Proceedings and papers of National Seminar on Jainology

Author(s): Yugalkishor Mishra
Publisher: Research Institute of Prakrit Jainology & Ahimsa Mujjaffarpur
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/014012/1

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Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 PROCEEDINGS AND PAPERS OF THE NATIONAL SEMINAR ON JAINOLOGY (6th and 7th November 1992) a larors at Convener and Editor DR. YUGAL KISHOR MISHRA

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VAISHALI INSTITUTE RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 8

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Prakrit Jain Institute Series No. 35 VAISHALI INSTITUTE RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 8 THE NATIONAL SEMINAR ON JAINOLOGY (6th and 7th November 1992) PROCEEDINGS AND PAPERS Mario Agu Convener and Editor DR. YUGAL KISHOR MISHRA Director, Research institute of Prakrit, Jainology & Ahimsa RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF PRAKRIT, JAINOLOGY & AHIMSA VAISHALI

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prAkRta jaina iMsTITyUTa sirIja naM. 35 vaizAlI iMsTITyUTa risarca buleTina naM. 8 rASTrIya jainazAstra - saMgoSThI [ di. 6 aura 7 navambara, 1992 I. ] kAryavAhI aura zodha-patra vaizAlI saMyojaka evaM sampAdaka DaoN. yugala kizora mizra nidezaka, prAkRta, jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha-saMsthAna, vaizAlI prAkRta, jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna vaizAlI

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(c) Research Institute of Prakrit, Jainology & Ahimsa, Vaishali. jaM icchasi appaNato, jaM ca Na icchasi appaNato / taM iccha parassa viyA, ettiyaNaM jiNasAsaNaM / jo tuma apane lie cAhate ho vahI dUsaroM ke lie bhI cAho tathA jo tuma apane lie nahIM cAhate vaha dUsaroM ke lie bhI na cAho / yahI jina zAsana hai-- tIrthaMkara kA upadeza hai / Price: Rs. 105 = 00 Published on behalf of the Research Institute of Prakrit, Jainology Ahimsa, Vaishali by Dr. Yugal Kishore Mishra, Director. Printed in India at the Tara Printing Works, Varanasi

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m mn The Government of Bihar established the Research Institute of Prakrit, Jainology and Ahimsa at Vaishali in 1955 with the object interalia, to promote advanced studies and research in Prakrit and Jainlogy and to publish works of permanent value to scholars. This Institute is one of the six Research Institutes being run by the Government of Bihar. The five others are : (i) Mithila Institute of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Sanskrit Learning at Darbhanga; (ii) Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute for Research in Ancient, Medieval and Modern Indian History at Patna; (iii) Bihar Rastrabhasha Parishad for Research and Advanced Studies in Hindi at Panta; (iv) Nava Nalanda Mahavihar for Research and Post Graduate Studies in Buddhist Learning and Pali at Nalanda and (v) Institute of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Arabic and Persian Learning at Patna. As part of this programme of rehabilitating and reorientating ancient learning and scholarship this is the Research Bulletin No. 8 incorporating the Proceedings of the two-day National Seminar on Jainology held at the Institute which contains papers read at the Seminar. The Govt. of Bihar hope to continue to sponsor such projects and trust that this humble service to the world of scholarship and learning would bear fruit in the fulness of time.

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Foreword The Research Institute of Prakrit, Jainology and Ahimsa was established by the Government of Bihar as early as 1955 with a view to revive and promote advanced research and studies in Prakrit and Jainology. The establishment of such an Institute of traditional learning in the remotest country-site was, however, also prompted by the pious wish of the sponsors to bring about a cultural renaissance for the masses inhabiting villages. As such, one of the significant objectives of this Institute was fixed to arrange seminars, conferences and discourses by inviting eminent scholars who could throw light on the different aspects of Jainology both in their academic as well as popular bearings and help in disseminating the message regulating of high ideals of life and humanism to all including the unlettered common village folk. In persuit of this objective, the Institute has been organizing annual seminars almost every year. It is gratifying to note that a national seminar on Jainology was held under the auspices of the Institute after a quite long time in November last in which a good number of eminent scholars in the field like Dr. Nathmal Tatia, Dr. Sagarmal Jain, Dr. Basant Kumar Lal, Dr. Ramjee Singh, Dr. Sriranjan Surideo, Dr. Gadadhar Singh and a host of others participated and presented their learned papers on different aspects of Jainology. The key-note address given by Professor Basant Kumar Lal, Emeritus Professor of Philosophy on the 'Contemporary Relevance of Jain Principles' set the main tone of the discussions at the Seminar. The deliberations at the different sessions besides stimulating great interest in the academic world, succeeded in tracing the course of the great teachings of Lord Mahavira and offered useful message to the common man to foster social and communal unity, brotherhood and goodwill among them. Organization of such academic and cultural activities by the Institute would certainly go a long way in fulfilling the vision of the sponsors of the Institute of making it a link between the highest scholarship and life as lived by the common man in the remote villages in India. The Institute's decision to publish the Proceedings of the two-day National Seminar held on 6th and 7th November, 1992 and to present the multi-faceted research articles of the seminar throwing light on new vistas

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(viii) of Jain Philosophy, Religion, Archaeology, Language and Literature is commendable. It is hoped that this treatise would prove of much benefit to the research scholars of Jainology as well as to the inquisitive common people of the countryside. Muzaffarpur December 25, 1992 A.K. BISWAS Commissioner Tirhut Division.

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sampAdakIya prAkRta-jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha-saMsthAna ke tattvAvadhAna meM dinAMka 6 aura 7 navambara, 1992 I., ko dvidivasIya rASTrIya jainazAstra saMgoSThI kA Ayojana kiyA gyaa| isa samAroha kI saphalatA kA zreya saMsthAna kI kAryakAriNI samiti ke adhyakSa evaM tirahuta pramaNDala ke manISI Ayukta udAracetA zrI e. ke. vizvAsa (bhA. pra. se.) ko jAtA hai, jinhoMne mUlyavAn mArgadarzana ke sAtha-sAtha ukta saMgoSThI kI saphalatA ke prati apanI utkaNThA vyakta kara hamAre antarmana meM adamya utsAha evaM apane nAma kI anvarthatA ke anurUpa sudRr3ha vizvAsa kA saMcAra kiyaa| phalata: bahuvidha kaThinAiyoM ke bAvajUda pUre deza se jainavidyA ke pratinidhi vidvAnoM ne apanI garimAmaya upasthiti, vaiduSyapUrNa zodhapatra-prastuti evaM zAstrasikta viSaya-paricarcA meM sakriya bhAgIdArI se samAroha ko sArthaka bnaayaa| saMsthAna kI kAryakAriNI samiti ne ukta saMgoSThI kI kAryavAhI ko prakAzita karane kA nirNaya kiyA thaa| prakAzana kA mukhya uddezya do dinoM taka prAkRta-jainazAstra viSaya para Ayojita paricarcA ke sArabhUta sandeza kA vyApaka prasAra tathA udAtta janakalyANakArI Arhata vicAroM ko janasAmAnya taka pahu~cAnA thaa| tadanurUpa yaha prakAzana jainavidyA ke anurAgiyoM ke samakSa prastuta karate hue apAra harSa ho rahA hai| ukta saMgoSThI meM jina vidvAnoM ne apane zodhagarbha vyAkhyAna diye, unake likhita rUpa kinhIM kAraNoM se hameM samaya para prApta nahIM ho ske| ata: isa zodha-saMkalana meM unake zodhAkSaroM kA samAveza abhISTa hI raha gyaa| phira bhI una vidvAnoM kI sakriya bhAgIdArI hetu maiM unake prati apanI hArdika kRtajJatA nivedita karatA huuN| saMgoSThI kA samudghATana mAnanIya padmazrI ke. ena. prasAda (bhA. A. se.) asama sarakAra ke pUrva varIya parAmazI ne kiyaa| apane udghATana bhASaNa meM unhoMne vartamAna yuga meM vaizAlI ke zalAkApuruSa bhagavAn mahAvIra evaM buddha ke upadezoM kI prAsaMgikatA para bala diyA tathA unheM jIvana meM utArane kA AhvAna kiyaa| magadha vizvavidyAlaya ke darzanazAstra ke sevAnivRtta AcArya evaM adhyakSa DA. basanta kumAra lAla ne apane viSaya-pravartaka zodhapatra meM bhAratIya darzanoM meM nihita vicAroM evaM siddhAntoM ko naye pariveza meM vyAkhyAyita karane

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para jora diyA tathA jainazAstra ke vidvAnoM ko jainasiddhAntoM meM pratipAdita sambhAvanAoM ko sAkAra karane kA AhvAna kiyA / jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna, lADanUM ke kulapati evaM prasiddha gA~dhIvAdI vicAraka DA. rAmajI siMha ne apane adhyakSIya abhibhASaNa meM jIvana kI vAstavika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna DhU~r3hane meM dArzanika siddhAntoM ke punarmUlyAMkana kI mahattA para prakAza ddaalaa| udghATana satra kA prArambha saMsthAna ke nidezaka ke svAgata-abhibhASaNa tathA samApana mAnava saMsAdhana vikAsa vibhAga, bihAra sarakAra ke upanidezaka (prazAsana) zrI gorakha prasAda ke dhanyavAda jJApana se huaa| svAgata-abhibhASaNa meM saMsthAna ke nidezaka ne isa saMsthAna ke mUla uddezyoM para prakAza ddaalaa| dhanyavAda-abhibhASaNa meM zrI prasAda ne atyAdhunika vizva meM tejI se phailate dhArmika unmAda evaM kaTTarapana ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue vaizAlI-bhUmi meM Ayojita isa saMgoSThI ke sandeza kA anusaraNa evaM prasAra karane kA AhvAna kiyaa| ina sabhI sammAnya mahAnubhAvoM evaM vidvAnoM ke abhibhASaNa prastuta aMka meM akSarita haiN| tirahuta pramaNDala ke zAstrajJa Ayukta evaM saMsthAna kI kAryakAriNI evaM prakAzana samiti ke adhyakSa zrI e. ke. vizvAsa ne isa zodha-saMkalana meM apanA mahArgha prAkkathana likhakara isakI garimA bar3hAI hai| saMgoSThI meM paricarcAe~ tIna satroM meM sampanna huiiN| vibhinna satroM meM prastuta zodhapatroM ke vivecya viSaya saMkSepa meM isa prakAra haiM : jaina itihAsa evaM purAtattva satra kI adhyakSatA bhAratIya purAtAttvika sarvekSaNa ke pUrva nidezaka DA. bhagavatI zaraNa varmA ne kii| _ isa satra meM prastuta zodhapatroM meM DaoN. pIyUSa guptA ne jainakalA meM navagraha pUjA-paddhati kA rocaka vizleSaNa prastuta kiyaa| DaoN. vijayakumAra ThAkura ne prAkRta ke kAlajayI kathAgrantha 'samarAiccakahA' ke AdhAra para madhya bhArata ke sAmantI yuga kI saMskRti ko citrita kiyaa| zrI umezacandra dvivedI ne bihAra ke choTAnAgapura kSetra meM jaina kalA ke vikAsa ko rekhAMkita kiyaa| DA. praphulla kumAra siMha 'mauna' ne jaina purAtattva kI dRSTi se videha tathA mithilA kI mahattA para prakAza DAlA / zrI vindhyezvara prasAda himAMzu ne jainadharma ke tIrthaMkaroM, AcAryoM evaM jaina vAGmaya kA vivecana prastuta kiyaa| DaoN. zubhA pAThaka ne apane zodha-nibandha meM tiresaTha zalAkApuruSoM ke jIvana se sambaddha mahattvapUrNa ghaTanAoM evaM tatkAlIna sAMskRtika evaM purAtAttvika mahattva ko ujAgara kiyaa| DaoN. aravinda mahAjana ne zrIlaMkA meM jainadharma ke prabhAva ko saMkSipta rUpa meM varNita kiyaa|

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(xi) saMgoSThI kA dvitIya satra prakRta jainazAstra : bhASA aura sAhitya para Ayojita thA, jisakI adhyakSatA pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodhasaMsthAna, vArANasI ke nidezaka evaM prakhyAta jainavidvAn pro. sAgaramala jaina ne kii| pro. jaina ne apane zodhapatroM meM varAMgacarita evaM usake karttA jaTAsiMhanandI ko yApanIya paramparA ko siddha kiyA / DaoN. zrIraMjana sUrideva ne apane zodhapatra meM vasudevahiNDI kI khaNDa-kathAoM kI prakRtigata bhedoM kA vizada vivecana prastuta karate hue unameM nihita kathAkAra ke viziSTa abhiprAyoM ko lakSita kiyaa| DaoN. surendranAtha dIkSita ne bhagavAn mahAvIra evaM buddha ke jIvana evaM cintana- dRSTi ke sAmya evaM vaiSamyamUlaka binduoM para prakAza-nikSepa kiyaa| DaoN. gadAdhara siMha ne prakRta- apabhraMza meM nihita chanda- sambandhI tattvoM ko bhAratIya saMskRti evaM sAhitya kI amUlya nidhi btaayaa| zrI anila kumAra zarmA ne apane zodhapatra meM AdhyAtmika rUpakoM ke nirmANa-kSetra meM hindI ke jaina racanAkAroM kA apratima yogadAna kA mUlyAMkana kiyA / saMgoSThI ke tRtIya evaM aMtima satra kA viSaya jainadharma aura darzana thA, jisakI adhyakSatA jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM ke nidezaka evaM bauddha evaM jainadarzana ke marmajJa vidvAn DaoN. nathamala TATiyA ne kii| DaoN. TATiyA ne apane zodha nibandha meM pAli sakkAya evaM prAkRta atthikAya ke vyutpattikAraka sAdRzya ko samAhita karate hue unake tAttvika bheda kA vicAra kiyaa| DaoN. rAmajI siMha ne jainadarzana kA vaiziSTya anekAntavAda ke tarkabaddha vikAsa ko mAnA / pro. sAgaramala jaina ne jainadarzana ke guNasthAna jaise suvyavasthita avadhAraNA ko 4-5 vIM zatI meM udbhUta siddha kiyA / DaoN. yogendra prasAda siMha ke nibandha meM bhAratIya darzana ke sandarbha meM jainadarzana ke viziSTa yogadAna kI zAstrIya vivecanA sulabha huI hai| DaoN. avadhezvara aruNa ne jainadarzana . ko Atmavijaya ke darzana ke rUpa meM nirUpita kiyaa| DaoN. ajita zukadeva zarmA ne jaina AcAra ko jainadarzana evaM dharma kI pUrva mAnyatAoM para AdhArita siddha kiyaa| DaoN. premasumana jaina ne hindU evaM jaina dharmoM meM paramatattva kI avadhAraNA evaM usakI prApti-viSayaka vicAroM kI nikaTatA kA saMketa kiyA / DaoN. yugala kizora mizra ne 'uttarAdhyayanasUtra' meM pratipAdita saMnyAsa dharma kI vivecanA prastuka kii| DaoN. avadheza upAdhyAya ne vardhamAna mahAvIra dvArA pratipAdita paMcasUtrI AcAra-saMhitA tathA bRhadAraNyaka ke tIna sUtrI 'da' kA rocaka vizleSaNa kara unakA mAnavamAtra ke lie kalyANakArI sUtra ke rUpa meM mUlyAMkana kiyaa| DaoN. zailendra kumAra rAya ne jainadarzana ke Atmatattva kA vivecanAtmaka vizleSaNa prastuta kiyA /

