi bhI svIkArate haiM ki mAnava samAja kA naitika utthAna tabhI ho sakatA hai jabaki usake vicAra aura karma meM tAlamela ho parantu Aja ke bhautikavAdI evaM pAzcAtya sabhyatA ke vAhaka, mAnava samAja ko adhyAtma ke mArga para calane meM avarodha paidA kara rahe haiM, jo samAja evaM deza ke lie ghAtaka hai| nemicandra zAstrI kahate haiM - "AcaraNa to vyakti kI zreSThatA evaM niSkRSTatA kA mApaka yaMtra hai| isI ke dvArA jIvana kI uccatA aura usake uccatama rahana-sahana ke sAdhana abhivyakta hote haiN| AcaraNa kA patana jIvana kA patana hai aura AcaraNa kI uccatA jIvana kI uccatA hai| " " Aja mUlyoM kA bhUmaNDalIkaraNa ho rahA hai, jisase vibhinna saMskRtiyoM ke lakSaNa vilupta hote jA rahe haiN| Aja saMskRti AdhyAtmika cetanA khotI jA rahI hai | sampUrNa vizva azAnta evaM tanAvapUrNa sthiti meM hai / bauddhika vikAsa se prApta vizAla jJAnarAzi aura vaijJAnika takanIka se prApta bhautika sukha-suvidhA evaM Arthika samRddhi, manuSya kI AdhyAtmika, mAnasika evaM sAmAjika vipannatA ko dUra karane meM sakSama nahIM pratIta hotI hai| tattvamImAMsIya aura nItizAstrIya Aloka meM Adhunika yuga kI ina samasyAoM kA samAdhAna jaina dRSTi prastuta karatA hai / y jaina darzana ke siddhAnta jIvana kI vividha samasyAoM evaM adhyAtmavAda kI cunautiyoM kA samAdhAna karane meM bhI saphala hai| Aja hama jIvana meM caturdika anekAneka saMgharSa, hiMsA, IrSyA, rAga-dveSa Adi dekhate haiM, jo mAnavIyatA ke sAtha hI mAnava ke astitva ke lie bhI khataranAka hai| jaina darzana dvArA upadiSTa anaikAntika dRSTi, samatva aura sahAnubhUti kA pAlana karate hue isase bacA jA sakatA hai aura mAnava-mAnava ke bIca prema, sahiSNutA, zAnti ke sAtha hI svataMtratA, samAnatA aura bandhutva ke Adarza ko bhI sthApita kiyA jA sakatA hai| ina bhAvoM ko hI abhivyakta karane ke lie jaina darzana meM ahiMsA kI samyak vyAkhyA kI gayI hai jisakA mana, vacana aura kAma se pAlana karate hue koI bhI manuSya jIvana ke ucca AdarzoM ko prApta kara sakatA hai| isa sandarbha meM zrI TI0 ena0 rAmacandra dvArA prastuta bhagavAn mahAvIra smRti grantha kI kucha paMktiyoM ko rakhA jA sakatA hai - "bhagavAn mahAvIra ne eka aisI sAdhu saMsthA kA nirmANa kiyA thA, jisakI bhitti pUrNa ahiMsA para AdhArita thii| unakA 'ahiMsA paramo dharmaH' kA siddhAnta sAre saMsAra meM 2500 varSoM meM agni kI taraha vyApta ho gyaa| anta meM isa siddhAnta ne nava bhArata ke pitA mahAtmA gA~dhI ko janma dekara apanI ora AkarSita kiyaa| yaha kahanA atizayokti pUrNa nahIM hai ki ahiMsA ke siddhAnta para hI mahAtmA gA~dhI ne navIna bhArata kA nirmANa kiyA hai|"2

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vartamAna sAmAjika sandarbha meM adhyAtmavAda kI cunautiyA~ evaM jaina-dRSTi se unakA samAdhAna : 63 __ jaina darzana dvArA sthApita ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha ke siddhAnta manuSya ke rAjanItika, sAmAjika, Arthika, dhArmika evaM sAMskRtika jIvana kI viSamatA ko dUra kara adhyAtma kA mArga prazasta karatA hai| pro0 ke0sI0 sogAnI ne jaina darzana aura vizeSa rUpa se mahAvIra kI dRSTi para prakAza DAlate huye Adhunika yuga meM sAmAjika purnanirmANa meM ahiMsA Adi kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA para jora diyA hai - "The social values which were regarded by Mahavira as basic are ahimsa, aprigraha and anekanta. These three are the consequence of Mahavira's devotedness to the cause of sociall reconstruction....."3 jaina darzana ahiMsA kA amUlya saMdeza bhI pradAna karatA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra to ahiMsA ke sAkSAta avatAra the| ahiMsA kA yathArtha svarUpa rAga, dveSa, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, bhIrUtA, zoka, ghRNA Adi vikRta bhAvoM ke tyAga meM nihita hai| hiMsA se bacane tathA ahiMsA ke saMrakSaNa ke liye bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ahiMsAtmaka AcaraNa para bala diyA hai| _pramukha jaina vicAraka samantabhadra ne kahA hai - "bhagavAna mahAvIra kA saMpUrNa jIvana ahiMsA kA racanAtmaka sUtra aura satya kI zodhazAlA thii|"8 ahiMsA, satya Adi kI carcA karate hue jJAnodaya kI paMkti ko isa saMdarbha meM uddhRta kiyA jA sakatA hai - "ahiMsA, satya, brahmacarya, tapa aparigraha Adi mahAna AdarzoM ke pratIka bhagavAna mahAvIra haiN| ina mahAvratoM kI akhaNDa sAdhanA se unhoMne jIvana kA buddhigamya mArga nirdhArita kiyA thA aura bhautika zarIra ke pralobhanoM se Upara uThakara AdhyAtmika bhAvoM kI zAzvata vijaya sthApita kI thii|" Aja jo duniyA~ meM raMgabheda, rASTrabheda, jAti bheda Adi viSamatAoM kA udaya ho rahA hai, pU~jIvAda kI jo samasyA hai, vaha sahaja meM sulajha sakatI hai, yadi saMsAra ke samasta sampatizAlI logoM ke hRdaya meM ye bAta baiTha jAe ki - bahvArambhaparigrahatvaM naarksyaayussH| sAtha hI udaya meM yaha bAta udita karanI hogI ki - alpArambhaparigrahatvaM svabhAvamArdavarjavaM ca mAnuSasya kahA gayA hai - parAtmanindAprazaMse sadasadguNAcchAdanodbhAvane ca niicairgotrsy|6

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64 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 Aja rASTra meM ghRNA, jAtigata, ahaMkAra Adi vikAra samA gae haiN| inase deza kA jitanA vinAza hogA utanA to koI aNu bama bhI nahIM kara pAyegA, kyoMki Atmagata doSoM dvArA jIva aise gaDDhe me giratA hai ki vahA~ se vikAsa kA mArga hI sadaiva ke lie ruka jAtA hai| Aja rAjA-prajA kA, dhanI-nirdhana kA, mila mAlika-majadUra kA zoSaNa kara rahA hai| Aja samAja kI sArI vyavasthAe~ arthamUlaka ho gaI haiM aura isI artha ke lie saMgharSa ho rahA hai| aise meM jaina darzana manuSya ko paraspara sahayoga, sahAnubhUti, aikya, udAratA, prema, santoSa, spaSTavAditA, nirbhIkatA, saMyama baratane kI bAta kara sAmAjika samarasatA pradAna karatA hai| isa saMdarbha meM paM0 sumerucandra divAkara kI paMkti udhRta karanA prAsaMgika hai - ___ "isalie parigraha parimANa vrata ke svarUpa meM kahA gayA hai ki apanI AvazyakatA tathA manovRtti ke anusAra dhana-dhAnyAdi kI maryAdA ko bA~dha lene se citta lAlaca ke roga se mukta ho jAtA hai| mAryAdA ke bAhara kI sampatti ke bAre meM tato'dhikeSu ni:spRhatA' kA bhAva rakhanA Avazyaka kahA hai|" __ yaha paragriha hI samasta anarthoM kA mUla hai| parigraha kI lAlasA ne mAnava ko , svArthI aura patha bhraSTa banA diyA hai| Aja agara jaina AcAra sammata aparigraha vrata kA pAlana kiyA jAye to aneka samasyAe~ apane Apa sulajha jAyeMgI, isameM jarA bhI sandeha nhiiN| yadi anekAntavAda ke anusAra dUsare kI bAtoM evaM kAryoM ke mahattva ko hama samajheM, asteya ke anusAra dUsare kI sampatti kA lobha na kareM, aparigraha ke anusAra AvazyakatA se adhika saMyama na kareM aura brahmacarya ke anusAra apanI indriyoM para niyaMtraNa kareM to nizcita hI samAja se asamAnatA, zoSaNa, lUTamAra, janasaMkhyA Adi para niyaMtraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai, sAtha hI mUlya-pradhAna samAja ke nirmANa kI bhUmikA prazasta kI jA skegii| jaina-darzana anAsakti kA mUlyavAna saMdeza detA hai| isa sandeza se prerita hokara manuSya apanI lAlasA para aMkuza lagA sakatA hai, bhautika sukhoM ke prati vikarSita hokara manuSyaM Atma-saMtoSI hone kA prayAsa kara sakatA hai| karma siddhAnta ke anusAra zubha karmoM ke phala sadA zubha hI hoMge aura azubha karmoM ke phala kadApi zubha nahIM hoNge| svabhAvata: manuSya zubha phalAkAMkSa hI hotA hai| karUNA, kSamAzIlatA audArya Adi aise guNa haiM jo ahiMsaka samAja kI saMracanA ke lie bhI hameM / sahajata: prerita karate haiN| manuSya evaM prANiyoM ke prati bandhutva aura sneha kA nAtA, ekadUsare ke prati hitaiSitA kA bhAva mAnavIya pravRtti ke aMga haiN|

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vartamAn sAmAjika sandarbha meM adhyAtmavAda kI cunautiyA~ evaM jaina- dRSTi se unakA samAdhAna : 65 jaina dharma kI anekAntadRSTi sAmAjika burAiyoM kA parihAra karake apane kartavyoM meM sAmaMjasya sthApita karane kI hameM adbhUta zakti pradAna karatI hai| jaina dharma darzana kI anaikAntika vicAraNA ke kAraNa hI hamAre deza ne vaiyaktika vyavahAra meM hI nahIM, apitu rASTrIya va antarrASTrIya nIti ke nirdhAraNa meM bhI ahiMsA Adi tattva ke maulika rUpa ko bahuta hada taka svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina dharma-darzana kI isa samanvayavAdI dRSTi ko prastuta karate huye samanta bhadrAcArya ne apane 'yuktyAnuzAsana' nAmaka grantha meM mahAvIra ke jaina zAsana ko saba ApadAoM kA nivAraka, zAzvata sarvodaya tIrtha kahA hai - 13 "sarvApadAmantai nirantaM sarvodayaM tIrthamidaM tathaiva / ' jaina darzana meM syAdvAda kI carcA bhI pAte haiM jo samasyAoM kA samAdhAna karane meM jaina- paramparA se lekara Aja taka mAnava samAja kI madada karate AyA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki ahiMsA, satya, asteya, aparigraha, brahmacarya, tapa, anekAntavAda, syAdavAda, karma siddhAnta kI vyAkhyA, samyak-darzana, samyak jJAna, 'samyak cAritra rUpI triratna mAnava samAja ke lie kalyANakArI hai| aura vartamAna sAmAjika sandarbha meM adhyAtmavAda kI cunautiyoM kA samAdhAna karane meM acUka auSadhi siddha hotA hai| AdhyAtmikatA mAnava jIvana meM hI racA-basA hai, AvazyakatA hai kevala use pahacAnane tathA jIvana meM akSarazaH utArane kii| Aja adhyAtmavAda kI carcA evaM mahattA kI bAta sarvatra cala rahI hai kyoMki binA AdhyAtmavAdI dRSTi apanAye, Aja mAnavatA kI rakSA saMbhava pratIta nahIM hotii| jaina darzana kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi se hI Aja mAnavatA kI rakSA saMbhava hai| aise to sabhI dharmoM meM AdhyAtmavAdI vicAroM kA vizeSa sthAna hai, parantu antardRSTi evaM Atma samIkSaNa kA jitanA adhika vicAra jaina dharma evaM darzana meM kiyA gayA hai utanI mAtrA meM kadAcita anyatra upalabdha nahIM hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina dharma ko Atmadharma kahate haiN| isake siddhAnta udAra, sArvabhaumika, sArvadAyika aura sarvahitakArI hai| haTha dharma kI AdhArazIlA na Izvara hai, aura na koI vyakti vizeSa hii| isakI AdhArazilA vItarAgatA arthAt adhyAtma hai| yahI eka mAtra zAnti mArga hai / sandarbha : 1. zAstrI nemicandra: 'tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unakI paramparA', pR0 588. 2. zrI TI0 ena0 rAmacandra, bhagavAna mahAvIra, smRti grantha, bhAga - 1, 1948 49.

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zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12 / akTUbara-disambara 2003 3. 'Spirituality Science and Technology', 'World Philosophy Conference' organising secretariat centre for studies in civilization, 36 Tughlakabad Institutional Area, New Delhi - 110062, P. 55-56. 4. samantabhadra, yuktyAnuzAsana 61, vIra sevA maMdira, sarasAvA, vi0saM0 2008. 5. jJAnodaya - navambara 1952, aMka 5, pR0 379. 6. tattvArthasUtra, adhyAya 6 /16. 7. vahI, adhyAya 6/18. 66 : 8. vahI, adhyAya 6 / 24. 9. paM sumerUcandra divAkara, jainazAsana, pR0 388.

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jAti vyavasthA aura hamArA dAyitva DaoN. kamaleza kumAra jaina* - kisI samudAya vizeSa ko jAti kahate haiN| yaha jAti zabda prArambha meM kisI eka vicAradhArA ke logoM ke liye prayukta huA hogaa| vAmana zivarAma ApTe ne apane saMskRta-hindI koza meM jAti zabda ke aneka artha kiye haiM, jinameM eka artha yaha bhI kiyA hai ki brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra - ye hinduoM kI cAra jAtiyA~ haiN| unhIM ke anusAra jAti zabda kA eka dUsarA artha hai - pazujAti, puSpajAti aadi| jaina dArzanikoM meM AcArya umAsvAtikRta tattvArthasUtra ke 'gatijAti.....' Adi sUtra meM ullikhita jAti zabda kI vyAkhyA karate huye AcArya pUjyapAda ne sarvArthasiddhi meM likhA hai ki - tAsu narakAdigatiSvavyabhicAriNA sAdRzyenaikIkRto'rthAtyA jaatiH| tatrimittaM jaatinaam| tat paJcavidham-ekendriyajAtinAma dvIndriyajAtinAma trIndriyajAtinAma caturindrijAtinAma paJcendriyajAtinAma ceti| yadudayAtmA ekendriya iti zabdyate tdekendriyjaatinaam| evaM zeSeSvapi yojyam (8/11)/ arthAt una narakAdi (Adi pada se yahA~ tiryaJca, manuSya aura devagatiyA~ abhISTa haiM) gatiyoM meM jisa avyabhicAri sAdRzya se ekapane rUpa artha kI prApti hotI hai, vaha jAti hai aura isakA nimitta jAti nAma karma hai| vaha pA~ca prakAra kA hai - ekendriya jAtinAma karma, dvIndriya jAtinAma karma, trIndriya jAtinAmakarma, caturindriya jAtinAmakarma aura paJcendriya jAtinAma krm| jisake udaya se AtmA ekendriya kahA jAtA hai, vaha ekendriya jAtinAmakarma hai| isI prakAra zeSa jAtiyoM meM bhI yojanA karanI caahiye| Avazyakaniyukti kI hAribhadrIyavRtti meM likhA hai - 'jAti : mAtRsamutthA' arthAt mAtA ke vaMza se jAti kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai| dhavalA TIkA ke anusAra - 'jAtirjIvAnAM sadRzapariNAmaH' arthAt jIvoM ke samAna pariNAmoM kA nAma jAti hai| yahA~ uparyukta tInoM paribhASAe~ eka hI tathya kI ora iGgita karatI haiM ki - jisa mAnava samudAya ke kArya-kalApoM arthAt karma meM ekarUpatA ho athavA jinake vicAroM meM paraspara sAmya ho vaha eka jAti hai| yaha vargIkaraNa mAnava mAtra ke liye hai, kintu jaba hama ekendriya Adi jIvoM kI apekSA vicAra karate haiM to hameM vahA~ bhI unake zArIrika * rIDara, jaina-bauddha darzana vibhAga, saMskRta vidyA dharma vijJAna saMkAya, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI

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68 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 AkAra-prakAra athavA guNadharma kI apekSA vicAra karake jAti kA nirdhAraNa karanA hogaa| Aja ke vaijJAnika bhI isI paddhati se jAti kA nirdhAraNa karate haiN| uparyukta vivecana se eka bAta to spaSTa hai ki jAti ke nirdhAraNa meM guNa, karma athavA AkAra-prakAra Adi hI kAraNa haiN| paravartI kAla meM janma ko AdhAra banAkara jo jAti-nirdhAraNa huA hai vaha bhI vastutaH paramparA se prApta una guNoM, karmoM athavA AkAra-prakAra ko AdhAra banAkara hI huA hai| prAcIna paramparA meM brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra ke rUpa meM jo mAnava-samudAya kA vargIkaraNa huA hai vaha karma ke AdhAra para hI thaa| arthAt jo vidyAoM ke adhyayanaadhyApana meM saMlagna the ve brAhmaNa; jo deza kI Antarika aura bAhya surakSA meM lage ve kSatriya; jo vastuoM ke AyAta-niryAta ke mAdhyama se janasAmAnya ke upayoga meM Ane vAlI Avazyaka vastuoM ko upalabdha karAte huye deza kI Arthika sthiti ko sudRr3ha karane meM lage ve vaizya aura jo loka nirmANa ke liye upayogI vastuoM ko taiyAra karane meM lage ve zUdra khlaaye| vastuta: koI bhI karma burA nahIM hai| burA hai usa karma ke prati kI jAne vAlI asaavdhaanii| phira vaha asAvadhAnI kisI bhI varga athavA jAti dvArA kyoM na kI gaI ho| kisI rAjya yA saMgaThana ke liye jJAna sampadA, surakSA vyavasthA Arthika santulana aura upayogI vastuoM kA utpAdana - ye cAra ghaTaka mUla rUpa se atyAvazyaka haiN| hama cAheM to inheM samAja meM svAbhimAnapUrvaka jIvana ke liye atyanta upayogI cAra mUla-stambha bhI kaha sakate haiN| ina cAra stambhoM para hI hamArA samagra vikAsa sambhava hai| inake santulita rahane para hI kisI saMskRti kA vikAsa aura tadanantara usakI surakSA kI jA sakatI hai| uparyukta cAra ghaTakoM athavA stambhoM ke saMvAhaka uparyukta cAra varga athavA jAtiyA~ hI haiM, jinakA ullekha hindU dharma ke pramukha grantha veda aura manusmRti Adi se lekara jaina aura bauddhadharma ke granthoM meM bhI samAna rUpa se kiyA gayA hai| bhagavAn buddha ke upadezoM se sAkSAt sambandha rakhane vAle pAligrantha dhammapada meM eka 'brAhmaNa-vagga' AyA hai, jisameM 40 gAthAoM meM brAhmaNa kI paribhASA asti aura nAstimukhena kI gaI hai tathA batalAyA gayA hai ki jo pAra, apAra aura pArApAra nahIM hai, nirbhaya hai, anAsakta hai, vaha brAhmaNa hai| yahA~ pAra, apAra aura pArApAra - ye tIna pAribhASika zabda Aye haiM, jinakA sAmAnya artha yaha hai ki jo paJcendriyoM aura mana ke prati pramAdI nahIM hai aura unake viSayoM meM Asakta nahIM hai tathA jo maiM arthAt ahaGkAra se mukta hai vaha vastuta: brAhmaNa hai|

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jAti vyavasthA aura hamArA dAyitva : 69 jo dhyAnI, nirmala, sthiracitta, kRtakRtya aura Azrava rahita hai, jisane uttAmArtha (nirvANa ) ko pA liyA hai vahI brAhmaNa hai| jisane pApoM ko dhokara bahA diyA hai vaha brAhmaNa hai| Age kahA gayA hai ki brAhmaNa para prahAra nahIM karanA cAhiye aura brAhmaNa ko bhI krodha nahIM karanA cAhiye tathA use hiMsA Adi se virata rahanA cAhiye (gAthA 3, 4, 6, 7, 8) / koI bhI vyakti jaTA, gotra athavA janma se brAhmaNa nahIM hotA hai, apitu jisameM satya aura dharma hai vahI pavitra hai aura vahI brAhmaNa hai| mAtA kI yoni se utpanna hone ke kAraNa koI brAhmaNa nahIM hotA, apitu jo aparigrahI aura tyAgI hai vahI brAhmaNa hai| Age kI gAthAoM meM batalAyA gayA hai ki jo hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, Adi se rahita hai, saMyamI hai, tRSNA vihIna hai, aisA vyakti brAhmaNa hai| merI dRSTi meM yahA~ brAhmaNa kA artha zreSTha vyakti se hai| cUMki usa samaya sadAcArI brAhmaNa hI zreSTha the, ataH una-una sadguNoM se sampanna vyakti ko brAhmaNa kahA gayA hai| kyoMki jana sAmAnya isI zabda se paricita thA / jaina zAstroM meM bhI spaSTa rUpa se ullekha milatA hai ki manuSya apane karma se hI brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya athavA zUdra hotA hai| jaina purANoM ke anusAra prArambha meM kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra - ye tIna hI varNa the, kintu bAda meM bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke putra bharata cakravartI ne ahiMsA vrata ke prati niSThA rakhane vAle vyaktiyoM kI parIkSA karake brAhmaNa varNa kI sthApanA kii| arthAt jo ahiMsA vrata kA pAlana karate the ve brAhmaNa kahalAye / jaina purANoM ke ullekhoM se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki ahiMsA - vrata kA pAlana karane ke kAraNa bharata cakravartI dvArA sammAnita una vratI mahApuruSoM kI paramparA ke logoM meM kramaza: ahaGkAra kI bhAvanA prabala ho gaI aura apane vratoM athavA AcaraNa se cyuta hone lage aura bAda meM zanai: zanai: janma ko jAti kA AdhAra mAna liyA gyaa| hindU zAstroM meM jAti ko jo anAdi kahA gayA hai, vaha yadi pUrvokta arthoM arthAt eka karma, jaise vidyA kA adhyayana-adhyApana karane vAle sabhI eka jAti ke haiM arthAt brAhmaNa haiN| eka samAna vicAradhArA ko mAnane vAle sabhI eka jAti jaise samAjavAdI haiM aura eka AkAra-prakAra ke loga eka jAti arthAt manuSya jAti ke haiM isameM kahIM koI Apatti nahIM hai aura honI bhI nahIM caahiye| hA~ Apatti vahA~ avazya hotI hai jahA~ AcAra-1 ra-vicAra se zUnya 'hokara bhI manuSya apane Apako 'janmanaH' ucca jAti yA varga kA mAnakara apane ko samAja meM pratiSThita karanA cAhatA hai aura una sabhI vizeSAdhikAroM kI apekSA karatA hai jo use kabhI saMyama yA sadAcAra ke kAraNa prApta huye the| aise 'janmanaH ' uccajAtIya yA uccavargIya, kintu 'karmaNaH' patita logoM kI kutsita manovRtti ke kAraNa janamAnasa udvelita ho gayA aura tatkAlIna samAja ke cintakoM kiMvA prabuddhajanoM ke netRtva meM krAnti huI aura 'janmanaH' jAtivAda ko mAnane vAloM kA DaTakara virodha huA, jo Aja bhI kamoveza jArI hai|

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70 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 sAhitya samAja kA darpaNa hotA hai, ata: tatkAlIna sAhitya meM spaSTa rUpa se do prakAra ke vicAroM kA ullekha milatA hai| eka vicAra vaha thA jo 'janmana:' jAti ko AdhAra banAkara apanA varcasva sthApita karanA cAhatA thA aura dUsarA vicAra vaha thA jo 'karmaNaH' jAti vyavasthA ke pakSa meM thaa| vastuta: dUsarA pakSa vaMzAnugata varcasva sthApita karane vAloM kA virodha thA aura virodha kA mAdhyama banA 'janmanaH' jAti vyvsthaa| vikrama kI gyArahavIM zatI ke jaina-tArkika AcArya prabhAcandra ne prameyakamalamArtaNDa meM brAhmaNa-jAti kA nirAsa kiyA hai| isase aisA pratIta hotA hai ki usa samaya 'janmanaH' jAtivAda caramotkarSa para thaa| vibhinna jAtiyoM yA vicAradhArAoM kA honA burA nahIM hai| burA hai usI vicAradhArA mAtra ko satya mAnakara zeSa eka bahuta bar3e samUha ko nakAra denA, usakI upekSA krnaa| 'janmanaH' jAti vyavasthA ko svIkAra karanA eka pakSa ho sakatA hai, kintu anya ananta pakSoM ko asvIkAra karanA hI saMgharSa kA mUla kAraNa hai| isa saMgharSa ko jainAcAryoM dvArA pratiSThita syAdvAda paddhati se sahaja hI TAlA jA sakatA hai| hamAre sAmane eka lambA atIta hai, jisake sambandha meM hamane yatkiJcit sunA hai aura par3hA bhI hai| dUsarI ora hamAre sAmane eka lambA bhaviSya hai, jisake sambandha meM hama acchI yA burI kalpanA mAtra kara sakate haiM, kintu ina donoM meM se eka hamAre hAtha se nikala cukA hai aura dUsarA hamAre hAtha meM A bhI sakatA hai aura nahIM bhii| ina donoM ke madhya eka tIsarA hamArA vartamAna hai jo hameM sahaja prApta hai, ata: hameM apane vartamAna ko udAtta vicAroM aura sadAcaraNa se sajAnA evaM sa~vAranA caahiye| kyoMki yahI satya hai aura yahI tathya hai| hama na bhUta meM jiyeM aura na bhaviSya meM, jiyeM to vartamAna meM jiyeN| hamArA vartamAna hI atIta banakara hameM sukha kI anubhUti karAyegA aura bhaviSya hamAre satkarmoM se sudhregaa| ata: vartamAna ko sudhArane meM hI hameM apanI sampUrNa zakti ko lagAnA caahiye| vyakti-vyakti se milakara samAja kA nirmANa hotA hai| vividha samAja milakara eka deza banatA hai aura aneka dezoM se vizva kA nirmANa hotA hai| ata: vyakti sudharegA to samAja sudhregaa| samAja sudharegA to deza sudharegA aura deza sudhareMge to vizva sudharegA tathA hama vyakti-nirmANa se vizva-nirmANa kI kalpanA kara bhAratIya saMskRti ke sanAtana siddhAnta 'vasudhaiva kuTumbakam, kI dizA meM Age bar3ha skeNge|

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gA~dhI evaM zAkAhAra DaoN0 zailabAlA zarmA* mahAtmA gA~dhI kA uddezya kisI jIvana darzana kA vikAsa yA mAnyatAoM evaM AdarzoM kI praNAlI nirmita karanA nahIM thaa| aisA karane kI na hI unameM koI abhilASA thI aura na hI unake pAsa itanA vakta thaa| ve mUlata: satya aura ahiMsA ke pujArI the aura isake pAlana meM hI unakA dRr3ha vizvAsa thaa| unhoMne apane jIvana meM Ane vAlI sabhI samasyAoM ko cunautI ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyaa| koI bhI samasyA cAhe rAjanaitika ho, sAmAjika ho, dhArmika, audyogika, kRSi evaM zrama sambandhI ho; sabhI ke vyAvahArika pahaluoM kA inhoMne sUkSmatApUrvaka adhyayana kiyaa| sabhI ko gA~dhI ne yathArtha ke dharAtala para rakha kara nipaTAne kA prayatna kiyaa| yahI nahIM balki vyaktigata jIvana kI sUkSma se sUkSma samasyAyeM jaise AhAra, vastra, jAti prathA, aspRzyatA ko bhI inhoMne bahuta mahatva pradAna kiyaa| bhAratIya samAja evaM saMskRti se sambandhita koI bhI pahalU aisA achUtA nahIM jise inhoMne prabhAvita nahIM kiyaa| isI meM se eka pahalU hai zAkAhAra (annaahaar)| zAkAhAra ke sambandha meM gA~dhIjI kA mAnanA thA ki "manuSya zarIra kI racanA dekhane se zAkAhArI hI lagatI hai| usake dAMta, amAzaya ityAdi use zAkAhArI siddha karate haiN|" inhoMne svIkAra kiyA hai "maiM zAkAhAra kA pakSapAtI hU~" laMdana kI vejiTeriyana sosAiTI ke sAptAhika mukha patra 'vejiTeriyana mesenjara' meM samaya-samaya para gA~dhI ke annAhAra sambandhI vicAra prakAzita hote rahe haiN| inake saMkalita rUpa ko nIce prastuta kiyA gayA hai: "bhArata meM karor3oM loga nivAsa karate haiN| ve bhinna-bhinna jAtiyoM evaM vargoM ke haiN| hindU mukhyata: cAra vargoM meM baMTe hue haiM - brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura shuudr| ina sabameM siddhAnta kI dRSTi se to kevala brAhmaNa aura vaizya hI zuddha zAkAhArI haiM, parantu vyavahAra meM prAya: sabhI bhAratIya annAhArI haiN| kucha loga svecchA se anna kA AhAra karane vAle haiM, parantu zeSa ke liye annAhAra Avazyaka hai|.... bhAratIya arthAt bhAratIya annAhArI-mA~sa, machalI aura murgI ke alAvA aNDe khAne se bhI paraheja karate haiN| unakA tarka yaha hai ki aNDA khAnA jIvahatyA karane ke barAbara hai, kyoMki yadi aMDe ko cher3A na jAye to spaSTa hai ki usase baccA paidA hogA parantu jisa taraha yahA~ ke kaTTara annAhArI dUdha aura makkhana se bhI paraheja karate haiM, vaisA bhAratIya annAhArI nahIM * zodha adhikArI, triloka ucca starIya adhyayana evaM anusaMdhAna saMsthAna, koTA (rAja.)