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687) isa zodha-saMkalana ke prakAzana meM sahayoga ke lie hama DA. zrIraMjana sUridevajI kA vizeSa rUpa se AbhArI haiM, jinhoMne apanI sArasvata vyastatAoM ke bAvajUda zodhapatroM ke sampAdana karane aura unheM mudraNa ke upayukta banAne kA mUlyavAn kArya kara isa anuSThAna meM tatparatApUrNa sahayoga kiyaa| yaha unake vidvatsulabha vinaya evaM sadAzayatA ko pratIkita karatA hai| ___ anta meM hama tArA priMTiMga presa, vArANasI ke vyavasthApaka zrI ravi prakAza paNDyA ko bhI dhanyavAda denA cAheMge, jinhoMne tatparatA ke sAtha yaha kalAvareNya prakAzana saMsthAna ke lie sulabha kiyaa| 31 disambara 1992 yugala kizora mizra

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saMsthAna ke nidezaka DA. yugalakizora mizra kA svAgata- abhibhASaNa sammAnanIya padmazrI ke. ena. prasAda jI, DA. rAmajI siMha jI, prophesara lAla, gorakha bAbU tathA abhyAgata mahAnubhAva evaM vidvadvRnda ! Aja isa rASTrIya saMgoSThI meM Apa sabakA svAgata karate mujhe apAra harSa evaM gaurava kA anubhava ho rahA hai / tirahuta pramaMDalAyukta zrI e. ke. vizvAsa, jo saMsthAna kI kAryakAriNI samiti ke adhyakSa ke nAte svAgata bhASaNa karanevAle the, asvasthatA ke kAraNa samAroha meM nahIM padhAra ske| ataeva maiM unakI ora se tathA apanI ora se bhI Apa sabakA hArdika abhinandana karatA hU~ tathA hRdaya se badhAI denA cAhatA hU~ ki Apa sabane vyaktigata evaM paristhitigata kaThinAiyoM ko jhelate hue dUrastha sthAnoM se isa ghora grAmINa kSetra meM avasthita isa saMsthAna ke samAroha meM padhArakara merA utsAha bar3hAyA hai / abhI kucha hI kSaNoM meM Apa pro. basantakumAra lAla kA vaiduSyapUrNa mukhya abhibhASaNa suna skeNge| maiM unake tathA Apake bIca aura vyavadhAna nahIM bananA cAhatA / 1 pro. lAla darzana-jagat ke eka pratiSThita vidvAn haiN| Apako lagabhaga 40 varSoM kA kaI vizvavidyAlayoM meM darzanazAstra ke adhyApana kA anubhava hai tathA apanI tArkika adhyApana - zailI ke lie vidyArthiyoM meM Apa kAphI priya tathA samAdRta rahe haiM / Apake samAna dArzanika viSaya ke prati pUrNa samarpaNa kA bhAva biraloM meM hI dRSTigocara hotA hai Apa apane viSaya ke upasthitazAstra evaM labdhapratiSTha vidvAn haiM tathA Apake nirdezana meM kaI zodhaprajJoM ne saphalatApUrvaka DaoNkTara kI upAdhi arjita kI hai| ApakI zaikSaNika prakRti prArambha se hI zodhonmukha rahI hai tathA Apake zodha evaM lekhana kA kSetra kAphI vyApaka rahA hai / tulanAtmaka dharma-darzana ke atirikta ApakI vizeSa abhiruci atyAdhunika bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya darzanoM meM rahI haiN| ina viSayoM para Apake kaI prAmANika grantha prakAzita haiN| Apake lagabhaga 125 zodha-patra bhI abataka prakAzita ho cuke haiM / Apane kaI mahattvapUrNa dArzanika granthoM tathA zodha-patrikAoM kA sampAdana bhI kiyA hai / Apake kuzala nirdezana meM kaI zodha-yojanAe~ sampanna huI haiM tathA ApakI adhyakSatA

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(xiv) meM kaI saMgoSThiyoM kA Ayojana huA hai| nikaTa atIta meM Apane udyoga-vidyA, mAnavIya mUlya tathA bhAvI sAmAjika dazA para gahana cintana kiyA hai| isI viSaya para zodha karane hetu havAI vizvavidyAlaya (yU. esa. e.) ne Apako atithi-adhyetA ke rUpa meM Amantrita kiyA thA tathA tatsambandhI ApakA mahanIya zodhakArya pustaka ke rUpa meM prakAzanAdhIna hai| philADelaphiyA, nyUyArka, nyUjIlaiNDa, yunAiTeDa kiMgaDama, veliMgaTana tathA honolUlU ke vizvavidyAlayoM meM Apake vaiduSyapUrNa vyAkhyAna kAphI carcita tathA prazaMsita hue haiN| Apa akhilabhAratIya darzana-pariSad ke mukhya adhyakSa bhI rahe haiN| magadha vizvavidyAlaya ke snAtakottara darzanazAstra - vibhAga ke AcArya evaM adhyakSa ke pada se sevAnivRtta hone ke pazcAt Apa samprati paTanA vizvavidyAlaya meM atithi prAdhyApaka ke rUpa meM sevArata haiM / apanI sArasvata vyastatAoM tathA svAsthya- daurbalyajanita vivazatAoM ke bAvajUda prastuta rASTrIya saMgoSThI meM viSaya-pravarttaka abhibhASaNa kI svIkRti dekara Apane hamapara vizeSa sneha evaM kRpA pradarzita kI hai / pro. lAla ke mukhya abhibhASaNa kA viSaya hai-- 'jaina vicAroM kI Adhunika prAsaMgikatA' / yahA~ maiM vizeSa rUpa se yaha ullekha kara denA samIcIna samajhatA hU~ ki saMsthApakoM kI dRSTi meM isa saMsthAna kI sthApanA kA pramukha lakSya kevala prAkRta aura jainazAstra ke kSetra meM zodha, adhyayana, adhyApana Adi ko hI vikasita evaM protsAhita karanA nahIM thA, balki uccatama vicAroM se sAmAnya grAmINa janajIvana ko jor3anA tathA unameM racanAtmaka, sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika vikAsa kI cetanA kA udbodhana karanA bhI thA / tadanurUpa puNyazloka jagadIzacandra mAthura ne saMsthAna dvArA lokabodha vyAkhyAnamAlA ke saMcAlana kI yojanA banAI thI tathA kalpanA kI thI ki isake saphala kAryAnvayana se prAkRta aura jainazAstra ke lokapriya AyAma sAmAnya janatA taka pahu~ca sakeMge tathA isase unake vyAvahArika jIvana meM pragatiparaka pravRtti kA abhyudaya hogaa| prophesara lAla kA prastAvita abhibhASaNa, mujhe pUrNa vizvAsa hai, isa cirAkAMkSita sArasvata yojanA ke kAryAnvayana kA mUlAdhAra prastuta karegA /

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Inaugural Address of Padmashri K. N. Prasad You have done me a great honour by inviting me to inaugurate this National Seminar on 'Jainism-Its Contemporary Relevance'. When I was first approached to perform this task, I felt extremely diffident and apologetic-diffident because of my inadequacy to address an audience of intellectuals and scholars; and apologetic because of my inept knowledge of the religions of the world. Being born and brought up in a traditional Hindu family, my religious education has been limited to stories and folklores passed on to us by our elders; discourses and recitations of professional priests at religious festivals; and compulsive reading of some Vedic Scriptures, the two epics and Bhagvatgita, not in my quest for knowledge but in pursuance of a routine chalked out for our vacations and impossed on us by an unsparing grandfather. Now, when I reflect on my religious faith and beliefs, I find myself unable to accept a dogmatic approach to any religion and also, to some commonly accepted beliefs about the existence of a kingdom of God; His dispensation of justice after one's death; and fears and hopes of a life in Heaven or Hell according to His dispensation. In fact, I have yet to feel fully convinced about the cycle of rebirth till one attains Nirvana, However, I am a staunch believer in the universality of what distinguishes 'good' from 'evil', 'virtue' from 'vice' and finally, in the role of recognized moral values for the instruction and improvement of man. I also believe that the degree of stability, peace and harmony in any society, community, country and even the world is directly related to the moral development or degenration of man. I am happy to be in your midst this morning for reasons more than one. This invitation has given me an opportunity, for the first time, to visit this historical land of the Lichchhavis hallowed and sanctified by the meeting of the two great minds-Lord Mahavira and Gautama Buddha. The principles and philosophy enunciated by them have a significant commonality in their basic thrust towards an all round development of man through gentleness, generosity, purity, calmness, introspection, spirituality and finally, renunciation of the material desires. Religion and their founders have exercised tremendous influence in shaping the birth and development of human civilizations. The story of our

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(xvi) world is a story that is still very imperfectly known. It is, however, universally recognized that the universe in which we live has existed for an enormous period of time. To begin with, we sheltered in caves, wandered and hunted in forests and dressed in skins. Our reflexes and reactions were governed by our imagination, emotions, and passions. Systematic thinking is a comparatively later development in human experience. When we started living in small family groups, the need arose for the exercise of certain restraint upon our primitive passions and emotions. With agriculture came the worship of gods, without which crops would not ripen. Villages essential to agriculture, became towns and towns became cities. And it was in some of the ancient cities that we found the earliest traces of the role of the religions. It was near about 3000 B.C. that some primitive civilizations appeared in different parts of what the historians have called the 'Old World'. The priests exercised great influence on the man. A rule of law and omen prevailed. In all these ancient civilizations - Mayan, Sumerian Egyptian, Mesopotaian cities had sprung up with temples, gods and priests, religious festivals and human sacrifices. In Egypt, the ruler became the living incarnation of the Chief God of the land and was known as the Pharaoh, the God King, However, the process of refinement of those primitive religions had also commenced during the period of the 'Old World' itself. Human sacrifice, for instance, had long since disappeared. Another major contribution to religion has been of the Hebrews of Jerusalem. Their Old Testament came out with powerful ideas. Its foremost idea was that their God was invisible and remote. It was a Lord of Righteousness. All other religions had gods embodied in images that ived in temples. If the image was smashed and the temple razed, that God died out. The Jews gave a new concept of God, high above priests and sacrifices. In India, the earliest civilization with traces of religion was in the Indus Valley (3000-2500 B.C.). Though, the concept of religion during this period is not yet clearly known, there is evidence of the people having developed cities and worshipped mother-earth and nature. Human sacrifice as also animal sacrifice was in practice. The next great religion to be founded was Hinduism, based on the Vedas and Upanishads. Its initial basis was the worship of nature in its various forms as all of their gods represented one or another phenomenon of nature. The religion was pre-eminently ritualistic. Significant changes followed in the later vedic period. The rituals become more elaborate and complicated. Performance

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(xvii) of Yajnas and sacrifices became a dominant feature. New deities arose and the number of gods increased. While Hinduism has made significant contribution to the development of Indo-Aryan thought and culture, there did arise a wave of discontent against the stranglehold of rituals, superstitions, myths and beliefs and finally, of priesthood. The next important land mark in the history of religions was witnessed in the 6th Century B.C. From Athens to Pacific, the human mind was astir. A number of great thinkers, founders of religion in different countries from China and India to Persia and Greece emerged on the scene. They did not live at exactly the same time but, they were near enough in point of time to make this period before Christ, a period of great religious movement and reformation. Taking note of the wave of discontent with the existing conditions and hopes and aspirations for something better, these great religious thinkers sought to give to their people something better, these great religious thinkers sought to give to their people something better to lessen their misery. They were, in fact, revolutionaries, who were not afraid of attacking the existing evils. Thus, men's minds were displaying a new boldness and launching a disciplined and critical attack upon the primitive traditions of kingship, priesthood and blood sacrifice. In India, we had Mahavira and Buddha; in China, Confucious and Lao-Tse; in Persia, Zoroaster; in Greece, Pythogoras. All of them laid down a system of moral and social behaviour-what one should do and what one should not do. It is in this context that Jainism, one of the earliest religions of the world, has a role as a religion of one who has conquered his inner passions like desire and hatred. It prescribes a hard and austere life for its monks and nuns after renunciation. Its five great vows-not to kill, not to lie, not to steal, to observe celibacy and to acquire non-attachment to wordly things are to be observed in words, thought and deed. The lay followers are not required to renounce the world; but it is expected of them to live by honest means and to lead a pure life. The rules of conduct are intended to make them generous, placid, upright, kind, impartial, appreciative of good qualities of others, humble, greatful and do good to others. The essence of Jainism-restraint, renunciation, control of senses and purity in conduct, has the potential to contribute to the maintenance and preservation of a just and equitable social order with peace and harmony. If its philosophy is restored in its pristine purity in the life of the individual, the society and the polity, social equilibrium can be established by driving out destruction and blood thirstness as also social and economic inequalities. To evaluate the relevance of Jainism in the contemporary world, we must take a good look at the prevailing global situation. In the last two centuries, powerful ideas and movements have engulfed different parts of

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(xviii) the world. In the wake of the industrial and technological revolution, feudalism yielded ground to capitalism; imperialism raised its banner with its mission of economic and political colonialism; and to challenge these forces, a strong communist movement sprung up. But, all these conflicting ideas and thoughts lacked the basic moral capacity to endure. The two world wars destroyed imperialism and made capitalism acquire a more benevolent approach towards the deprived ones. The once powerful communist movement, which held out hopes of a just and equitable social order to satisfy the material needs of man, has also been found to be disintegrating. The one major fallout of all ideas and movements has been the upsurge of all pervasive materialism, which, in its turn, has led to the steady and gradual degeneration of human values. The overall picture today is one of strife and stress; conflict and tension, an unbriddled race for material acquisition through fair or foul means; a total disregard of human values; and a thickening climate of violence. The causes for all these malignant symptoms lie deeper in our mind and thought. Even religion has also been found to be failing to raise us and make us better and noble. In fact, it is meant to enable us to achieve the larger good-the good of society, of our country, and of humanity. But, their disciples and the people have often used religion to promote bigotry, narrowness, intolerence and fundamentalism. In the name of religion thousands and millions have been killed and every possible crime has been committed. We have forgotten our great teachers like Lord Mahavira and Buddha, Christ and Muhammad and even Mahatma Gandhi. Therefore, Jainism does have its relevance as a religion which emits powerful ideas as a perenial source of nourishment and development of human mind, Even though not widely spread out, one cannot ignore its contribution to the enrichment of our culture, particularly in the field of literature, architecture and sculpture. In another area, where its contribution can be significant is the preservation of environment. We are today greatly concerned about the threats to the very survival of the world because of our ruthless exploitation of nature. Jainism stands for the protection and preservation of all living beings, even insects, fruits and flowers. Any effort in this direction will strengthen our efforts to protect and preserve our fragile eco-system. Today, Jainism has a mission, a purpose and a message, not only for India but for the entire world. I do hope that the deliberations of the seminar will result in a positive and sustained endeavour towards this goal. On this note, I inaugurate this Conference, wish it all success, and thank its organisers.