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72 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 krte| ulaTe ve to unheM phalAhAra-upavAsa ke dinoM meM sevana karane yogya pavitra vastue~ mAnate haiN|''(7-2-1891) "bhAratIya annAhAriyoM ke bAre meM eka bAta aksara kahI jAtI hai so yaha hai ki ve zArIrika dRSTi se bahuta durbala haiM aura isakA artha hai ki, annAhAra zArIrika zakti ke sAtha mela nahIM khaataa|.... bhArata meM annAhArI loga bhAratIya mAMsAhAriyoM se aura yoM kahiye ki aMgrejoM se bhI adhika haSTa-puSTa nahIM to unake barAbara jarUra haiM aura isake alAvA jahAM kahIM durbalatA dekhane meM AtI hai vahA~ usakA kAraNa nirAmiSa AhAra nahIM, balki kucha aura hI hai|''2 (21-2-1891) ___ "koI cAhe jo AhAra grahaNa kare, zArIrika evaM mAnasika zakti kA eka sAtha barAbara vikAsa honA to asaMbhava mAlUma hotA hai| hA~ isameM virale apavAda bhale hI hoN| kSatipUrti niyama kI mA~ga hogI ki mAnasika zakti meM jitanI vRddhi hotI hai, zArIrika zakti utanI ghaTatI hai|"3 (28-2-1891) __ "Amataura para mAnA jAtA hai ki bhArata meM saba loga annAhArI haiM parantu yaha sahI nahIM hai| yahA~ taka ki saba hindU bhI annAhArI nahIM haiN| parantu yaha kahanA bilkula sahI hogA ki bhAratavAsiyoM kI bhArI bahusaMkhyA annAhArI hai| unameM se kucha to apane dharma ke kAraNa annAhArI haiM, anya loga annAhAra para nirvAha karane ko bAdhya haiM, kyoMki ve itane garIba haiM ki mAMsa kharIda hI nahIM skte|... bhAratIya mAMsAhArI mAMsa ko jIvana ke liye Avazyaka vastu nahIM, kevala eka vizeSa bhojana kI vastu mAnate haiN| yadi unheM unakI roTI... mila jAye to mAMsa ke binA unakA kAma maje meM cala jAtA hai|''4 "mAMsa khAne kI Adata vAstava meM samAja kI pragati meM bAdhaka huI hai| isake alAvA, jina do mahAna samAjoM ko ekatA ke sAtha kandhe se kandhA milAkara kAma karanA cAhiye, unake bIca usane apratyakSa rUpa se phUTa paidA kara dI hai|" (1-6-1891) "agara kucha sAdhana-sampanna aura annAhArI sAhitya se suparicita loga saMsAra ke bhinna-bhinna bhAgoM kI yAtrA kareM, vibhinna dezoM ke sAdhanoM kI jAMca par3atAla kareM, annAhAra ke dRSTikoNa se unakI saMbhAvanAoM kA lekhA-jokhA leM aura jina dezoM ko annAhAra pracAra ke liye tathA Arthika dRSTi se basane ke liye upayukta samajheM, usameM nivAsa karane ke liye annAhAriyoM ko AmaMtrita kareM, to anAhAra ke pracAra kA bahuta jyAdA kArya kiyA jA sakatA hai| garIba atrAhAriyoM ke liye unnati ke naye sthAna pAye jA sakate haiM aura saMsAra ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM annAhariyoM ke sacce kendra sthApita kiye jA sakate haiN|"5 (21-12-1894) gA~dhI jI dvArA likhita uparyukta lekhoM kA yadi vizleSaNa kareM to isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki bhArata mUlata: ahiMsAvAdI deza hai aura isakI racanA mUlata: 'sarvajana

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gA~dhI evaM zAkAhAra : 73 hitAya' para AdhArita hai| yahA~ ke adhikAMza vyaktiyoM meM ahiMsA, dayA, paropakAra Adi kI bhAvanA vyApta hai| ve aisA koI bhI karma nahIM karanA cAhate jisase kisI prANI ko pIr3A yA kaSTa ho athavA kisI ko Thesa phNce| jina vyaktiyoM meM aisI bhAvanA nihita ho ve mAMsAhAra kI kalpanA bhI nahIM kara skte| kucha logoM kA mAnanA hai ki kucha viziSTa vanaspatiyoM ke bhakSaNa se bhI hiMsA hotI hai| isa bAta ko gA~dhI ne bhI AMzika rUpa se svIkAra karate huye kahA hai ki mAMsa bhakSaNa aura vanaspati bhakSaNa donoM meM hiMsA hai| parantu eka vastu ke binA manuSya kahIM bhI nahIM jI sktaa| dUsare (mAMsAhAra) ke binA prAya: sabhI jagaha jI sakatA hai| yadi jIva jIva meM du:kha ke jJAna kA bheda hai to jo duHkha gAya ko * marane ke samaya hotA hai vaha vanaspati jIva ko nahIM ho sktaa| jIva mAtra ke liye kucha na kucha hiMsA aparihArya hai| arthAta gA~dhIjI anivArya hiMsA ko svIkArate the| bhArata meM nivAsa karane vAlI janasaMkhyA kA kevala 10 pratizata bhAga hI mAMsAhArI hai zeSa 90 pratizata zAkAhArI pravRtti ke haiN| AdhunikatA ke isa yuga meM mAMsAhArI bhojana kA pracalana bar3hatA jA rahA hai| yaha vRddhi mukhyata: bhUmaNDalIkaraNa kI dena hai| isa bar3hatI mAMsAhArI pravRtti para zIghra niyaMtraNa kI AvazyakatA hai| logoM meM vyApta yaha bhrama ki mAMsa se zarIra baliSTha banatA hai mithyA hai| zarIra ke poSaNa ke liye mAMsa khAnA Avazyaka nhiiN| zAkAhArI manuSya zArIrika zakti, mana aura buddhi Adi bAtoM meM mAMsAhArI se kisI bhI rUpa meM kama nahIM hote| isake viparIta zAkAhArI vyaktiyoM meM dRr3hatA evaM sahanazakti tathA kAryakSamatA adhika hotI hai| mAMsAhArI vyaktiyoM meM sahanazIlatA aura sthiratA kA nitAMta abhAva hotA hai| isake sevana se manuSya kA viveka, mAnavIyatA va naitikatA naSTa ho jAtI hai tathA hiMsA, amAnuSikatA, dveSa, nirdayatA evaM duSkarmoM kI bhAvanA jAgrata ho jAtI hai| yahI tatva manuSya ko anucita kArya karane ke liye prerita karate haiN| mAMsAhAra ke Arthika tatvoM kI ora bhI gA~dhI ne dhyAna AkarSita kiyA hai| Arthika dRSTi se yadi gaura kareM to pAte haiM ki zAkAhAra kI tulanA meM mAMsAhAra kaI gunA adhika maMhagA hotA hai| mAMsAhAra mukhya bhojana nahIM hai apitu mAMsa ko khAne ke liye zAkAhAra kI bhI AvazyakatA hotI hai| kevala mAMsa hI mAMsa nahIM khAyA jA sakatA parantu sUkhI roTI khAI jA sakatI hai| eka sthAna para gA~dhI kahate haiM: "aMgreja mAMsAhAriyoM ko dekhiye| ve mAnate haiM ki mAMsa unake liye anivArya hai| roTI unheM mAMsa khAne meM madada karatI hai| dUsarI ora bhAratIya mAMsAhArI mAnatA hai ki mAMsa use roTI khAne meM madada kregaa|''6 uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki gA~dhIjI jo ahiMsA ke pujArI the pUrNata: zAkAhAra ke samarthaka evaM mAMsAhAra virodhI the| zAkAhAra evaM mAMsAhAra para samaya-samaya para sampUrNa vizva meM bahasa chir3atI rahI hai| isI saMdarbha meM gA~dhI dvArA likhita eka patra jo unhoMne Darbana ke dainika samAcAra patra 'neTAla markarI' ke sampAdaka ko 3 pharavarI 1896 meM likha thA, ullekhanIya hai:

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74 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 "jaba sara henarI TAmasana kahate haiM ki mAMsAhAra ko jIvana-poSaNa ke liye samajhanA eka gaMvArU bhUla hai aura yaha coTI ke zarIrazAstravettA ghoSita karate haiM ki manuSya kA prAkRtika AhAra phala hai aura jaba hamAre sAmane buddha, pAithAgorasa, pleTo, re, Dainiyala, vejale, hovArDa, zelI, sara Aiz2aka piTamaina, eDIsana, sara DablyU0bI0 ricArDasana Adi anekAneka mahAna vyaktiyoM ke anahArI hone ke udAharaNa maujUda haiM, taba sthiti ulaTI kyoM honI cAhiye? IsAI annAhAriyoM kA dAvA hai ki IsA bhI annAhArI the aura isa vicAra kA khaNDana karane vAlI koI bhI bAta dikhalAI nahIM pdd'tii| ..... dakSiNa aphrIkA kI sabase saphala mizanarI (TrepisTsa) annAhArI haiN| pratyeka dRSTi se dekhane para annAhAra ko mAMsAhAra kI apekSA bahuta zreSTha sAbita kiyA jA cukA hai| adhyAtmavAdiyoM kA mata hai aura zAyada Ama proTesTeMTa dharma zikSakoM ko chor3akara zeSa sAre dharmoM ke AcAryoM ke vyavahAra se mAlUma hotA hai ki, manuSya kI AdhyAtmika zakti ko jitanI hAni avivekapUrNa mAMsAhAra se paha~catI hai utanI kisI dUsarI cIja se nahIM phuNctii| ..... Adhunika yuga kI Izvara viSayaka saMzayazIlatA, bhautikavAda aura dhArmika udAsInatA kA kAraNa bahuta jyAdA mAMsAhAra tathA madyapAna hai| jisake pariNAmasvarUpa manuSya kI AdhyAtmika zakti aMzata: yA pUrNata: naSTa ho gayI hai|'' uparyukta patra se yaha spaSTa hai ki vizva ke samasta dharmoM meM ahiMsA ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna diyA gayA hai| sabhI dharmoM meM zAkAhAra (annAhAra) ko mahatva pradAna karate huye mAMsAhAra ke aneka doSa batAye gaye haiN| sabhI dharma mAMsAhAra ko Ayu kSINa karane tathA patana ke mArga kI ora le jAne vAlA batAte haiN| hindU dharma meM sabhI jIvoM ko Izvara kA aMza mAnate hue ahiMsA, dayA, paropakAra evaM kSamA Adi ko sarvopari mAnA hai| islAma meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki "dUsare ke bahAye gaye khUna kI pratyeka bUMda kA hisAba apane khUna se cukAnA pdd'egaa|" IsAI dharma kahatA hai "yadi tuma zAkAhArI bhojana ko apanA AhAra banAoge to tumhe jIvana aura zakti milegI lekina yadi tuma mAMsAhArI bhojana karoge to vaha mRta AhAra tumhe bhI mAra degaa|" bauddha aura jaina dharma to pUrNata: ahiMsA para hI AdhArita haiN| mahAvIra svAmI ne sarvaprathama 'jio aura jIne do' tathA 'ahiMsA paramodharma:' kA siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyaa| sikkha dharma meM bhI hiMsA kI manAhI aura jIva dayA para bala diyA gayA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki koI bhI dharma aisA nahIM hai jo jIva hatyA yA hiMsA kA samarthaka ho phira yaha mAMsAhAra kI bar3hatI huI pravRtti kA kyA kAraNa hai? Aja ke isa daura meM mAMsAhAra lenA phaizana aura AdhunikatA kA pratIka mAnA jAne lagA hai| Adhunika yuvA varga isa bhrama meM hai ki yadi use koI viziSTa sthAna prApta karanA hai to use zarAba va mAMsa kA sevana karanA hI pdd'egaa| parantu yaha pUrNataH bhrama evaM satya se dUra hai| mAMsAhAra naitika patana kI ora hI le jAtA hai| gAMdhIjI ne mAMsAhAra ke durguNoM para prakAza DAlate huye apane patra meM likhA hai: "annAhArI nItivAdI isa bAta para aphasosa karate haiM ki svArthI manuSya apanI ati

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gA~dhI evaM zAkAhAra : 75 prabala aura vikArI bhUkha miTAne ke liye manuSya jAti ke eka samudAya para kasAI kA pezA lAdate haiM, jabaki ve svayaM aisA pezA karane se sihara uTheMge.... sAdhAraNata: mAMsa aura madirA to sAtha-sAtha hI calate haiM, kyoMki annAhAra, jisameM rasIle phaloM kA sabase mahatvapUrNa sthAna hotA hai, zarAbakhorI kA sabase saphala ilAja hai| mAMsAhAra se to zarAba kI Adata par3atI yA bar3hatI hai| mAMsAhAra na kevala anAvazyaka hai, balki zarIra ke liye hAnikAraka bhI hai| isaliye usakI lata anaitika aura pApamaya bhI hai| usake kAraNa nirdoSa pazuoM para anAvazyaka krUratA baratanA aura pIr3A pahuMcAnA Avazyaka hotA hai|......"8 uparyukta vicAroM ko apanI bhAvanAoM meM eka vidvAn ne isa prakAra vyakta kiyA hai : "mAMsAhAra dvArA komala sadbhAvanAoM kA naSTa honA va svArtha, nirdayatA Adi bhAvanAoM kA panapanA hI Aja vizva meM bar3hatI huI hiMsA, ghRNA va duSkarmoM kA mukhya kAraNa hai| mAMsAhAra vAsanAoM ko bhar3akAtA hai aura vAsanAeM jitanI pUrI kI jAtI haiM utanI adhika bhar3akatI haiN| inakI kabhI bhI tRpti nahIM hotii| jaba inakI tRpti meM bAdhA AtI hai to krodha utpanna hotA hai krodha se sahI galata kA viveka samApta ho jAtA hai jisase buddhi naSTa ho jAtI hai aura buddhi naSTa hone se patha bhraSTa ho jAte haiM athavA sarvanAza ho jAtA hai| arthAta mAMsAhAra sarvanAza kI ora le jAtA hai|" uparyukta sampUrNa vivecana se yaha pUrNata: spaSTa hotA hai ki jahA~ eka ora mAMsAhAra se krUratA, nirdayatA, hiMsaka manovRtti, uttejanA, aparAdhika manovRtti, duSkarma evaM asAdhya rogoM meM vRddhi hotI hai vahIM dUsarI ora zAkAhAra hamAre andara lokahita, maitrI aura AtmIyatA kI bhAvanA kA saMcAra karatA hai| yahI vaha tatva hai jo hameM saMvedanazIla banAtA hai aura vizva bandhutva kI bhAvanA jAgRta karatA hai| apane ko pahacAnane evaM Izvara se sAkSAtkAra karane kA zAkAhAra sabase acchA mAdhyama hai| Aja bhautikavAdI evaM AdhunikatA ke yuga meM isakI AvazyakatA aura bar3ha gayI hai| isI saMdarbha meM gAMdhIjI kA mAnanA thA ki : ___ "annAhAra sabase sastA AhAra hai aura use Amataura para akhtiyAra kara liyA jAye to Aja bhautikavAda kI druta pragati aura thor3e se logoM ke pAsa bhArI sampatti saMgraha ke sAtha-sAtha sAmAnya logoM meM daridratA kI jo druta gati se vRddhi ho rahI hai, usakA anta karane meM nahIM to use ghaTA dene meM nizcaya hI bahuta madada milegii|' 10 prasiddha jaina kavi kalyANa kumAra 'zazi' kI nimna kavitA zAkAhAra evaM mAMsAhAra meM bheda karane meM sahAyaka siddha ho sakatI hai : "zAkAhAra udAra vRtti ko nayA janma detA hai yahI tAmasika AvezoM ko barabasa hara letA hai

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76 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12 / akTUbara-disambara 2003 mana vaisA banatA hai jaisA anna manuja khAtA hai tyAjya vastuoM ko khAne se rakta bigar3a jAtA hai || mAMsAhAra sazakta hRdaya ko asaMtulita karatA hai krUra bhAvanAe~ kaThoratA, niSThuratA bharatA hai| jo bhakSaNa ke liye prANa nirdayatA se harate haiM khUna kharAbe hiMsA hatyA, vahI adhika karate haiM || Ao hiMsA ke virodha meM eka sAtha juTa jAyeM zraddhA se isake viruddha UMcI AvAja uThAyeM saba jIne ke adhikArI haiM, jIo aura jIne do nirmala gaMgAjala sabakA hai, prema sahita pIne do || mamatA, samatA, dayA, ahiMsA dhArmika paharedAra yaha sAre hindU samAja kI, saMskRtiyAM sukhakArI ghRNA vRSTi ko ghRNA dRSTi ko dekhe saba saMsAra ataH deza se dUra kIjiye bar3hatA mAMsAhAra || Atmabodha ujjavala caritra kA nAyaka zAkAhAra vizva zAnti ujjavala caritra kA upavana zAkAhAra Atmonnati ujjavala caritra kA dAyaka zAkAhAra jio aura jIne dene kA poSaka shaakaahaar||11 anta meM gA~dhI ke zabdoM meM kaha sakate haiM " jaisA AhAra vaisA hI AkAra / jo manuSya atyAhArI hai, jo AhAra meM viveka yA maryAdA hI nahIM rakhatA, vaha apane vikAroM kA gulAma hai| jo svAda ko nahIM jIta sakatA, vaha kabhI jitendriya nahIM ho sakatA / isalie manuSya ko yuktAhArI aura alpAhArI banAnA caahie| zarIra AhAra ke liye nahIM, AhAra zarIra ke liye hai| zarIra apane Apa ko pahacAnane ke liye milA hai| apane Apa ko pahacAnanA, arthAt Izvara ko pahacAnanA / isa pahacAna ko jisane apanA parama viSaya banAyA hai vaha vikAravaza nahIM hogA / " 12 uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki gA~dhIjI ne na kevala zAkAhAra para apane mata prakaTa kiye haiM apitu isa bAta para bhI logoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA hai ki manuSya ko kitanA bhojana lenA cAhie jo usakI jIvana rakSA evaM zArIrika svAsthya ke liye Avazyaka ho| isI saMdarbha meM unhoMne kahA hai "saba khurAka auSadhi ke rUpa meM lenI cAhie svAda ke khAtira haragija nhiiN| svAda mAtra rasa meM hotA hai aura rasa bhUkha meM hai| ''13 isake liye inhoMne AtmasaMyama ke kucha niyama batAye jinakA yadi manuSya

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gA~dhI evaM zAkAhAra ImAnadArI se pAlana kare to svasthya evaM sukhamaya jIvana vyatIta kara sakatA hai| ina niyamoM meM se kucha isa prakAra haiN| 1. jIbha ke svAda ke liye bhojana na kareM / 2. bhojana kI mAtrA aura usakA samaya bAMdha leN| 3. nazIlI cIjoM kA sevana na kreN| 4. apanI saMgati, apane paThanapAThana, apane manoraMjana aura apane bhojana ko niyama meM bAMdheM / 14 sandarbha : 1. sampUrNa gA~dhI vAGmaya, khaNDa 1, ahamadAbAda 1958 I0 'AhAra' pRSTha (maincesTara ke annAhArI maNDala kA mukhapatra ) / 2. vahIM, pRSTha 30, vejiTeriyana maisenjara, 7-2-1891 / vahI, 32, vejiTeriyana maisenjara 21-2-1891 | 3. pRSTha 4. vahI, 28-2-1891 / 45, vejiTeriyana maisenjara pRSTha 5. vahI, pRSTha 294, vejiTeriyana maisenjara, 1-6-1891 | 6. vahI, pRSTha 45, vejiTeriyana maisenjara, 21-12-1894 | 7. vahI, pRSTha - 296 evaM neTAla markarI ( Darbana kA dainika samAcAra patra ) ke sampAdaka ko likhA gA~dhIjI kA 3 pharavarI, 1896 kA patra jo 'AhAra kA siddhAnta' zIrSaka se likha gyaa| - - 8. vahI / 9. zrI gopInAtha agravAla, jaina gajaTa, varSa 1993, pRSTha 6 | 1884 - 1886, navajIvana TrasTa 24-35 evaM vejiTeriyana maisenjara - 10. sampUrNa gA~dhI vAGmaya, khaNDa 1, pRSTha 11. kalyANa kumAra zazi jaina gajaTa, varSa > 1983, pRSTha 6 / 12. Arogya kI kuMjI, sampUrNa gA~dhI vAGmaya, khaNDa 13. vahI, pRSTha 21 14. AtmasaMyama banAma viSayAsakti, yaMga iMDiyA 24-3-1927, pRSTha - 199 2001 : 77 - 97, aMka 12, 28 janavarI, 296 / 88, aMka 15-22 pharavarI, 77, pRSTha - 32 /

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jainoM kI nAstikatA dharmanirapekSa samAja kA Adarza DaoN0 kAkatakara vAsudeva rAva* Ama logoM kI dhAraNA ke anusAra nAstika svArthI evaM asAmAjika hote haiN| Izvara, pApa, puNya, punarjanma Adi kA nirAkaraNa karate hue ve kevala bhautika bhogavAda kA samarthana karate haiN| nAstikoM para "RNaM kRtvA ghRtaM pibet" jaise jIvana ke 'AdarzoM kA Aropa prasiddha hai| sAmAnya janoM kI aisI dhAraNA ke bAvajUda bhArata meM nAstika darzanoM kI avicchinna paraMparA calI AyI hai| cArvAka, bauddha aura jaina ye tIna bhArata ke pramukha nAstika (nirIzvaravAdI) darzana haiN| cArvAka darzana para pratipakSa ke vidvAnoM dvArA likhita sAhitya upalabdha hai| isa meM niMdAtmaka khaMDana para hI bala diyA gayA hai| cArvAkoM ke pakSa meM paryApta sAhitya ke abhAva ke kAraNa yahAM usa darzana kA vicAra karanA anucita hai| bauddha darzana para vipula sAhitya upalabdha hai aura bauddha dharma bhArata ke bAhara bhI kaI dezoM meM phaila gayA hai| tathApi khuda bhArata meM isa dharma kI mAnyatA kaI sadiyoM se ghaTatI AyI hai| isa vAstavikatA ke kaI kAraNa ho sakate haiN| phira bhI yaha nirvivAda hai ki bhAratIya janamAnasa meM bauddha darzana apanA sthAna kAyama karane meM viphala rahA hai| yadyapi jaina darzana kA AdhAra bhI nirIzvaravAda hai tathApi usakI paraMparA niraMtara calI AyI hai| jainetara ciMtaka bhI isa darzana kA Adara karate haiN| aba prazna yaha hai ki bhArata meM hI nahIM, pUre saMsAra meM Astika darzanoM kA samarthana karane vAloM kI bahulatA ke bAda bhI jaina darzana kA Adara kyoM hotA hai? uparyukta prazna kA uttara prApta karane ke lie AstikatA aura nAstikatA meM mUlabhUta aMtara kyA hai yaha spaSTa karanA hogaa| Astika darzanoM meM yaha gRhItatattva ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai ki isa vizva kA nirmANa evaM paripAlana karane vAlA koI alaukika puruSa yA eka se adhika deva haiN| mAnava ke zarIra meM eka zAzvata evaM abhautika tattva hai jise AtmA kahate haiN| mRtyu ke samaya AtmA zarIra chor3a kara dUsare zarIra meM praveza karatI hai| svabhAva se sabhI mAnava mohapAza meM baMdhe haiM aura pApakarmoM meM pravRtta hote haiN| pApakarmiyoM ko Izvara daMDita karatA hai| yadi pApI apanI galatiyoM ko pahacAna kara bhaktibhAva se Izvara kI zaraNa meM jAte haiM to ve pApamukta ho kara sukha prApta karate haiN| Izvara svabhAvata: dayAlu hai| phira bhI apanI avahelanA karane vAloM ko vaha kaThora daMDa detA hai| Astika siddhAMtoM kI vividhatA hote hue bhI sRSTikartA, avinaya se kruddha ra * 44 AnaMdavana, e-6 pazcima vihAra, nayI dillI -110063

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jainoM kI nAstikatA dharmanirapekSa samAja kA Adarza : 79 evaM anunaya se saMtuSTa hone vAle Izvara kA astitva Astika darzanoM meM svIkRta hai| ina dhAraNAoM ke viparIta vizva kI sRSTi karane vAle, avajJA se kupita evaM stuti se prasanna hone vAle Izvara kA astitva nAstika darzanoM meM svIkRta nahIM hai| cArvAka darzana meM AtmA evaM punarjanma kI kalpanA bhI nahIM hai| jaina darzana meM yadyapi AtmA, punarjanma, puNya evaM pApa kI kalpanA svIkRta hai tathApi anunaya se saMtuSTa ho kara sukha dene vAlA aura avahelanA se kruddha hokara pIr3A dene vAlA sRSTikartA Izvara nahIM hai| ataeva jaina darzana kI gaNanA nAstika (nirIzvaravAdI) darzanoM meM hotI hai| Astika hoM yA nAstika sabhI sAmAjika sthiratA cAhate haiN| sadAcAra dvArA samAja meM zAMti aura surakSA sthApita karane vAlI vyavasthA hI dharma hai| apanI-apanI saiddhAMtika mAnyatAoM kI buniyAda para dhArmika AcAra ke mAnaka niyama nirUpita kiye gaye haiN| prAcIna kAla meM jaba dArzanika siddhAMta nirUpita hue taba Adhunika vijJAna nahIM thaa| kevala tarka se hI darzanoM kA nirUpaNa hotA thaa| pratyakSa aura prayoga se prasthApita jJAna ke abhAva meM tarka ke pravAha kaI dizAoM meM cala sakate haiN| ata: apanI-apanI mAnyatAoM ke anusAra sabhI dhArmika AcAra sahI mAne jAte haiN| prAya: sabhI dArzanikoM ne bhI apane-apane siddhAMta sthira evaM sadA ke lie aparivartanIya mAne haiN| koI apane 'pramANa graMthoM meM nirdiSTa tattva ko asatya nahIM maantaa| pariNAmata: bauddhika vikAsa ke sAtha niraMtara ho rahI vijJAna kI pragati kA kisI darzana ne lAbha nahIM utthaayaa| phalasvarUpa badalatI huI sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ke anukUla dhArmika AcAra meM parivartana nahIM huaa| vyApAra tathA Arthika vyavahAroM meM niraMtara hone vAle badalAva ke phalasvarUpa aba kisI samAja meM eka hI dharma ke anuyAyI nahIM haiN| sabhI dezoM meM, sabhI rAjyoM evaM zaharoM meM aura sabhI grAmoM meM bhI dhArmika vividhatA prasthApita huI hai| aba ise badalanA na hI saMbhava hai aura na hI vaaNchit|| ____ vividha AcAra niyamoM kI buniyAda anatikramaNIya mAne gaye dArzanika siddhAMta hone ke kAraNa sabhI dezoM meM dhArmika guToM kA paraspara sAmaMjasya kama hotA jA rahA hai| phalasvarUpa hiMsAtmaka saMgharSa kI ghaTanAeM hotI haiM jo sabhI sAmAjika ikAiyoM ke lie klezakAraka haiN| sAmAjika kSobha ke kAraNa pUre rASTra kI pragati kuMThita hotI hai| isa vipadA se chuTakArA pAne ke lie dezoM ne eka dharmanirapekSa (sekyulara) praNAlI apanAyI hai jisa meM zAsanAdhIna nIti-niyama sabhI nAgarikoM ke lie samAna hote haiN| bhArata ke saMvidhAna meM dharmanirapekSatA ko mAnyatA dI gayI hai| yadyapi bhArata kA zAsana dharma nirapekSa hai tathApi dhArmika guToM meM hiMsAtmaka saMgharSa jArI haiN| isa saMdarbha meM kaI * savAla uThate haiN| dharmanirapekSatA kA sahI artha kyA hai? kyA isa vicAradhArA meM kisI dharma kA koI sthAna nahIM hai? kyA dharma nirapekSa rASTra meM kramaza: vibhinna dharmoM kA astitva hI naSTa hogA? aise kaI prazna haiM jinakA samAdhAna DhUMr3hanA pdd'egaa|

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80 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 vastuniSTha se vicAra karane para yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki dArzanika siddhAMta evaM una se vikasita AcAra niyama mAnavanirmita haiN| yadyapi sAmAjika hita prApta karane ke lie nirdiSTa niyama samAja ke vikAsa tathA parivartanoM ke anusAra samaya-samaya para badalane par3ate haiM tathApi ve Astika aura nAstika vicAradhArAoM ke lie alaga nahIM ho skte| sabhI nAgarikoM ke lie daMDasaMhitA, vivAhabaMdhana se utpanna dAyitva, paitRka saMpatti para adhikAra Adi zAsanAdhIna niyama samAna hone caahie| isa ke viparIta devatAnugraha se bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika sukha prApta karane ke upAya dArzanika siddhAMtoM ke anusAra kaI prakAra ke ho sakate haiN| nAstikoM ke lie ina AcAra niyamoM kI jarUrata nhiiN| spaSTa hai ki zAsanAdhIna niyama aise hoM ki ve sabhI samudAyoM ke lie samAna hoM, arthAt ve dharmanirapekSa (sekyulara) niyama hoN| kucha loga samajhate haiM ki dharmanirapekSa zAsana meM vibhinna dharmoM ke prati anAdara ho sakatA hai aura isa se kSobha utpanna hogaa| isalie ve sarvadharmasamabhAva yA sarvadharma samAna Adara jaise AdarzoM kI bAta karate haiN| isa se utpanna saMbhrama ko dUra karanA hogaa| Astika darzanoM meM zraddhA kA artha hai apane siddhAMta ko sahI tathA anya sabhI siddhAMtoM ko galata maannaa| isa se yaha spaSTa hai ki koI saccA Astika sabhI dArzanika paraMparAoM - ke prati samabhAva yA samAna Adara nahIM apanA sktaa| apane darzana meM zraddhA aura anya darzanoM ke prati sAmAjika vyavahAra meM udAsIna bhAva hI Astika kI svIkArya nIti hai| nAstikoM kA rukha to sabhI Astika darzanoM ke prati tAtvika dRSTi se samAna anAdara hai| yadi ve sAmAjika vyavahAra meM Astika darzanoM ke prati udAsIna bhAva rakheM to koI kSobha nahIM ho sktaa| 1. AcAra ke vibhinna AyAma mAnava kA AcAra apane-apane darzana ke AdhAra para tIna prakAra kA ho sakatA hai| 1. laukika (Adhibhautika, sekyulara), 2. AdhyAtmika (spiricyuala) tathA 3. Adhidaivika (krmkaaNddaatmk)| jisa darzana meM Izvara, AtmA, punarjanma Adi . kalpanAeM gRhIta nahIM haiM (jaise cArvAka darzana meM) usameM AcAra kevala aihika vyavahAroM taka hI sImita hotA hai| jaina aura bauddha darzana meM AtmA, punarjanma Adi kalpanAeM gRhIta haiN| ata: laukika AcAra ke sAtha-sAtha Atmonnati ke upAya nirdhArita kiye jAte haiN| tapa, upavAsa, dAna, dhyAna Adi kA ina meM samAveza hotA hai| Izvara ko prasanna karane ke upAya bhI AcAra meM samAviSTa hote haiN| yajJa, pUjA, bhajana Adi Izvara kRpA ra pAne ke upAya mAne jAte haiN| punarukti karate hue bhI isa bAta ko doharAnA jarUrI hai ki sabhI dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke lie aihika sadAcAra samAna rUpa se Avazyaka hai|

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W jainoM kI nAstikatA dharmanirapekSa samAja kA Adarza : 81 ka) sAmAjika zAMti kA AdhAra- zrAvakAcAra yadi aihika arthAt sAmAjika sadAcAra ke niyama kisI dArzanika zraddhA se visaMgata nahIM to ve pUre samAja meM samAna rUpa se svIkRta hoNge| aisI vyavasthA meM koI apanI zraddhA ke anusAra dArzanika tattvoM para AdhArita pUjA, bhajana Adi dhArmika niyamoM kA pAlana karane ke lie svataMtra hai| hAM, yadi koI AcAra dUsaroM ko kSati pahuMcAe to use rokanA zAsana kA kartavya banatA hai / yadi anya dharma ke logoM ke pUjA sthAna yA devatA kI pratimA nAza karane yA unako apavitra karane kA Adeza kahIM 'dhArmika 'kartavya' ke rUpa meM nirdiSTa kiyA gayA hai to aise AcAra ko rokanA zAsana kA Adya kartavya hai| kyA aise koI sadAcAra ke niyama haiM jo pUre sabhya evaM zAMtipriya samAja ko samAna rUpa se mAnya hoM ? uttara spaSTa hai ki jaina zrAvakAcAra eka mAtra dhArmika AcAra hai jo lagabhaga jyoM kA tyoM saba ko svIkArya hogaa| 'lagabhaga isa lie kahA ki do hajAra sAla purAnI zraddhAoM para AdhArita kucha niyama naye jJAna ke saMdarbha meM kAla bAhya ho gaye haiN| unakA pariSkAra karane se mUla siddhAMta kA ullaMghana nahIM hotaa| ve sabake lie mAnya hoMge kyoM ki una meM koI AcAra kisI anya dhArmika zraddhA se visaMgata nahIM haiN| kha) tIna ratna aura pAMca vrata sahI darzana, yathArtha jJAna tathA samyak cAritra - ye tIna mila kara ni:zreyas arthAt paramArtha ke mArga haiN|" inhIM ko jaina darzana kA ratnatraya kahate haiM / isa se spaSTa hai ki darzana para AdhArita yathArtha jJAna aura tadanusAra AcaraNa yahI paramArtha kA sAdhana hai| jaba tIrthaMkaroM ne Arhat darzana kA nirUpaNa kiyA usa samaya dravya kA jIva evaM ajIva isa prakAra vargIkaraNa yathAyogya lagatA thA / usI AdhAra para unakA dArzanika siddhAMta bnaa| usa siddhAMta meM pracalita dhAraNA ke anusAra yaha mAnA gayA ki jIva nitya tathA mRtyu ke pazcAt anyatra zarIra dhAraNa karate haiN| sukha evaM duHkha donoM azAzvata haiN| saMsAra cakra se aMtima chuTakArA pAnA aura anaMta sukha (mokSa) prApta karanA hI ni:zreyas hai / jaina darzana kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki tIrthaMkaroM yA pazcAtkAlIna AcAryoM ne kisI pramANa graMtha kA puraskAra nahIM kiyaa| tathApi unake anuyAyI dharmapracArakoM ne vaidika saMpradAya kA anukaraNa karate hue bar3hate hue jJAna ke anusAra prAcIna siddhAMta meM koI parivartana nahIM kiyaa| pariNAmata: yaha unnata darzana bhI pragata nahIM ho skaa| jaina zrAvakAcAra kI eka pramukha vizeSatA yaha hai ki usa ke sabhI niyama sAmAjika zAMti evaM sthairya se saMbaMdhita haiM / yadyapi yaha kahA gayA hai ki isa AcAra se pApa karma naSTa ho kara puNya baMdha hotA hai tathApi isa prakriyA ko kevala zraddhA se

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82 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 hI mAnanA pdd'egaa| prAya: sabhI vaidika AcAra kA phala bhautika sukha samRddhi ke sAthasAtha Atmonnati bhI kahA gayA hai| prAyaH sabhI dhArmika anuSThAna "dharmArthakAmamokSacaturvidhapuruSArthaphalasaM siddhayartham' isa saMkalpa ke sAtha kiye jAte haiN| ata: dhArmika AcAra meM pUjA, bhajana, homa-havana Adi karmakAMDa kA prAdhAnya hotA hai| isake viparIta zrAvakAcAra meM ahiMsA Adi vrata aura ina vratoM ke pAlana meM tyAga, tapa Adi AcAra para adhika bala diyA gayA hai| vratoM evaM unake aticAroM kA aisI matisUkSmatA se prastuta varNana kinhIM anya dharmazAstroM meM nahIM miltaa| samacitta bhAva se socane para yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki ina vrata-niyamoM kA sIdhA saMbaMdha sAmAjika sukha zAMti se hI hai| vrata kA artha hai pApa karma se virti| hiMsA, anRta (asatya), caurya, abrahmacarya aura parigraha - ye pAMca pApa karma haiN| ina se pUrNa virati mahA vrata haiM jo zramaNa arthAt mokSasAdhaka sAdhuoM ke lie haiN| gRhastha jIvana vyatIta karanevAle zrAvakoM ko jitanI vyavahArya hai utanI virati aNuvrata hai| madya, mAMsa, dyuta (juA) tathA hiMsA Adi pAMca pApa karmoM kA tyAga - ye Adarza zrAvaka ke guNa haiN| koI duSkarma kRta, kArita evaM anumata samAna rUpa se pApa kahA gayA hai| zrAvaka guNoM para kitanI gaMbhIratA se vicAra kiyA gayA hai usake kucha udAharaNa dekheN| sAtha hI sAtha inameM se adhikAMza niyama Aja bhI prAsaMgika haiM yaha spaSTa hogaa| 1. hiMsA se virati - kisI jIva ko kaSTa pahuMcAne ke lie kiyA huA kArya hiMsA hai| isameM manovRtti kA bar3A mahattva mAnA gayA hai| hiMsA ke kaI prakAra ho sakate haiN| kisI jIva ko cAkU jaise sAdhana se kSati pahuMcAnA, baMdhana meM rakhanA, pIr3A denA, kSamatA se adhika bhAra lAdanA, khAne-pIne se vaMcita rakhanA - ye saba sthUla hiMsA ke udAharaNa haiN| vaidika paraMparA meM yajJa ke samaya pazubali kI prathA pracalita thI jo sAmAjika virodha ke kAraNa kama huI hai| Age cala kara jaba yathArtha pazu kI jagaha piSTa pazu jaise pazupratIka kA yajJa meM prayoga kiyA gayA taba bhI use jainAcAryoM ne hiMsA karAra kara diyA kyoM ki sUkSma vicAra karane para yaha spaSTa hogA ki yajJa karane vAlA mana meM pazu ko hI mAratA hai| bar3e kheda kI bAta hai ki Aja bhI navarAtri Adi paryoM meM hajAroM pazu dharma ke nAma para mAre jAte haiN| Aja kala sabhI sabhya samAjoM meM akAraNa jIvahiMsA ko kAnUna se niSiddha evaM daMDanIya mAnA jAtA hai| bhArata meM IsTa iMDiyA kaMpanI ke zAsana kAla meM prANi hiMsA ke viruddha kAnUna banAye gaye jo pariSkRta rUpa meM Aja bhI pracalita haiN| kAnUna ke bAvajUda dhArmika zraddhA kA samarthana karate hue deza meM pazu bali kI prathA Aja bhI jArI hai|

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jainoM kI nAstikatA dharmanirapekSa samAja kA Adarza : 83 AcArya amRtacaMdra dvArA racita puruSArthasiddhyupAya meM hiMsA ke viSaya meM vistAra se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| sUkSmoM bhagavaddhamo dharmArthaM hiMsane na dosso'sti| iti dharmamugdhahRdayairna jAtu bhUtvA zarIriNo hiNsyaaH|| dhoM hi devatAbhyaH prabhavati tAbhyaH pradeyamiha srvm| iti durvivekakAlitAM dhiSaNAM na prApya dehino hiNsyaaH|| ___ (puruSArthasiddhayupAya, zlo0 79, 80) bhAvArtha - "(hamArA) zreSTha dharma bahuta hI sUkSma hai, arthAt sAmAnyaviveka se pare hai| dharma ke lie kI gayI hiMsA meM doSa nahIM hai' - aisA socate hue prANihiMsA nahIM karanI caahiye| (eka aura dalIla dete hae) "dharma kA vidhAna devatAoM ne kiyA hai| ata: isa loka meM jo bhI hai use devatAoM ko samarpita karanA cAhiye' - isa prakAra kI vivekazUnya buddhi se hiMsA nahIM karanI caahiye| . vastuta: ahiMsA dharma hI bahuta sUkSma hai| hiMsA ke lie prayukta sAdhana (jaise cAkU, talavAra, baMdUka, bama Adi) banAnA evaM unake kraya-vikraya se dhana kamAnA bhI hiMsA hai| yadi kaI logoM ne mila kara eka hI jIva kI hatyA kI to una sabhI ko samAna rUpa se hiMsA kA pApa milegaa| bAgha, siMha adi 'hiMsaka' pazu kaI anya jIvoM ko mArate haiN| aise mAMsAhArI jIvoM ko mArane se aneka jIvoM kI rakSA hotI hai| ata: koI aisA tarka kara sakate haiM ki 'hiMsaka' pazu mAranA hiMsA nahIM hai| isakA uttara yaha hai rakSA bhavati bahUnAmekasyaivAsya jiivhrnnen| iti matvA kartavyaM na hiMsanaM hiNsrsttvaanaam|| puruSArthasiddhyupAya, 83 / / 10 jaina darzana meM ahiMsA ko jitanA mahattva diyA hai utanA zAyada hI kisI anya darzana meM diyA gayA ho| 2. asatya se virati - svayaM asatya bolanA, dUsare se kahalAnA yA asatya bolane kI anumati denA pApa hai|1 ApatkAla meM bhI satya vrata kA pAlana karanA caahiye| kevala vinoda ke lie bhI asatya bolanA pApa hai| svAmIsamaMtabhadra ne ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra meM kahA hai ki dharmAcaraNa ke viparIta arthAt galata upadeza denA, kisI kI gupta bAta ko prakaTa karanA, kisI kI bAta ko viparyasta karake prakaTa karanA tathA * apane pAsa sauMpI gayI vasta, dhana Adi ke bAre meM lauTAte samaya vismRti kA svAMga karanA - ye sabhI satya vrata ke aticAra haiN| "satyam brUyAt priyaM brUyAt na brUyAt stympriym| priyaM ca nAnRtaM brUyAt eSa dharmaH snaatnH||" isa prasiddha subhASita meM bhI satya vrata kA pAlana kaise ho yaha mArmika DhaMga se kahA gayA hai|

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84 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 isa vrata kA mahattva vartamAna meM kaI gunA bar3hA hai| nItisammata mArga se kamAye dhana para rAjasva (Taiksa) denA sabhI nAgarikoM kA kartavya hai| isa se bacane ke lie loga kaI tarIke DhUMDhate haiN| dikhAne ke lie TrasTa banA kara usakI saMpatti svajanoM ke lie yA khuda ke lie lenA pApa hai| kAnUnabAhya tarIkoM se dhana kamA kara rAjasva kI lekhA meM use na dikhAnA to isa se bhI bar3A pApa hai| prAya: loga aise durAcAra apanA kara daMDa se bacate haiN| phira bhI isa taraha ke vyavahAra se sAmAjika adhogati avazya hotI hai| aise tarIkoM se kamAye gaye kAle dhana ke kAraNa bhArata kI Arthika pragati kuMThita huI hai| kAnUna se saba aparAdha rokanA saMbhava nahIM hai| yahAM dharma (sahI artha meM) hI taraNopAya hai| yadi pUjA-pATha ke dikhAve se parAvRtta ho kara sabhI nAgarika zrAvakAcAra kA pAlana kareM to rAmarAjya kA Adarza anubhava meM avazya aayegaa| 3. asteya vrata - corI kI vyApaka vyAkhyA kevala do zabdoM meM de kara umAsvAti ne apanA unnata vAgvilAsa darzAyA hai| "adattAdAnaM steyam' 12 arthAt jo kisI ne na diyA ho use lenA corI hai| gAr3a kara yA anya kisI prakAra chipAyA huA, amAnata meM sauMpA gayA, bhUla se kahIM rakha kara chor3A huA parasva lenA bhI corI hai| svAmIkArtikeya ne kahA hai13 ThagI se bahumUlya vastu kama mUlya meM lenA tathA bhUla se chor3I gayI vastu lenA pApa hai| samaMtabhadra ke anusAra dUsaroM se corI karavAnA, corI kA dhana lenA, pracalita kAnUna kA ullaMghana karate hue dhana kamAnA, milAvaTI vastueM becanA tathA nApa-taula meM herA pherI karanA - ye sabhI corI ke prakAra haiN| yadyapi dhaMdhe meM 'yazasvI' hone kI lAlasA se aise pApa karma karane vAle kucha samaya ke lie kAnUna ke zikaMje se baca jAte haiM tathApi aMtata: duHkhI hote haiN| zrAvaka dharma ke niyamoM ke sahI pAlana se hI vartamAna samAja meM kSobha miTa kara zAMti sthApita ho sakatI hai| 4. svadArasaMtoSa vrata - isa vrata ke nAma se hI usakA artha spaSTa hotA hai| Adhunika samAja meM isa viSaya meM zAsanAdhIna kAnUna haiN| phira bhI adhikAMza sAmAjika aparAdhoM kA mUla kAraNa isa vrata ke aticAra se hI utpanna hotA hai| isa vrata ke aticAra ko bar3hAvA dene vAlA sAhitya (azlIla kavitA, kahAnI, nATaka Adi) likhanA evaM dUradarzana sinemA jaise mAdhyamoM dvArA prastuta karanA eka ghora aparAdha hai| isake kAraNa sAmAjika mUlyoM kA patana ho kara sabhI prakAra ke aparAdha bar3hate haiN| 5. bhogopabhogaparimANa vrata - yaha jaina ciMtana kI amUlya dena hai| prAya: jainetara dhArmika AcAra kA uddezya aihika saMpatti, bhoga-vilAsa tathA aMta meM svarga Adi kAlpanika sukha hai| dhana kI devI lakSmI kI kalpanA isI mAnasikatA se utpanna huI hai| ___ kisI bhI vastu ko prApta karane meM kucha na kucha hiMsA avazya hotI hai| isalie jainAcAryoM ne vastusaMgraha ko yathAsaMbhava sImita karane kA upadeza diyaa| isa vrata ke

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jainoM kI nAstikatA dharmanirapekSa samAja kA Adarza : 85 mahattva kI vyApakatA Aja kala bar3hatI jA rahI hai| gRhasthAzrama ke dAyitva ko nibhAne ke lie kaI vastuoM kA saMgraha anivArya hai| jarUrata se adhika saMgraha karanA hI isa vrata kA aticAra hai| bhoga aura upabhoga meM aMtara spaSTa karane se isa vrata ke bAre meM kutarka karane vAloM ko sahI dizA dikhAyI jA sakatI hai| jo vastu eka bAra prayoga karane para dubArA prayukta nahIM ho sakatI use bhoga vastu kahate haiN| jo vastu bAra-bAra prayukta ho sakatI hai use upabhoga kI vastu kahate haiN|14 anna Adi bhoga vastuoM ke . atiprayoga kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sakatI kyoMki usake paryApta sevana se tRpti milatI hai| bhaviSya meM prayoga ke lie bhI saMgraha sImita hotA hai kyoMki ati saMgraha bekAra sar3akara naSTa hotA hai| ata: koI vivekI manuSya khuda ke lie bhoga vastuoM kA atimAtra saMgraha nahIM krtaa|15 upabhoga vastuoM ke saMgraha kI to koI sImA hI nhiiN| naye kapar3e, jUte, AbhUSaNa jarUrata ke binA bhI kharIde jAte haiN| AkarSaka namUnoM kI vividha vastueM banAkara vyApArI apanA vyApAra bar3hAte haiN| isa kAraNa 'upabhoktAvAda' (kansyUmarijm) nAma kI nayI Arthika vikRti paidA huI hai| jaba audyogIkaraNa prAraMbha huA taba koI isa vikRti kI vikarAlatA kA Akalana nahIM kara skaa| upabhogya vastuoM kI vipulatA hI Arthika aura sAmAjika vikAsa kA dhyeya banAyA gyaa| taba kisI arthazAstrI ne nahIM socA hogA ki araNyanAza, bhUskhalana, bAr3ha, paryAvaraNa kA pradUSaNa aura vargakalaha jaisI anarthaparaMparA upabhogavAda ko bar3hAvA dene se paidA hogii| Aja bhI vyApAra jagata meM vijJApanoM dvArA upabhogavAda ko bar3hAvA de kara 'Arthika vikAsa' karane kA (vAstava meM kara lene kA) uddezya sarvopari mAnA jAtA hai| udyoga bar3hane se rojagAra bar3ha kara garIba zramajIviyoM kA phAyadA hogA aisI dalIla dI jAtI hai| phira bhI garIboM ke kalyANa ke lie aba taka kisI udyogapati ne kArakhAne nahIM khole| upabhogavAda ke duSpariNAmoM se koI achUtA nahIM raha sktaa| .. parigrahaparimANa vrata zrAvakAcAra kA eka mahattvapUrNa Adarza hai aura ise audyogIkaraNa se kaI zataka pahale hI nirUpita kiyA gyaa| isa se jaina ciMtakoM kI dUradarzitA spaSTa hotI hai|16 kutarka karane vAle kaha sakate haiM ki nirdhana logoM ke pAsa Avazyaka vastueM bhI nahIM hotI to atisaMgraha kA savAla hI nhiiN| to kyA ve loga Adarza vratI haiM? isa kA uttara dvAdazAnuprekSA meM diyA jA cukA hai| yadi ve dUsaroM ke pAsa bhogopabhoga kI vastueM vipulatA meM dekha kara asUyA karate haiM aura khuda bhI, cAhe anyAya se hI sahI, prApta karanA cAhate haiM to unheM vratI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| ve mana meM isa vrata kA aticAra karate haiM aura isa lie doSI haiN| yadi ve apanI sthiti se saMtuSTa hoM aura adhika parigraha kI icchA nahIM rakhate hoM to unheM Adarza vratI kahane meM koI saMkoca nhiiN| svecchA se akiMcanya (garIbI) svIkAranA (voluntary poverty) Adarza guNa hai|

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: zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12 / akTUbara-disambara 2003 sallekhanA vrata - aba taka varNita pAMca aNu vratoM meM sallekhanA vrata kA samAveza nahIM hai| 17 phira bhI na kevala zramaNoM ke lie apitu zrAvakoM ke lie bhI yaha eka Adarza vrata ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| janma evaM mRtyu jIvana rUpI sikke ke do pArzva haiN| janma hone para mRtyu avazya AtI hai| yaha zAzvata satya hote hue bhI mRtyu kA bhaya saba ke mana meM avazya hotA hai| vRddhAvasthA meM azamanIya rogoM kI yAtanA sahana karate hue jIvana ke aMtima dina vyatIta karane se mRtyu ko eka naisargika prakriyA ke rUpa meM saharSa svIkAranA dhArmika jIvana kA zreSThatara Adarza hai| jaina ciMtakoM ne ise sallekhanA vrata kahA hai / 18 yogya samaya Ane para anna-pAna kI mAtrA kramazaH kama karate hue nirmala citta se mRtyu svIkAranA Adarza jIvana kA aMta mAnA gayA hai| aneka zramaNoM tathA zrAvakoM ne sallekhanA vrata se dehatyAga kiyA hai jisakA ullekha jaina sAhitya meM milatA hai / 19 Adhunika pragatizIla vicAradhArA meM yadyapi svarga, mokSa jaisI prAcIna dArzanika kalpanAeM mAnya nahIM haiM tathApi dUsaroM ko kaSTa dete hue, ilAja ke lie pArivArika saMpatti kA vyartha vyaya karate hue tathA svayaM yAtanAoM kA anubhava karate hue ati dIna avasthA meM aMtima dina bitAne kI apekSA svAbhimAna ke sAtha prANa tyAganA adhika zreyaskara mAnA jAtA hai| Adhunika kAla meM upoSaNa karate hu kisI Adarza ke lie prANatyAga karane vAloM ke udAharaNa bahuta kama haiN| tathApi AyurvijJAna ke aise tarIke upalabdha haiM jinheM apanA kara prANatyAgaM karanA kaThina nahIM hai| ise svecchAmaraNa (sadaya prANamocana, euthanasia ) kahate haiM / hAlaiMDa eka mAtra aisA deza haiM jahAM ise kAnUnI anumati hai| yadyapi bhArata sahita anya dezoM meM bhI isakA samarthana karane vAle kaI ciMtaka haiM tathApi aba taka vidhinirmAtAoM ne isa para paryApta gaMbhIratA se socA hI nhiiN| 2deg pichale kucha dazakoM meM bhArata meM logoM kI ausata Ayu bar3hI hai| isake sAtha-sAtha vRddhAvasthA se jur3e rogoM meM bhI vRddhi huI hai| kaI loga azamanIya rogoM kI pIr3A sahana karane ke bajAya svAbhimAna se yAtanArahita mRtyu svIkArane ke lie taiyAra haiN| phira bhI kAnUna kA prAvadhAna na hone ke kAraNa yaha saMbhava nahIM hai| zrAvakAcAra kI sAmayikatA isa saMdarbha meM spaSTa hotI hai| jahAM parivAra niyojana ke nAma para bhrUNa hatyA kA bhI prAvadhAna hai vahAM soca samajha kara apanAyI gayI icchA ke sAmane kAnUnI avarodha hai isase adhika viDaMbanA kyA ho sakatI hai ? ga. zrAvakAcAra meM pUjA kA samAveza zrAvakAcAra ke varNana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki nirIzvaravAdI hone ke bAvajUda jaina unmukta durvyavahAra karane vAle nahIM haiN| phira bhI sAmAnya logoM kA durAgraha miTAnA kaThina hotA hai| bhArata meM samaya samaya para vaidika dharma ko punarujjIvita karane ke prayAsa kiye gaye haiM / IsA kI 9vIM sadI ke AraMbha meM zaMkarAcArya ne apane advaita mata kA pracAra kiyaa| unhoMne pUre deza meM bhramaNa karate hue zAstrArthoM meM apane vicAra prabhAvI 86