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pro. rAmajI siMha kulapati, jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna, lADanUM (rAjasthAna) kA adhyakSIya abhibhASaNa prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kI tIna dhArAe~ haiM--vaidika, zramaNa evaM lokAyata / vaidika saMskRti kA vyApaka vistAra svAbhAvika hai / zramaNa saMskRti kA bauddha evaM jaina do dhArAoM meM prasAra huaa| aitihAsika kAraNoM se bhArata meM ise eka tarapha Adara bhI milA hai to dUsarI tarapha unake sAtha asahiSNutApUrNa anyAya huA hai| eka tarapha bhagavAn buddha ko 'avatAra' bhI mAnA gayA hai, mahAvIra kI pUjA huI hai, dUsarI aura bauddha dharma ko bhArata se nirvAsita kara diyA gayA hai aura jaina dharma ko eka prakAra se saMkIrNa se saMkIrNa sImAoM meM Abaddha kara diyA gayA hai| lokAyata-darzana ke bhautikavAdI-bhogavAdI tattvoM ko mahAbhArata-kAla se Age taka bhAratIya jIvana-vRtti meM apanAyA to gayA, kintu usa vicAradhArA kI jitanI nindA huI, use jitanI gAliyA~ dI gaIM, use kalaMkita kiyA gayA, utanA samajhA nahIM gyaa| yaha bhAratIya darzana ke anudAravAda kI parAkASThA kA pramANa hai| jahA~taka samakAlIna jaina cintana kA prazna hai, hameM svIkAra karanA hogA ki pichalI pA~ca zatAbdiyoM meM carcita-carvaNa evaM khaNDana-maNDana ke kucha tejasvI prayatnoM ke alAvA koI sRjanAtmaka vicAra kA pravartana nahIM ho skaa| Agama-yuga kA vAGmaya arhatoM-siddhoM, sAdhu-santoM kI aparokSAnubhUti kA amRta hai| vaha to jana-cintana kA bIja hai, jisakI sRjanAtmakatA kA aMkuraNa anekAnta kI sthApanA ke yuga meM huaa| tarkayuga meM to khaNDana-maNDana hI huA, kucha sRjana nahIM / navIna yuga meM bhI koI sRjanAtmaka kAma nahIM huaa| merI dRSTi meM Agama-yuga yadi jaina vicAra kI gaMgotrI hai, to anekAnta-yuga hI usakI svarNa-gaMgA hai| yaha ThIka hai ki anekAnta-vyavasthA ke yuga meM bhI bauddhoM aura jainoM Adi ke paraspara vaicArika saMgharSa hue| anekAnta hI jainadharma kA prANa hai aura ahiMsA kA bhI yahI vaicArika AdhAra hai| yaha ThIka hai ki Agama-yuga meM bhI anekAnta-bhAvanA ke darzana hote haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ko kevala jJAna hone ke bAda jina 10 mahAsvapnoM ke darzana hue the, unameM tIna svapna anekAnta kA saMketa karate haiN| bhagavAn buddha ne

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vibhajyavAda kA pratipAdana kiyA aura mahAvIra ne anekAnta kaa| anekAnta ke mUla do tattva haiM--pUrNatA aura yathArthatA / jo pUrNa hai aura pUrNa hokara yathArtha rUpa se pArita huA hai, vahI satya kahalAtA hai| vastu kA pUrNa rUpa trikAla-bAdhita hai, isalie yathArtha kA darzana kaThina hai aura use zabdoM meM ThIka-ThIka aMkita karanA tattva-dRSTi ke lie kaThina hai| phira hamAre pAsa rAga aura dveSajanya saMskAra bhI hote haiN| kisI vizeSa ko hI satya mAna lenA aura bAkI saba ko mithyA samajhanA eka prakAra kA Agraha hI nahIM, durAgraha bhI hai| isalie, vyavahAra meM anekAnta kA pAlana ananta kalahoM ke aniSTa kA nivAraNa karatA Aja ke yuga meM ahiMsA paramArtha aura mokSa ke lie nahIM, balki jIvana aura mAnava-astitva kI rakSA ke lie anivArya hai| hiMsA-zakti kA caramotkarSa ANavika zakti meM ho cukA hai aura ANavika yuddha kA artha hai sRSTi kA satyAnAza ! isalie yA to hama ahiMsA ko svIkAra kareM yA phira hiMsA se naSTa ho jAne ke lie taiyAra raheM / duHkha kI bAta to yaha hai ki hama AkAMkSA to zAnti kI rakhate haiM aura Ayojana yuddha kA karate haiN| lekina bAhya jagat meM jo yuddha hote haiM, usakA to prArambha hamAre mAnasa meM hI hotA hai| isalie bAhya jagat kI hiMsA ko rokane ke pUrva hameM mAnasa hiMsA ke nivAraNa kA koI upAya karanA caahie| isa dRSTi se hameM mana meM kisI prakAra kA bauddhika Agraha nahIM rakhanA caahie| bauddhika Agraha se hI hiMsA kI agni prajvalita hotI hai / 21vIM zatAbdI meM yadi hama eka ahiMsaka vizva kI sRSTi karanA cAhate haiM to hameM anekAnta ke jIvana-darzana kA AcaraNa karanA hogaa| anekAnta koI zabdADambara nahIM hai, koI dhArmika karmakANDa nahIM hai. yaha to svatantra samAja kI saMracanA kA jIvana-darzana hai| antarrASTrIya jIvana meM isI anekAntavAda ko hama saha-astitva yA taTasthatA ke siddhAnta ke rUpa meM dekha sakate haiN| jise hama 'jiyo aura jIne do' kA siddhAnta kahate haiM, vahI antararASTrIya rAjanIti meM saha-astitva kahalAtA hai| sAmAjika jIvana meM use hI hama sahajIvana kahate haiN| dharma ke kSetra meM vahI sarvadharma-samabhAva kahalAtA hai / isalie jaina dharma 21vIM zatAbdI kA vizvadharma hai| anekAnta-AdhArita ahiMsA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya meM jitanI prAsaMgika thI, usase Aja kahIM adhika prAsaMgika hai|

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zrIgorakhaprasAda upanidezaka (prazAsana), mAnava saMsAdhana vikAsa vibhAga, bihAra kA dhanyavAda-abhibhASaNa AdaraNIya adhyakSa mahodaya, padmazrI zrI ke. ena. prasAda sAhaba, DA. bI. ke. lAla sAhaba, isa saMsthAna ke nidezaka mizrajI tathA upasthita sajjano evaM mitro ! prAkRta jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha-saMsthAna, vaizAlI ke tatvAvadhAna meM Ayojita isa rASTrIya saMgoSThI meM, jisameM deza ke coTI ke vidvAn bhAga le rahe haiM, mere jaise eka sAmAnya sarakArI sevaka (sivila sarveNTa) kI kyA bhUmikA ho sakatI hai, yaha mujhe svayaM spaSTa nahIM ho pA rahA hai| phira bhI isa saMsthAna ke nidezaka DA. mizrajI ne mujhe dhanyavAda jJApana kA kAma sauMpA hai, maiM apanA kartavya-pAlana ke lie Apake samakSa khar3A hN| Aja kA saMsAra dhArmika unmAda aura kaTTarapana ke rAste para tejI se agrasara ho rahA hai| cAhe apanA deza ho, cAhe eziyA ke anya deza yA yUropa, sabhI jagaha isa dharmika unmAda aura kaTTarapana kA bolabAlA hai / dharma ke nAma para duniyA meM jaisA raktapAta aura narasaMhAra huA hai, usakI yAda karake hI roMgaTe khar3e ho jAte haiN| aisI paristhiti meM hamArA dhyAna una cintakoM evaM mahApuruSoM kI ora jAtA hai, jinhoMne mAnava ko karuNA, dayA, sahiSNutA, satya tathA ahiMsA kA sandeza diyA hai| isa krama meM hamArA dhyAna bhagavAn buddha, bhagavAn mahAvIra, gA~dhI, henarI DeviDa thauro, imarasana tathA TaoNlsaTaoNya jaise mahApuruSoM kI ora jAtA hai| Aja isa saMsthAna ke tattvAvadhAna meM 'jainadharma kI prAsaMgikatA' para isa rASTrIya stara kI saMgoSThI kA jo Ayojana kiyA gayA hai, vaha hamArI ukta abhISTa kI siddhi kI dizA meM kiyA gayA eka mahanIya sArasvata prayAsa hai| yaha garva kI bAta hai ki isa saMgoSThI meM deza ke jAne-mAne vidvAn bhAga le rahe haiN| isa saMgoSThI kA udghATana padmazrI zrI ke. ena. prasAda sAhaba ne kiyA; DA. bI. ke. lAla sAhaba ne 'jainadharma kI prAsaMgikatA' para apanA vidvattApUrNa lekha Apake sAmane pddh'aa| DA. rAmajI siMhajI ne apanA sAragarbha adhyakSIya bhASaNa kiyaa| maiM sabase pahale apanI ora se tathA isa saMsthAna kI ora se DA. rAmajI siMha ke prati AbhAra prakaTa karanA cAhatA hU~, jinhoMne apanA bahumUlya samaya

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(xxii) dekara isa saMgoSThI kI adhyakSatA karane kI kRpA kI hai / unako hama darzanazAstra ke eka stambha ke rUpa meM jAnate haiM / sampUrNa krAnti kI vicAradhArA ko maNDita karane meM bhI unakA jo yogadAna rahA hai, usase bhI hama paricita haiM / apane cintanapUrNa aura vicArottejaka (Thought-Provoking) adhyakSIya bhASaNa meM unhoMne jainadharma kI jina viziSTatAoM kA jikra kiyA hai, usase hama lAbhAnvita hue haiN| apane bhASaNa meM unhoMne sAdagI para jora diyA hai| Apa sabhI jAnate haiM ki ve sAdagI ke svayaM pratIka haiN| saMsthAna kI saMgaThanAtmaka evaM prabandhAtmaka khAmiyoM ko dUra karane ke lie unhoMne jo anurodha mujhase kiyA hai, use hama unakA Adeza mAnakara pUrA karane kA prayAsa kreNge| isa saMgoSThI meM Ane ke lie maiMne jaba zikSA - saciva se anumati mA~gI thI, taba unhoMne saharSa yahA~ Ane kI anumati pradAna kI / isa saMgoSThI meM jo paricarcAe~ (Deliberations) huI haiM; unake sambandha meM maiM nizcita rUpa se unheM avagata karAU~gA / maiM DA. rAmajI siMha ke prati punaH AbhAra vyakta karanA cAhU~gA / 1 maiM padmazrI zrI ke. ena. prasAda ke prati bhI AbhAra prakaTa karatA hU~, jinhoMne isa saMgoSThI ke udghATana kI kRpA kI hai| apane vidvattApUrNa udghATana bhASaNa meM unhoMne anAdikAla se manuSya kI sabhyatA ke vikAsa kA jo itihAsa Apake sAmane rakhA aura varttamAna pariprekSya meM dharma kI bhUmikA para jo prakAza DAlA, sAtha hI galata avadhAraNAoM aura mAnyatAoM para jo kaThora prahAra kiyA, usakA gaharA asara nizcita rUpa se Apa para huA hogA / hama unake prati apanA hArdika AbhAra prakaTa karate haiM / DA. bI. ke. lAla sAhaba darzanazAstra ke suvikhyAta vidvAn haiM / unhoMne jainadharma ke gUr3ha tattvoM ko jisa prakAra apane jJAnavarddhaka abhibhASaNa (Illuminating Address) meM hamAre sAmane rakhA hai, hama sabhI usase gambhIra rUpa se prabhAvita hue haiN| jisa rUpa meM jainadharma kI mAnyatAoM ko unhoMne sAmane rakhA, usase to yahI lagatA hai ki Aja ke aneka Adhunika vicAra jaise janatantra, dhArmika sahiSNutA dUsare artha meM dharmanirapekSatA, mAnavatA Adi jaise siddhAnta jainadharma se hI nikalate haiN| hama unake prati hArdika AbhAra vyakta karate haiM / isa saMsthAna ke karmacetA nidezaka DA. yugalakizora mizra ko bhI dhanyavAda denA cAhU~gA / yadyapi Aja kA Ayojana to unhIM kA Ayojana hai, parantu isa saMgoSThI ke Ayojana kA unhoMne jo bRhattara prayatna kiyA hai, hama use bhUla nahIM skte| unake prati bhI hama hArdika AbhAra prakaTa karate haiM / isa saMgoSThI meM deza ke mUrdhanya cintaka aura vicAraka, jo jainadharma aura jainazAstra meM apanI vizeSajJatA rakhate haiM, bhAga le rahe haiN| maiM Apa sabhI logA ko hRdaya se dhanyavAda

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(xxiii) denA cAhatA hU~ ki Apane isa saMgoSThI meM zAmila hokara ise saphala banAyA hai| maiM AzA karatA hU~ ki ApakI jo paricarcAe~ (Deliberations) huI haiM, unase samAja meM eka naI cetanA kA prAdurbhAva hogaa| mizrajI ne apane svAgata-bhASaNa meM batalAyA thA ki isa saMsthAna kA uddezya kevala prAkRta-bhASA, jainazAstra evaM ahiMsA meM zodha evaM adhyayana-adhyApana-kArya karanA hI nahIM, varan usase samAja ke jana-jIvana meM eka nayA jAgaraNa paidA karanA tathA sarvasAmAnya janamAnasa ko prabhAvita karanA bhI hai| Aja yaha saMgoSThI usa jagaha ho rahI hai, jahA~ bhagavAn mahAvIra kA janma huA thaa| kisI jamAne meM bhagavAn buddha ne bhI yahA~ satya evaM ahiMsA ke siddhAntoM kA pracAra kiyA thaa| maiM cAhU~gA ki isa saMgoSThI ke bAda dezavAsiyoM ko, vizeSakara navayuvakoM ko eka sandeza mile, jise maiM vaizAlI kA sandeza (Message of Vaishali) kahanA caahuuNgaa| mujhe pUrA vizvAsa hai ki vaizAlI se prApta honevAle isa sandeza para amala karake hI hama dharatI para svarga kA rAjya (Kingdom of Heaven on earth) lA skeNge| inhIM zabdoM ke sAtha eka bAra phira maiM Apa sabhI ko hArdika dhanyavAda detA hU~ aura antaHkaraNa se kRtajJatA jJApita karatA huuN|

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viSaya-krama Foreword Shri A.K. Biswas, I.A.S. sampAdakIya DaoN. yugala kizora mizra svAgata-abhibhASaNa DaoN. yugala kizora mizra Inaugural Address Padmashri K.N. Prasad adhyakSIya abhibhASaNa DaoN. rAmajI siMha dhanyavAda-abhibhASaNa zrI gorakha prasAda viSaya-pravartaka zodhapatra jaina vicAroM kI Adhunika prAsaMgikatA DaoN. basantakumAra lAla SECTIONAL DELIBERATIONS khaNDa: 1 jaina itihAsa evaM purAtattva (Jain History & Archaeology) 8. Jainism in Bihar During Gupta Pala Periods Dr. B.S. Verma P. Some Observations on Navagrah Cult in Jain Art Dr. Piyus Gupta

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(sorviy 3. Trade in the Samaraiccakaha: Text & Context Dr. Vijay Kumar Thakur 4. jaina purAtattva meM sandarbhita videha aura mithilA __DaoN. praphulla kumAra siMha 'mauna' 5. jainadharma evaM choTAnAgapura umezacandra dvivedI 6. jainadharma ke tIrthaMkara, AcArya aura vAGmaya vindhyezvara zarmA himAMzu 7. mUrta aMkanoM meM jinetara zalAkApuruSoM ke jIvanadRzya DaoN. zubhA pAThaka 8. triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM varNita tIrthaMkara DaoN zubhA pAThaka 9. zrIlaMkA meM jainadharma DaoN. aravinda mahAjana khaNDa : 2 prAkRta-sAhitya bhASA evaM sAhitya (Prakrit Language & Literature) 10. jaTAsiMhanandI kA 'varAMgacarita' aura usakI paramparA pro. sAgaramala jaina 11. vasudevahiNDI kI khaNDa-kathAe~ __DaoN. zrIraMjana sUrideva 12. mahAvIra aura buddha ke jIvana aura unakI cintana-dRSTi meM sAmya aura vaiSamya DaoN. surendranAtha dIkSita 13. prAkRta-apabhraMza chanda : paramparA aura vikAsa DaoN. gadAdhara siMha