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jainoM kI nAstikatA dharmanirapekSa samAja kA Adarza : 87 DhaMga se prasthApita kiye| zaMkarAcArya ne jaina aura bauddha darzanoM ko vedavirodhI nAstika darzana kaha kara una saMpradAyoM para zAstrArthoM meM kaThora tAttvika prahAra kiyaa| unake pazcAt vedAMta darzana kA samarthana karane vAle rAmAnujAcArya tathA pUrNaprajJa jaise dArzanikoM ne bhI jaina evaM bauddha darzana kA khaMDana jArI rkhaa| phalasvarUpa vaidika dharma kA kAMDatraya (zrauta karma, jJAna mArga tatha upAsanA yoga) bahusaMkhya logoM ne apnaayaa| apane ko ucca varNa kA dikhAne ke lie kucha hada taka brAhmaNoM kA anukaraNa karate hue jainoM ne apanA nAstikatA kA 'kalaMka' miTAne kA prayAsa kiyaa| niyama se roja pUjA karanA, yajJopavIta, puMDradhAraNa Adi bAhya ADaMbara apanAkara khuda ko ucca varNa kA dikhAne kA unhoMne prayatna kiyaa| _pUjA ke do prakAra ho sakate haiM - 1. bhAvapUjA (mana meM Izvara ke yA Adarza puruSoM ke unnata guNoM kA manana evaM apane jIvana meM unakA anukaraNa) tathA 2. dravyapUjA (bhakti bhAva se Izvara kI stuti karanA aura usake pratIka vigraha, liMga, zAligrAma yA citra ko puSpa, dIpa, naivedya Adi samarpita krnaa| vaidika paraMparA meM dravya pUjA ko adhika mahattva diyA gayA hai| yadyapi jainAgama meM Izvara kA astitva svIkRta nahIM hai tathApi niyama se Adarza puruSoM kI stuti, sevA Adi karanA Atmonnati ke lie poSaka mAnA gayA hai| prAcInatama zrAvakAcAra meM sAmAyika kA prAvadhAna thaa|21 Adarza puruSoM ke (tIrthaMkaroM ke) guNoM kA manana aura unake anukaraNa dvArA Atmonnati kI sAdhanA ke lie niyama se kiyA jAne vAlA dhyAna hI sAmAyika hai| dhIre-dhIre vaidika paraMparA kA anukaraNa karate hue zrAvakAcAra meM caityavaMdanA kA samAveza kiyA gyaa| isa prakAra jainoM meM mUrtipUjA kI paraMparA prasthApita huii| saMbhavata: mUla jainAgama meM mUrtipUjA kA prAvadhAna hI nahIM thaa| aba bhI mUrtipUjA rahita jaina saMpradAya haiN| tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrti banA kara usa kI dravyapUjA karanA vaidika dharma ke AdarzoM kI ora jaina samAja kA jhukAva darzAtA hai| phira bhI apane mUla siddhAMta se samanvaya karane ke lie unheM mUrtipUjA kA samarthana karanA pdd'aa| nirIzvara siddhAMta ke anusAra mUrti pUjA kA artha kyA hai? tIrthaMkara to aba isa loka meM nahIM haiN| unakI AtmAeM lokAgrasthita siddhaloka meM haiN| to jar3a vastu se banI pratimA kI pUjA siddhAMta se visaMgata nahIM? siddhAMta ke anusAra aihika (bhautika) phala Izvara kI yA jinabiMba kI kRpA se nahIM miltaa| jIvoM ke sukha-du:kha apane apane karma se nirdhArita hote haiN| jainoM ne vaidika AcAra kA anukaraNa karate hue bhI mUla siddhAMta kA tyAga nahIM kiyaa| thor3A bahuta samajhautA jarUra karanA par3A hai kiMtu siddhAMta se visaMgata AcAra ko svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| jaina pUjaka kI bhUmikA vaidika paraMparA kI dhAraNAoM se bhinna hai|22 jinabiMba kI pUjA Atmonnati ke lie preraNA ke rUpa meM lI gayI hai| jinabiMba ko pUjA dravya (hiMsA rahita phUla, phala tathA anya khAdya padArtha) samarpita kiyA jAtA hai lekina prasAda ke rUpa meM kucha bhI liyA nahIM jaataa|23 zrAvaka caityAlaya meM dravya kA tyAga karane jAte haiN| jinamaMdira se lauTane vAloM ke mana

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88 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12 / akTUbara-disambara 2003 meM meM pavitra AcAra ke dvArA Atmonnati karane kA nirdhAra dRDhatara hotA hai| jaina pUjA bhautika sukha kI prArthanA nahIM kI jAtI / yadyapi pracalita zrAvakAcAra meM dravyapUjA sammata hai tathApi tattvataH vaha aicchika hai| zrAvakAcAra ko svIkAra karate hue isa bhAga kA tyAga karane para bhI sAmAjika sthairya kA uddeza saMpanna hotA hai / 2. zrAvakAcAra se dharmanirapekSatA kA vikAsa aba taka prastuta varNana se yaha spaSTa hai ki mUla zrAvakAcAra dharmanirapekSatA ke Adarza se milatA julatA hai| zrAvakAcAra kI sAmayikatA niraMtara bar3hatI dikhAI detI hai| saiddhAMtika samarthana jo bhI ho, aNuvratoM kA pAlana pUre samAja ke lie hitakAraka hai| jahAM dharmoM kI tathA sAMskRtika paraMparAoM kI vividhatA hai vahAM bhI yaha AcAra saMhitA saba ke lie samAna rUpa se grAhya hai| jaina zrAvakoM ke lie madya, dyUta, mAMsa, pAMca prakAra ke uduMbara (udA0 aMjIra ), zahada, rAtribhojana tathA kucha kaMdamUla jina para kaI aMkura hote haiM, niSiddha haiN| pAnI chAna kara pInA bhI zrAvakAcAra meM zAmila hai| madya evaM dyUta kA kabhI kisI dhArmika AcAra meM samarthana nahIM kiyA gyaa| prAyaH sabhI sabhyatAoM meM ina kA niSedha hI kiyA gayA hai| ina ke bAre meM Adhunika dharmanirapekSa samAjoM meM bhI niSedhAtmaka kAnUna bane haiN| yadi madya jaise nazIle padArthoM aura dyUta kA tyAga vrata ke rUpa meM liyA gayA to vaha adhika pariNamI DhaMga se kAryAnvita hogaa| uduMbara phaloM meM parAgaNa karane vAle kITa hote haiM yaha vaijJAnika tathya hai| yadi koI svecchA se uduMbara phaloM aura zahada kA tyAga kare to usa para kisI ko Apatti nahIM ho sakatI / pAnI chAna kara pInA to svAsthya ke lie acchA hai| Adhunika tarIke apanA kara isa vrata kA pAlana karanA sabhI ke lie hitakAraka hai| Adhunika AyurvijJAna kA mAnanA hai ki mAMsAhAra se zAkAhAra zreSTha hai| phira bhI annapAna ke vidhi-niSedha sAmAjika evaM prAdezika vividhatA para nirbhara haiN| isa viSaya meM pUre deza meM saba kA AcAra ekarUpa hone kI saMbhAvanA vartamAna meM nahIM hai| ataH dharmanirapekSa samAja meM mAMsAhAra ke pUrNa niSedha kA niyama avyavahArya hai| AzA hai ki bhaviSya meM svecchA se adhika se adhika loga zAkAhAra kI ora jhukAva dikhAyeMge aura taba mAMsAhAra kI prathA lupta hogii| dArzanika siddhAMta evaM una para AdhArita AcAra niyama paripUrNa aura aparivartanIya mAnane ke kAraNa jaina zrAvakAcAra meM bhI kucha tarkahIna bAteM raha gayI haiM / 24 koI siddhAMta yA niyama trikAlabAdhita nahIM mAnA jaataa| yadi kisI prasthApita vaijJAnika siddhAMta ke viparIta vizvasanIya pramANa milatA hai to usa siddhAMta ko niHsaMkoca tyAga diyA jAtA .

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jainoM kI nAstikatA dharmanirapekSa samAja kA Adarza : 89 hai| dArzanikoM aura vaijJAnikoM meM yahI pramukha aMtara hai| jaina darzana ke siddhAMta tattvata: vaijJAnika haiN| una para AdhArita AcAra niyamoM kI samIcInatA evaM grAhyatA sArvalaukika hai| naye jJAna tathA anubhava ke saMdarbha meM kucha alpa parivartana yA vistAra karane para zrAvakAcAra dharmanirapekSa AcAra ke rUpa meM nikharatA hai|25 vaha vizva ke kisI dharma ke lie Apattijanaka nahIM hai| Astika hoM yA nAstika sabhI ise binA kisI aMtarvirodha ke svIkAra kara sakate haiN| ataeva yathArtha meM yaha dharmanirapekSa hai| sandarbha : 1. sAyaNamAdhava ne apane sarvadarzanasaMgraha meM cArvAka mata kA kaThora zabdoM meM khaMDana kiyA hai| advaita vedAMta kA samarthana karane ke lie 14vIM sadI meM race gaye isa graMtha meM jaina darzana sahita 16 vividha bhAratIya darzanoM kI carcA hai| jaina darzana ke bAre meM unakI TippaNI Adhunika zAstrArtha niyama meM azobhanIya samajhI jA sakatI hai| saMdarbha - sarvadarzanasaMgraha; bhASyakAra umAzaMkara zarmA; vArANasI 1965 ii0| niSpakSa dRSTi se likhI gayI pustaka - cArvAka darzana kI zAstrIya mImAMsA; le0 sarvAnaMda pAThaka, vArANasI 1965 ii0| mArksavAda kI puSTi evaM sabhI Astika darzanoM kA khaMDana karane ke lie likhI gayI pustaka - D. Chattopadhyaya, Lokayata : A Study in Indian Materialism, People's Publishing House, New Delhi 1973 A.D. 2. Aja kala bhArata meM dalita samAja ke loga bar3I saMkhyA meM bauddhadharma kI svIkAra karane lage haiM inameM kisI hindU darzana se bauddha darzana kI zreSThatA samajha kara dharmAMtaraNa karane vAle bahuta kama haiN| ve rAjanIti se prerita ho kara bauddha dharma svIkAra karate haiN| 3. citroM meM tathA pratimAoM meM devI devatAoM ko khaDga, trizUla jaise ghAtaka AyudhoM sahita darzAyA jAtA hai| isa taraha pApa karane vAloM ko daMDita karane kI kSamatA dikhAyI jAtI hai| 4. dhriyate loko'neneti dharma: arthAt jo vyavasthA samAja meM sthairya lAtI hai vaha dharma hai| yahI dharma zabda kI sahI vyAkhyA hai| tathApi paraMparA se prasthApita IzvaropAsanA se samAja meM sukha-zAMti AtI hai aisA samajha kara sAmAnya prayoga meM dharma zabda kA artha 'karmakAMDa vidhi' banA hai| "samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSamArgaH' (tattvArthasUtra, adhyAya 1, sUtra 1) yaha jaina darzana kA mArgadarzaka sUtra hai| saMdarbha - vAcaka umAsvAtiviracita tattvArthasUtra; vivecaka, sukhalAla saMghavI; pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 1976 ii0|

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90 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 6. praannaatipaatvitth-vyaahaarsteykaammuurchaabhyH| sthUlebhya: pApebhya: vyuparamaNamaNuvrataM bhvti|| AcArya samaMtabhadrakRta ratnakaraMDazrAvakAcAraH 52, hiMdI (DhuMDhArI) TIkAkAra - paM0 sadAsukhadAsajI kAsalIvAla; hindI rUpAMtarakAra - mannUlAla jaina, zrI vItarAga vijJAna svAdhyAya maMdira TrasTa, ajamera 1996 ii0| 7. "pramattayogAt prANavyaparopaNaM hiMsA' tattvArthasUtra, adhyAya 7, sUtra 8; saMdarbha - TippaNI 5 meN| aura yaha bhI - sNklpaatkRtkaaritmnnaadyogtrysycrsttvaan| na hinasti yattadAhuH, sthUlavadhAdviramaNaM nipunnaa:|| ratnakaraMDazrAvakAcAra, zloka 53 saMdarbha TipaNI saMdarbha 6 meN|| 8. bhArata meM pracalita kAnUnoM kA saMgraha - Menaka Gandhi, Ozair Husain & Raj Panjwani, Animal Lawas of India, Universal Law Publishing Co, Delhi 1996 A.D. 9. zrImadamRtacandrasUriviracitaH puruSArthasiddhyupAya mUla saMskRta (kannaDa lipi meM), tathA kannaDa bhAvArtha; le0 erguru zAMtirAja zAstrI; paM0 e0 zAMtirAja zAstrI TrasTa, baiMgalora 1997 ii0| 10.saMdarbha TippaNI 9 meN| nisarga meM zAkAhArI tathA mAMsAhArI jAnavaroM kI saMkhyA kA anupAta naisargika niyamoM se hI sthira rahatA hai| isa meM mAnava dvArA hastakSepa kI jarUrata nahIM hai| 11. sthUlamalIkaM na vadati na parAn vAdayati satyamapi vipde| yattadvadaMti saMta: sthUla mRssaavaadvairmnnm| ralakaraMDazrAvakAcAra, zlo0 55 / saMdarbha TippaNI 6 meN| 12. tattvArthasUtra, adhyAya 7, sUtra 10; saMdarbha TippaNI 5 meN| 13.jo baha-mallaM vatyaM appaya-malleNa Neva ginnhedi| vIsariyaM pi Na giNhadi lAhe thove vi tuusedi| kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 335. mUla prAkRta (kannaDa lipi meM), kannaDa bhAvArtha, le0e0 zAMtirAja zAstrI; paM0e0 zAMtirAja zAstrI TrasTa baiMgalora 1997 ii0| 14. bhuktvA parihAtavyo bhogo bhuktvA punazca bhoktvyH| upabhogo'zanavasana prabhRti: paMceMdriyo vissyH|| ratnakaraMDazrAvakAcAra, zlo0 83; saMdarbha TippaNI 6 meN| Adhunika arthazAstrIya zabdAvalI meM bhoga vastueM consumables tathA upabhoga vastueM consumer durables haiN| 15.durbhikSa arthAt sUkhA, akAla, bAr3ha Adi vipattikAla meM adhika phAyadA kamAne ke lie ana dhAnya jaisI bhoga vastuoM kA saMgraha karanA pApa hai| yaha ati saMgraha

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jainoM kI nAstikatA dharmanirapekSa samAja kA Adarza : 91 svayaM ke lie nahIM apitu vyApAra meM munAphA kamAne ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| ata: yaha asteya vrata kA aticAra hai, aparigraha vrata kA nhiiN| 16.aparigraha vrata ke aticAra kA varNana karane vAlA zloka isa kathana kI puSTi karatA hai - ativaahnaatisNgrhvismylobhaatibhaarvhnaani| parimitaparigrahasya, vikSepAH paMca lkssynte| ratnakaraMDazrAvakAcAra, zlo0 62, saMdarbha TippaNI 6 meN| 17. yaha vyavasthA tarkazuddha lagatI hai| pAMca aNuvrata pApakarmoM se virati ke rUpa meM nirdiSTa haiN| sallekhanA kucha bhinna prakAra kA vrata hai| jIvana koI pApakarma nahIM; ata: svecchA se jIvana kA samApana pApavirati nahIM hai| svecchA se apanAyA niyama - vrata zabda ke isa artha meM sallekhanA vrata hai| 18. upasarge durbhikSe jarasi rujAyAM ca ni:prtiikaare| dharmAya tanuvimocanamAhuH sallekhanA maacaaryaaH|| ratnakaraMDazrAvakAcAra, zlo0 122; saMdarbha TippaNI 6 meN| 19.Ram Bhushan Prasad Singh, Jainism in Early Mediaeval Karnataka, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi 1975 A.D., pp. 61-69. 20.isa viSaya meM udAsInatA ke do pramukha kAraNa haiN| asahanIya darda ke kAraNa prANatyAga karane kA nirdhAra kSaNika hai aura jIne kI icchA hI sAmAnya rUpa se prabala hotI hai| ata: asahAyatA kI sthiti meM kiyA huA nirdhAra prAmANika mAna kara kisI ke jIvana kA aMta karanA pApa hai| isa ciMtA kA nivAraNa ho sakatA. hai| yadi koI yuvAvasthA meM tathA acche svAsthya kI hAlata meM apane nirdhAra kA paMjIkaraNa kare aura eka-do sAla ke bAda puna: usakA dRr3hIkaraNa kare to use soca samajha kara kiyA huA nirdhAra mAnane meM koI doSa nhiiN| aisI sthiti meM usa kI prAmANika icchA kA sammAna karanA hI samAja tathA zAsana kA kartavya hai| dUsarA kAraNa yaha hai ki isa kAnUnI chUTa kA durupayoga ho sakatA hai| paraMtu yaha dalIla bhI ThIka nhiiN| yathAyogya kAnUnI prAvadhAna karane para durupayoga nahIM hogaa| sAmAjika jAgarUkatA bar3hAne se bhI kAnUna kA durupayoga nahIM hogaa| 21.R. Williams, Jaina Yoga : A Survey of the Mediaeval Sravakacaras, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi 1983 A.D., p 216. 22.Lawrence A. Babb, Ascetics and Kings in a Jaina Ritual Culture, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi 1998 A.D. 23. vaidika paraMparA meM Izvara ko samarpita khAdya padArtha prasAda ke rUpa meM bhakta loga sevana karate haiN| prasAda na lenA Izvara kA apamAna mAnA jAtA hai| satyanArANavratakathA meM kahA gayA hai ki pUjA karane ke pazcAt jaldabAjI meM prasAda lenA bhUla kara

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92 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 patidarzana ke lie kalAvatI nAma kI strI calI gyii| isa se kruddha ho kara bhagavAn satyanArAyaNa ne usake pati ko adRzya kara diyaa| phira prasAda khA kara hI use patidarzana hue| saMdarbha - skandapurANa, revAkhaNDa, satyanArAyaNavratakathA, adhyAya 41 24. kama prakAzameM bhojana karane se anna meM kRmi-kITa gira sakate haiN| isa prakAra asAvadhAnI se jIvahiMsA hone kI saMbhAvanA hai| isIlie zrAvakAcAra meM rAtribhojana niSiddha mAnA gyaa| yadi paryApta prakAza kI suvidhA ho to rAtribhojana meM koI doSa nahIM hai| kucha kanda-mUloM kA niSedha bhI tarka saMgata nahIM lgtaa| anAja ke pratyeka dAne se eka paudhA uga sakatA hai| ata: hara vyakti bhojana ke saMdarbha meM kaI paudhoM ko majabUrana mAratA hI hai| isakI tulanA meM kanda mUla khAne se koI adhika hiMsA nahIM hotii| vastuta: koI jIvoM ko mArane ke uddezya se bhojana nahIM krtaa| arthAt isa meM cittavRtti kA pramAda nahIM hai| ata: zrAvaka ke lie kaMda-mUla khAne kA niSedha tarkasaMgata nahIM lgtaa| phira bhI aisI niSiddha vastueM khAte samaya yadi mana meM hiMsA kA bhAva AtA ho to unheM tyAga denA hI zreyaskara hai| isa saMdarbha meM bRhaspatismRti kA yaha zloka mArgadarzaka hai| "kevalaM zAstramAzritya na karttavyo vinirnnyH| yuktihInavicAre tu dharmahAniH prjaayte|" zAstroM para yuktisaMgata vicAra karanA tathA badalate samaya ke anusAra AcAra meM yathAyogya parivartana karanA pApa nahIM hai| 25. sAmAjika vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha nayI daSpravRttiyoM kA udaya hotA hai| kaI aticAra zAsanAdhIna kAnUna kI kamajoriyoM ke kAraNa hote haiN| samAja ke vikAsa ke sAtha kucha aciMtita pApavRttiyoM ke naye avasara paidA hote haiN| aisI sthiti meM paraMparAgata AcAra niyamoM kA vistAra karanA Avazyaka hotA hai| AcArya zrI tulasIjI kA pUre jaina samudAya meM hI nahIM, anya dhArmika samAjoM meM bhI bar3e Adara kA sthAna hai| unhoMne Adhunika samAja kI sthiti dekha kara kucha naye zrAvaka vratoM kA samarthana kiyA hai| ina meM pramukha haiM- paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa na karanA, vyavasAya ke kSetra meM pUrNa ImAnadArI baratanA tathA cunAva ke saMdarbha meM gairakAnUnI mArga na apnaanaa| ina ke kRta, kArita evaM anumata aticAra rukane se pUre samAja kA hita hogaa| zrAvakAcAra ke isa vistAra se jaina darzana kI prAsaMgikatA bar3hatI hai|

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b kharataragaccha- bhAvaharSIya zAkhA kA itihAsa ziva prasAda * nirgantha paramparA ke alpacela (zvetAmbara) AmnAya meM candrakula se udbhUta kharataragaccha meM samaya-samaya para astittva meM AyI vibhinna zAkhAoM meM bhAvaharSIya zAkhA bhI eka hai| yaha zAkhA vikrama saMvat kI 17vIM zatAbdI ke prathama caraNa meM astittva meM AyI / prApta vivaraNAnusAra kharataragaccha kI sAgaracandrasUrizAkhA ke muni sAdhutilaka ke praziSya aura kulatilaka ke praziSya upAdhyAya bhAvaharSa dvArA vi0 saM0 1616 meM kharataragaccha meM sAtavAM zAkhA bheda huA jo isake pravartaka bhAvaharSa ke nAma para bhAvaharSIya zAkhA ke nAma se jAnA gyaa| isa zAkhA ke caudahaveM aura aMtima paTTadhara jinalabdhisUrikA vikrama samvat kI 20vIM zatI ke aMtima caraNa meM dehAnta huaa| isa prakAra lagabhaga 350 varSoM taka isa zAkhA kA astittva rhaa| isa zAkhA se sambaddha yadyapi tIna abhilekhIya sAkSya milate haiM kintu ye eka hI tithi / miti - vi0 saM0 1910 mAgha sudi 5 guruvAra ke haiN| sAmprata nibandha ukta sImita sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para isa zAkhA ke itihAsa para prakAza DAlane kA eka prayAsa hai| zAkhApravartaka bhAvaharSasUri dvArA racita sAdhuvaMdanA nAmaka eka choTI kRti prApta hotI hai / ' vi0saM0 1626 meM racita isa kRti meM unhoMne yadyapi apane guru Adi kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai, phira bhI bhAvaharSIya zAkhA se sambaddha sarvaprAcIna sAkSya hone se yaha mahattvapUrNa hai / bhAvaharSa dvArA racita vibhinna stavanAdi kI sUcanA nAhaTAdvaya dvArA prApta hotI hai| ajJAtakRtaka bhAvaharSasUricaritam nAmaka eka laghukRti se jJAta hotA hai ki inake guru kA nAma kulatilaka aura praguru kA nAma sAdhutilaka thA jo kharataragaccha kI sAgaracandrasUri zAkhA se sambaddha the|' bhAvaharSasUri ke eka ziSya raMgasAra dvArA racita cAra kRtiyAM milatI haiM 1. zAMtinAtharAsa (vi0saM0 1620 ), 2. jinapAlajinarakSitacauDhAliyA (vi0 saM0 1621), 3. RSidattAsatIcaupAI (vi0saM0 1926), 4. giranAra - caityaparipATI RSidattAsatIcaupAI tathA apanI anya kRtiyoM kI prazastiyoM meM racanAkAra ne apanI lambI gurvAvalI na dete hue mAtra apane guru bhAvaharSasUri kA hI sAdara ullekha kiyA hai| pravaktA, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI. *

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94 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 isI zAkhA ke udayarAja nAmaka zrAvaka dvArA vi0saM0 1666 meM racita bhajanasavaiyA aura vi0saM0 1676 meM racita guNabAvanI ye do kRtiyAM milatI haiN| guNabAvanI kI prazasti meM unhoMne svayaM ko bhAvaharSasUri kA praziSya aura bhadrasAra kA ziSya batalAyA hai : kharonAma gurarAja, kharo mata aka kharatara, kharo dharma nirAraMbha, kharai AcAra rahI , kharI joga sAdhanA, kharau kahIyau sahu kijjai, sadgurU bhAvaharaSa cI, AMNa dAMNa sira pari dharai, jAMjAla avara udayarAja kahi, zrIbhadrasAra samaraNa kri| / / 54 / / acala samudra dhU acala, acala mahi meru samaggala, acala sUra zazi acala, acala kUrama pRthavItala, acala dIha naI rAti, acala dagapAla daze hI, acala gayaNa AkAza, acala dhana mora sanehI, gira ATha acala brahmA vizana, isa acala jAM lagi ilA, ubairAja acala tAM bAvanI, guNa prakAza caDhatI klaa| // 55 // rasa muni vara sisa (zazi) samai, karI bAvanna pUrI, vaisAkhI pUrNimA vazaMta riti vAi sajUrI, baberai AvIyA kAja ratanai riNa moDai, lAMkhANI loDIye tathi thaMbhAyA ghoDai, udairAja tepi guNabAvanI saMpUraNa kIdhI cAhavANa rAMNa nRpa zovanagiri, vasA, vAzi jgnaathri| // 56 // vidyAvilAsacaupAI (racanAkAla vi0saM0 1662) ke racanAkAra Anandaudaya ne apanI ukta kRti kI prazasti meM apane guru ke rUpa meM jinatilaka kA ullekha kiyA hai| caMpakacaritra ke kartA jinodayasUri ne apanI racanA kI prazasti meM bhAvaharSasUri ko apanA pUrvaja batalAte hue apane guru-paramparA dI hai, jo isa prakAra hai : bhAvaharSasUri jinatilaka jayatilaka jinodayasUri (vi0saM0 1669 meM caMpakacaritra ke racanAkAra)

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kharataragaccha - bhAvaharSIya zAkhA kA itihAsa : 95 jinodayasUri dvArA racI gayI kayavannAcauDhAliyA aura haMsarAjavaccharAjarAsa (racanAkAla vi0saM0 1680) ye do anya kRtiyAM bhI prApta hotI haiN| agaracandajI nAhaTA ne kayavanAcauDhAliyA kA racanAkAla vi0saM0 1662 batalAyA hai| bhAvaharSIyazAkhA ke hI muni ratnasundara ke ziSya meghanidhAna ne bhI vi0saM0 1688 meM svaracita kSullakakumAracaupAI13 kI prazasti meM svayaM ko jinatilaka kA hI praziSya batalAyA hai| vi0saM01678 meM racita pavanAbhyAsacaupAI ke prArambha meM racanAkAra AnandavardhanasUri ne svayaM ko dhanavardhanasUri kA ziSya batalAyA hai|14 inhoMne apane praguru Adi ke bAre meM koI sUcanA nahIM dI hai, ata: isa sambandha meM koI jAnakArI nahIM ho paatii| maho0 vinayasAgara jI ne inheM bhAvaharSIyazAkhA se sambaddha batalAyA hai,15 parantu apane mata ke samarthana meM unhoMne koI pramANa prastuta nahIM kiyA hai, ata: isa sambandha meM nizcita rUpa se kucha kaha pAnA kaThina hai| ukta sImita sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para bhAvaharSIya zAkhA ke munijanoM ke guru-ziSya paramparA kI eka choTI tAlikA saMgaThita kI jA sakatI hai, jo nimnAnusAra hai : sAgaracandrasUri zAkhA ke sAdhutilaka kulatilaka bhAvaharSa (bhAvaharSasUrizAkhA ke pravartaka : vi0saM0 1626 meM sAdhuvaMdanA ke racanAkAra) bhaTasAra raMgamAra (vi0saM0 1620 meM zAMtinAtharAsa vi0saM0 1621 jinanilaka meM jinapAlita jinarakSita cauDhAliyA Adi ke racanAkAra) udayarAja Anandaudaya jayatilaka ratnasundara (vi0saM0 1667 meM bhajanasavaiyA, (vi0 saM0 1662 meM vidyAaura vi0saM0 1676 meM guNabAvanI vilAsacaupAI ke racanAkAra) ke racanAkAra) jinodaya meghanidhAna (vi0saM01662 meM kayavatrAcauDhAliyA; vi0saM0 (vi0saM0 1688 meM kSullaka1669 meM candra-senacaupAI vi0saM0 1980 kumAracaupAI ke racanAkAra) meM haMsarAjavaccharAjarAsa Adi ke racanAkAra) jaisA ki pUrva meM kahA jA cukA hai kharataragaccha kI isa zAkhA se sambaddha tIna abhilekhIya sAkSya mile haiM aura ve eka hI tithi/vAra aura samvat ke haiN| ye lekha

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96 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12 / akTUbara-disambara 2003 nAkor3A tIrtha sthita zAMtinAtha jinAlaya kI tIna jinapratimAoM para utkIrNa haiM / 16 mahopAdhyAya vinayasAgarajI ne inakI vAcanA dI hai, jo nimnAnusAra hai : 1- (1) / / saM / / 1910 rA zAke 1775 rA pravartamAne mAzottama mAse mAghamAze dhavalapakSe 5 tithau guruvAsare mahArAjAdhirAja mahArAjAjI zrItakhatasiMhajI (2) ku / zrIjasavaMtasiMghajI vijayarAjye zrIpAlinagare samasta zrIsaMgha mahAmahocchavenAMjanasilAkA kRtaM // jodhanayare vAstava zrIosavaMze muM / zrI a - (3) khecandajI tatputra muM || zrIlakSmIcandajI tatputra muM // zrI // mukanacaMdajI dharmAnurAgena mahochava kArApitaM zrImahevApaDagane zrIvIramapuranagara madhye saMkhavAlecA (4) mAlAsA0 kArApita zrIjinAlaye zrIzAntinAthabimbaM pratiSThitaM jagadguruvirudadhAraka kharatara bhAvaharSagaccheza / bha / zrIjinakSimAsUripaTTe bha / zrIji (5) napadmasUribhiH pratiSThitaM sakala zreyortham // mUlanAyaka zAMtinAtha kI pASANa kI pratimA para utkIrNa lekha 19 2- saM0 19910 rA zAke 1775 rA pravartamAne mAsottamamAse mAghamAze dhavalapakSe 5 tithau guruvAsare mAhArAjAdhirAja mAhArAjAjI zrItakhatasiMhajI / ku / zrI jasavaMtasiMghajI vijayarAjye zrIpAlinagare samasta zrIsaMgha mahAmahocchavenAMjanasilAkA kRtaM muM // zrImukanacaMdajI dharmAnurAgena mahocchava kArApitaM zrImahevApaDagane zrIvIramapuranagaramadhye saMkhavAlecA mAlAsA kArApita zrIjinAlaye zrIsupArzvanAtha biMba pratiSThitaM bha0 zrIjinapadmasUribhiH|------| supArzvanAtha kI pASANa kI pratimA para utkIrNa lekha" 3- saM0 1910 zAke 1775 pra0 mAzottamamAze zuklapakSe 5 tithau guruvAre zrIpAlInagare aMjanazalAkA kRtaM / samastasaMgha saMyutena svazreyase zrIcandraprabhajinendrabimbaM kAritaM / pratiSThitaM / / zrIjinapadmasUribhiH kharatara zrI bhaavhrssgcche| zrImadvIramapuranagare jinAlaya sthApitaM // candraprabha kI pASANa kI pratimA para utkIrNa lekha 1 jinodayasUri ke pazcAt aura aMtima paTTadhara jinalabdhisUri ke pUrva isa zAkhA meM kauna-kauna se paTTadhara AcArya hue? unakA paTTakrama kyA thA ? isa bAre meM grantha prazastiyoM Adi se koI jAnakArI nahIM milatI, sAtha hI isa zAkhA kI koI paTTAvalI bhI prakAzita nahIM hai jisase hameM isa sambandha meM koI jAnakArI prApta ho ske| sadbhAgya

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kharataragaccha - bhAvaharSIya zAkhA kA itihAsa : 97 se agaracandajI bhaMvaralAla jI nAhaTAra ne isa zAkhA ke munijanoM ke paTTakrama kI eka tAlikA dI hai| yadyapi unhoMne apane vivaraNa meM yaha nahIM batAyA hai ki unakI isa sUcanA kA AdhAra kyA hai phira bhI isa kSetra ke atyanta prAmANika vidvAnoM dvArA dI gayI ukta mahattvapUrNa sUcanA ko svIkAra karane meM hameM koI bAdhA nahIM dikhAI detI hai| unake dvArA diyA gayA paTTakrama isa prakAra hai : bhAvaharSasUri jinatilakasUri jinodayasUri jinacandrasUri 'prathama' jinasamudrasUri jinaralasUri jinapramodasUri jinacandrasUri 'dvitIya jinasukhasUri jinakSamAsUri jinapadmasUri jinacandrasUri 'tRtIya jinaphatendrasUri jinalabdhisUri (20vIM zatAbdI ke aMtima caraNa meM divaMgata) ukta tAlikA meM se bhAvaharSasUri, jinatilakasUri aura jinodayasUri ke nAma aura unakA paTTakrama sAhityika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para Upara hama dekha cuke haiN| isI prakAra jinakSamAsUri aura jinapadmasUri kA nAma vi0 saM0 1910 ke pratimAlekhoM meM Upara A cukA hai| isa prakAra nAhaTA jI dvArA prastuta ukta paTTakrama ko jo navIna svarUpa prApta hotA hai, vaha isa prakAra hai :

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98 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12 / akTUbara-disambara 2003 sAgaracandrasUri zAkhA ke sAdhutilaka kulatilaka bhAvaharSasUri (bhAvaharSIyazAkhA ke pravartaka; vi0saM0 1626 meM sAdhuvaMdanA ke racanAkAra) jinatilakasUri bhadrasAra ( muni) raMgasAra (vi0saM0 1620 meM zAMtinAtharAsa; vi0saM0 1621 meM jinapAlita jinarakSitarAsa Adi ke racanAkAra) jinatilaka udayarAja (zrAvaka ) (vi0 saM0 1667 meM bhajanasavaiyA aura vi0saM0 1676 meM guNabAvanI ke racanAkAra) Anandaudaya (vi0saM0 1662 meM vidyAvilAsacaupAI ke racanAkAra) jinodayasUri meghanidhAna (vi0saM0 1662 meM kayavannAcauDhAliyA; (vi0saM0 1688 meM vi0saM0 1669 meM candrasenacaupAI; kSullakakumAracaupAI vi0saM0 1980 meM haMsarAjavacchAjarAsa ke kartA) Adi ke racanAkAra) nAkor3A tIrtha kI vyavasthA inake pAsa thI aura inhIM ne vi0 saM0 1965 meM use sthAnIya jaina samAja ko supurda kiyaa| (bIsavIM zatAbdI ke aMtima caraNa meM divaMgata) jinacandrasUri T jinasamudrasUri jinaratnasUri I. jinapramodasUri jinacandrasUri jinasukhasUri jinakSamAsUri (vi0saM0 1910) 3 pratimA lekha jinapadmasUri jinacandrasUri jinaphatendrasUri ratnasundara jinalabdhisUri maho0 vinayasAgara jI kI sUcanAnusAra aba se 35 varSa pUrva taka isa zAkhA ke kucha yati vidyamAna the, 21 para aba ve bhI na rahe aura zvetAmbara paramparA ke vibhinna

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kharataragaccha - bhAvaharSIya zAkhA kA itihAsa : 99 lupta gacchoM yA usakI zAkhAoM kI bhAMti isa zAkhA kA bhI astittva kevala itihAsa ke pRSThoM taka hI sImita hai| sandarbha: 1. mahopAdhyAya vinayasAgara, "kharataragacchIya sAhityasUcI", maNidhArI jinacandrasUri aSTama zatAbdI smRti grantha, (saMpA0 agaracaMda nAhaTA evaM bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA) dillI 1971 I0, bhAga 2, pRSTha 58. 2. agaracanda nAhaTA, bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA, saMpA0 aitihAsika jaina kAvya saMgraha, zrI abhaya jaina granthamAlA, puSpa 8, kalakattA vi0saM0 1994, pRSTha 82, 135-36. zitikaMTha mizra - hindI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, bhAga 2, vArANasI 1994 I0, pRSTha 611. / 3-4. mohanalAla dalIcaMda desAI, jainagarjarakavio, navIna saMskaraNa, bhAga 2, saMpA0 - DA0 jayanta koThArI, ahamadAbAda 1987 I0, pRSTha 153-54. 5. maNidhArI zrIjinacandrasUri aSTama zatAbdI smRtigrantha, bhAga 2, "kharataragacchava sAhityasUcI', pRSTha 66. '6-7. desAI, pUrvokta, navIna saMskaraNa, bhAga 3, pRSTha 196. 8. vahI, bhAga 3, pRSTha 18. . 9. vahI, bhAga 3, pRSTha 148-49. 10.kharataragacchIyasAhityasUcI, pRSTha 43. 88. Vidhatri Vora - Ed. Catalogue of Gujarati Mss. Muniraj Shree Punya VijayaJis Collection, L.D. Series No. 71, Ahmedabad 1978, P. 553-54. 12. kharataragacchIyasAhityasUcI, pRSTha 43. 13. desAI, pUrvokta, bhAga 3, pRSTha 219. 14. vahI, bhAga 2, pRSTha 42. 15.kharataragacchIyasAhityasUcI, pRSTha 51. 16. mahopAdhyAya vinayasAgara, nAkoDA tIrtha zrI pArzvanAtha, kuzala puSpa-1, kuzala ___saMsthAna, jayapura 1988 I0, pRSTha 128. 17-19. vahI, lekhAMka 110, 111, 112. * 20. aitihAsikajainakAvyasaMgraha, pRSTha 82-83 21.vinayasAgara jI se prApta vyaktigata sUcanA para aadhaarit|

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jainoM aura sikhoM ke aitihAsika saMbaMdha mahendra kumAra masta* itihAsa ke pRSThoM meM anekoM ana-udghATita ghaTanAe~ aura baMda par3e hue vivaraNa yadA-kadA milate rahate haiN| una ko uddezyapUrNa DhaMga se prastuta kiyA jAnA itihAsa ke hara vidyArthI aura bhAvI pIr3hiyoM ke lie eka cunautipUrNa jarUrata hai| prAya: sabhI jAnate haiM ki 2500 varSa, tatkAlIna pracalita mAnyatAoM kI mukhya paridhi ko tor3a kara, bauddha dharma aura jaina dharma jina sAmAjika, rAjanaitika aura dhArmika paristhitiyoM meM panape va phaile, prAya: vaisI hI milatI-julatI sthitiyoM se sikha dharma ko bhI lA~dhanA par3A thaa| jAti-pA~ti kI kRtrima sImAoM ko jisa prakAra mahAtmA buddha aura bhagavAn mahAvIra ne asvIkAra kiyA thA, ThIka usI taraha hI sikha guruoM ke bhaktoM aura zraddhAluoM meM bhI U~ca-nIca, suvarNa-dalita aura hiMdU-muslima sabhI jAtiyoM ke loga samAna rUpa se zAmila the| sikha dhArmika grantha - sakhamaNI sAhiba kI tIsarI aSTapadI meM - "jaina mAraga saMjama ati sAdhana" kA ullekha milatA hai, vahIM aneka jaina dharmAvalambI bhI mahAna sikha guruoM ke samarpita bhakta aura vinamra zraddhAlu rahe haiN| dasaveM guru goviMda siMha jI kA to janma hI paTanA ke eka saMbhrAnta jaina, sAlasa rAya jauharI kI havelI meM huA thaa| yahI havelI aba takhta zrI haramandira sAheba, paTanA ke saumya, vyApaka aura prabhAvaka rUpa meM, sikha dharma ke dasaveM guru, khAlasA paMtha ke pravartaka zrI goviMda siMha jI kI janma bhUmi hone se saMsAra bhara ke sikhoM ke lie mahAna tIrtha banI huI hai| guru goviMda siMha jI kA janma paTanA meM sAlasa rAya jauharI kI isI havelI meM pauSa zudi saptamI, vi0saM0 1723 (22 disambara, 1666 I0) ko huaa| guru goviMda siMha ke pitA, navama guru zrI tega bahAdura, dharma pracAra ke lie prayAga, vArANasI aura mokSadhAma gayA kI yAtrA karate hue 1666 I0 meM paTanA sAhiba Ae the| unake sAtha guru jI kI mAtA 'nAnakI jI', dharmapatnI gujarI bAI, unake bhAI kRpAla canda aura kaI darabArI sikha bhI the| ina sabhI ko apane parama bhakta va zraddhAlu sAlasa rAya jauharI kI havelI meM chor3a kara ve khuda baMgAla aura AsAma cale gae the| muMgera pahu~ca kara paTanA kI saMgata ke nAma eka sandeza (hukmanAmA) jArI kiyA aura parivAra ko isI havelI meM rakhane kA AzIrvAda diyaa| isI hukmanAmA meM paTanA ko "guru kA ghara' kahA gyaa| * 263, sekTara - 10, paMcakUlA, (hariyANA) - 134109

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jainoM aura sikhoM ke aitihAsika saMbaMdha : 101 baMgAla meM DhAkA pahu~cane para guru jI ko sUcanA milI ki paTanA meM goviMda rAya jI kA janma huA hai| kiMtu ve turanta paTanA vApasa na pahu~ca kara paMjAba A gae the| jaba taka ve puna: paTanA vApasa Ae aura pahalI bAra apane honahAra va priya suputra ko dekhA, taba taka goviMda rAya jI cAra sAla ke ho cuke the| guru goviMda siMha jI ne apane bacapana ke karIba sAta varSa paTanA meM sAlasa rAya kI isI havelI meM guz2Are / yaha sAlasa rAya jauharI, eka dhanADhya osavAla jaina thaa| gaMgA nadI ke rAste se naukAoM dvArA vyApAra kA mukhya kendra hone se jaina jauhariyoM ke kaI parivAra paTanA meM hIre-motiyoM kA vyApAra karate the| janma sthAna gurudvArA ke pAsa hI jauhariyoM kI eka pUrI galI thii| sAlasa rAya jauharI ke vaMzaja isa samaya paTanA ke hI eka upanagara (kAlonI) meM raha rahe haiN| jisa havelI ke prA~gaNa meM dazama guru zrI govinda siMha kA janma huA thA, usa kA AdhA bhAga sAlasa rAya ne guru jI ko hI bheMTa kara diyaa| gurudvArA janma sthAna isI jagaha para hai| havelI ke bAkI Adhe bhAga meM jaina zvetAmbara mandira hai| donoM kI eka hI sAjhI dIvAra hai tathA eka hI bar3e va U~ce mukhya geTa ke Adhe-Adhe bhAga ke rAste se hokara gurudvArA va jaina maMdira ko jAyA jAtA hai| paMjAba ke bhAmAzAha - dIvAna ToDaramala jaina sAmAnA (jilA paTiyAlA) ke jaina osavAla gAdIyA do sage bhAiyoM kI gaurava gAthAe~ smRti paTala se dhIre-dhIre ojhala hotI jA rahI haiN| ina meM eka kA nAma thA dIvAna ToDaramala aura dUsare kA sakhIdAsa / apanI buddhi, kauzala aura z2amInI mAmaloM kA sujJa jAnakAra hone se ToDaramala ko sarahiMda ke navAba ne apane darabAra meM bulA liyA aura "dIvAna" (Aja ke minisTara Apha sTeTa se milatI julatI) padavI bhI inheM dii| 15 jUna, 1982 I0 ke dainika akhabAroM meM chapI eka riporTa ke anusAra " sAmAnA meM ToDaramala kI sarAya thI aura dIvAna ToDaramala dvArA banavAe jAne ke patthara (zilAlekha ) bhI kucha kuoM meM lage hue the|" isI riporTa meM ullekha hai ki - " mazahUra dAnavIra sakhIdAsa, jisakI sakhAvata (dAnavIratA) ke kisse ilAke bhara meM prasiddha haiM, sAmAnA ke hI the| ve osavAla jaina the| yahAM ke navAba gharAnoM meM sakhIdAsa kI bahuta ijz2ata thii| aneka garIba lar3akiyoM kI zAdI inakI madada se huI / sthAnIya vivAhoM Adi meM mahilAoM dvArA sakhIdAsa kA rAsa gAyA jAnA yahAM pracalita thA " / 13 pauSa, 1762 vikramI (27 disaMbara, 1704) ke dina sarahiMda ke navAba vaz2Ira khAna ke Adeza se dasaveM guru zrI goviMda siMha jI ke choTe aura sukomala donoM sAhibaz2Ade (suputra) atyaMta krUratA aura pazutApUrNa tarIke se mauta kI nIMda sulA diye ge| sAhibaz2AdoM kI dAdI mAtA gujarI jI ko yaha samAcAra dIvAna ToDaramala ne khuda

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102 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 unakI sevA meM hAz2ira hokara diyaa| dAdI mA~ yaha sahana na kara sakA aura vilApa karate hue usI samaya apanA zarIra chor3a diyaa| udhara, dazama guru ke donoM suputroM aura mAtA jI ke mRta zarIra do dina se sarahiMda meM par3e hue the| kisI kA hausalA na thA ki navAba se jAkara ina ko mA~ga ske| aMta meM dIvAna ToDaramala ne vinatI kI ki "bAdazAha salAmata, ye tInoM mRtaka zarIra mujhe dene kI kRpA kareM tAki maiM rIti ke mutAbika inakA saMskAra kara skuuN"| navAba ne kahA ki hama eka zarta para hI de sakate haiM ki saMskAra ke lie jitanI jagaha cAhiye utane sthAna meM sone ke sikke bichAkara, Apa usakI kImata adA kreN| dIvAna ToDaramala ke lie svarNa moharoM kI kImata ina lAloM se jyAdA kImatI nahIM thii| usane zarta mAna lI aura sone kI azarphiyoM ke badale bhUmi lekara bahuta zraddhA ke sAtha donoM sAhibaz2AdoM aura mAtA jI kA aMtima saMskAra kiyaa| sarahiMda meM ToDaramala kI havelI aura vahAM kI cannI roDa para ToDara mAjarA gA~va isa lupta hote itihAsa ke avazeSa haiN| tathA gurudvArA jyoti svarUpa (sarahiMda) ke vizAla kakSa meM "dIvAna ToDaramala jaina haoNla' kA borDa par3ha kara pratyeka jaina kA sira zraddhA se jhuka jAtA hai| jainoM ne karAyA gurudvArA kA nirmANa san 1944 ke aMta meM paTiyAlA ke nAz2ima sAhaba (DipTI kamiznara) mahArAjA kA yaha Adeza lekara sAmAnA meM Ae ki apanA balidAna dene hetu dillI jAte hue sikhoM ke naveM guru tega bahAdura jI jisa sthAna para thor3A samaya ruke the, vahAM para "thar3A sAhiba" gurudvArA kA kamarA (koThA) banavAyA jaae| sAmAnA kI "prema sabhA" aura "jaina pujerA paMcAyata" ko yaha kArya supurda huaa| nagara ke tatkAlIna pratiSThita vyakti - sAgaracaMda jaina, nAz2aracaMda jaina, sAdhurAma jaina, madanalAla baMsala, bhagata naurAtA rAma, bhagata madanalAla, bhagata mohanalAla, jagamiMdaralAla jaina, zItaladAsa jaina Adi isa kAma meM juTa ge| kArya sampanna hone para tIna dina taka, lagAtAra, gurudvArA ke naye kamare meM zabda kIrtana hotA rhaa| pUre sAmAnA zahara meM eka bhI kezadhArI sikha nahIM thaa| ata: nAz2aracaMda jaina khuda amRtasara gae aura saradAra Izara siMha maDaila tathA ziromaNi kameTI kI eka mahilA sadasya ko eka dina ke lie apane sAtha lekara aae| sabhI ne milakara gurudvArA ke nae kamare meM zrI graMtha sAhiba kA prakAza kiyaa| usa dina paTiyAlA riyAsata ke mahArAjA sAhiba bhI vahAM padhAre the| zahara ke jainoM kA aura prema sabhA kA unhoMne AbhAra mAnA aura prazaMsA kii|

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Landmarks of Bahubali Images in Karnataka Dr. Maruti Nandan Tiwari Bahubali,' also known as Gommatesvara in the southern Jaina tradition, was the second son of Jina Rsabhanatha, born of his junior queen Sunanda. His step brother Bharata, who became cakravarti succeeding his father, ruled from Vinita [Saketa or Ayodhya]; while Bahubali was ruling from Taksasila (or Podanasa or Podanapura according to the Digambara Jaina tradition). Soon after the renunciation by Rsabhanatha, Bharata began to subdue the various kingdoms and principalities (of Bharatavarsa) and, according to the Law of the Discweapon (cakra), had the need even to subdue Bahubali and his other 98 brothers. Except Bahubali, all his brothers surrendered their domains and became recluse. A fierce duel took place between Bharata and Bahubali for trial of strength in which Bahubali emerged almost as victor. At the final moment of his triumph, the reality of the futility of worldly possessions dawned in Bahubali's mind and he consequently renounced the world for attaining omniscience and hence salvation from the cycle of existences. As an ascetic he performed very rigorous austerities by standing in the kayotsarga posture for a whole year and attained kevalajnana. To suggest his rigorous tapas, Bahubali in visual representations is shown not only in the kayotsarga-mudra but also with creepers entwining his limbs, and snakes, lizards, and scorpions either shown nearby or even creeping over his body.2 These representational characteristics suggest the long passage of time in which he was absorbed in tapas and deep trance. The posture of Bahubali is symbolic of perfect self- control while his nudity implies total renunciation. The profound austerities of Bahubali inspired both the Svetambara and the Digambara Jainas to worship him, specifically the Digambaras. Bahubali, as a result, became a powerful symbol as well as a material *Professor, Deptt. History of Art, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi

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104 : Sramana, Vol 54, No. 10-12/October-December 2003 image evocative of the ethos of self-sacrifice and ahimsa preached by the Jinas. It is further believed that Bahubali perhaps was the first to have propounded no-war policy by preferring duel to battle between the armies to avert violence and killing of war. The entwining creepers and the figures of scorpions, lizards and snakes on the body of Bahubali perhaps also symbolise the intimate relationship between man and nature and their rhythmic coexistence. The Bahubali images are suggestive also of the elevation of a Man (Kevalin) to the point of becoming an object of worship. The earliest reference to the fight between Bharata and Bahubali is noticed in the Paumacariya of Vimala Suri (AD. 473), the Vasudevahindi and the Avasyaka-niryukti (c. early sixth century A.D.)." The Paumacariya, although alluding to the renunciation of Bahubali and his attainment of kevala-jnana, does not mention the details concerning creepers, reptiles etc. that crept on his body. The detailed account of the tapas of Bahubali is narrated in the literary works of the southern Jainism, from seventh century A.D. onwards, namely the Padmapurana of Ravisena (A.D. 676), the Harivamsa purana of Jinasena of Punnata-sangha (A.D. 783), the Adipurana (Mahapurana) of Jinasena of Pncastupanvaya (after A.D. 837), and also the northern works such as the Trisastisalakapurusacaritra of Hemacandra (c.mid 12th century A.D.) and the Caturvimsatika Jina Caritra of Amara Candra Suri? (13th century A.D. - 70.367-396) which invariably refer to the meandering and entwining vines and serpents. The association of deer and elephants, hawks and sparrows, and lizards and scorpions with Bahubali is also envisaged by these texts.' The antiquity of Bahubali images dates back to c.late sixth or early seventh century AD. Then on Bahubali was a popular subject of depiction as well as adoration throughout the subsequent cnturies in almost all the regions and in both the Svetambara and Digambara traditions. The present paper deals with the landmarks of Bahubali images in Karnataka. In this connection four main points are to be noted (i) The earliest images of Bahubali are found from Karnataka, (ii) These images, belonging to Digambara sect, established the iconographic formula of the depiction of Bahubali which was

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Landmarks of Bahubali Images in Karnataka : 105 subsequently followed on pan-Indian basis. (iii) The most gigantic images of Bahubali were carved in Karnataka which suggest the high esteem accorded to Bahubali in the region. (iv) The most important is the earliest rendering of the Vidyadharis (female angels) on both the sides of Bahubali images in cuncurrence with the injunctions of the Digambara Jaina texts. The earliest visual representations of Bahubali are known from Digambara Jaina caves at Aihole and Badami (c. A.D. 600) in Bijapur district of Karnataka. These figures, identical in details, show Bahubali as standing sky-clad in the kayotsarga-mudra on simple pedestals with hair combed back in jata fashion with lateral strands hanging over the shoulders. It may be mentioned here, in passing, that almost all the later examples, mainly from south India, the lateral strands are shown with Bahubali which remind us of his association with Rsabhanatha on the one hand and long passage of time of his tapas on the other. The entwining creepers, beautifully spread over his legs and hands and cobras, close to his feet, also suggest the prolonged and deep meditation of Bahubali. The depression on his abdomen, half-shut eyes and the erect posture also indicate the deep meditation, Bahubali in both the instances is joined by the figures of the two Vidyaharis, wearing decorated mukutas and other ornaments and holding the ends of the entwining creepers. 10 All the previous scholars including U.P. Shah and C. Sivaramamurti, have identified these flanking female figures with the figures of sadhvis Brahmi and Sundari, the two sisters of Bahubali, who, according to the Svetambara texts, at the instance of Rsabhanatha came to Bahubali to persuade him to shake off the remnants of pride. Bahubali standing in kayotsarga posture in trance could attain omniscience only after that." But the Digambara works, on the contrary, envisage the presence of the two Vidyadharis, who according to the Harivamsapurana and the Adipurana12 came down to earth to remove the entwining creepers from the body of Bahubali engrossed in tapas. These figures in any case could not be the figures of Jaina sadhvis, Brahmi and Sundari, in Digambara Jaina context, since these figures are endowed with decorated mukutas and other ornaments. The

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106 : sramana, Vol 54, No. 10-12/October-December 2003 Digambara works further mention that Bahubali attained omniscience only after he received the homage of his elder brother Bharata Cakravarti. It is also mentioned that the devotion of Bharata was so deep that he caused an image of Bahubali to be made in gold and installed at Podanapura. The image from Badami (veranda of Cave IV) however contains two more female figures, standing close to Bahubali with folded hands, These figures may represent the adorers. A splendid bronze image (20" in height) of Bahubali, assignable to c. eighth-ninth century A.D. and reported to have procured from a field at Sravanabelgola in Hassan district of Karnataka, is preserved in the Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai.'3 This image again is the earliest of all the known bronze images of Bahubali The sky-clad Bahubali stands as he does in the kayotsarga-mudra with beautifully and tenderly delineated meandering stems with leaves which entwines his legs, thighs and arms. The hair combed back in almost parallel rows beautifully ends in lateral strands falling on shoulders. The oval face has the rare grace and introspective look. The rhythmic body contour combined with animation and plasticity is superb. What is specially important in the images of Bahubali, who was neither a Jina, nor does he figure in the list of the 63 Salakapurusas (Great Men), is that he occupies such a singularly venerated position in Jaina worship that the tallest images carved in Jaina tradition pertain to Bahubali. These colossi are carved at the places such as Sravanabelgola (nearly 57 feet high - A.D. 983), Karkal (AD. 1432) and Velnur (A.D. 1604). all in Karnataka. Of all the three colossi, the imposing Sravanabelgola figure surpasses all the known figures of Bahubali in scale and gradeur. The image prepared by Camundaraya (bearing epithet Gommata), the General of the Western Ganga king Racamalla-IV (A.D. 974-84), shows Bahubali as standing sky-clad in the kayotsarga-mudra with climbing plant fastened round his thighs and hands, and ant-hills carved nearby with snakes issuing out of them. The Mahamastakabhisheka of Gommatesvara- Bahubali image at Sravanabelgola, marking the thousand year of the Pratisthapan (installation) of the colossus, was celebrated in February 1981. The imposing colossus of rare beauty and grace is undoubtedly the greatest