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(roxvii) 14. AdhyAtmika rUpaka-kAvya aura hindI ke jaina kavi anila kumAra zarmA 149 159 163 169 186 khaNDa:3 jainadharma evaM darzana (Jain Religion & Philosophy) 84. Pali Sakkaya & Prakrit Atthikaya: A comparative Study ___Dr. Nathmal Tatia 16. jaina darzana kA vaiziSTya DaoN. rAmajI siMha 17. guNasthAna-siddhAnta kA udbhava evaM vikAsa pro. sAgaramala jaina 18. anekAnta aura ahiMsA : eka zAstrIya parizIlana __DaoN. yogendra prasAda siMha 19. jainadharma ke paMca mahAvrata : Aja ke sandarbha meM DaoN. avadhezvara aruNa 20. jainAcAra : eka mUlyAMkana DaoN. ajita zukadeva 21. jaina evaM hindU dharma meM paramatattva kI avadhAraNA DaoN. prema sumana jaina 22. uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM varNita saMnyAsa-dharma DaoN. yugala kizora mizra 23. mahAvIra kA paMcasUtrI mahAvrata aura bRhadAraNyaka ke tIna 'da' DaoN. avadheza upAdhyAya 24. jainadarzana meM Atmatattva : eka vizleSaNa DaoN. zailendrakumAra rAya 207 211 218 230 236 241

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viSaya-pravarttaka zodhapatra Key-note Address

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jaina vicAroM kI Adhunika prAsaMgikatA DaoN. basanta kumAra lAla mujhe yaha spaSTa cetanA hai ki jaina vicAroM para Ayojita aisI saMgoSThiyoM meM mukhya abhibhASaNa dene kA maiM adhikArI nhiiN| phira bhI, maiMne priyavara DA. yugala kizora mizra jI kA AmantraNa svIkAra kara liyaa| eka to isa kAraNa ki unake Agraha ko TAlanA mere lie sarala nahIM thA, aura dUsare isa kAraNa ki unakA Agraha yaha nahIM thA ki maiM isake zAstrIya vivecana ke kisI pakSa ko ubhArUM, balki yaha thA ki jaina vicAroM kI Adhunika prAsaMgikatA para kucha vicAra kruuN| vicAroM kI zAstrIyatA jaba naye pariveza meM mAtra apane vicAroM kI anurUpatA yA usake kisI aMza kA sAdRzya pahacAna kara santuSTa hone lagatI hai, taba vicAra kI vAstavika pragati avaruddha hone lagatI hai, aura vicAra kucha vidvAnoM kI carcA meM ba~dha kara rukA-sA rahatA hai| bhAratIya darzanoM ke sAtha aisA hI huA hai| parivartana kI tIvra gati ke sAtha hama cala nahIM pAye, aura AtmasantuSTi ke lie hara naI samasyA ko mAtra yaha kaha TAlate rahe ki isameM kucha nayA nahIM hai tathA yaha ki aise vicAra hamArI paramparA meM haiN| pariNAma yaha huA ki hamAre vicAra 'sthira' ho gaye, eka sthAna para ruke rahe aura kucha vidvAnoM kI thAtI bana kara ba~dhe rahe / vicAroM ko pIche khIMcate rahane se vicAra kuNThita hote rahate haiM; vicAroM kI pragati kA artha hai unheM Age bar3hAnA, unheM naye pariveza meM pratiSThita karanA / aura yaha kArya darzana ke lie upayukta hai; kyoMki dArzanika vicAra marate nahIM, unameM zAzvatatA hotI hai| darzana 'dRSTi' hai, 'vAda' nahIM / 'vAda' khaNDita hote haiM, asiddha ho jAte haiM, galata siddha hote haiM; dRSTi ayatheSTa ho sakatI hai, apUrNa ho sakatI hai, AMzika ho sakatI hai kinta, khaNDita nahIM hotI, galata siddha nahIM hotii| yaha to eka jharokhA kholatI hai, eka dRzya prastuta karatI hai, vaha bhI isa prakAra ki jaba bhI koI usa jharokhe se jhA~ke, taba use vahI dRzya dikhAI degaa| isa prakAra kI dRSTi sadA jIvita rahatI hai aura isa artha meM hara darzana sadA vartamAna kA darzana hotA hai, usakI hara kAla ke lie apanI prAsaMgikatA hai| AvazyakatA hai usakI isa samakAlIna prAsaMgikatA ko ubhAra kara prakAza meM lAne kI / darzanazAstrI isameM vikRti kI sambhAvanA dekhate haiM, kintu yaha to usa vicAra kI sampuSTi hai-usakA naye pariveza meM mukharita honA hai|

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Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 prastuta bhASaNa bhI isI dizA meM eka prayAsa hai / spaSTataH yaha prayAsa bar3A hI saMkSipta evaM AMzika hai, kintu isakA mUla uddezya hai jainazAstra ke vidvAnoM ko eka AhvAna denA ki ve apanI zAstrIyatA ko tyAgeM nahIM, kintu unameM nihita sambhAvanAoM ko bhI ubhAreM aura unheM naye pariveza meM pratiSThita kreN| yaha 'nayA pariveza' kyA hai? isa naye pariveza kI prAsaMgikatA jainamuniyoM jaise viziSTa vyaktiyoM ke lie nahIM; kyoMki ve to eka carama Adarza ke prati pUrNa samarpaNa kara apane anuzAsana evaM apanI sAdhanA meM rata haiN| isa 'naye pariveza' kA sambandha to sAdhAraNa-sAmAnya mAnava ke lie hai, jise isa naye pariveza meM jInA hai| Aja kA mAnava eka vicitra mor3a para khar3A hai / Adarza-sambandhI-citraNa evaM nirdeza, dharma evaM mukti ke gUr3ha rahasya use prabhAvita avazya karate haiM, kintu, AdhunikatA ke jIvana meM jIne ko vaha isa prakAra bAdhya hai ki isase saralatA se vimukha bhI nahIM ho sktaa| usake samakSa samasyA hai ki kaise vaha ina gUr3ha vicAroM ko apane Aja ke jIvana meM utaare| vaha una vicAroM kA vaisA vyAvahArika pakSa DhU~r3hatA hai, jise vaha Aja kI mA~goM ke sAtha AtmasAt kara ske| Adarza kI paramparA se prApta citra use prabhAvita karate hai, kintu udvelita nahIM kara pAte, mAtra unakI AvRtti se use apane jIvana meM AmUla parivartana karane kI preraNA nahIM miltii| usakI samasyA hai ki vaha kisa prakAra ina satyoM ko nikaTa se dekhe-samajhe ki usameM inheM AtmasAt karane kI AturatA bhI jaage| isake lie Avazyaka hai ki ina satyoM ko binA vikRta kiye isa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAya ki vaha Aja kI mAnasikatA ko sahaja rUpa meM grAhya ho / jaina darzana meM to isa prakAra ke artha-nirUpaNa kI sambhAvanA spaSTatayA nihita hai| isI uddezya se akalaMka tathA AcArya hemacandra jaise cintakoM ne apane kAla ke anurUpa artha-nirUpaNa karate hue 'jaina nyAya' tathA 'pramANa-mImAMsA' ko vyavasthita kiyA thaa| kintu, abhI maiM isa darzana ke usa pakSa meM praveza nahIM kara rahA, abhI maiM jaina darzana ke kucha mUla evaM kendrIya vicAroM ke samasAmayika artha-nirUpaNa kA prayatna kara rahA huuN| vaise sAmAnyata: mAnA jAtA hai ki jaina darzana kI samasta carcAe~ 'sAta tattvoM' para hI kendrita haiM--jIva, ajIva, Azrava, bandha, saMvara, nirjarA tathA mokSa / vaise ina sabhI tattvoM para kiye gaye jaina vicAroM kI Adhunika prAsaMgikatA kA nirdeza spaSTa rUpa meM kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu, vaha apane meM eka bRhat yojanA hai| ata: Aja maiM sAmAnya rUpa meM inapara vicAra kruuNgaa|

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jaina vicAroM kI Adhunika prAsaMgikatA III jaina vicAra kI viziSTatA evaM maulikatA kA eka AdhAra hai unakA 'anekAntavAda / tAttvika dRSTi se anekAntavAda sattA kI anekarUpatA evaM sApekSatA kA poSaka hai| vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai ki sattA meM dravya meM aneka guNa yA dharma hote haiM, kucha sthAyI, kucha asthAyI, kucha bhAvAtmaka, kucha abhAvAtmaka / anekAntavAda ke isa tAttvika rUpa ke AdhAra para usake anya pakSa bhI prakAza meM Ate haiM, tathA usI AdhAra para unakA 'syAdvAda' evaM 'nayA vicAra' bhI rUpa letA hai| isI bala para vidvAnoM ne yaha bhI dikhAyA hai ki kaise anekAntavAda meM 'sattAvAda' aura bauddhoM ke 'kSaNikavAda'--donoM kA samanvaya huA isa siddhAnta kA vyAvahArika pakSa ise Aja ke sandarbha meM bhI prAsaMgika banA detA hai| yadi sattA kA aneka pakSa hai, yadi hara nirNaya yA vastu para kisI guNa kA AropaNa kisI vizeSa dRSTi se hI satya hai, to isakA artha hai ki hara sthApanA eka dRSTi se satya avazya hai, kintu sAtha-sAtha anya sthApanAe~ bhI dUsarI dRSTi se satya haiM / to anekAntavAda meM nihita yaha vicAra spaSTa hotA hai ki kisI mata kI sthApanA kA artha anya vaikalpika matoM ko nakAranA nahIM hai| eka hI tattva ke sambandha meM aneka sthApanAe~ eka sAtha dI jA sakatI haiM / isa prakAra anekAntavAda kA vyAvahArika pakSa prakAza meM AtA hai-apane matoM ke sambandha meM dRr3havAditA kA tyAga, eka aisI udAratA, jisameM vaikalpika matoM ke lie bhI yathocita sammAna nihita ho| __ Aja kI mAnasikatA to isa mUla tathya kI upekSA kiye baiThI hai| Aja kA manuSya virodha sahana nahIM kara pAtA, vaha sadA apanI bAtoM kI satyatA evaM zreSThatA sthApita karane ko isa rUpa meM tatpara rahatA hai, jaise usake atirikta anya sambhAvanAe~ hI nhiiN| jAtIya daMge, AtaMkavAdI gatividhiyA~, rAjanaitika dA~vapeMca, zakti saMgharSa-ina sabake pIche to yahI bhrAnta bhAvanA hai ki jo apanI bAta hai, vahI ekamAtra satya hai / isa sAdhAraNasI vAstavikatA kI hama upekSA kiye baiThe haiM ki anya bAtoM kI bhI sArthakatA sambhava hai| dharma-guruoM ne sahiSNutA, pArasparika Adara-bhAva, anya ke prati sammAna Adi para bala diyA hai, kintu ve sadA Agraha karate haiM ki ina bAtoM ko dharmAcaraNa evaM sadgaNoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jaay| jaina darzana meM ina bAtoM kA saiddhAntika AdhAra sthApita kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ vyakti ke svIkArane ke pIche siddhAnta kI pakar3a hai-yahA~ isa tathya ko nahIM svIkAranA eka svata:spaSTa satya ke viruddha jAnA hai| isa prakAra anekAntavAda jIvana ko sahaja, sarala evaM premamaya banAne kA eka saiddhAntika AdhAra prastuta karatA hai|

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6 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 IV jaina dharma meM batAye gaye sabhI anuzAsana evaM sabhI nirdeza usake jIva, bandhana evaM mokSa-vicAra para kendrita haiM, ata: aba hama unhIM para sAmAnya rUpa meM vicAra kreNge| kahA gayA hai ki hara dravya meM kucha anivArya guNa hote haiM, aura kucha pryaay| 'jIva' kA Avazyaka guNa hai 'cetnaa'| cetanA kI paridhi svarUpata: asImita hai| cetanA kI kiraNeM prakAza-rUpa haiM, jo apane mUla rUpa meM asIma haiN| kintu yadi hama prakAza ko kisI ghere meM bA~dha dete haiM, to prakAza kI kiraNeM vahIM taka simaTa jAtI haiN| 'jIva' ke sAtha bhI aisA hI hai; vaha cetanA ko ghere meM bA~dha letA hai| vaha zarIra ke mAdhyama se hI cetana hotA hai, ata: usakI asIma cetanA zarIra evaM indriyoM taka hI simaTI rahatI hai| yaha simaTanA hI to jIva kA bandhana hai, jo jIva ke apane karmoM tathA saMskAroM ke kAraNa hotA hai| jaina tattva-darzana meM isakA vizada vivaraNa hai--kisa prakAra jIva ke karmoM ke phalasvarUpa 'pudgala-kaNoM' kA 'Azrava' hotA hai, aura jIva zarIra ke ghere meM ba~dhakara baddha jIva ho jAtA hai| aba vaha zarIra ke sAtha ekarUpa ho jAtA hai, aura yaha ekarUpatA jitanI saghana hotI hai, usakI cetanA bhI utanI hI sImita ho jAtI hai / - isa tAttvika vivaraNa meM eka bar3A hI mAnavIya tathya chipA hai, jise prakAza meM lAne para jaina vicAra kI Adhunika prAsaMgikatA bhI spaSTa hotI hai| isa tAttvika pRSThabhUmi meM kucha aise mahattvapUrNa vicAra nihita haiM, jinheM Adhunika mAnavatAvAda kA hara rUpa ubhArane kI ceSTA karatA rahatA hai| isameM eka ora to 'jIva' kI-manuSya kI-Antarika zakti para prakAza par3atA hai, aura dUsarI ora isa tathya para ki vaha svayaM apanA bhAgyanirmAtA bhI hai| yadi vaha 'ghere' meM par3atA hai to apane karmoM ke kAraNa hI aura yadi vaha mukta bhI hotA hai to apane hI prayatnoM se| jaina vicAroM meM to vibhinna prakAra ke karmoM kA ullekha huA hai, aura yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra ke karma kA kyA prabhAva par3atA hai| una tAttvika vivecanoM meM ulajhe binA yaha nirvivAda rUpa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina vicAra kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki 'jIva' kI visaMgatiyA~ usake apane 'kiye' ke pariNAma haiN| isameM yaha vicAra bhI nihita hai ki yaha bhI 'jIvaM' para hI nirbhara hai ki vaha apane jIvana ko sArthaka evaM sazakta mArga para agrasara karA ske| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM mAnava kI unIMda mAnavatA ko jAgrata karane kA eka spaSTa AhvAna hai| jIva zarIra ke ghere meM ba~dhakara, sImita cetanA ke ajJAnavaza, kucha aisI pravRttiyoM (kaSAya) kA dAsa ho jAtA hai ki usake jIvana meM aneka prakAra ke kleza evaM visaMgatiyA~

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jaina vicAroM kI Adhunika prAsaMgikatA utpanna ho jAtI haiN| ina pravRttiyoM ke antargata jIva kI 'tRSNAoM' kA ullekha huA hai-krodha, moha, lobha, ahaMkAra jaisI pravRttiyoM kA ullekha huA hai| yoM to sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM meM ina pravRttiyoM kA ullekha huA hai, kintu, vaha usa rUpa meM nahIM, jisa rUpa meM jaina darzana meM hotA hai| yahA~ to ina pravRttiyoM ko zarIra meM ghirI cetanA se zarIra evaM indriyoM kI sImitatA se saMcAlita hone kI bAta kI gaI hai aura yahI to Aja ke Adhunika yuga meM spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita hai| hama apane samAja ko hI dekheM, abhI isa para AdhunikatA pUrNa rUpa se chAI nahIM hai, kintu, phira bhI Aja hamAre sabhI kAryoM kA mUla preraka krodha, ahaMkAra, moha tathA lobha jaisI pravRttiyA~ hI banatI jA rahI haiN| Aja kA mAnava svabhAvata: asahanazIla ho calA hai, apanI mAnasika caMcalatA meM vaha atizIghra uttejita ho jAtA hai, usake kArya moha evaM lobha se hI prerita rahate haiN| bhautikavAdI AkarSaNa, spardhA, bhautika upalabdhiyoM ko zIghrAtizIghra prApta kara lene kA lobha hI hamAre Aja ke jIvana kA AdhAra banatA jA rahA hai| jaina tIrthaMkaroM ne bandhana ke jisa DhaMga evaM rUpa ko samajhA thA-vaha Aja ke jIvana meM spaSTa evaM prabala rUpa meM vyApta hotA jA rahA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jaina darzana kA yaha vivaraNa Aja ke hI yuga kA yathArtha citraNa hai| isakI yathArthatA isa bAta se bhI siddha hotI hai ki yaha jaina darzana ke 'dravya-bandhana' evaM 'bhAva-bandhana' ke vicAra ke bhI anurUpa hai| zarIra meM ghirakara cetanA kA sImita honA bandhana kA yathArtha rUpa hai-yaha 'dravya-bandhana' hai| kintu jaina manISiyoM ne yaha samajhA hai ki isa sthUla bandhana ke pIche hamArI mAnasikatA kA bandhana hai / 'kaSAya' mAnasika pravRttiyA~ haiM, aura inhIM pravRttiyA~ ke kAraNa hama sthUla bandhana meM bhI ba~dha jAte haiN| hamArI 'tRSNAe~' hI 'bhAva-bandhana' ke upakaraNa haiN| yaha 'bhAva-bandhana' Aja ke mAnava ke jIvana meM spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita hai| udAharaNata:, AdhunikatA ke prabhAva meM bhautika upalabdhiyoM ke pIche daur3ane ke lie hameM eka Antarika vivazatA kI anubhUti hotI hai| sAdhAraNa udAharaNoM meM yaha spaSTa rUpa meM dikhAI detA hai| eka sAmAnya vyakti ko eka VCR prApta karane kI icchA jAgatI hai| aba yaha icchA itanI prabala ho jAtI hai ki vaha 'tRSNA' kA rUpa le letI hai, hama tabataka mAnasika rUpa se caMcala evaM azAnta rahate haiM, jabataka ise prApta nahIM kara lete / sambhavata: use prApta karane ke bAda usakA upayoga bhI kama hI kareM, kintu yaha tRSNAtmaka mAnasikatA hameM pUrNatayA apane vaza meM kiye rahatI hai| bhAva-bandhana kA itanA spaSTa rUpa sambhavata: tIrthaMkaroM ke kAla meM ujAgara nahIM huA ho| Aja ke mAnava kA AtmaniyantraNa pUrNatayA zithila ho gayA hai, vaha apanI mAnasikatA ke isa bhAva-bandhana meM pUrNatayA ba~dhA huA hai|

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8 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 VI isa bandhana se nikalanA hI mokSa hai| sImita cetanA kA zarIra ke ghere se mukta honA hI mokSa hai / jaina darzana meM kahA gayA hai ki isake lie pudgala-kaNoM kA jIva meM Asrava rokanA anivArya hai- yaha bhI do staroM para / eka to yaha ki naye pudgaloM kA Asrava na ho, jise 'saMvara' kahA gayA hai, aura dUsarA jinakA Asrava ho gayA hai, ve zithila ho jAya~--ise nirjarA kahA gayA hai| 'saMvara' aura 'nirjarA' kI bRhat zAstrIya carcA hotI rahI hai| kintu, una sabhI vicAra-vimarza ke pIche eka sAdhAraNa-sAmAnya vicAra hai| manuSya ko apane DhIle 'AtmaniyantraNa' ko sabala banAne kA prayatna karanA hai / bandha se mukta hone kI kaThora mA~geM haiM-naye pudgaloM ke Asrava para roka tathA purAne pudgaloM kA hrAsa / yaha Asrava krodha, moha, lobha jaisI pravRttiyoM ke kAraNa hotA hai, aura vaha tabhI sambhava hotA hai, jaba pravRttiyA~ hama para 'hAvI' ho jAtI haiM, 'jIva' se adhika balavAna ho jAtI haiN| pravRttiyA~ hamArI mUla cetana-rUpa pravRttiyA~ nahIM haiM, ve zArIrika cetanA kI- sImita cetanA kI pravRttiyA~ haiN| to AvazyakatA hai ki jIva puna: apane niyantraNa ko sthApita karane kA prayatna kare, jisase usakI mUla cetanA sahaja rUpa meM pravAhita ho ske| yaha sarala kArya nahIM, isake lie satata prayatna, kaThora anuzAsana, mana-karma-vacana se usa dizA meM saMlagnatA anivArya hai| sAmAnya rUpa meM jaina darzana meM 'triratna' kI anuzaMsA kI gaI hai / sarvaprathama to ina bAtoM para eka prArambhika AsthA anivArya hai, puna: mUla tattvoM ke sambandha meM bhrAnta dhAraNAoM kA tyAga Avazyaka hai, tathA sabase mahattvapUrNa hai caritra ko sazakta banAne kA kaThora anuzAsana / 'samyak darzana', 'samyak jJAna' tathA 'samyak caritra' ke sambandha meM dI gaI ina anuzaMsAoM ko hama Aja ke pariveza meM bhI sahaja rUpa meM pratiSThita kara sakate haiN| pahale hama prathama do anuzaMsAoM kI carcA kreN| prAthamika prazna hai ki hama kisa prakAra isa mArga para agrasara hone ke lie tatpara hoN| jaina darzana meM tIrthaMkaroM aura unake upadezoM meM vizvAsa utpanna karane kI bAta kI gaI hai| kintu, prazna hai ki yaha prArambhika vizvAsa bhI kaise utpanna ho ! isa prakAra ke vizvAsa ke utpanna hone kI preraNA kyA ho sakatI hai ? hama apanI paristhitiyoM ke anurUpa isa para vicAra kreN| hamAre jIvana meM aba bhI aneka avasara aise Ate haiM, jaba hameM kisI yogya parAmarzadAtA kI AvazyakatA ho jAtI hai| aise avasara kisI bhI kSetra meM ho sakate haiM-vyApAra, zikSA, rAjanIti yA anya kuch| kintu, hara koI hara kArya ke lie ucita parAmarza bhI nahIM de sakatA, isake lie 'Apta puruSa' yA 'guru' kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| 'AptatA' athavA 'yogya guru' kI pahacAna kyA hai? batAyA gayA hai ki isa pahacAna

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jaina vicAroM kI Adhunika prAsaMgikatA kI tIna pramukha zarte haiN| eka to yaha ki usa vyakti ko jJAna ho--usa kSetra kA vizada jJAna ho, jisameM hameM parAmarza kI AvazyakatA hai| korA jJAna mAtra saiddhAntika bhI ho sakatA hai, ataH yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki usa vyakti ko paryApta anubhava ho / jJAna evaM anubhava ke bAda bhI parAmarza nirrathaka ho jA sakatA hai, yadi usa vyakti meM eka tIsarA guNa na ho / usameM yaha bhI zakti honI cAhie ki vaha apane jJAna aura anubhava ko hamAre stara para lA use hamAre lie bodhagamya banA sake, anyathA hameM una bAtoM kI pakar3a hI nahIM ho paayegii| yadi aisA Apta puruSa mila jAya to usakI bAtoM para prArambhika AsthA utpanna ho sakatI hai| aisA hama jIvana meM prAyaH pratidina dekhate haiN| hamArI sampUrNa praNAlI isI prakAra ke parAmarza ke bala para hI cala rahI hai / hamArI sabhI vyavasthAe~- rAjanaitika, Arthika, zaikSaNika, aparAdha-sambandhI, yuddha-sambandhI Adi-isI DhaMga se cala rahI haiM, jinheM Aja kI bhASA meM 'vizeSajJa' kahA jAtA hai, aura unakI bAtoM meM vizvAsa kara, hama usI ke anurUpa kArya karate haiN| taba yaha hai ki isake donoM chora para visaMgati kI sambhAvanA hai| yadi hamane AptatA kI pahacAna ucita rUpa se nahIM kI, athavA 'AptatA' kI pahacAna ke bAda bhI hama saMzayAtmaka hI rahe, to donoM avasthAoM meM visaMgatiyA~ hI utpanna hoNgii| ina visaMgatiyoM kI sambhAvanA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue jaina paramparA meM caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM tathA jaina manISiyoM ke prati sad-AsthA kI bAta kI gayI hai| tIrthaMkaroM ko jJAna bhI hai aura anubhava bhI hai, unhoMne unhIM satyoM ko diyA hai, jinheM unhoMne svayaM jhelA hai, dekhA hai, pAyA hai| jaina manISiyoM ne sadiyoM se una satyoM ko hamAre lie bodhagamya banAne kA prayala kiyA hai| isIlie unameM AsthA kI bAta kI gaI hai| yaha andhavizvAsa nahIM, yaha usI vizvAsa kA saghana tathA adhika prAmANika rUpa hai jaisA vizvAsa hama aba bhI apane 'vizeSajJoM' meM karate haiM / yaha adhika prAmANika isa artha meM bhI hai ki yaha mAtra 'vyakti' para vizvAsa nahIM, eka Adarza para vizvAsa hai / phalata: sAmAnya vizvAsoM ke samAna yaha bhI kArya karane ko tatpara karA detA hai, aura sAtha-sAtha eka zuddha saMkalpa kA janaka bhI bana jAtA hai| isI kAraNa yaha mAtra vizvAsa nahIM--AsthA hai| AsthA meM zakti hai, vaha hamAre jIvana ko sUkSma evaM vyApaka rUpa meM prabhAvita kara sakatI hai| yaha mana ko zuddha karane tathA use sanmArga para lagAne kA eka anivArya upakaraNa hai| aura AsthA jAgatI hai draSTAoM, Apta manISiyoM ke vicAroM se paricaya bar3hAne kI ceSTA meM, unheM dekhane ke prayatna meM / unake samparka se hI AsthA jAgatI hai|

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Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 kintu, Aja hama aisA nahIM kara pAte; kyoMki Aja hama apanA jIvana jIte hI nhiiN| Aja hamArA jIvana dUsaroM kA anukaraNa-mAtra hai, hama mA~gI huI jindagI jIne lage haiN| dharAtalI taura para to hama bar3e vyasta ho gaye haiM, kintu apane antara meM hama AlasI aura akarmaNya ho gaye haiN| phalata: hama kisI bAta ko jAnane ke lie 'pahala' bhI nahIM karate, jJAna bhI 'udhAra' le lete haiN| phalata: hamArI jAnakArI-hamArA jJAna sabhI 'kAmacalAU' ho gaye haiN| pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki 'satyoM' ke prati hamameM zraddhA nahIM jAgatI, hama zaMkAlu ho gaye haiM, hara bAta para prArambha se hI saMzaya karate haiN| 'samyak darzana' kI sArthakatA isI sandarbha meM hai jabataka hama 'sva' evaM 'sva-Azrita' caMcala pravRttiyoM ko apane para hAvI hone deMge, tabataka hamArI AntarikatA bhI caMcala hI rahegI aura hamAre sabhI karma tadarthatA evaM dizAhInatA se grasta rheNge| aisI mAnasikatA meM AsthA panapa nahIM pAtI; kyoMki AsthA meM ThaharAva hai, caMcalatA nahIM / Apta manISiyoM ke samparka se yadi aisI prArambhika AsthA jAga pAyI, to isake phalasvarUpa 'caMcalatA' evaM 'sthiratA' ke bheda kI anubhUti panapegI, aura vahI 'jJAna' kA mArga hogaa| vaisI AsthA se utsukatA jAgegI, kautUhala bar3hegA, jijJAsA bar3hegI tathA hama jJAna ke icchuka bana jaayeNge| isakA yaha artha nahIM ki hama jaina vicAroM yA kisI dhArmika vicAra meM ekAeka AsthA jagA leN| vaisA nirdeza avyAvahArika hI nahIM, asambhava hai / prathamata: to 'AsthA kI zakti meM AsthA' Avazyaka hai| yahI to hamArA Aja kA zaMkAlu mana kho cukA hai| isI sandarbha meM tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvana kI samajha upayogI hai| isI AsthA se samyak jJAna kA mArga prazasta hogA; kyoMki tabhI bAtoM ko svayaM parakhane, anubhUta karane kI utsukatA jAgegI / jaise jaise yaha utsukatA bar3hegI, 'anukaraNAtmaka jIvana' aura vAstavika jIvana, tathA 'caMcalatA' evaM vAstavika cetanA kA bheda spaSTatara hotA jAyegA aura yaha dikhAI dene lagegA ki mAtra sva-Azrita pravRttiyoM kI tRpti meM vAstavika tRpti nhiiN| VII kintu, sabase Avazyaka hai 'AsthA' tathA 'jJAna' ke anurUpa jIvana / jaina manISiyoM ne isI para sarvAdhika bala diyA hai| jaina darzana meM samyak AcaraNa ke vibhinna pakSoM kA itanA vizada evaM sUkSma vivaraNa hai ki jIvana kA koI pakSa achUtA nahIM hai| samitiyA~ haiM, jisameM calane, bolane, bhikSA mA~gane ke DhaMgoM kI carcA huI hai| mana, vacana aura karma para niyantraNa ke lie vibhinna prakAra kI gutthiyoM kA nirdeza huA hai / dasa prakAra ke dharmoM

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jaina vicAroM kI Adhunika prAsaMgikatA para vivecana huA hai| jaina muniyoM ne inheM jIvana meM kaThoratA se utArane kA prayatna kiyA hai, ve to anuprekSA evaM pariSaha ke vibhinna rUpoM ko bhI apane jIvana meM aMgIkAra kara lete haiM / vyAvahArika dRSTi se atyadhika mahattva 'paMcamahAvrata' ko diyA gayA hai-- jinameM 'ahiMsA' pramukha hai / yahA~, jaina vicAroM kI Adhunika prAsaMgikatA ke nirdeza ke prayatna meM maiM 'ahiMsA' kA hI pratimAna 'udAharaNa' ke rUpa meM upayoga kara rahA hU~ / ina dinoM 'ahiMsA' siddhAnta kI Adhunika prAsaMgikatA, evaM anivAryatA kI atyadhika carcA bhI hone lagI hai| maiM usa prakAra kI sAmAnya carcA meM nahIM ulajha rahA, hamArA yaha vivecana jaina vicAroM taka hI kendrita hai / 11 jaina matAnusAra 'hiMsA evaM ahiMsA' ke vivAda ko spaSTa karane ke liye hiMsAtmaka karmoM kI vibhISikAoM ke udAharaNoM ke vizleSaNa kI AvazyakatA nahIM, AvazyakatA hai usa mAnasikatA ko samajhane kI, jo hame hiMsA kI ora pravRtta karatI hai / yaha 'samajha' hI ahiMsA ke mahattva ko ujAgara kara detI hai / hama ina dinoM yuddha kI vibhISikAoM, aNukoM meM nihita vidhvaMsakArI zaktiyoM kA bhayapUrNa citraNa karate haiM, hama AtaMkavAdI gatividhiyoM se trasta haiM, dhArmika daMgoM se hama kSubdha haiM, kintu, hama yaha socane kA prayatna nahIM karate ki yaha kaisI mAnasikatA hai, jo ina sabako janma detI hai / jaina manISiyoM ne ise pUrNarUpeNa samajhakara apane ahiMsA - siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| hiMsA-ahiMsA kI sArthakatA ajIvatattvoM ke lie nhiiN| hama bArUda lagAkara patthara tor3ate haiM, kintu ise hiMsA nahIM kahA jAtA / to hiMsA-ahiMsA kA sandarbha -- usakI sArthakatA jIva jagat meM hai| yadi 'jIva' kA hanana hotA hai-- jIva ko coTa pahu~catI hai, to yaha hiMsA hai / kintu ise samajhanA itanA sarala nahIM-- 'jIva- hanana' tathA jIva ko coTa pahu~cAne kA bar3A hI vyApaka artha hai / bAta yaha hai ki 'jIva' ke 'jIvatva' ke sAthausake 'jIva' hone meM hI -- usake kucha mUlAdhikAra nihita haiM / prathamataH, to yadi vaha jIva hai-- cAhe vaha paudhA ho, yA kIr3A yA cIMTI yA makkhI yA phira manuSya -- use yaha adhikAra hai ki vaha 'jIye' / punaH jagat ke prAyaH samasta jIva baddha haiM, arthAt unheM eka 'zarIra' hai, to isa sthiti meM unheM 'kAyAdhikAra' bhI hai-- yaha adhikAra bhI hai ki unake zarIra ko koI kSati na phuNcaaye| hara jIva eka dRSTi se kucha kAryoM ke lie svatantra hai, ataH use eka maulika svatantratA kA adhikAra hai / punaH hara 'jIva' eka vizeSa 'sthiti' meM hai, jaise manuSya ko apane 'AtmasammAna' - 'vyaktitva kI garimA' kA bhI adhikAra hai / yaha bhI use adhikAra hai, ki vaha jo karatA hai usakA phala use mile| jaina matAnusAra jIva kI vartamAna sthiti usake karmoM ke phalasvarUpa hai, to use yaha bhI adhikAra hai ki jo vaha kare, usakA phala bhI use mile / sAmAnya dainika jIvana meM bhI yadi koI use usake zrama ke phala se vaMcita karatA hai, to yaha usake adhikAra kA hanana hai /