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Landmarks of Bahubali Images in Karnataka : 107 masterpiece of western Ganga school prepared with deep devotion. The beautifully delineated entwining creepers and somewhat benign oval face with introspective look, earlobes and perfect state of motionlessness are all superb. The monumentality combined with suppleness is a rare feature of this image. In all the above three colossi, however, the figures of Vidyadharis are conspicuous by their absence. But the other features are in full agreement with the descriptions found in the Adipurana (Parve 36) and the Harivarsapurana (Sarga 11.98-102). The other two colossi from Karkal and Venur, both belonging to Vijayanagar period, are identical in details. In all these figures the anthills over the legs of Bahubali with the serpents issuing from them could be seen. The installation of these gigantic figures against the natural landscape create a magnificent effect miles around. 14 The inscription at the feet of the colossus at Sravanabelgola is not only in Kannada but also in Tamil-Granth and Nagari to make it of all India importance. The Deccan, South and North are thus represented by the three scripts giving identical legend of its creation by Camundaraya.' The earliest figures of Bahubali from Aihote and Badami set the iconographic formula for the rendering of Bahubali in respect of the kayotsarga-posture, entwining creepers alongwith the snakes coming out of the anthills, and, above all, the flanking figures of two Vidyadharis, holding the ends of the meandering vines. All these features are prescribed by the Digambara Jaina texts. Ellora (in Aurangabad, Maharashtra), being the most important Jaina site from the standpoint of the number of independent figures of Bahubali (17 figures in all), belonging to 9th century A.D., reveal the distinct bearing of the figures of Bahubali from Aihole and Badami. However, further elaboration in terms of some of the Pratiharyas like halo, parasol (single but not triple), drumbeater, celestial musicians and sometimes small Jina figures in parikara at Ellora marks the process of elevation of Bahubali to make him almost equal to the Jinas, highest in Jaina worship. This process was further intensified in north India as revealed by the Bahubali images from the prolific Digambara Jaina sites like Deogarh (10th-12th century A.D.), Khajuraho (10th-12th century A.D.) and Bilhari (11th century A.D.).16 Besides the astapratiharyas, the above images from north India

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108 : Sramana, Vol 54, No. 10-12/October-December 2003 also contain the figures of two-armed Yaksa and Yaksi as Sasanadevatas (Deogarh, temple no. 11 and Santinatha Jaina Museum, Khajuraho 12th century A.D.). In one of the examples from Deogarh (temple no. 2, 11th century A.D.), Bahubali is also shown alongwith Sitalanatha and Abhinandan Jinas in tritirthi image." References : 1. He is also called Bhujabali and Kukkutesvara and is supposed to be the first among the Kamadevas of this avasarpini age. The Bahubali figures from Ellora also show deer, dogs, rats and camels. 2. 3. 4. 5. The Brahmanical correspondence to such rigorous austerities is the sage Valmiki around whom also ant-hills and creepers grew during his deep trance. See. U.P. Shah, "Gommatesvara Bahubali, the Great Saint", Jain Journal, VoL 15, No.4, April 1981, p. 133. 6. Paumacariya 4.43-55 (ed. H. Jacobi, Prakrit Text Society Series 6, Varanasi 1962, pt. 1, pp. 34-35. 8. Dalsukh Malvania, "The Story of Bharata and Bahubali", Jain Journal, VoL 15, No.4, April 1981, p. 141. The story is also narrated in the Avasyaka-bhasya as quoted in the Avasyaka-vritti of Haribhadra and the Avasyaka-curni: See. U.P. Shah, op.cit., pp. 131-34. 7. Padmapurana, Vol. I, 4.74-77; Harivamsapurana, 11.98-102; Adipurana (of Mahapurana) 36. 104-186; Trisastsalakapurusacaritra, Vol. I, Adisvaracaritra, 5.740-98. 9. Valmikavivarodyatairatyugraih sa mahoragaih/ syamadinam ca vallibhih vestitah prapkevalam// Padmapurana, 4.76 Also see, Harivamsapurana 11.99-100. Trisastisalakapurusacaritra, Vol. I, Adisvaracaritra 5.745-77; Adipurana, Vol. II, 36.165. It is mentioned in the Adipurana that the lions, elephants and other wild animals of great enmity used to sit amicably near Bahubali. This at once reminds us of the Jina Samavasarana. 10. Two snakes in case of Aihole figure and four in case of Badami figure.

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Landmarks of Bahubali Images in Karnataka : 109 11. Trisastisalakapurusacaritra, Vol. I, Adisvaracaritra 5.782-87, pp. 325-26. 12. latam vyapanayantibhyam khecarybhyam babhau munih/ Harivamsapurana, 11.101 vidyadharyah kadacicca kridahetorupagatah valliruddhestayamasuh muneh sarvangasanginihl/ Adipurana, Vol. I. 36.183. 13. U.P., Shah, "Gommatesvara Bahubali....", p. 138 14. C. Sivaramamurti, Panorama of Jain Art, New Delhi, 1983, pp. 6, 131,.86. 15. C. Sivaramamurti, op.cit., p. 131. 16. For details consult U.P. Shah, "Bahubali : A Unique Bronze in the Museum," Bulletin of the Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay, No. 4, 1953-54, pp. 32-39; Maruti Nandan Tiwari, "Note on Some Bahubali Images from North India," East and West, New Series, Vol. 23, Nos. 3-4, Sept.-Dec. 1973, pp. 347-53. 17. Maruti Nandan Tiwari, op.cit., p. 352.

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110 : sramana, Vol 54, No. 10-12/October-December 2003 wwwwwwwwwwwww www Sess W ! Gommatesvara Bahubali (57 ft. high), Sravanabelgol (Karnataka) AD 983. 4 Soket NEVER Bahubali with two Vidyadharis, Deogarh (in temple of Jaina Dharmashala) Lalitpur, U.P. 10th century A.D.

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Origin of Sramanism: Causes and Conflict Dr. Niharika* Sramanas played an important role in the religious and ideological life of India. They were homeless wanderers and their homelessness was for the holy purpose. They were called 'Sramanas' because taken by them in observing strict austerities, by dwelling in forests and rerenouncing the worldly affairs!. It signified the total break from all worldly relations, thus making them indifferent to all sense perceptions and finally enabling to ignore all actions based on worldly motives. They aim to seaze 'act', 'hope' and 'wish'. They feel and think only 'I am l' an opposite view to Upnisadic "Tat tvam asi" They were "essentially pessimistic in worldly outlook, metaphysically dualistic if not pluralistic, animistic and ultra humane in its ethical tenets, temperamentally ascetic, undoubtedly accepting the dogma of transmigration and karma doctrine, owing no racial allegiance to Vedas and Vedic rites, subscribing to the belief of individual perfection and refusing unhesitatingly to accept a creator". He neither desires for life nor for death because both would be lust capable of awakening 'karma'. As it is well observed by Dr. Sagarmal Jain, "Sramanic tradition is stereological in its very nature. It lays special emphasis on renunciation of worldly belongings and enjoyments and an emancipation from worldly existence. It may be accepted without any contradiction that there, very ideas of emancipation (Moksa/ Nirvana/ Kaivalya) and renunciation (Tyagal Samnyasa/ Vairagya) have been cultivated by the Sramanas. The asceticism is the fundamental concept of Sramanic tradition".* Thus the basic difference between early Vedic religion and Buddhism and Jainism was that Vedic religion was against asceticism and emphasized the material welfare of the person and society, the Sramanic tradition condemned the worldly existence which is full of sufferings which intends a human being to the 'cycle of birth and death. But stopping this cycle is the ultimate goal of a Sramana. * Sri Agrasena Kanya Autonomous P.G. College, Varanasi.

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112: sramana, Vol 54, No. 10-12/October-December 2003 Anga texts reveal the existence of a number of wandering communities and its members who gave up all the social contacts and entered into monkhood, wandering like homeless person, for a noble and significant cause. Sutrakstanga refers to as many as 363 schools while Jain commentator Silanka (ninth cent A.D.) gives as many as five divisions of Sramana class, viz, Nirgrantha, Sakya, Tapasa, Gairika and Ajivaka. The Aupapatika refers to a number of other monastic communities. The Buddhist texts Anguftara Nikaya Milindapanha and Sanyukta Nikaya also refer to a number of wandering sects and faiths. Writings of Magasthenes and Asoka's edicts also reveal many groups of such wanderers prevalent at their times. These homeless wanderers always kept wandering except the rainy season, when they stayed at one place (Vassavasa) to avoid injury to living beings. Their lifestyle is described by S. Dutt as "Its members live by begging, have no settled dwelling (except during the rains, when the observance of Rainretreat is a common custom among move about from place to place, single or in parties, and are either ascetics practicing austerities or dreamers and babblers of strange gospels"6 They didn't believe in any caste, neither caste of a Bramana has to do anything in the society. It was said that a low caste person who became a monk or even a slave, when became a 'pabbajito samana" is worthy of reverence even by the king himself. Avantiputta, the king of Madhura, says to Mahakaccana that he would extend same honourable treatment to a Sudra and a Ksatriya if both of them are Samanas because he loses his former style of Sudra and takes on the name of Samana. Buddhist texts give many references of Sudras and Chandalas as becoming Samanas.? They had an equal position to that of the Brahmanas, if not superior to them, in the society. Due to their spirituality and intellect they were regarded as Brahmanas. According to Winternitz, "These two representatives of intellectual and spiritual life in ancient India are well recognized by the phrase, 'Samanas and Brahmanas' in Buddhist sacred text, by reference to 'Samana bambhana' in Asokan inscription and by Megasthenes, distinction between Brahmani and Samani." Patanjali (2nd cent B.C.) also refers Sramana Brahmana. "Acaranga mentions Sramanas and Brahmanas simultaneously and not

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Origin of Sramanism: Causes and Conflict : 113 as rivals. It proves that for the preachers of Acaranga, Sramanas and Brahmanas are not rivals to each other as considered later on." 930 It seems that the behaviour, conduct and qualities were same for the Brahmana and Sramana and hence their spotless life placed them high in the society. There was a tremendous similarity between Buddhist, Jain and Brahmanical practices of Sramanas and they were in constant mutual contacts exchanging and debating their ideas, opinions and knowledge. There is a constant discussion about the origin of Sramanas and there are several theories regarding the origin of Sramanism but most of them are fanciful and come out of traditions. Few of them seem to be more reasonable and are listed below: Ksatriya Protest: Garbe, Jacobi and a few other scholars are of the opinion that the Sramanism in Jainism and even in Buddhism was originated as a protest against the exclusiveness and superiority of the Brahmanas. According to Garbe, "these two pessimistic religions (Buddhism and Jainism)...... are simply to be regarded as the most eminent of the numerous teachers who in the sixth century before Christ in North Central India opposed the ceremonial doctrines and the caste- system of the Brahmanas"." 10 It seems that the extremism of Brahmana priests and their elaborate and extravagant rituals forced Ksatriyas to protest in this manner, though they could not make the new cult free from castism, because Jaina texts refer 'high' and 'low' tribes (Jati Arya and Jati- Jungiya) and 'high' and 'low' crafts (Sippa Arya and Sippa Jungiya). It is rightly remarked by Jain, "Inspite of caste- denouncing preaching and sermons, the Jains could not do away with the time honoured restrictions of caste." So it cannot be confirmed that Sramanism came in prominence due to this reason, because 'castism' was prevalent in Jainism too, though its mode was different. Jainism is supposed to be of earlier occurrence than at the time of Mahavira, so it could be concluded in S.B. Deo's words. "At the most we may say that this revolt against Vedic philosophy and ritualism which was gathering strength for centuries together previously, found the best expression through Mahavira and Buddha, besides some others." Speaking of Buddha and Mahavira Pt. Sukhalalaji remarked that both of them are likely to be the Ksatriya of Vrsala group and that Buddha was also known as Vrsalaka12.

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114 1. Sramana, Vol 54, No. 10-12/October-December 2003 Holy Wanderers in Pre-Buddhist Period: This thought was attained by Rhys Davids who points towards the influence of well organized sophistic wanderers as the origin of Sramanism which was gradually taking place of Vedic religion. It is visible in the history of world that this period viz. sixth and fifth century B.C., was a renaissance period which witnessed religious development and changes throughout the world, especially in India, China and Greece, So, the extremism of Brahmanas could not be the whole reason behind Sramanism. Rhys Davids notes, "The intellectual movement before the rise of Buddhism was in a large measure a lay movement, not a priestly one." According to Dutta, if we take the Buddhist Pitakas and the Jain Angas as representating North Indian life of the sixth century B.C., one interesting feature of it stands out in relief. It is the existence of a numerous community of men who are world forsackers and who live outside the organization of society. They are called by various names- Parivrajaka, Bhikku, Samana, Yati, Samnyasin etc., the last name normally used to designate men of this type in Brahmanical literature. They are all professed religious, homeless wanderers without kinship or social bond. It seems that the extremism of Brahmanas was being diluted in the period prior to 6th Cent B.C. As regarding ritualism, samnyasa and the nature of moksa, the Upnisadas may be said to reveal for advanced and changed views than those found in the Vedic period." But there is nothing except the accounts of the speculative intellectual activities of Sramanas, described in the Buddhist and Jain literature to show that there was any intellectual movement in the immediate Pre- Buddhist age. We have no such evidence which could throw light on the condition of Pre-Buddhist India. Role of Brahmacarins: According to Spence Hardy and Kem"," Sramanism developed with Brahmacarins as their role model, because the qualities and conducts scheduled for the Brahmacarins were also scheduled for the Sramanas as wit, celibacy, strict moral, physical discipline and zeal for studies, Rgveda denotes the Brahmacarins were the oldest among all Asramas.16 But Brahmacarins were very young students seeking for a perfect teacher to consol their thirst for knowledge. They stayed with their 'teachers while studying only a few of them stayed there for their whole 14

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Origin of Sramanisni: Causes and Conflict : 115 life time. Most of the Brahmnacarins entered into the grhastha- asrama, which is a married family life, after completing their studies. These practices were not followed in the life of Sramanas. Except this, Brahmacarin is a pupil and leamer, while the Parivrajaka (sramana?) is a wandering religious man, a teacher and sage. So we cannot say that the Sramanas considered Brahmacarins as their role model. They have accepted only a few qualities of Brahmacarins in their life-style. Role of Brahmacarin & Brahmavadin: Another theory says that the life of Sramana was a miniature of that of Brahmacarins and Brahmavadins. The Sramanas therefore, are a combination of the stu and the wandering master of the Brahmanical way of knowledge and thought. He behaves like the one and thinks like the other.'' So his life looks intermingled with many rules and habits of both of them as concluded by Durga Bhagavat "the truth probably lies midway."'!8 It may be further included that sramanism has the rules common in Brahmanism, Jainism and Buddhism. Dutta observes, "the Brahmanical Bhiksu and Jain Samana all belonged to the same ancient society of wandering religious mendicants, and it is obvious that among all these sects there should subsist a certain communities of ideas and practices."!! Vedic and Upanisadic Conception: Sri Nivas Iyanger identifies the Rgvedic Muni with the Samnyasin. In Atharva Veda, a glorified roving sprit is called Vratya. He is sometimes described as a human wandering in need of food and lodging. He is a wandering person, wandering among people and being honoured by the king. From this description Roth identified Vratya of Atharva Veda with Parivrajaka. But Dutt does not agree with Roth and demands for more proves considering above insufficient to identify him as a Parivrajaka. Few scholars like Deussen, trace the monastic philosophy of Jainism and Buddhism to the degeneration of the ideas of Upanisads and say that the common basis of both (Samkhya and Vedanta and with them of Buddhism and Jainism) is to be found in the Upanisads 20 So the Buddhism and Jainism are not alien to Hinduism, but they are complementary to each other. Samnyasa Asrama: Many scholars have the opinion that Sramanism is an exact picture of Brahmanical fourth asrama, i.e., Samnyasa. Jacobi, Buhler and Charpentier are the admirer of this theory. Jocobi compares rules and thoughts of Buddhism and Jainism

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116 : Sramana, Vol 54, No. 10-12/October-December 2003 with that of Brahmanism and says "Buddhism and Jainism must be regarded as religions developed out from Brahmanism and not by a sudden reformation but prepared by a religious movement gaining for a long time". Charpentier also thinks that the rules and regulations and the mode of life of Sramanas was on the foot prints of Brahmanical antagonists and they were in practice in their day to day life since long ago. Its antiquity goes back to early Vedic period where 'asrama' way of life is observed.?' Buddhist and Jain literature say that Sramanas and Brahmanas together enjoyed the pre-eminence and esteem and were equally regarded as the chosen exponents of philosophic ideas and speculations. They were equally regarded by house-holders and were equally honoured and gifted by kings and others. Deussen compares Sramanas with Upanisadic theories of Tapas and Nyasa, but is seems that they can be compared only with the Brahmanical Sarinyasi and not with the Buddhist Parivrajakas or Jain Sramanas. It is significant that Buddhist and Jain texts never use the term 'Sannyasi' for their spiritual wanderers which was frequently used in the Upanisads So it is presumed that the religious mendicancy as an institution in India could not have begun as the empirical result of anyone philosophic doctrine or concept? and they adopted some or the other rules, thoughts and principles from each-other. "The doctrine of renunciation in these works (Dharmasutras, 5th Cent. B.C) is not the doctrine of Samnyasa as an asrama or stage but as the only mode of ideal life while the Vedic tradition in course of time came to accept the doctrine of Karman and Samsara and hence could not but accept the validity of Samnyasa, it never gave up its age old value of respecting and actively fulfilling social obligations."23 Non-Aryan Thoughts: Scholars like Oldenberg, Dutt and Upadhyaya are of the opinion that Sramanism has developed out of the non- Aryan east- Indian indigenous element. It is notworthy that one who seeks to embrace religious mendicant discards all the marks of Aryan birth and breading like sacred tuft of hair, sacred thread, sacrificial rites, Vedic studies etc. According to Upadhye "we should no more assess the Sarkhya, Jain, Buddhist and Ajivaka tenets as more perverted continuations of stray thoughts selected at random from the, Upnisadic bed of Aryan thought current. The inherent similarities in these systems, as against the essential dissimilarities with Aryan (Vedic and Brahmanic) religion and the gaps that a dispassionate study might detect between

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Origin of Sramanism: Causes and Conflict : 117 the Vedic (including the Brahmanas) and Upanisadic thought - currents really point out to the existence of an indigenous stream of thought.":24 Dutt aggress with this statement and adds, "the institution of Sramanism grew up among the imperfectly Aryanised communities of the East, spread, flourished and become highly popular and with the remarkable elasticity which is characteristic of Brahmanism was later affiliated to the Aryan system of life becoming the fourth asrama.":25 It is significant that the above mentioned Aryan ritualism was not completely discarded, but it has only changed its outwardly shape in an inward shape like Pranagnihotra sacrifice to the fire of his own life, meditation as a sacred tuft of hair and likewise. In fact Jainism, Buddism and Hinduism are so inter-mingled and mutually influenced that to have a proper understanding of one, understand of other is essential. They can be distinguished individually but can not be separated from each-other.26 Thus with the above discussion and discrimination, it is obvious that none of the above reasons was solely responsible for the origin of Sramanism, but all of them were responsible to give it a shape, strength and strong thoughts. These holy wanderers were anti- Brahmanical only for the priest-hood and their extremism in the rituals. At the same time they show similarities with Brahmacarins and Brahmavadins and with that of fourth asrama, viz., samnyasa. They resembled with the sophistic wonderers of Brahmanism, because they also were homeless wanderers with a thirst for knowledge and zeal to study. They were least dependent on society as Samnyasis. They were Magadhan, as they seem to have originated first at Magadh, adopted the local language, local people were their first disciples and from there they spread their thoughts to other parts of India. So, as is said by Deo, it appears, therefore, that Sramanism was the outcome of the blending of all these elements- indigenous and borrowed. These ancient, homeless community seems almost immortally ancient in India and exits till today." References : 1. Mehta, T.U. The Path of Arhat, A Religious Democracy. Parshvanath Sodhpitha, Varanasi 1993, p. 3. 2. Webar, Max. The Religion of India, U.S.A. pp. 195, 196.

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118 3. 4. Jain, Sagarmal, An Introduction to Jain Sadhana (Jaina Way of Living) Parsvanath Vidyapitha, Varanasi 1995. p. 1. 5. Sen, Amulyachandra, Schools and Sects in Jain Literature. 6. Dutt, Sukumar, Early Buddhist Monachism, Asia Publishing House, 1960, p. 31. : Sramana, Vol 54, No. 10-12/October-December 2003 Brahtkathakosa of Harisena, ed. By A. N. Upadhye, Bombay 1943, Prv. pref. pp. 12- 13, Intro. P. 12. 7. Rhys Davids, Dialogues of the Buddha, vol. II, p. 103., SamannaPhala-Sutta, Aganna Sutta of Digha and Madhura-Sutta of Majjhima Nikaya, Jatak CIII, 381. 8. Upadhye, op. cit, Intro p. 13. 9. Jain, op. cit. p. 6. 10. Garbe, R. Philosophy of Ancient India, p. 12. 11. Jain, Life in Ancient India, p. 141. 12. Mehta, op. cit. p. 4. 13. Deo, S. B., History of Jaina Monachism, Deccan College Dissertation Series 17, p.50. 14. Hardy, Spence, R, Eastern Monachism, p. 74. 15. Kern, Mannual of Buddhism, p. 73. 16. Rgveda, V, 100-15. 17. Deo, op. cit. p. 51. 18. Bhagvat, Durga, Early Buddhist Jurisprudence, p. 17 19. Dutt, S. Early Buddhist Monachism, London, p. 51. 20. Deussen Paul, Outlines of Indian Philosophy, Ancient India, vol. XXIX, p. 397. 21. Law, N.N., Studies in Indian History and Culture, p. 3. 22. Dutt, op. cit. P. 39. 23. Pande, G.C. Sri R. K. Jain Memorial Lectures on Jainism, University of Delhi, Delhi 1977, p. 4. 24. Brhatkathakosa, Intro p. 12., also see Pravacanamala, Pref. 13. 25. Dutt, op. cit. p. 67, 53 ff. 26. Jain, Sagarmal, op. cit. 2. pp. 12

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Jaina contribution to Indian Sanskrit Grammar - A Survey Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh The term Vyakarana, derived from the root Kr with the prefixes Vi and A and the suffix Lyut, primarily means analysis and secondarily, explanation of words by analysis (Vyakryante Sabda Anena- showing the etymology of words with view to explaining them- Patanjali Mahabhasya, Ahnika I, Varttika 13,). Thereby, Vyakarana is a branch of knowledge regarding the science of speech, consisting of rules and examples (Laksya and Laksana), governing and describing the formation of words by analysis. Its corresponding term Grammar derived from Latin 'grammatike' stands for that branch of the study of language, dealing with inflexional forms, rules for their correct application, syntax and sometimes, the phonetic system of the language and its representation of writing. The grammars of modern European languages, however, deal mainly with the structure of the respective languages rather than with their phonetics and etymology. Grammar was recognized from the earliest times in India as a distinct science. The origin of grammar in Indian tradition in general and in Jaina tradition in particular is unclear. Kumarila Bhatta (7th cent. AD) pointed out that we could not think of any point of time totally devoid of some work or other dealing with the grammatical rules treating of the different kinds of roots and suffixes. Panini along with Yaska, positively representing a stage of thought several centuries before the Christian era, refers to a number of grammatical authorities and their views. The urge to analyze speech, is the basis of all grammatical literature alluded to in the Tattiriya Samhita (VI, 4.7). It mentioned that gods approached Indra and requested him to analyze speech and the latter complied. Thus, Indra traditionally, analyzed for the first time a speech utterance in terms of its parts. The scholars speak Sr. Lecturer, Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi.

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Jaina contribution to Indian Sanskrit Grammar - A Survey : 120 of an Aindra School of grammarians in locating the origin of Grammar. According to Prof. Satakari Mukhopadhyaya systematic grammatical speculations took definite shape early in India, at least as early as the period of Brahmana texts At the earliest grammatical speculations were concerned with Vedic studies, i.e. correct chanting, understanding and ritualistic application of Vedic hymns. Grammar, was first developed as one of the six Vedangas i.e. auxiliary sciences, related to Vedas. Vyakarana is specifically mentioned in the Gopatha Brahmana (I, 12) of the Atharvaveda, along with its some important terminology viz. Dhatu (verbal root), Pratipadika (stem), Naman (substantive), Akhyat (verb), Linga (gender), Vacana (number), Vibhakti (declensional and conjugational endings) i.e. inflexions, Pratyaya (suffix), Svara (accent), Upasarga (prefix) and Nipatas (indeclinable). Among the six accessories to the study of Vedas, the two directly concerned with language are: Vyakarana (grammar) and Nirukta (etymology). Immediately, Vyakarana was universally accepted as the chief of Vedargas (Vedasya Mukham Vyakaranam Surtam, Patanajali Mahabhasya, Ahnika I). The earliest work, analyzing the hymns of Rgveda, is the Padapatha of Sakalya, an eminent grammarian, remembered as such by later authorities. He might have written a grammar, extinct today. The oldest phase of grammatical literature in Sanskrit belongs to the Pratisakhyas, primarily, connoting treaties, viz. Rgveda Pratisakhya of Saunaka, Rktantra-Vyakarana, one Samaveda Pratisakhya (astribed to sakatayana), Purspasutra, a Samaveda-Pratisakhya and Taittiriya Pratisakhya. The Nirukta of Yaska (c. 8th cent. BC), a commentary on Nighantu, is a landmark in the ancient Indian literature on grammar. However, the earliest extant systematic and full-fledged work on Sanskrit grammar is the Astadhyayi, with four supplementary texts, viz. Dhatupatha, Ganapatha, Paribhasa and Linganusasana. Patanjali Mahabhasya, is a monumental work in the tradition of Paninian grammar. The earliest extant Vrtti (commentary), covering whole of the Astadhyayi, is the Kasikavstti of Vaman and Jayaditya (6th cent. AD), both known to be Buddhists. In spite of its depth and

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121: sramana, Vol 54, No. 10-12/October-December 2003 comprehensiveness, lack of treatment of specific topics in a particular chapter in a cohesive manner, induced in, as early as tenth century to rearrange the sutras, along with easy and concise Vrtti (gloss). This system called Prakriya system was initiated by Dharmakirti's Rupavatara (11th cent.). The frame of all the earlier Prakriya works was virtually eclipsed by the Siddhanta Kaumudi of Bhattoji Dixit, a work to the point, erudite and easy. The study of Sanskrit grammar was so fascinating to Indian scholars that many grammars were written out side the Paninian School, though not totally free from the overwhelming influence of Panini and his successors, each starting a new school. Among the non-Paninian grammars, the foremost and earliest is Katantra Vyakarana, also known as Kalpa or Kumara Vyakarana of Sivavarman (2nd cent. AD), who wrote his grammar, based on an older work, most probably the ancient Kaksakstsna Vyakarana, now lost. An excellent Sanskrit grammar, Jainendra Vyakarana of Devanandi alias Pujyapada (5th cent. AD), sakatayana Vyakarana of Palyakirti (9th cent. AD) and Sarasvati Kanthabharana of king Bhojadeva of Dhara (11th cent. AD) are the original contribution to Sanskrit grammar. Kalikala Sarvajna Hemacandra's Siddhahema-sabdanusasana is a major work on both Sanskrit and Prakrit grammar. Among other non-Paninian grammars mention may be made of the Sarasvata Vyakarana of Anubhutasiddhacarya (12th cent.), Mugdhabodha of Vopadeva (14th cent.), Supadma Vyakarana of Padmanabha (14th cent.), Harinamamsta Vyakarana of Rupagosvamin and Sri Jivagosvami (16th cent.) Siddhantacandrika or Sarasvatacandrika of Ramasarma (17th cent,) as the notable works of Indian tradition on grammar. Jaina tradition also has made a valuable contribution to the field of grammar. In fact, Jaina tradition has preserved and extended the Indian tradition of Sanskrit grammar of earlier writers by writing commentaries on their ancient texts. The origin of Jaina grammar may be traced back to the extinct twelfth Anga Dsstivada, containing 14 Purvas. According to Siddhasena, grammar in Jaina tradition originated from the Sabdaprabhsta.