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12 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8. yadi inameM se kisI adhikAra ko kSati pahu~catI hai to yaha hiMsA hai| kintu yaha saba to hiMsA kA prakaTa rUpa hai--vyakta rUpa meM hiMsA hai| inake atirikta, hama prakaTa rUpa meM hiMsA na karate hue bhI kisI para manovaijJAnika dabAva DAlate haiM (jaise pistaula dikhAkara baiMka lUTanA), yA svArthasAdhana ke lie kisI kA zoSaNa yA dohana karate haiM, to yaha bhI hiMsA hai| jaina vicAra meM ahiMsA kA artha itanA vyApaka hai ki vaha ina sabhI AyAmoM ko dhyAna meM rakhatA hai| ahiMsA ke pAlana kA artha hai ina sabhI staroM meM ahiMsA kA pAlana-jIva ke jIvatva meM nihita inameM se kisI adhikAra ko kisI rUpa meM kSati na phuNcaanaa| rocaka tathya yaha hai ki isa niSedhAtmaka vivaraNa meM 'ahiMsA' kA bhAvAtmaka rUpa nikhara AtA hai| hA~, jaina darzana meM, zAbdika rUpa meM niSedhAtmaka AkAra rakhate hue bhI ahiMsA eka bhAvAtmaka vRtti hai- jisakA mUla artha hai 'hara jIva ke prati, usake jIvatva ke prati pUrNa sammAna' / 'pUrNa sammAna' kA artha hai ki yaha sammAna kevala vAstavika karmoM meM hI nahIM, vacana tathA mana se bhI ho / jaina dArzanikoM ne, hiMsA-ahiMsA ke pIche jo mAnasikatA banatI hai, use samajhane kA prayatna kiyA hai, ata: unheM yaha samajha hai ki 'ahiMsA' kA pAlana hara stara para ho, tabhI vaha ahiMsAtmaka mAnasikatA kA sUcaka ho sakatA hai| isI kAraNa una logoM ne sabhI mahAvratoM ke anuzIlana meM nau DhaMgoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| arthAt, ahiMsA kA pAlana hameM karma, vacana tathA mana tInoM staroM para karanA hai| hama kisI ko zArIrika kSati nahIM pahu~cAte, kintu usake lie apazabda yA gAlI kA prayoga karate haiM to yaha bhI hiMsA hai| hama yaha bhI nahIM karate, kintu, usake prati burI bhAvanA rakhate haiM to yaha bhI mAnasika stara kI hiMsA hai| puna:, kahA gayA hai ki ina tInoM staroM meM ahiMsA kA anuzIlana tIna-tIna rUpoM meM karanA hai- jinheM kRta, kArita, anumita kahA gayA hai| hiMsA na hama kareM, na karAyeM, aura na usakI spaSTa yA mauna anumati hI deN| spaSTa hai, jaina darzana meM ahiMsA-anuzIlana kA aMza vyApaka bhI hai aura kaThina bhii| __ ahiMsA-vicAra kI isI vyApakatA evaM kaThoratA meM to isa vicAra kI Adhunika prAsaMgikatA nihita hai| spaSTa hai, Aja hama kisI bhI stara para- cAhe vaha vaiyaktika ho, yA sAmAjika yA rAjanaitika yA - hiMsA ko rokane meM saphala nahIM haiM, kyoMki hiMsAtmaka antararASTrIya mAnasikatA ko hama prabhAvita nahIM kara pAte / mUla AvazyakatA usI kI ___ isa sthiti meM eka mahattvapUrNa tathya dhyAna dene yogya hai / hirozimA, nAgAsAkI ke bAda phira aNubama nahIM girA- jabaki unase atyadhika zaktizAlI bama aneka rASTroM ke

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jaina vicAroM kI Adhunika prAsaMgikatA 13 pAsa upalabdha hai| isakA eka spaSTa kAraNa batAyA jAtA hai- 'pratirodha kA bhaya' / hara zaktizAlI rASTra ko yaha samajha hai ki yadi usane aNuzakti kA upayoga kiyA, to usake viruddha bhI usa zakti kA upayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai.| AtaMkavAdI gatividhiyoM meM prAyaH dekhA jAtA hai ki jaba virodhI sazakta ho jAte haiM to AtaMkavAdI bhUmigrasta ho jAte haiN| to, isase eka niSkarSa to sthApita ho jAtA hai ki hiMsAtmaka mAnasikatA para bhI niyantraNa sambhava hai| yaha ThIka hai ki Upara ke udAharaNoM meM aisA niyantraNa pratirodha kI sambhAvanA tathA usase janita 'bhaya' para Azrita hai| kintu, itanA to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki hiMsAtmaka mAnasikatA meM bhI badalAva sambhava hai| punaH, sAmAnya anubhava yaha bhI hai ki yadi isa prakAra ke niyantraNa kI prakriyA prArambha ho jAtI hai, to zanaiH-zanaiH mAnasikatA meM badalAva Ane lagatA hai| bar3e rASTroM ne svecchA se niHzastrIkaraNa prArambha kara diyA hai, kucha AtaMkavAdI svecchA se AtaMka ke mArga kA tyAga kara dete haiN| to aba bhI hiMsAtmaka mAnasikatA kI yathArthatA kI pahacAna bhI jIvita hai, aura usameM badalAva kI sambhAvanA bhI svata: spaSTa hai| isI sandarbha meM jaina ahiMsA-vicAra kI prAsaMgikatA hai; kyoMki jIvana meM hiMsAtmaka vRtti kI vAstavikatA evaM usameM badalAva kI sambhAvanA-inhIM tathyoM kI spaSTa anubhUti meM jaina vicArakoM ne ahiMsA-vicAra ko itanA vyApaka banA diyaa| yaha ThIka hai ki ahiMsA-anuzIlana kA jo carama rUpa hai, usa rUpa meM ahiMsA kA pAlana sAdhAraNa vyakti ke lie sambhava nhiiN| kintu vaha rUpa to ahiMsA-anuzIlana kA Adarza hai / uddezya hai mAnasikatA meM badalAva utpanna karane kI--aura Adarza kI vyApakatA aura gahanatA kI anubhUti isa badalAva kA eka upakaraNa bana sakatI hai| 'pratirodhAtmaka tarka' se bhI isa bAta kI puSTi hotI hai| yadi pratirodha kI sambhAvanA hiMsAtmaka vRtti ko niyantrita kara sakatI hai, to yaha bAta bhI jaina vicAra ko samarthana hI de rahI hai| 'ahiMsA' kA mUlArtha hai 'jIva kA hara rUpa meM pUrNa sammAna' / pratirodhAtmaka tarka isa mUla vicAra kA samarthaka hai| hameM jaba yaha sambhAvanA dikhAI dene lagatI hai ki anya bhI hamAre 'jIvatva' kA sammAna nahIM kara sakate, jaba hameM yaha samajha A jAtI hai ki yadi hamAre lie anya kA jIvana tuccha hai, to unake lie hamArA jIvana bhI tuccha hai, taba hama anya ke 'jIvatva' kA bhI sammAna prArambha kara dete haiM / jaina darzana meM ahiMsA ke pakSa aisA hI eka tarka diyA bhI gayA hai| kahA gayA hai ki hameM anya jIvoM ke prati vaisA hI vyavahAra karanA cAhie, jaisA ki hama unase apane lie apekSA rakhate haiM / isa prakAra ke vicAra se hiMsAtmaka vRtti para roka lagatI hai|

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14 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 aura, 'ahiMsA' ke artha kI vyApakatA tathA usake vibhinna AyAmoM kI parakha hI ahiMsAtmaka vRtti ke utpanna hone kA eka upakaraNa bana jA sakatI hai / jisa rUpa meM jaina vicAra meM ahiMsA kI vyApakatA kA citra khIMcA gayA hai, use samajhane kI ceSTA meM hI hamArI hiMsAtmaka vRtti zithila par3ane laga jaayegii| vastutaH, hiMsAtmaka vRtti kI nirmamatA mAtra eka bAta para AdhRta hai--saMvedanazIlatA ke soye rahane para / yadi hiMsA karanevAlA vyakti socane-vicArane lage, saMvedanazIla ho jAya to vaha hiMsAtmaka kArya kara hI nahIM paayegaa| hiMsAtmaka mAnasikatA unhIM meM panapatI hai, jo hiMsA-ahiMsA ke vibhinna pakSoM para kabhI vicAra hI nahIM krte| unameM hiMsA kI 'sanaka' hotI hai, jo hara prakAra kI saMvedanazIlatA ko dabAkara hI kAryarata hotI hai| isa vicArazUnyatA ke kAraNa ve yaha bhI nahIM dekha pAte ki hiMsAtmaka vRtti kA AghAta antata: unhIM para hotA hai| ahiMsA para sAmAnya vicAra karanevAle hiMsAtmaka karmoM ke-jaise yuddha , AtaMkavAda Adi ke duSpariNAmoM kA vizleSaNa karate haiM, kintu, yaha vizleSaNa bhI tabhI upayogI ho sakatA hai jaba hamArI cetanAhamArI saMvedanazIlatA jAgrata rhe| jaina vicAra kI viziSTatA yahI hai ki vaha ahiMsA ke vibhinna AyAma, usakI gaharAI aura jIvana ke hara pakSa meM unake vyApaka prabhAva ko cetanA evaM vicAra ke stara para lA khar3A karatA hai| yahI vaicArikatA kI kamI-yahI acetana jIvana--to Aja kI sabase bar3I durbalatA hai| jaina darzana kI prAsaMgikatA isameM hai ki vaha eka spaSTa AhvAna hai ki cetanatA kI isa durbalatA ke prati hama sajaga hoN|

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saMgoSThI meM prastuta zodhapatra

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khaNDa : 1 jaina itihAsa evaM purAtattva (Jain History & Archaeology)

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Jainism in Bihar During Gupta Pala Periods Dr. B.S. Verma It is very difficult to determine the antiquity of Jainism. 'The Yajurveda mentions the name of three Tirthankaras, Rishabha, Ajitanatha and Arishtnemi. According to the Bhagawata Purana, Rishabha was the founder of Jainism. Even the Jain believe that their system had previously been proclaimed through countless ages by each one of a succession of great teachers'. In the beginning of the historical period Jain had their stronghold in Bihar. Parsvanatha the twenty-third Tirthankara preached and got Nirvana at Parasnatha Hill (in Hazaribagh District) as is traditionally known. The last prophet of Jainism was Mahavira who was born in Vaishali and died in village Pawa in Patna District (now Nalanda District). Mahavira first entered the order of Parsvanatha, but left it after a year perhaps because of differences on the question of renunciation and possession of personal articles. Mahavira stressed asceticism and complete abandonment of all possessions, including clothings, whereas Parsvanatha had stressed that some coverings was a necessity and he never was in favour of extreme renunciation. These differences widened at the time of Bhadrabahu and resulted in two broad divisions in Jainism known as Svetambara (white-clothed) and Digambara (atmosphere-clad, i.e., nude)?. Digambaras had their hold in Bihar. The Chinese pilgrim, Yuan Chwang, has mentioned in his 'Records' that the Digambaras were flourishing when he visited the State. The Siddhas also refer to the naked Jain monks. This fact is attested to by the few images of Tirthankaras which have been found at different places in Bihar. However, excepting a few images, there is a great paucity of Jain records in Bihar belonging to this period. Judged from these scanty records, it appeared that Jainism did not enjoy the same extent of popularity as the contemporary religions, such as Buddhism, Saivism, Vaishnavism etc. Nevertheless, with the help of the few records available, we get an idea of the state of Jainism, as it existed during the period under review. First, it is necessary to examine why there are so few records of the available here. Jainism in the beginning might have obtained the support of some of the early kings of Magadha and Kalinga such as Nanda,

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20 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 Chandragupta Maurya and Kharavela, but it did not receive direct royal patronage from the beginning of the Christian era down to the period under review. The royal patronage to a religion certainly helps its propogation to a great deal. In Bihar the Gupta rulers were generally followers of Vaishnavism, whereas the Pala rulers were Buddhist and Sasanka was a Saiva. We know of no king in Bihar during this period who subscribed to the faith of Jainism. Thus, Jainism lacked the great advantage of royal patronage. Majumdar rightly points our that 'with the dominance of Buddhism, Jainism lost its stronghold in Eastern India'3. Mahavira had stressed much on asceticism and only through it, according to him, one could attain salvation. His great message to mankind was that 'Family and caste are nothing, Karma is everything, and the future happiness depends on it'. He further said that on practising asceticism, Karma could be burnt up, and then one could become a Tirthankara1. This stress on austerity and penances could not be easily followed and appreciated by the common people, especially when there existed a more liberal religion like Buddhism. Jainism stuck to its old principles and did not march with the time. This may be another powerful reason for the comparatively lesser prevalence of Jainism in the State of Bihar. During this period, the centre of Jainism continued to move gradually west towards Gujrat, owing to the conversion and patronage of the Western Kings. Consequently the Great Council of Jainism was convened not in the historical land of its birth, Bihar, but in the western country at Valabhi. All these instances go to show that Jainism during this period had lost its importance and appeal in Bihar. The scanty records of Jainism found here during the Gupta period also confirm this conclusion. The installation of Jain images during this period, under the patronage of the reigning kings prove that image worship was prevalent among the Jains. It was an ancient practice in Jainism. Epigraphic evidence also seems to prove that this practice of image worship was current among the Jains in Eastern India even in the pre-Mauryan times. There is a positive evidence in the Hathigumpha Inscription of the removal of a Jain image from Kalinga to Pataliputra by the Magadha king, Nanda, at the time of the invasion of Kalinga and its subsequent recovery by the Chedi King, Kharavela, who invaded Magadha in the 1st century B.C. From Jain philosophy we learn that there is no place for god in their religion. The objects of their worship are neither gods nor goddesses, but man,...the venerable (ARHAT), the conquerer (Jaina), the founder of the four orders (Tirthankara). The Jain laity who had been drawn away from Hinduism by Mahavira, found themselves left without any object of worship. Therefore, gradually reverence for their masters and other teachers (historical and mythical)

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Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 21 passed into adoration and took the form of a regular cult. Finally, images of these personage were set up for worship and idolatry became one of the chief institutions of orthodox Jainism. Among the images which have been found in Bihar, the most common are those of Rishabhadeva, Parsvanatha, Mahavira and Santinatha who are identified by their symbolic marks. For example, Rishabhadeva is always associated with bull whereas Parsvanatha is shown sitting under the canopy of a snake-hood and Mahavira's symbol of identification is a lion and a wheel. Practically no Jain inscription has been found in Bihar during the Gupta period. The Kahaum Stone Pillar Inscription of Skanda Gupta, though a Jain one, is found in Uttar Pradesh. Of the Pala period, we have found very few Jain inscription in this State. Only one has been found at Nalanda and assigned to the reign of Rajyapalao. This inscription is incised on a pillar of a ruined Jain temple. The object of the inscription is to record the visit of one Vaidanath, son of Manoratha of the merchant family, to the temple in the reign of the illustrious Rajyapala. The inscription does not throw any light on the condition of Jainism in the State of Bihar except that Bihar was still a place of pilgrimage for outsiders. The fact is further corroborated by the existence of another temple at Rajgir, where some of the images of the Tirthankaras were installed by some teachers called Vasantnandi and Thiroka'. From the inscriptions engraved on the pedastal of some images, the temple can be assigned to the 8th century A. D. Thus it is found that, though Jainism was not patronised by any king or by any ruling dynasty, it was not altogether dead in its place of origin, viz., Bihar. People had respect for this religion. Jain images discovered in the district of Singhbhum, Manbhum, Patna, Gaya and Shahabad point out that Jainism continued to have adherents in different parts of Bihar. Even today, unlike Buddhism, Jainism is not extinct in the land of its birth. Perhaps, there are specific reasons, as pointed out by Mrs. Stevenson", which saved it from extinction in Bihar. She writes, 'It has never cut itself off from the faith that surrounded it. Jains always employed Brahamanas as their domestic chaplains, who presided at birth rites and often acted as officials at death and marriage ceremonies and temple worship. So when the storm of persecution by the Muslims or Mohamdans swept over Bihar, Jainism simply took refuge in Hinduism, which opened its capacious bosom to receive it."' Jainism compromised with Hindu caste practices and winked at the worship of some Hindu deities like Ganesh. Vasudeva and Baladeva are two of the sixty-three Salaka-purushas, who are believed to be director of the course of the world". Rishabhadeva the first Tirthankara is regarded as an Avatara of Vishnu 11

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Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 Notes 1. Radhakrishnan, Indian Philosophy, vol. I, p. 287 2. Majumdar, R. C., History of Bengal, vol. I, p. 109 3. The Cultural Heritage of India, vol. IV, p. 44. 4. Stevenson, The Heart of Jainism, p. 39 5. Stevenson, The Heart of Jainism, p. xiv 6. I. A. vol. xlvii, p. 11 7. Ghosh, A., Guide to Nalanda, p. 11 8. Stevenson, The Heart of Jainism, p. 18 9. Ibid. 10. The Cultural Heritage of India, vol. iv, p. 129 11. Ibid., vol iv, p. 134

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Some Observations on Navagraha Cult in Jaina Art Dr. Piyus Gupta* The cult of nine planets or Navagrahas and its depiction in the Indian Sculpture is basically an astrological concept. Since astrology has near universal grip over the Indian society, planetary postulates find place in all the three major pantheons and their corresponding art, including Jainism. Along with the cult of twenty four Tirthankaras as the main conceptual axis around which the Jaina iconography revolves, the pantheon of this particular cult also presents a system of subsidiary divinities like Buddhist and Brahmanical religions. During the evolution of various pantheons, these types of deities keep on emerging at every nodal point of Indian history; but the luxuriant growth takes place following the impact of Tantra, particularly during the early medieval period. The impact is however not uniform and the Jaina pantheon is less proliferous in comparison to other two. Scant attention has been paid by the scholars to the dynamics of the evolutionary process of various pantheons of the Indian religions. In this communication, it is not possible to deal with the subject. But one can construe without the fear of being contradicted that the proliferation of deities is due to assimilation of various myths following the interaction or acculturation of the dominant religions with the cultic ethos of the folk milieu. To this, one can add the process of inter-sectarian exchange leading to the emergence of polysectarian cults like the cult of Navagrahas receiving the sustenance from all major religions of India like Buddhism, Jainism and Brahamanism. In view of the prevalence of large number of deities in each pantheon, the custom of classifying them into various groups is prevalent right from the Vedic days. The Jaina preceptors have likewise classified the subsidiary divinities to several groups. According to Uttaradhyayana, a Jaina text, these gods are of four kinds: 1. Bhaumeyakas or Bhavanavasins : 10 in number 2. Vyantara 8 in number 3. Vaimanikas 2 in number 4. Jyotiskas 5 in number Physician, Naya Tola, Patna.

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24 For our discussion, we shall refer to the dwellings of Jyotiskas which includes planets2, the subject of our discussion : (1)The Suns (2) The Naksatras (3) The Planets (4) The host of Stars Being a polysectarian cult, individual icon of the Navagrahas is polymorphon particularly in relation to weapon and vehicle as per the canonical dogmas of each sect and inter-sect divisions. In our case, we are concerned with the great divide of the Jainism into Svetambara and Digambara. Basing himself on the following texts, Bhattacharya3 has brought out the salient features of the Navagrahas from the point of Jaina Iconography: (1) Acaradinakara Svetambara texts (2) Nirvana Kalika (3) Pratistha Saraddhara Digambara text. Let us briefly discuss these features in relation to each icon : Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 (A) Surya (1) According to Acaradinakara, Surya with lotuses in both hands rides on a chariot driven by seven horses: (2) Pratistha Saraddhara's description is somewhat simpler but the symbol is lotus in both hands. (B) Candra (1) Nirvana Kalika describes Candra as driving a chariot driven by 10 white horses (dasasvetasva), and Acaradinakara assigns an urn of nectar (sudhakumbha) to be held by Candra. (2) Pratistha Saraddhara does not assign any weapon. (C) Mangala (1) Acaradinakara (2) Nirvana Kalika (1) Acara Vehicle = = : Weapon shovel in hands (Kuddalahasta) Vehicle Mesa Rt. upper : Spear(Sakti) Lt. hands : Sula (Trident) Gada (club) (3) Pratistha Saraddhara: Weapon: Trident (Sulabhrit) (D) Budha: Deity is four-armed: Rt. lower : Varadamudra : Symbol: Book in hands (Pustaka) : Sw ana (Kaln hanisavahana)

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Some Observations on Navagraha Cult in Jaina Art (2) Nirvana : Symbols: (i) Sword (Khadga) (ii) Shield (Khataka) (iii) Club(Gada) (iv) Varadamudra (3) Pratistha Saraddhara : Book (Pustaka) (E) Bshaspati (1) Acara : Book (Pustaka hastaya) Vehicle : Swan (hanisavahana) (2) Nirvana : 4 armed : Symbols (i) Rosary (aksasutra) (ii) Staff : (danda) (iii) Kamandalu (iv) Varadamudra (3) Pratistha : (i) Books (ii) Rosary (iii) Kamandalu (iv) Vahana : Lotus (F) Sukra (i) Acara : Symbol : Urn (Kumbha) Vehicle : Snakes (Uruga Vahana) (ii) Pratistha : Symbols : (a) Three-fold thread (b) Snake (c) Noose (d) Rosary (G) Sani (1) Acara : Symbol : Axe (Parsuhastya) Vehicle : Tortoise (2) Pratistha : Symbol : Three-fold thread (H) Rahu (1) Acara : Symbol : Axe (Paksu) Vehicle : Lion (Singhavahana) (2) Pratistha : Symbol : Flag (Dhvaja) (I) Ketu Svetambara : Vehicle symbol = Snake If we add the canonical injunctions of other religions like Buddhism and Brahmanism along with the regional variations to the aforemen Jaina dogmas, Navagraha is bound to present a bewildering spectacle of ons to the aforementioned

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26 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 innumerable varieties. It is not possible to deal with all iconomorphic varieties, fashioned as per various iconographic texts in this brief communication. Nevertheless we propose to depict at least one graha say, Sani to have a comparative idea of the state of affairs prevalent in this regard: Serial Text Symbol Vehicle Axe Tortoise 3 fold thread Rod Danda Tortoise Acara (Svetambara) Pratistha (Digambara) Nispanna Yogavati (Buddhist) Agni Purara (Brahmanical) Visnudharmottara (Brahamanical) Silpa (Brahamanical) Girdle of Bells Staff and Rosary Staff and Varadamudra Black Chariot Chariotic Shorso Lotus Tiwary points out that the basic structure of the Jaina Pantheon is supposed to have developed by the end of 5th Century AD. But we shall presently see that the Navagraha panels find a place only in the developed pantheon in early medieval period. In fact, the detailed description of the iconographic features sarted in the Jaina texts from the 8th to the 12th century AD. Quite a good number of planetary panels (either in 8th or 9th seriatum) are depicted in relation to Jaina icons of temples in different parts of Gujrat (Kathiawar peninsula), Rajputana, Central India, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal, Orissa. From that reckoning the Navagraha Jaina art possesses a pan-Indian dimension. For example, on the throne of the Lilvadeva temple, Panch Mahal, Gujrat, we find the panel along with Ambika Yaksi. It belongs to the 10th century AD. In Khajuraho Digambara temple of Parsvanath, in Devagadh Digambara temple of Santinatha and in Khanerao Svetambara temple of Mahavira, we come across Navagraha panels belonging to the 10th century. In Mathura museum we find a panel of Astagrahas by the side of the main deity i.e. Vrsabha. This panel belongs to the 11th century AD. In Aluara (Bankura, Bengal), 5 icons of Mahavira have been recovered. In one of them, one can notice Navagraha panel. All these images belong to 10th-11th century AD. In this connection, one refers to dancing Navagrahas fastened in the lower-most pedestal of a Santinatha image preserved in Fyzabad Museum.

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Some Observations on Navagraha Cult in Jaina Art From the foregoing, one can notice that the Jaina planetary panels emerged during the early medieval period. Banerjee contends that Navagraha reliefs were a medieval convention practised as a prophylact measure for the safety of the temples. In this connection, he refers to the earliest extant Navagraha Sculpture of a late Gupta fragmentary Sandstone relief from Sarnath. 27 Shastri refers to Varahamihir's injunctions for the preformance of grahasanti or grahayajna before launching on a military campaign. As pointed out at the outset that the planetary concepts practised by the sculpture is born out of astrological concept. Indian astrological texts i.e., Jyotisastra made significant progress paticularly in relation to planetary dogmas and started taking shape in the form of siddhantas in 5-6th century AD. This period is synchronized with the advent of a number of scholars like Aryabhatta (476 AD), Varahamihira (500 AD), Bramhagupta (575 AD). This period closed with Bhaskaracarya who flourished before the advent of the Turko-Afgan rule in India. It is interesting to point out that King Ballala Sen of Sen Dynasty-a contemporary of Bhaskara wrote Adbhuta Sagara, an astrological treatise. Similarly, another King of early medieval period, King Bhoja of Dhara was a great scholar of Jyotisa and compiled an astrological text known as Bhoja Samhita. But in India, astrology was a despised profession earlier. Buddhist text Brahmajalasutta, Jaina Scripture Uttaradhyayana Sutra and Brahmanical code Manusmrti-all castigated astrology in unequivocal terms. Farrington describes the similar position in relation to early Greek civilization and astrology. He even mentions about the police measures against the astrology. But the position changed with the inter emperors like Theberius, Nero and others who extended patronage to them. As mentioned above, Indian situation changed so fundamentally that some of the kings were themselves astronomers. It was raised to the status of Royal profession i.e., Raja-Jyotisa. Varahamihira enjoins upon the rulers to follow his following injunctions: "A king, who desires to maintain fame and all round success, must engage the services of astrologers who are clever in the science of prognostication." >>6 Dealing with the chronology of the nodal point of the change, Filliozat pointed out that earlier Indian astronomy was strictly cosmographical; but during the first century AD, through influences from Mesopotamia and Greece later became astrological.7 Similarly Macdonnel noted that as a result of Greek influence this change started taking place from 200 AD8. This metamorphosis can be synchronized with the transition from antiquity to medievalism in Indian History. According to Yadava, the central

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28. Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 phase of this transition appears to have commenced from the sixth century AD-specifically from the declining days of the Gupta empire. Basing himself on the Buddhist account of Kaliyuga from Lankavatara Sutra, Yadava equates this period of Kaliyuga with the medievalism." To discuss the significance of this co-relation between astrology and medieval is beyond the scope of the present article. At the same time, we like to refer to Dr. R. C. Hazra's observation that from the sixth century AD. Purtadharma, which involved the building of temples, tanks, works of public utility, was emphasised as the highest mode of religion.10 One can accrue, as Agni Purana points out, various types of benefits by erecting corresponding types of temples. For example, by building temple, a golden temple, one is freed from all sins. So, there is upswing in the temple-building activities during this period and we have already pointed in the foregoing that the planetary panels were fashioned for the protection of the temples. One can point out that the above reference is concerned with the Brahamanical rituals. So, how Jaina tradition comes into the picture in the Brahmanical milieu. Despite the differences in iconographic features of Navagraha icons, astrology and hence the cult of Navaraha, both Jaina and Buddhist traditions are derived from Brahmanical dogmas. References : 1. Sacred Book of East, Jaina Sutras, p. 227 Uttaradhyayana- Translated by Herman Jacobi 2. Ibid. p. 226 3. The Jaina Iconography by B.C. Bhattacharya, 1974, p 9-10 4. Jaina Pratima Vijnan by Dr. Maruti Nandan Prasad Tiwary, p 249 5. The Development of Hindu Iconography by J.N. Banerjee, p. 144 6. Encyclopaedia Britanica, Vol. II, p. 641 7. Studies in the History of Science, Edited by Dr. D.P. Chattopahaya, p. 772 8. India's Past by A.A. Macdonnel 9. Indian Historical Review, Vol. V: The Accounts of the Kaliyuga of Social Transition from the Antiquity to Middle Ages by Dr. B. N. S. Yadava 10. Art under Feudalism in India by Dr. Devangana Desai

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Trade in the Samaraichchakaha : Text and Context Dr. Vijay Kumar Thakur* The study of trade in early medieval complex has two distinct parameters - the empirical scenario and the theoretical underpinnings. The contradictory nature of formulations in recent writings on the theme indicate to some extent the state of art. The theoretical moorings of the debate on the nature of early medieval economic formation in India is deeply entrenched in the semantics of Indian feudalism. This imparts more significance as well as a greater vulnerability to the study of trade complex during the period. Major studies on the theme have assumed dichotomous positions in the process either deliberately or otherwise - some supporting the new social formation by constructing a picture of weak commercial mechanism and others opposing it by positing the currency of a well organised and meaningful economic system. The empirical base of all such analyses needs strenghthening in order to make the formulations more relevant and historically sound. The present paper, by making a detailed analysis of references to trade in the Samaraichchakaha of Haribhadra Suri, seeks to enhance the data-base of early medieval commercial enquiries in terms of the theoretical framework of the contemporary feudal formation. This text, a Jaina Dharmakatha, expounding religious precepts in the garb of stories generally woven around the life of a merchant, directly touches upon the major aspects of contemporary trade and commerce. It is generally accepted that the text was composed sometime towards the 8th and the beginning of the ninth centuries A. D. This chronological stratum, due to its contemporaniety with the inaugural phase of a new social formation in the history of the region, further enhances the value of this text in the present context. The text refers to long distance trade in a number of kathas. Traders of one area have been described as visiting another area of the sub-continent. A merchant named Dharana, a resident of the city Makandi, went to Achalapura, sold his goods by earning a profit, spent some time in making * Department of History, Patna University, Patna-800 005.