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Jaina contribution to Indian Sanskrit Grammar - A Survey : 122 Nemicandra Sastri considers Satya-pravadapurva to be the source of the origin of Jaina grammar. Lord Mahavira is also accredited to have written a grammatical treatise Sabdanuasana for Indra. Jaina canons also refer to the grammar. Sthananga (VIII) mentions 8 cases, Anuyogadvara refers to three Vacanas (number), Lingas (genders), Kalas (tenses) and Purusas (persons). It also states 4, 5, and 10 kinds of Sanjna (nouns) and seven Samasas (assimilations) and five Padas. Probably, the writing of Jaina works in Sanskrit prompted the Jaina authors to write Jaina Sanskrit grammar. Coming to the post Mahavira Jaina tradition, both of its prominent sects: Svetambara and Digambara have their own literature and not surprisingly, each developed its peculiar grammatical tradition. 'The Digambara tradition of grammar begins with the Jainendra Vyakarana, traditionally attributed to Mahavira, but in fact composed during fifth cent. AD by Pujyapada Devanandi. Sabdanusasana and Amoghavrtti of Abhinava Sakatayana (c. AD 850) may be treated as the earliest Yapaniya works on the grammar. Sabdanusasana draws on all the prominent works of his predecessors. Pancagranthi or Sabdalaksana of Buddhisagarsuri (AD 1024) is in all probability the first work of grammar of Svetambar tradition. Terapanthi sect, a prominent sub-sect of Svetambar Jainas, possesses a grammar of its own entitled Bhiksusabdanusasana of Muni Chauthamala (1935 AD), forming the basis of the study of Sanskrit grammar by monks and nuns of this sect. Prior to Jainendravyakarana, the works (all lost) of six grammarians: 1. Sridatta, 2.Yasobhadra, 3. Bhutabali, 4. Prabhacandra, 5. Siddhasena and 6. Samantabhadra, are referred. Tantrapradipa of Maitreyaraksita refers to Ksapanaka-Vyakarana of Ksapanaka (c. AD 1st cent.) and a commentary Mahanyasa on it by anonymous (both not available). Some identify Ksapanaka with Siddhasena. Pujyapada Devanandi, Palyakirti Sakatayana and Acarya Hemacandra, forming the triad, occupied the same place of prominence in Jaina tradition of grammar as Munitraya (triad of sages) Panini, Katyayana and Patanjali in Vedic tradition. In addition, Sabdanusasana of Malayagiri and Bhiksusabdanusasanam of Terapanthi Acarya Cauthamala are the prominent contributions of Jaina tradition to the Sanskrit grammar.

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123: Sramana, Vol 54, No. 10-12/October-December 2003 Grammar, in general, has certain features. It analysed the language into verbal and nominal bases. It includes Paribhasa categorised as Dhatupatha the exhaustive lists of primitive verbal roots and Ganapatha the selective list of nouns, verbs and so on for application in rules. A further feature of grammar is a set of Paribhasas (metarules)- prescribing the order in which to apply the rules, where exceptions are to be made and so forth. Unadisutras provide rules for introducing affixes after verbal roots to derive nominal bases. These Sutras are supposed to represent a development of analysis over a long period. The authorship of these Sutras is attributed to sakatayana, instead of Panini. Phitsutras are a set of ancillary sutras, providing principles of accentuation. A feature of these rules is that accents are presupposed for nominal bases, from which the rules derive revisions of accentuation for the whole of which those bases form a part. Linganusasana rules regulate genders, specifying how to determine the gender of linguistic items based on their structure and meaning. Before presenting the details of the works and commentaries by scholars of Jaina tradition, a few words about the scheme of their treatment will be in order. The contribution of Jaina tradition is broadly divided into Sanskrit Grammar and Prakrit Grammar. The works on Sanskrit grammar are again classified as: [1] Jaina works and their commentaries, [2] Commentaries on non-Jaina works, (3) Works on Khilpatha, Auktika works [4] Jaina works in Vernacular languages. Again, the Jaina works and their commentaries are treated as: {1} Prominent Jaina works, (2) Minor Jaina works including other Jaina works with incomplete information. Likewise, the Jaina commentaries on non-Jaina works are grouped as those on well-known works and minor works. The Auktika works and those on the part of grammar such as Dhatupatha, Ganapatha etc. are also treated separately. The commentaries on Sabdanusasana of Hemacandra and its allied literature are enormous. Therefore, after furnishing details of the auto-commentaries on text

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Jaina contribution to Indian Sanskrit Grammar - A Survey : 124 and its parts, those by other scholars on the text and its parts have been dealt herein. The extinct works are indicated by the terms lost, not available etc. As already mentioned Jainendravyakarana of Devanandi (c AD 5th cent.) (first available Jaina grammar of Digambara tradition), Sabdanusasana by Palyakirti Sakatayana (9th cent. AD) or Abhinava Sakatayana or Jaina sakatayana of Yapaniya tradition and Siddhahemacandra or Haima Vyakarana or Sabdanusasana of Acarya Hemacandra (AD1150), the most popular work in the Jaina tradition, Sabdanusasana or Mustivyakarana by Malayagiri, the well-known commentator of (first half of the 13th cent. AD) and Bhiksusabdanusasana of Muni Chauthamala, a Terapanthi Acarya, composed during 1923-1937 AD, are among prominent Jaina grammatical works. The works on Prakrit grammar are classified as [1] Prakrit grammar: Original and Modern [2] Prakrit grammars and grammarians referred to, [3] Modern works on Prakrit in general, [4] Works on the dialects of Prakrit and [5] Comparative works on Prakrit grammar. The works on the dialects of Prakrit grammar are again subdivided into heads {I} Inscriptional Prakrit, (II} Ardhamagadhi, (III) Sauraseni, (IV} Apabhramsa and (V) Desya Prakrit. [A] Sanskrit Grammar The survey begins with the mention of text Jainendra Vyakarana and Prakriya works of Pujyapada Devanandi such as (1) Dhatupa. thamula, (2) Dhatuparayana, (3) Ganapatha, (4) Unadisutra, . (5) Linganusasana, (6) Linganusasanavyakhya, (7) Varttikapatha (8) Paribhasapatha and (9) Siksasutra. Jainendra Vyakarana has following commentaries: 1. Jainendranyasa, an auto-commentary (lost). Jainendrabhasya by anonymous (lost). 2. Mahavstti or (Jainendra-Vyakarana-vstti) by Abhayanandi (c. 750AD).

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125 : sramana, Vol 54, No. 10-12/October-December 2003 3. Sabdambhoja-bhaskaranyasa (c.980-1065AD) by Prabhacandra (11th cent.AD 4. Sabdarnava or Jainendravyakarana-Parivartita-Sutra-patha) by Acarya Gunanandi (before c 979AD). 5. Pancavastu Prakriya or Sabdarnavaprakriya or Jainendra Prakriya of Srutakirti (beginning of the 12th cent. AD), 6. Laghu Jainendra (Jainendravyakarana-sika) of Pt. Mahacandra (12th cent. AD), Anitsvarantakarika of Vijayavimala (17th cent.) and his auto commentary on it, 8. Jainendravyakarana-Vitti by Meghavijaya (C AD 18th cent.) 9. Jainendra Prakriya of Pt. Vanshidhara (20th cent. AD), 10. Prakriyavatara of Nemicandra (referred), 11. Jainendra Laghuvitti of Pt. Rajkumar Dharmasastri. 12. Sabdarnavacandrika (Jainendravyakarana-Vrtti) of Somadeva (first half of the 13th cent. AD). 13. Sabdarnava-Prakriya by anonymous. 14. Bhagvadvagvadini by, Muni Atari (AD 1757). 15. Jainendravyakaranapancavastu, a recast of Jainendravyakarana and 16. Jainendravyakarana-prakriyamala. have been treated in this section. The treatment of literature related with the grammar of Sakatayana includes 1. Dhatupatha. 2. Sakatayanadhatupatha (referred), 3. Ganapatha, (referred) 4. Unadipatha, (referred) 5. Paribhhasapatha (referred), 6. Linganusasana, 7. Upasargartha and 8. Taddhitasangraha, all ascribed to him. It also includes these commentaries on his Sabdanusasana : 1. Amoghavrtti (sakatayana-Vyakarana-Vrtti), an auto-commentary, 2. Rupasiddhi (sakatayana-vyakarana-sika) of Dayapala (9th-10th cent. AD), Cintamani-Sakatayanavyakarana-Vitti of Yaksavarma or Yasovarmadeva (12th cent. AD), which in turn has commentaries on it by (a) Ajitasena (12th cent.), (b) Cintamanipratipada or Cinta

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Jaina contribution to Indian Sanskrit Grammar - A Survey : manipradipa of Mangarasa or Mungarasa (c) Cintamanivisamapada Tika or Vrtti-Tippana of Samantabhadra and (d) Cintamanivrtti by anonymous '(inc.), 4. Sakatayana-Nyasa of Prabhacandra (12th-13th cent. AD), 5. Sakatayana- Prakriyasamgraha of Abhayacandra (14th cent. AD), 6. Sakatayana-Tika of Bhavasena Traividya, 126 7. Amoghavistara (c. 13th-14th AD) by anonymous, 8. Sakatayanatarangini, (referred), 9. Sakatayanatika on Amoghavrtti, 10. Mani-Prakasika (Sakatayana-Vyakarana-Vrtti-Cintamani-Tika). This section also deals with the commentaries on the parts of Sakatayana Grammar, such as 1. Dhatupatha-Vivarana, an auto-commentary by Sakatayana, 2. Sakatayanadhatupatha by Dhanapala, 3. Dhatupatha commentary by Ksemendra, 4. Dhatupatha commentary by Harsakirtisuri, 5. Ganaratnamahodadhi (AD 1122) of Vardhamanasuri, 6. Unadisutra-Vrtti by anonymous, 7. Ganapatha, 8. Paribhasa Sabdanusasana of Sakatayana, The literature related with the Grammar of Hemacandra may be treated under heads: [1] Auto-commentaries on the text, [2] Prakriya works and their auto-commentaries, [3] (a) Commentaries by other scholars on Sabdanusasana, (b) on his auto-commentary Brhannyasa and (c) Prakriya works. [1] Auto-commentaries on the text, 1. Svopajnalaghuvrtti, an auto-commentary in (6,000 Granthagras) 2. Svopajna Madhyamavrtti (Laghuvrtti-Avacuri-Pariskara), 3. Rahasyavrtti, an auto-commentary,

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127 : Sramana, Vol 54, No. 10-12/October-December 2003 4. Brhad-vrtti (Tattvaprakasika), an auto- commentary, 5. Brhannyasa or Sabdamaharnava or Maharnava, an extensive, critical auto-commentary on his Brhad-vrtti. [2] Prakriya works and their auto-commentaries: 1. Dhatupatha on Hemacandra grammar, Haima-Dhatuparayana and its commentary, 2. 3. 4. 5. Haimalinganusasana & its two auto-commentaries, 6. Unadisurta or Unadiganasutroddhara or Unadiganasutravivaranoddhara by Hemacandra; part of his grammar with auto commentary, 7. Ganapatha & its commentary, 8. Paribhasapatha by Hemacandra, supplemented by Hemahansagani, Paribhasapaddhati on the grammar of Hemacandra School, 9. (Laghu Dhatuparayana), Dhatumala, 10. Balabhasa-Vyakaranavrtti, 11. Bhvadisattavacuri, 12. Dhatumala, 13. Linganirdesa and 14. Linganusasana-Vivaranoddhara. [3] (a) Commentaries by other scholars on Sabdanusasana, The commentaries on Siddhahaima-sabdanusasana are: 1. Nyasasarasamuddhara or Nyasoddhara or Brhannyasa-DurgapadaVyakhya of Kanakaprabhasuri (13th cent. AD), 2. Nyasa-Samuddhara by Acarya Vijaya Lavanyasuri (13th cent. AD), 3. Laghunyasa by Ramacandrasuri (13th cent. AD), 4. 5. Nyasasaroddhara-Tippana by anonymous (13th cent. AD), Astadhyayatrtiyapadavrtti of Vinayasagarasuri (AD 1207), 6. Brhadvrtti-Avacurnika (AD 1207) by Amaracandrasuri, 7. Laghunyasa by Dharmaghosasuri (14th cent. AD),

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Jaina contribution to Indian Sanskrit Grammar - A Survey : 128 8. Haimalaghuvrtti-Avacuri of Dhanacandra (14th cent. AD), 9. Catuskavstti-Avacuri by anonymous, 10. Haima-Laghuvetti-Dhundhika or Haimalaghu-Vrtti-Dipika) of Munisekhara, 11. Laghuvyakhyanaohundhika by anonymous, 12. Dhundhika-Dipika of Kakala Kayastha, 13. Laghuvitti- Avacuri (AD 1453) of Nandasundara Muni, 14. Brhadvitti-Saroddhara (AD 1464) by anonymous, 15. Bshadvrtti-Dhundhika (AD 1534) of Muni Saubhagyasagara, 16. Haimadhundhika or Vyutpattidipika (AD 1534) by Udaisaubhagya, 17. Brhadvrtti-Dipika of Vidyakara, 18. Kaksapata-Vstti or Brhadvitti-Visamapada Vyakhya by anonymous, 19. Brhadvitti-Tippana (AD 1589) by anonymous, 20. Haimodaharana-Vrtti by anonymous, 21. Balabalasutravrtti by anonymous and 22. Nyasanusandhana of Vijayalavanyasuri (20th cent. AD). (b) Commentaries by other scholars on Hemacandra's auto commentary Bshannyasa and Bshad-vstti are: 1. Bihadvstti-Avacuri by Abhayacandra, 2. Haimavstti of thriprabhasuri (AD 1223), 3. Katicid Haima Durgapada-Vyakhya of Devendra (13th cent. AD). 4. Haimalaghunyasa of Devendrasuri (13th cent. AD), 5. Tika of Abhayatilaka (13th cent. AD) 6. Haimavyakarana-Avacuri of Ratnasekhara, 7. Haimadasapadavisesa by anonymous, 8. Haimadasapadavicesartha by anonymous, 9. Haima Dhundhika of Vinayacandra, 10. Dipika by Vijayasimhasuri (AD 1311),

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129 : Sramana, Vol 54, No. 10-12/October-December 2003 11. Nyasa on Haima Brhadvrtti of Udaicandra (not available), 12. Avacuri on Haimalaghunyasaprasasti of Udaicandra. (c) Commentaries by other scholars on his Prakriya works. The commentaries on Hemacandra Sabdanusasana also include Prakriya works on his text. These are as follows: 1. Haimakaraka Samuccaya of Sriprabhasuri (c.1223 AD), 3. Haimalaghu-Prakriya of Upadhyaya Vinayavijayagani (AD 1653), Haimasabdacandrika of Upadhyaya Meghavijayagani(AD 1700), 4. Candraprbha (Haimakaumudi) or Brhatprakriya of Upadhyaya Meghavijayagani (AD 1700), 5. Hemasabdaprakriya of Upadhyaya Meghavijayagani (c 1700 AD), 6. Haimabrhatprakriya of Mayasankara Girijasankara (20th cent. 2. AD), > 7. Haima-Prakriya of Virasena, 8. Haimaprakriyasabda-Samuccaya by anonymous, 9. Hemasabdasamuccaya by anonymous, 10. Hemasabdasancaya by Amaracandra and 11. Hemasabdasancaya by anonymous. (d) Commentaries by other scholars on the parts of Hemacandra's grammar such as on (I) Dhatupatha, (II) Ganapatha, (III) Unadipatha, (IV) Linganusasana and (V) Paribhasapatha. (I) Commentaries by other scholars on Dhatupatha: 1. Kriyaratnasamuccaya of Gunaratnasuri (c.1409 AD), 2. Dhatuparayana- Vrtti by Malayagiri, 3. Haimadhatuvyakhya of Punyasundaragani, 4. Haimadhatupatha- Avacuri (AD 1444) of Jaiviragani, 5. Svopajna Dhatupatha-Vivarana of Harsakirtisuri (16th cent. AD), 6. Haimadhatuparayana-Tippani (AD 1459) by anonymous, 7. Kavikalpadruma (AD 1520) of Harsakulagani, 8. Kavikalpadruma-Tika or Dhatucintamani by Muni Vijaya Vimala,

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Jaina contribution to Indian Sanskrit Grammar - A Survey : 130 9. Dhatupatha - Vrtti (AD 1772) by Ksamakalyana, 10. Dhatupatha-Avacuri by anonymous, 11. Kriyacandrika sika by anonymous and 12. Akhyatavrtti by anonymous. (II) Ganapatha: 1. Ganaviveka of Pt. Nandiratna (17th cent. AD) and 2. Ganadarpana of King Kumarpala (1142-1172 AD). (III) Unadipatha: 1. Unadiganasutravacuri by anonymous, 2. Unadisutradasapadi or Unadsutravstti by Manikyadeva, 3. Unadipratyaya by Digambara scholar Vasunandi and 4. Unadinamamala (17th cent. AD) of subhasilagani. (IV) Linganusasana: 1. Hemalinganusasana-Avacuri of Kanakaprabha (13th cent. AD), 2. Durgapadaprabodha Vitti (AD 1604) of Muni Pathak Vallabhagani, 3. Hemalinganusasana-Vrtti of Kalyanasagara (17th cent. AD), 4. Hemalinganusasana-Avacuri of Kesaravijaya and 5. Linganusasana-Vrttyuddhara of Jayanandasuri. (V) Commentaries by other scholars on Paribhasapatha: 1. Nyayarthamanjusa or Nyayasangraha and auto-commentary Nyasa of Hemahansagani (AD 1458), 2. Nyayarthasindhu & Taranga (AD 1953) of Vijaya Lavanya Muni, 3. Paribhasa-Vitti, Sabdanusasana or Mustivyakarana by Malayagiri* (first half of the 13th cent.), his auto-commentary, Dhatupatha, Ganapatha, Unadipatha and Linganusasana (all lost). The works on grammar written by Terapanthi sect: 1. Bhiksusabdanusasana of Muni Chauthamalaji, 2. Bhiksusabdanusasana- Laghuvstti by Acarya Tulsi & Muni Dhanapat Ji and Chandanamalaji, in 1938 AD, 3. Bhiksu Dhatupatha by Muni Chandanamalaji in 1932 AD,

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131 : Sramana, Vol 54, No. 10-12/October-December 2003 4. Bhiksu Ganapatha contained in Brhadvrtti of Pt. Raghunandan, 5. Astadhyayf -BThadvstti, Bhiksulinganusasana Savsttika (AD 1940) of Pt. Raghunandan, 6. Unadivytti by Muni Chauthamalaji (AD 1926), 7. Bhiksunyayadarpana- Laghuvrtti by Muni Chauthamalaji (AD 1926), 8. Bhiksunyayadarpana BIhadvstti by Muni Chauthamalaji (AD 1926), 9. Kalukaumudi by Muni Chauthamalaji (AD 1926), 10. Tulsi Prabha by Muni Sohanalalji (Churu) (1939- 1942 AD) and 11. Karika Sangraha-Vrtti related with Tulsi Prabha. [B] Other Jaina Grammars: In addition to above-mentioned prominent works, the other works are: 1. Ksapanakavyakarana (1st cent. VS) by Ksapanaka, 2. Buddhisagara or Pancagranthi or Sabdalaksma by Buddhisagar (AD 1023), 3. Dipakavyakarana (not available) (prior to 1140 AD) by Bhadre svarasuri, 4. Katantrottaravyakarana (lost) of Vijayananda (c prior to 1151 AD) of Tapagaccha, 5. Siddhasarasvatavyakarana (AD 1218) by Devanandasuri of Candragaccha, 6. Vibhaktivicara (AD 1149) of Jinamata Sadhu of Kharataragaccha, 7. Premalabha-Vivarana (1214 or 1216 AD) of Premalabha, 8. Vidyanandavyakarana (lost) (AD 1255) of Vidyanandasuri, 9. Nutanavyakarana (AD 1383) of Jaisinghsuri, 10. Upasargamandana-Kavikalpadruma-Skandha (AD 1435) by Mantrimandana of Mandavagarh, 11. Satkaraka-Vivarana or Satkarakalaksana of Amaracandrasuri (15th cent. AD), 12. Bhojavyakarana of Vinayasagara Upadhyaya (17th cent. AD),

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Jaina contribution to Indian Sanskrit Grammar - A Survey 10 132 13. Sabdabhusana-Vyakarana (c 1713 AD) of Danavijaya and 14. Siddhantaratnikavyakarana by Jinacandrasuri (20th cent. AD). [C-1] Jaina Commentaries on prominent Non-Jaina Grammars, this section included those related with (I) Astadhyayi of Panini, (II) Katantravyakarana of Sivasarman, (III) Sarasvata-Vyakarana by Narendracarya (c AD 13th cent.) and (IV) Siddhantacandrikavyakarana, a non-Jaina commentary by Ramasrama or Ramacandrasrama on Sarasvatavyakarana. [1] Jaina Commentaries on Astadhyayi of Panini: 1. Vyakaranasiddhantasudhanidhi by Acarya Visvesvarasuri, Sabdavataranyasa (lost) a commentary of Pujyapada (c AD fifth 2. cent.), 3. Kasika-vrtti or Kasikavivaranapanjika by Jinendrabuddhi, 4. Prakriyavyakhya or Prakriyamanjari by Muni Vidyasagar and 5. Dhatumanjari by Siddhicandra. [II] The Jaina commentaries on Katantravyakarana: 1. Katantravistara (AD 1140) by Vardhamana, the author of Ganaratnamahodadhi, Durgapadaprabodha-Tika (AD 1271) by Acarya Jinaprabodhasuri alias Prabodhamurtigani, 2. 4. 3. Daurgisimhi-Vrtti (AD 1312) by Acarya Pradyumnasuri, Katantravibhrama-Tika by Acarya Jinaprabhasuri (AD 1295), Katantravibhrama-Tika by Muni Caritrasimha(1569 AD or 1578 5. AD), 6. Katantradipaka-Vrtti by Harsacandra and 7. Katantrarupamala-Laghuvrtti by anonymous. There are also a number of Prakriya works on Katantra Vyakarana viz. 1. Balasiksavyakarana (AD 1279) (Gujarati) by Thakkura Sangramasimha, 2. 3. Balabodhavyakarana (AD 1388) by Merutungasuri, Katantrarupamala (15th cent. AD) by Digambar Bhavasena Traividya,

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133 : sramana, Vol 54, No. 10-12/October-December 2003 4. Katantrabhusana by Dharmaghosasuri , 5. Vrttitrayanibandha (not available) by Rajasekharasuri, 6. Katantravsttipanjika by Somakirti, 7. Balavabodha by Harikalash Upadhyaya and 8. Catuskavyavaharadhundhika by Dhanaprabhasuri. [III] The Jaina commentaries on Sarasvata-Vyakarana: 1. Dipika (Sarasvatavyakarana-Dipika) by Megharatna, 2. Sarasvata- Vyakarana -sika by Muni Satyaprabodha, 3. Sarasvatamandana (15th cent. AD) by Mandana, 4. Subodhika or Dipika (AD 1607) of Candrakirtisuri, 5. Kriyacandrika ( AD 1584) by Gunaratna of Kharatargaccha, 6. Sarasvatavyakranavrtti (AD 1566) of Sahajakirti, 7. Yasonandini (c AD 17th cent.) by Digambar Yasonandi, 8. Sabdarthacandrika (17th cent. AD) by Harsavijayagani, 9. Prakriya-Vrtti (17th cent. AD) of Vishalakirti, 10. Sarasvataprakriya of Narendrasuri (only Krdanta Prakarana), 11. Sarasvata-Vyakarana-Vitti or Bhasya-Vivarana (17th cent. AD) by Upadhyaya Bhanucandra, 12. Sarasvata-Vyakarana-Vitti (17th cent. A D), 13. Sarasvatadipika by Harsakirtisuri, 14. Ruparatnamala (AD 1719) by Muni Nayasundara, 15. Vidvaccintamani or Vrddhicintamani (18th cent. AD) of Muni Vinayasagarasuri, 16. Panca-Sandhi-Balavabodha (18th cent. AD) of Upadhyaya Rajasi, 17. Bhasatika of Muni Anandanidhana (18th cent.), 18. Sabdaprakriyasadhani- Saralabhasatika (20th cent.) by Vijayarajendrasuri, 19. Sabdacandrikodddhara by Kansavijayagani, 20. Sarasvataparibhasa of Dayaratna, 21. Sarasvatavyakarana- Tika of Devacandra,

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Jaina contribution to Indian Sanskrit Grammar - A Survey : 134 22. Sarasvatavyakarana -Tika or Sarasvata-Saradipika Vitti of Yatisa, 23. Candrika by Muni Meghavijaya, 24. Sarasvatavyakarana-sika by Muni Dhanasagara, 25. Pancasandhi-sika by Muni Somasila, 26. Tippanaka (AD 1635) by Ksemendra, 27. Nyasa by Ratnaharsa and Hemaratna, 28. sika by Jagannatha, 29. Panjika by Dharmadeva, 30. Siddhantaratna by Jinendu, 31. Siddhantacandrika by Jnanatilaka, 32. Svavabodhika, 33. Misralingakosa and 34. Misralinganirnaya, Linganusasana by Kalyanasuri. (IV) The commentaries on Siddhanta-candrika-vyakarana, a non Jaina commentary by Ramasrama or Ramacandrasrama on Sarasvatavyakarana, has following commentaries: 1. Subodhini Vitti (AD 1742) by Sadanandagani, 2. Anitkarikavacuri of Muni Ksamamanikya, 3. Anitkarika-Svopajnavrtti (AD 1612) of Harsakirtisuri of Nagapuriya Tapagaccha, 4. Bhudhatuvettih (AD 1771) of Ksamakalyana Muni, 5. Mugdhavabodha- Auktikari by Kulamandanasuri (15th cent. AD), 6. Siddhantacandrika-Tika of Jinaratnasuri, 7. Siddhantacandrikavstti of Jnanatilaka, 8. Subodhini by Rupacandra (18th cent. AD) and 9. sika by anonymous. (C-2] The Jaina commentaries on minor non-Jaina works: 1. Visrantavidyadharanyasa of Mallavadi (identity not known) on Visranta-Vidyadhara, 2. Vakyaprakasa-Vrtti (AD 1450) by Harsakula on Vakyaprakasa,

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135 : sramana, Vol 54, No. 10-12/October-December 2003 3. Vakyaprakasa-Vitti by Ratnasuri on Vakyaprakasa, 4. Vakyaprakasa (Savacuri) (AD 1557) by Jinavijaya and 5. Sabdaprabhedavyakarana-Vrtti of Jnanavimala (AD 1597) on Sabdaprabhedavyakarana of Mahesvara. (D) AuktikaWorks The works, dealing with the comparison of Desya language with Sanskrit are: 1. Balasiksa (AD 1279) by Sangramasimha, 2. Mugdhavabodha-Auktika or Auktika Sangraha (AD 1393) by Kulamandanasuri (1352-1398 AD), 3. Auktika or Vakyaparakasa (AD 1451) of Udayadharma, 4. Auktika Avacuri, 5. Auktika Tika, 6. Vakyaparakasavarta (AD 1637) by Jinavijaya, 7. Auktika commentary by Harsakulagani, 8. Auktika by Somaprabha, 9. Auktika by Jinacandra, 10. Auktika by anonymous, 11. Auktika by anonymous, 12. Uktiratnakara (c 1623 AD) of Sadhusundaragani and 13., Uktipratyaya of Muni Dhirasundara. [E] Works on parts of Grammar This section includes works based on (E-1) Ganapatha, (E-2) Dhatupatha, (E-3) Linganusasanapatha, (E-4) Karaka etc. (E-1) Ganapatha: 1. Ganaratnamahodadhih (AD 1140) by Vardhamana, 2. Ganaratnamahodadhyavacuri by anonymous, 3. Ganaratnamahodadhi-Tika by MM Gangadhar, 4. Ganaratnamahodadhi-tika by Govardhana and 5. Ganaratnavali by Yajnesvarabhatta.

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Jaina contribution to Indian Sanskrit Grammar - A Survey : 136 (E-2) Dhatupatha: 1. Kriyakalapa or Kriyasamuccaya by Jinadevasuri (14th cent. AD), 2. Kriyakalapa (in prose) Kanarese and Sanskrit, 3. Kriyakalapa (in verse) 4. Kriyakalapa, 5. Kriyakalapa-sika, 6. Dhatumanjari by Siddhacandragani (AD 1597), 7. Dhatupatha by Harsakirti (AD 15 56 or AD 1660), 8. Dhatutarangini, an auto commentary by Harsakirti (AD 1556 or AD 1660), 9. Dhatuparayana by Srutasagar, 10. Dhatupatha by Kalyanakirti, 11. Dhaturatnakra (AD 1623) of Sadhusundaragani, 12. Kriyakalpalata (AD1630), 13. Dhaturupartha in prose Sanskrit & Kanarese, 14. Dhaturupavali, 15. Dhatuprakarana, 16. Dhaturatnamala, 17. Dhaturatnakarah (Sanskrit) by Muni Lavanyavijaya, 18. Padavyavasthasutrakarika (c. AD 16th cent.) by Vimalakirti, 19. Padavyavasthasutrakarika-Tika (AD 1624 ), 20. Anitkarika, 21. Anitkarika-Avacuri, 22. Anitkarika-sika, 23. Anitkarika-Vivarana by Muni Ksama-kalyana (18th cent. VS), 24. Anitkarika (AD 1605) by Harsakirtisuri, 25. Anitkarika-Tika (AD 1606) by Harsakirtisuri, 26. Anitkarika-Tika by anonymous, 27. Anitkarikavivarana by Samayasundara. 28. Bhudhatuvrtti (AD 1771) of Ksamakalyana, 29. Bhudhatuvrttisangraha by Jinadattasuri, 30. Rucadiganavrtti (AD 1324) by Jinaprabhasuri,

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137 : sramana, Vol 54, No. 10-12/October-December 2003 31. Rucadiganavivarana of Sumatikallola, 32. Ruparatnamala by anonymous, 33. Ruparatnamala-Tika by Nayasundara, 34. Ruparatnavali by Jinendra, 35. Rupasiddhi vyakarana of Dayapala, Raparatnavali-A vacuri, 36. Rupasiddhivyakarana by anonymous, 37. Rupavataravyakarana by Dharmakirti, * 38. Sabdarupani or Sabdasancayarupani by Amaracandra, 39. Sabdasadhanika and 40. Sabdarupavali, (E-3) Works based on Linganusasanapatha: 1. Syadisabdasamuccaya of Amaracandrasuri, 2. Syadisubodha or Syadivyakarana (AD 1479), 3. Avacuri called Syadisabdadipika of Jayanandasuri. (E-4) Karaka etc. Besides, a number of works based on Karaka are also found. (F) Jaina works on Sanskrit Grammar in Vernacular languages: (F-1) Kannada 1. Karnataka-Bhasabhusana by Nagavarman II (1042 AD or AD 1145) and its auto -commentary, 2. Dhatupatha by Kesava and 3. Sabdamanidarpana by Kesiraja. (F-2) Gujarati 1. Mugdhavabodha -Auktika (AD 1393) by Kulamandanasuri, 2. Karakastakastabaka by Kulamandanasuri, 3. Sarasvatavyakarana by Kulamandanasuri, 4. Pancasandhi - Balavabodha or Sarasvata-vyakarana Balavabodha by Kulamandanasuri, 5. Sarasvatavyakarana Sanjna Prakarana- Balavabodha by Kulamandanasuri and 6. Salkarakasvarupa-Auktika by Kulamandanasuri,

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Jaina contribution to Indian Sanskrit Grammar - A Survey : 138 (F-3) Tamil 1. Tol-Kappiyam by aonymous , 2. Nemi-natam or nadam (c.13th cent. AD) by Jaina scholar Gunavira Pandit, 3. Nan-nul by the Jaina scholar Pava-nandi (12th cent. AD and 4. Aga-p- porul- vilakkam by Nar-Kavi-raja Nambi and Kriyakalapa Tika, With this the description of of Jaina works on Sanskrit Grammar dealt in this section is completed. Bibliography: 1. Sanskrit Prakrit Jaina Vyakarana Aura Kosa Ki Paramapara ed. Muni Dulaharaja, Chhapar (Raj.) 1977. 2. Historical Survey of Ancient Indian Grammars (Sanskrit, Pali, Prkarit) (English) by Suresh Candra Banerjee, Delhi 1996. 3. Jainacaryon Ka Sanskrit Vyakarana Ko Yogadana (Hindi) by Dr. Prabha Kumari, Delhi. 4. Jaina Sahitya Ka Brhad Itihasa (Volume 5), ed. Mohanlal Mehta, Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi. 5. The New Catalogus Catalogorum (13 Volumes), Department of Sanskrit, University of Madras. 6. Kannad Prantiya Tadapatriya Grantha Soochi, ed. Pt. K. Bhujbali Shastri, Sanskrit Grantha No.2, Bharatiya Jnana Pith, Kashi 1948. 7. Jinaratnakosa , (Vol. 1, Works) comp. Hari Damodar Velankar, Government Oriental Series Class C No. 4, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona 1944. 8. Gujarati Sahityakosa (2 Vols.) ed. Jayanta Kothari, Jayanta Gadita & others (Vol.1), Candrakanta Topiwala & others (Vol. 2) Gujrati Sahitya Parisad, Ahmedabad 1989, 1990.

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vidyApITha prAMgaNa meM uccazikSAvidoM kA badalatA dRSTikoNa uccazikSAvid aba baccoM para vizeSa dhyAna de rahe haiM, kyoMki Aja se bI varSa bAda Aja ke bacce bhArata kI tasvIra badalane meM sakSama hoNge| isI krama meM Aja 20 akTUbara 2003 ko pArzvanAtha vidyApITha meM rAjasthAna saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya ke kulapati pro0 satyadeva mizra ne je0bI0 ekeDamI, phaijAbAda se zaikSaNika bhramaNa para nikale lagabhaga pacAsa baccoM se anaupacArika mulAkAta meM unake bIca lagabhaga eka ghaNTe kA samaya vyatIta kiyA tathA unase khulakara bAteM kI evaM unake vicAroM ko prayAsa kiyaa| pro0 mizra aura unakI patnI ne ina baccoM ke sAtha jalapAna - bhI kiyaa| eka kulapati se isa prakAra khulakara bAteM kara bacce adbhuta anubhava mahasUsa kara rahe the| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nidezaka pro0 mahezvarI prasAda ne 'lakSya - 2020' ko dRSTi meM rakhakara isa anaupacArika milana kA Ayojana kiyA jisase ki baccoM ko samIpa se samajhakara bhAvI svapna ko sAkAra karane ke liye unako prerita kiyA jA ske| isa avasara para pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke DA0 azoka kumAra siMha, DA0 zivaprasAda, DA0 zrIprakAza pANDeya, DA0 sudhA jaina, DA0 vijaya kumAra, zrI oma prakAza siMha, DA0 sudhIra kumAra rAya, suzrI arcanA zarmA, zrI rAghavendra pANDeya; je0bI0 ekeDamI, phaijAbAda ke zikSaka zrI ke0ke0 mizra, zrI zazAMka zrIvAstava evaM suzrI mamatA siMha upasthita the| philma, TI0vI0 va nATyazAstra para Ayojita pAMca divasIya baiThaka sampanna 12 disambara, vaaraannsii| nATyazAstra, philma evaM TelIviz2ana paribhASA koza ke hindI meM nirmANa ke lie vizeSajJoM kI eka pAMca divasIya baiThaka vArANasI sthita pArzvanAtha vidyApITha meM 8 se 12 disambara, 2003 taka sampanna huii| baiThaka mAnava saMsAdhana vikAsa maMtrAlaya, bhArata sarakAra ke vaijJAnika tathA takanIkI zabdAvalI Ayoga naI dillI ke tatvAvadhAna meM huii| saMgoSThI meM upasthita vizeSajJoM meM the - DA0 mahezvarI prasAda (vArANasI), DA0 TI0DI0esa0 Aloka (zimalA), DA0 amaranAtha pAMDeya

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140 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12/akTUbara-disambara 2003 (vArANasI), DA0 Ara0sI0 tripAThI (lakhanaU), pro0 saMtoSa kumAra tivArI (bar3audA), DA0 e0ke siMha (vArANasI), mayaMka zrIvAstava (gur3agAMva, hariyANA) aura DA0 brajeza zarmA (vaaraannsii)| baiThaka meM vaijJAnika tathA takanIkI zabdAvalI Ayoga ke sahAyaka vaijJAnika adhikArI DA0 saMtoSa kumAra kI samanvayaka ke rUpa meM nibhAI gaI bhUmikA sarAhanIya rhii| koza nirmANa ke isa kArya meM sabhI vidvAnoM ne sakriya bhAgIdArI darz2a kii| viSaya se sambaddha vidvAnoM, chAtroM ke lie to koza upayogI rahegA hI anya jijJAsu varga ke lie bhI koza bar3A sArthaka siddha hogaa| Ayoga ke vaijJAnika adhikArI DA0 prema nArAyaNa zukla kI saMgoSThI ke daurAna upasthiti preraka rhii| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nidezaka DA. mahezvarI prasAda ke sakriya yogadAna va sahayoga se yaha baiThaka nizcita rUpa se saphala rhii|

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jaina jagata kekar3I (ajamera) rAjasthAna meM vidvat saMgoSThI sampanna kekar3I 10 akTUbara : pUjya AcArya zrI vidyAsAgara jI ma0 ke suziSya zrI sudhAsAgarajI ma0 ke pAvana sAnnidhya meM AcArya raviseNakRta padmapurANa ke parizIlanArtha di0 7-9 akTUbara ko tIna divasIya rASTrIya saMgoSThI kA Ayojana kiyA gyaa| DaoN0 vijayakumAra jaina (lakhanaU) ke saMyojakatva meM Ayojita isa tridivasIya saMgoSThI meM sampanna hue ATha satroM meM deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM se padhAre kula 34 vidvAnoM ne apane-apane zodha AlekhoM kA vAcana kiyaa| pratyeka Alekha para vidvAnoM ne vistRta carcA kii| AcArya nAnAlAlajI ma0 kI caturtha puNyatithi sampanna kalakattA 13 akTUbara : zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA, kolakAtA ke bhavya sabhAgAra meM sva0 AcArya nAnAlAlajI ma0sA0 kI 13 akTUbara ko caturtha puNyatithi manAyI gyii| isa avasara para Ayojita dharma sabhA meM zrI vijaya kumAra jI AMcaliyA, zrI javAhara lAla karNAvaTa, zrImatI kaMcanadevI kAMkariyA, zrI ridhakaraNa botharA Adi ne apane vicAra vyakta kiye| zrI botharA ke anusAra udayapura meM nirmANAdhIna nAneza dhyAna kendra ke bhavana kA nirmANakArya lagabhaga pUrNa ho cukA hai| paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI kI janma zatAbdI samAroha kA zubhArambha vArANasI 5 navambara : bhadainI sthita zrI syAdvAda mahAvidyAlaya ke prAMgaNa meM siddhAtAcArya paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI ke janma zatAbdI ke avasara para 5 navambara ko eka samAroha kA Ayojana kiyA gayA jisakI adhyakSatA DaoN0 phUlacanda jI 'premI' ne kii| apane udbodhana meM unhoMne kahA ki prAtaH smaraNIya paMDitajI ne apanA sampUrNa jIvana samAja, dharma, saMskRti aura sAhitya ke liye samarpita kiyaa| unakA Adarza vyaktittva evaM kRtitva hama sabhI ke liye anukaraNIya hai| isa avasara para lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyA maMdira, ahamadAbAda ke nidezaka

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142 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12 / akTUbara-disambara 2003 DaoN0 jItendra bI0 zAha, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya ke darzana vibhAga ke DaoN0 mukularAja mehatA aura praudyogikI vibhAga ke DaoN0 ena0ke0 sAmariyA ne paMDitajI ke vyaktittva evaM kRtitva ke bAre meM apane vicAra vyakta karate hue kahA ki pUjya paMDita jI eka ora isa jahAM kAzI kI pANDitya paramparA ke zalAkA puruSa the vahIM dUsarI unhoMne prAkRta, saMskRta aura apabhraMza bhASA ke kaI durlabha granthoM kA sampAdana evaM rASTrabhASA meM anuvAda karake bhAratIya vAGmaya kI sevA kii| isa avasara para anya vaktAoM ne bhI paNDitajI ke prati apane udgAra vyakta kiye| " sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa" kA vimocana sampanna amRtasara 11 navambara : DaoN0 sAgaramalajI jaina aura DaoN0 vijayakumAra dvArA likhita evaM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI dvArA mAnavamilana ke preraka munizrI maNibhadra jI 'sarala' kI preraNA se prApta Arthika sahayoga se prakAzita " sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa" nAmaka bRhadkAya grantha kA lokArpaNa di0 11 navambara ko amRtasara meM sampanna huA / zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA, amRtasara ke tattvAvadhAna tathA muni maNibhadra jI ma0sA0 ThANA 5 ke pAvana sAnnidhya meM Ayojita isa samAroha meM kendrIya maMtrI zrI satyanArAyaNajI jaTiyA ne grantha kA lokArpaNa kiyaa| isa avasara para paMjAba e ke zikSA rAjyamaMtrI zrI darabArIlAla jI tathA samAja ke gaNamAnyajana upasthita the| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha dvArA prakAzita grantha 'sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa' kA lokArpaNa karate hue kendrIya maMtrI zrI satyanArAyaNa jaTiyA, mAnava milana ke preraka munizrI maNibhadra jI mahArAja, zrI subhASa osavAla, zrI maMgatarAma jaina (babbI), grantha ke lekhaka DA0 vijayakumAra evaM amRtasara vyApAra maNDala ke adhyakSa zrI amRtalAla jaina

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jaina jagata DaoN0 lAlacanda jaina evaM DaoN0 RSabhacandra jaina 'phaujadAra ' ko AcArya vidyAnanda puraskAra bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI ke saujanya se varSa 2000 evaM 2001 ke AcArya vidyAnanda puraskAra prAkRtabhASA evaM jaina vidyA ke vidvAn DaoN0 lAlacanda jaina nidezaka, utkala sAMskRtika vizvavidyAlaya, bhuvanezvara evaM DaoN0 RSabhacanda jaina 'phaujadAra' prAkRta zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI ko unake prAkRta bhASA evaM jaina sAhitya ke kSetra meM ullekhanIya yogadAnoM ke liye pradAna karane kI ghoSaNA kI gayI hai| : 143 yaha puraskAra AgAmI 15 janavarI 2004 ko kundakunda bhAratI ke prAMgaNa meM AcAryazrI ke pAvana sAnnidhya meM pradAna kI jaayegii| isake antargata 51 hajAra rupaye kI dhanarAzi, prazasti patra, pratIkacinha Adi pradAna kiye jAte haiN|

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sAhitya satkAra 'pramANanayatattvAloka', racanAkAra AcArya vAdidevasUri, gujarAtI vivecana evaM sampAdana - sAdhvI mahAyazAjI, prakAzaka - zrI OMkAra sUri jJAnamandira, sUrata, prathama saMskaraNa - 2003, pR0saM0 31+312, mUlya - 100/ vAdidevasUri praNIta 'pramANanayatattvAloka' jaina nyAya kA eka viziSTa grantha hai| isa graMtha para saMskRta evaM gujarAtI meM kaI TIkAeM upalabdha haiM jinameM vAdidevasUri kI svopajJaTIkA - 'syAdvAdaratnAkara' ke atirikta ratnaprabha kI 'ratnAkarAvatArikA', rAmagopAlAcArya kI bAlAvabodha TIkA tathA paM0 maphatalAla kA gujarAtI vivecana Adi mukhya haiN| uparyukta vivecana - graMtha evaM TIkAeM apanI durUha bhASA ke kAraNa prAthamika abhyAsa ke lie anupayukta haiN| ata: lambe samaya se, vizeSakara gujarAtI bhASA meM aise graMtha kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa kI jA rahI thI jo jaina - nyAya ke prArambhika vidyArthiyoM ke lie subodhagamya ho aura isa AvazyakatA kI pUrti pUjya sAdhvI zrI ne apane prastuta graMtha se kiyA hai| isa graMtha ke kula 8 paricchedoM meM 379 zloka haiN| sAdhvI mahAyazAzrI jI ne ina zlokoM meM gumphita jaina nyAya ke rahasyoM yathA - pramANa ke lakSaNa, prakAra, naya, vAda ke lakSaNa, prakAra Adi kA vizada evaM sundara vivecana kiyA hai| apane vivecana meM sAdhvI zrI ne nyAya vaizeSika, bauddha, vedAnta sammata jJAnamImAMsIya mantavyoM kA pakSa-pratipakSa sahita sundara viniyoga kiyA hai| pustaka kI bhASA prAJjala evaM zailI subodhagamya haiN| unake stutya prayAsa kA pratiphala prastuta pustaka nizcaya hI jaina nyAya ke prAraMbhika evaM praur3ha vidyArthiyoM ke lie upAdeya siddha hogii| DA0 zrIprakAza pANDeya Caturnayacakram (Essays in Jaina Philosophy and Religion, Editor - Piotr Balcerowicz, Publisher - Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi, 2002, Price Rs. 495.00 The present title Essays in Jaina Philosophy and Religion' is a collection of sixteen articles contributed by different acclaimed National and International scholars of Jainism, like Muni Jambu Vijaya, Albert Wezier, Jayendra Soni, Piotra Balcerowicz, Emmrich, Kristi L. Wiley, Padmanabh S. Jaini, Keni Watanabe, Phyllis Granoff, Adelheid Mette,

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sAhitya satkAra : 145 Luitgard Soni, Colette Caillat, Nalini Balbir and John E. cort. The whole content of the book is divided in four sections i.e. (1) Philosophy & Anekanta, (2) Early Jainism, Buddhism & Ajivikism, (3) Ethics and Monaistic disciplene and (4) Mediaevel Mysitics and Sectarian Divisions, which describe the Jain philosophy of Anekanta as well as the Historical Development of Jainism togather with the relation to Buddhism and Ajevikas. It also deals with the Jaina System of Ethics and conduct including Social life, monastic rules alongwith the Mediaeval Jaina Literature. Though all articles have equal importance but articles on Anekanta are somewhat striking. It explains that how the self contradictory or two opposite charaters live simultuneously in a object. It is all evident from the Jain Literature that Jaina authors like Samantabhadra, Akalanka, Vidyananda, Siddhasena Divakara and Yasovijaya laid a firm foundation of Anekantavada and established a grand structure of the philosophy of Non-absolutism. The articles are framed maticulausly which expose the subject concerned clearly. The language is simple and lucide. Motilal Banarasidass descerves for thanks for bringing out such a nice compilation. The book will definitely help the scholars in their serious researches on Jainism. A study in the Origin and Development of Jainism, Author Dr. S.N. Shrivastava, Published by Rekha Publication, Gorakhpur, First Edition 2002, Pages - 6 + 148, Price - Rs. 325. Prof. Shrivastava's - 'A Study in the Origin and Development of Jainism' is a pioneer work in the field of History of the Jaina Religion. Volumes have been come out on the subject but a critical analysis of Jaina Historiography reveals that inspite of several efforts made, many aspects of the Jaina History are not taken into account properly e.g. the evidence related to Vratyas. Prof. Shrivastava in this present title has succeeded to review the early History of Jainism not only in the light of fresh interpretations of the known facts but also in the light of new emerging facts and their interpretation. He has beautifully discussed the History of Jainism from its beginning to the time of schism of the Jaina order in Svetambara and Digambara. Author's deep insight to the subject, way of disussion, and

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146 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12 / akTUbara-disambara 2003 presentation has made the book valuable and deserves for congratulation. This book will be difinitely useful for the researchers as well as scholars. Atmasiddhi : Adhyatma Gita & Atmopanisad, Author Srimad Rajacandra, English translation and transliteration by Shri Manubhai Doshi, Published by Srimad Rajacandra Adhyatmika Sadhana Kendra, Koba, Gandhi Nagar (Gujarat) First Edition 2003, Total pages - 17 + 274, Price Rs. 60.00 (2.00 US$). - Srimad Rajacandra's 'Adhyatma-siddhi' is one of the best treatises ever written on Jaina spiritualism. Within the bowel of this book Srimad has virtually contained the sea of spiritual science. It containes 18 chapters comprising 142 verses originally written in Gujrati script. At the end there are two appendices. The first chapter contains the versified translation of Atma-siddhi-sastra prepared by Brahmachariji and the second one contains english version of six fundamentals by Srimad Rajacandra which is the basis of the Atma-siddhi. Every stanza of the original text is given first in Gujrati script followed by English Transliteration and after that translation. There are six major theological schools in Indian Aryan culture. Each one is right in his approach in defining the Supreme Reality and each school has some thing offer to another. The six fundamental tanets deal with six schools and Atma-siddhi-sastra is representative of all. It is the essence of fourteen Purvas. As its title suggests, the subject matter of the book is the soul, its existence, bondage and liberation. Srimad Rajacandra, who had already achieved the Right perception has presented the subject very beautifully and adequately. Every stanza is full of significance and some of them are most precious jewels of spiritual reals. The language of the learned translator is lucid and impressive. The book is very useful for the scholars as well as lay spiritual seekrs. Dr. S.P. Pandey sAbhAra prApta vIra prabhunuM jIvanacaritra, saMpAdaka - muni bhavyadarzana vijaya gaNi; prathama saMskaraNa 2003 I0; bhASA evaM lipi - gujarAtI; prakAzaka- pU0paM0 padmavijayajI

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sAhitya satkAra : 147 gaNivara jaina granthamAlA TrasTa, 5, viveka DuplekSa, dazAporavAr3a sosAyaTI, pAlaDI, ahamadAbAda 380007; AkAra - DimAI, pRSTha 8+208+vibhinna raMgIna citra; mUlya - paThana-pAThana anekavArtAnAM rahasyo, saMpAdaka - muni bhavyadarzanavijaya gaNi; prathama saMskaraNa 2003 I0; bhASA evaM lipi - gujarAtI; prakAzaka - pUrvokta; AkAra - DimAI; pRSTha 10+166; mUlya - ptthn-paatthn| narakataNAM duHkha bhArI, saMpAdaka - muni bhavyadarzanavijayagaNi; prathama saMskaraNa 2003 I0; bhASA evaM lipi - gujarAtI; prakAzaka - pUrvokta, AkAra - DimAI; pRSTha 8+24; vibhinna raMgIna evaM sAde citra; mUlya - ptthn-paatthn| vairAgyanAM gUDharahasyo, saMpAdaka - muni bhavyadarzanavijaya; prathama saMskaraNa 2003 I0; bhASA evaM lipi - gujarAtI, prakAzaka - pUrvokta; AkAra - DimAI; pRSTha 6+90; vibhinna raMgIna citra; mUlya - ptthn-paatthn| saMsAranI mAyAjAlanAM gUDha rahasya, saMpAdaka muni bhavyadarzanavijaya; prathama saMskaraNa 2003 I0; bhASA evaM lipi - gujarAtI; prakAzaka - pUrvokta; AkAra - DimAI; pRSTha 4+105; vibhinna raMgIna citra; mUlya - ptthn-paatthn| . mananAM gUDha rahasya, saMpAdaka evaM prakAzaka - nAma anupalabdha; bheMTakartA - zrI zaMkhezvara pArzvanAtha jaina saMgha caMdanavAlA TrasTa, ahamadAbAda; AkAra - DimAI; pRSTha - 4+268; mUlya - ptthn-paatthn| pravacana, pravacanakAra - muni yazovijaya jI (vartamAna AcArya vijayayazodeva sUri); tRtIya saMskaraNa 1992 I0; bhASA evaM lipi - gujarAtI; AkAra - DimAI; prakAzaka - zrI muktikamala jaina mohanamAlA, rAvapurA, koThIpola, maMchA sadana, baDodarA; pRSTha 64; mUlya - ru0 3.50 / 'pravacana pustikA - 3, pravacanakAra - AcArya vijayayazodevasUri; bhASA - hindI; prathama saMskaraNa - 1993 I0; AkAra - DimAI; prakAzaka - pUrvokta, pRSTha 5+51; mUlya - ru0 5.50 / jJAna kI AzAtanA se baco, lekhaka - AcArya vijayayazodevasUri; bhASA - hindI; prathama saMskaraNa - 1993 I0; prakAzaka - pUrvokta; AkAra - DimAI; pRSTha - 2+30; mUlya - ru0 3.50 / zrI zatrujaya tIrtha, lekhaka AcArya vijayayazodevasUri; bhASA evaM lipi - gujarAtI; dvitIya saMskaraNa 1993 I0; prakAzaka - pUrvokta; AkAra - DimAI; pRSTha - 6-96; vibhinna citra; mUlya - ru0 12.00 /

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148 : zramaNa, varSa 54, aMka 10-12, akTUbara-disambara 2003 siddhacakra yaMtrapUjana, eka sarvekSaNa ane samIkSA, lekhaka - AcArya vijayayazodevasUri; bhASA evaM lipi - gujarAtI; dvitIya saMskaraNa 1993 I0; prakAzaka - pUrvokta; AkAra - DimAI; pRSTha - 16+145; vibhinna zveta-zyAma citra; mUlya - ru0 10.00 / "vijayayazodevasUri" yazojjavala gaurava gAthA, bhASA - gujarAtI, bhAga - 1; prathama saMskaraNa 1996 I0; prakA - zrI siddhakSetra jaina sAhitya maMdira, A x ka, peDhI ke sAmane, taleTI roDa . - 364270; AkAra - DimAI; pRSTha 4+28+312+64 citra; mUlya - 3 0 20.00 / AcArya zrI vijayadharmasUri zraddhAMjali vizeSAMka, saMyojaka evaM saMpAdaka - AcArya vijayayazodevasUri; bhASA evaM lipi - gujarAtI; prathama saMskaraNa 1992 I0; prakAzaka - zrI mukti kamala jaina mohana mAlA, rAvapurA, koThI pola, maMchAsadana, baDodarA (gujarAta); AkAra - rAyala; pRSTha - 28+372+205+24 citra; mUlya - ru0 50.00 / saMvaccharI pratikramaNa kI sarala vidhi, saMyojaka evaM saMpAdaka - AcArya vijayayazodevasUri; bhASA - hindI; prathama saMskaraNa vi0saM0 2046; prakA0 - pUrvokta; AkAra - DimAI; pRSTha - 32+144+aneka rekhacitra; mUlya - ru0 12.00 / / jaina patra sAhitya, bhAga 2, saMpAdaka - DaoN0 kavina zAha; bhASA evaM lipi - gujarAtI; prathama saMskaraNa 2003 I0; prakA0 - kusuma ke0 zAha, 103, jIvana jyoti apArTamenTa; sI bilDiMga, bakhAriyA baMdara roDa, posTa - vIlImorA 396321 (gujarAta); pRSTha - 12+430; pakkI jilda bAiMDiMga; mUlya - ru0 115.00 /

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