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Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 the purchase and sale of local commodities, and finally returned with merchandise fit for trade at Makandi.2 The text records the merchantile connections of Amarapura with Laksmi Nilaya, Susarma Nagara, Vairata Nagara, etc.3 Sravastand Ujjayini have been mentioned as centres of commercial activities visited by merchants from different directions. Despite references to long distance internal trade, the Samaraichchakaha does not indicate the existence of an organised mercantile complex during the period. The stories mostly give the impression of isolated efforts being made by traders in an atmosphere that was not congenial for trade and commerce. References to caravan trade, instead of contradicting this suggestion, support it. The uncertainties and the hostile climate made it incumbent upon the traders to move in groups. At one place in the text, the leader of the caravan, the sarthavaha, tells the fellow travellers, when they had gathered for the journey, the advantages of the route that he proposed to take and gave them a number of instructions for their guidance. These are, as suggested earlier, scattered references to contemporary trading activities and by their very nature they suggest the absence of any organized all-India trading network during this period. It is ironical to note that the text, despite numerous mentions of internal trading centres, is almost totally silent about the routes frequented by the merchants. Major trade-routes of the pre-A.D. 600 phase are not known, a fact that may suggest a significant decline in trade as these roads had certainly fallen into disuse by this period. 5 30 8 The road conditions were also bad, a fact that will suggest either the withdrawal from or lack of capacity of the political authority to control the situation. The traders were constantly threatened by robbers and petty feudal lords. "The Physical dangers of long-distance traffic had considerably increased owing to the activities of professional robbers also during the early medieval period."" Significantly Hiuan-tsang, who came to India in the 7th century AD, could not travel with such safety as Fa-hien, who had visited India in the Gupta period. This is an indubitable commentary on the growing insecurity of the highways. Many texts of the period, e.g. the Upamitibhavaprapanchakaha, the Kathasaritasagara, the Trisastisala kapurusa-charita, etc., describe the travelling merchants' fear of robbers." The Samaraichakaha also refers to such dangers pointedly. The Sabaras, who had taken to dacoity and violence, often plundered the caravans, killed men and cows mercilessly, and captured people for high ransom. Though the Samaraichchakaha does not contain many mention of this group, yet it is certain that they, through their extremely violent and unorthodox posture, created an atmosphere of insecurity in the regions of the Vindhyas and the Aravalis as well as near the other forest and hilly regions where they lived. 10 11 12

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Trade in the Samaraichchakaha : Text and Context 31 Politically volatile, they created serious problems for the trade of the region. The story of Dharana recounts the catastrophe graphically. The merchant, after earning huge profits, stopped in a forest on his return journey. The members of the caravan slept after arranging for the watch. The Sabaras attached the caravan in the midnight, killed many merchants and looted their goods. The political authority was too weak to do anything about it as we keep on getting similar references in other contemporary sources as well. The Samaraichchakaha, true to the fractured nature of the urban economy that it is referring to, makes two casual mentions of items of trade.14 The first list includes ivory, liquor, lac, chanwara and poison, while the second names dhana-dhanya, hiraya, suvarna, mani-mukta-pravala, dvipada and chatuspada. It is needless to mention that the items of the first list have nothing to do with the day-to-day requirements of the people. The same is also true of the items of the second list. These are all highly priced luxury articles. The term dhana-dhanya may be interpreted as grain, but this will possibly be a misreading of the text. The term, occurring alongwith gold, gems, precious stones and birds and animals, does not signify grain but it refers to wealth in general. The non-utilitarian and luxury oriented nature of trade is clearly borne out if this list is compared with the list of commodities given by Narada in the preceding period. The latter's list includes milk, sour milk, clarified butter, honey, bees-wax, lac, pungent condiments, liquids used for flavouring, spirituous liquor, meat, boiled rice, sasamum, juice of the soma plant, flowers, fruits, precious stones, men and women (as slaves), poison, weapons, salt, cakes, plants, garments, silk, skins, bones, blankets, animals, earthen pots, buttermilk, vegetable, ginger, herbs, dry wood, grass, fragrant substances, ingudi plant, cotton, thread and articles of metal." That the Samaraichchakaha is describing an internal trade system that was basically luxury-oriented is also corroborated by the huge margin of profits earned by the merchants engaged in it. Thus, Dharana made an eightfold profit by selling his goods at Achalapura. But this was the beginning. His stay at the place for four months and involvement in the local commercial transactions earned him more profit. The profits must have been multiplied many-fold if he would have safely returned to Makandi with the commodities purchased at Achalapura. This was a huge profit margin, something that was impossible to be earned in course of trade in utilitarian objects. The text, thus, indicates a sluggish trade mostly confined to luxury items. The constricted nature of trade is reflected by an increasing emphasis on the localisation of commodity exchange. The Samaraichchakaha

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32 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 19 frequently refers to the hattas," which were local centres of exchange. These places were decorated on special occasions, possibly during religious and community festivities. This may underline the periodical increase in their importance and may suggest their nature as fairs. That the itinerant traders visited these hattas is apparent from the Pratihara and the Paramara records. 20 These were the centres of utilitarian commodity exchange and cotton, wheat, rice, butter, etc., could be procured from here. These places were under the supervision of local chiefs and this may explain the proper arrangements made at such centres." 22 25 26 The localisation of trade adversely affected the external trade mechanism. The Samaraichchakaha informs us that the big merchants of the region used to trade with foreign countries23 in the hope of earning greater profits.24 They frequented the islands of Mahakataha, Simhala, Suvarna and Ratna besides China." The basic modus operandi was to purchase the local goods and return to the mother country. At times, they also offerred presents to the local kings to seek their permission and get a tax remission." The story of Dhan informs us that one Nanda taking the presents went ashore to see the king when the ship reached Mahakataha. The king was pleased and provided him the necessary hospitality to carry on trade in the area. The same story also points out the importance of Mahakataha, i. e. Kedah, in western Malaya, in contemporary trade mechanism of India. Other stories relate to the frequent visits of merchants to Suvarnabhumi.29 A host of contemporary texts confirm the mercantile connections with Suvarnabhumi and Mahakataha.30 The contact with China does not seem to be uni-centred as the text refers to a sailor, Suvadana, coming from China and proceeding to Devapura via suvarnadvipa." 27 28 31 32 The stories of the Samaraichchakaha, besides outlining the difficulties involved in trade with China and South-East Asia, focus on the locational centrality of Sri Lanka in this trade mechanism. This place had a basic advantage in terms of the position of monsoon which made direct communication between Sri Lanka and the Malaya straits possible since the beginnings of the Christian era. The itineries of both Fa-hien and I-tsing testify to this position. Cosmos underlines its central position in the transit trade between the east and the west. The samaraichchakaha records the daily sail of ships from Suvarnabhumi for Simhaladvipa. It was from Tamralipti and Baijayanti, the two big ports on the eastern coast of India, that the ships sailed to and from Sri Lanka, Mahakataha and China.35 These references, however, need a reappraisal in the light of known historical facts. The text refers to trade with China but it is fairly certain that this trade was becoming marginal during the period. India is not included in the list 33 34

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Trade in the Samaraichchakaha : Text and Context 33 of countries which, according to the Sung Annals, were trading with Canton in A.D. 971.36 By the end of the 8th century A.D., China seized to play any meaningful role in India's external trade network. The references to the two major ports in the Samara ichchakaha, Tamralipti and Baijayanti, do not help us much. While the first had decayed by the beginning of the 8th century A.D., the second is yet to be identified with any known port of the times. Obviously one is forced to conclude that these stories of the Samara ichchakaha cannot be taken as portraying the true picture of contemporary foreign trade; they are heavily burdened with the traditional perception of such contacts. The references to South-East Asia, however, seem to be more realistic. The text refers to the list of imports from this region, an information that is not forthcoming in the context of China. The items include camphor, areca-nuts, betel plants, sandal trees, lavanga lavati, coconut plantain, panasa, pindakharjura, rajatali, tamala and mandara" besides blocks of gold marked with the names of the merchants carrying them. * The exports included pots of gold and jewels." This 'becomes incomprehensible in the light of universal references to South-East Asia, not India, as the land of gold. That the Indian merchants brought gold and precious gems form this region and transhipped them back to earn greater profits seems to be the only explanation, though admittedly not very plausible. The weakened nature of Indian foreign trade is also apparent from the weak technology of Indian shipping vis-a-vis that of the Arabs and the Chinese. The Samaraichchakaha illustrates this situation by recording that the ship sailing from Tamralipti reached Suvarnabhumi in two months. *' Lallanji Gopal, basing his deduction on this evidence, rightly points out the speed limitations of the Indian ships and the fact that they lagged behind the Arab and the Chinese ships in this regard. In comparison to the two months' taken by the Indian ship, the Chinese ship, as he suggests, took a month's time to reach Ku-lin (Quilon) from Lana-li (extreme northwest coast of Sumatra),42 and an Arab ship also took the same time in reaching Kalah bara (Kedah) from Kulam Mali (Quilon).43 This suggestion has been rejected by V. K. Jain on purely hypothetical grounds, 44 though he himself admits the dominance of these non-Indian groups in the field.*) The medium of exchange, as occasionally hinted at in the Samaraichchakaha, also points to the limited nature of the contemporary urban economy. The dunara has been mentioned in the text, 40 but these references do not relate to either any actual purchase or sale nor to a

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34 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 valuation of commodities. These are invariably mentioned as a measure of wealth indicating thereby the conventional nature of these references. The text also refers to sodasasuvanna:48 but the non-prevalence of gold coins during the period is too well known a fact of Indian history to require any comment in the present context. Despite these references, the system of barter seems to have been the basis of the exchange mechanism. The text frequently tells us about merchants visiting distant parts of the country and exchanging their own merchandise with the wares of those regions. The same system operated at the hattas, as well. The references to coins in the text, therefore, sound conventional and in tune with similar mentions in the contemporary inscriptions. The reversal to barter system, as illustrated by the text, is indicative of languishing trade and declining urban tradition; the developments when viewed in their totality reflect the feudal milieu of the times. The Samaraichchakaha, no doubt, refers to urban centres and mercantile activities, but the nature of such literary references need to be properly appreciated before constructing contemporary formation. It has been pointed out by B. N. S. Yadav that literary depictions of cities in the Gupta and post-Gupta times become almost conventional."" "In the description of Ujjayini in the Padata ditakama (c. 6th-7th century A.D.), the Kadambari (7th century), and the Navasahasankacarita (10th century), of Kundinapura in the Nalacampu (10th century) and the Naisadh sacarita, of Ramavati in the Ramacarita of Sandhyakara Nandi, of Pravarapura in the Vikramarkadevacarita of Bilhana, of Ajmer in the Prthvirajavijaya, and of Asahillapura, or Anhilvada, in the Kumarapalacarita and the Kirtikaumudi, one can notice to some extent the same conventional type of approach." References to trade and currency system, as borne out by the analyses of textual mentions, also seem to have been influenced by a similar style of conventionalisation and repetition. The early medieval texts, composed during a period devoid of either significant commercial activities or strong urban tradition, drew its motifs from earlier texts and superimposed them on the contemporary reality. The nature of commercial economy illustrated in the Samaraichchakaha is in correspondence with the context of the text. The late 8th and the early 9th centuries A.D. represent the mature phase of Indian feudal formation, a development that finds distinct echoes in the text. The administrative structure, as constructed on the basis of scattered references in the text, contains strong feudal elements. The samanta system is fairly well known. These samantas were subservient to the kings and have been called,

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Trade in the Samaraichchakaha : Text and Context 35 at least once in the text, as tax-paying rulers. They had their own armies and forts. Even the samanta group was hierarchical in composition. The Samaraichchakaha refers to the mahasamantas who were the masters of numerous samantas and very close to the king." This text contains one of the earliest mentions of the term thakkura in western India, 56 a fact that underlines its feudal traits. It is pertinent to note in this context that R.S. Sharma takes thakkura as a common feudal epithet that was "applied indiscriminately to officials of different castes and categories." Significantly in the feudal society the caste considerations came to be superseded by the feudal ranks. The Samaraichchakaha, obviously familiar with this new change in social hierarchy, informs that even a lowly placed aboriginal sabara, after beoming a samanta, was accepted as sambandhin, or kinsman, by the family members of the overlord and other samantas.* The text also refers to the lord-vassel relationship. Thus, while extending help to his sabara vassal, king Kumarasena declares, "He has become my liegeman. Hence even though he has been doing reprehensible things, I cannot be indifferent when he engages himself in fight."99 The text also introduces an element of paternalism in the lord-vassal nexus as Gunachandra says to Vigraha, a vassal of his father, Maitribala, "You are liegeman of my father. Hence you are my elder brother.>>60 In tune with the feudal polity of the times, the council of ministers was gaining in power vis-a-vis the king. Besides extending advise to the king, they also supervised judicial administration. That the council of ministers as well as the bureaucracy admitted of hierarchical structure is evident from the currency of designations like mantrin, mahamantrin, amatya 4, pradhana amatya", sachiva and pradhana sachiva.67 The samantas and the mahasamantas not only kept their own armies but also helped their overlords in case of war. References to the panchakulao suggest weakening of the central authority on the one hand and the rise of local units of administration on the other. Thus, numerous references to the feudatory system, growing powers of the council of ministers, lord-vassal relationship, feudal ranks determining social status, graded system of bureaucracy, feudalisation of the military structure and the emergence of local units of administration are sufficient indicators of the feudal structure that the Samaraichchakaha is contextually rooted in. The above survey, by making a content analysis of a purely religious text, focuses upon an interesting aspect of early medieval India. It lays bare the dynamics of social formation during the period. The indubitable feudal context of the Samaraichchakaha has a distinct bearing on the nature of economy emerging from the descriptions of the text. Commercial activities

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Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 are referred to but in a typical conventional manner. Trade and currency system assume an ambivalent nature. The descriptions are primarily stereotype. They clearly testify to weakened urban economic activities and this is in consonance with the feudal complex that had crystallised by that time. 36 References : 1. Kalpana Jha, Urbanisation in Early Medieval North India: An Analysis of the Samaraichchakaha, Patna, 1990, pp. 29-32. 2. M. C. Modi (ed.), Samaraichchakaha, Ahmedabad, 1935-36, Introduction (henceforth referred to as SK). 3. Ibid., III, p. 172; IV., pp. 240-241, 256, 261, 285, 287. 4. Ibid., IV, pp. 257, 286-287. 5. Ibid., IV, p. 242, VI, pp. 504, 509, 511-512, 535, 537, 553-554, 554555, VII, pp. 656, 658, 666-667, 672. 6. Ibid., p. 476 ff. 7. Ibid., VI, pp. 511-512; VII, pp. 656-658. 8. B.N.S. Yadav, Society and Culture in Northern India in the Twelfth Century, Allahabad, 1973, pp. 271-272. 9. Ibid., p. 272. 10. Ibid. 11. SK, VII, pp. 655-679. 12. D. Sharma (ed.), Rajasthan through the Ages, Vol. I, Bikaner, 1966, P. 428; SK, VI, 511-512. 13. SK, VI, p. 510 ff. 14. Ibid., I, pp. 39-63. 15. Ibid., p. 63. 16. Ibid., p. 39. 17. Naradasmrti, I, 61-64-65. 18. SK, VI, p. 510 ff. 19. Ibid, IV, p. 260; VII, pp. 714-717; IX, p. 858. 20. Epigraphica India, Vol. XX, p. 55. 21. Ibid., Vol. XXI, p. 48. This hatta was managed by a mandala (Archaeological Survey of India, Annual Report, 1936-37, p. 91). 22. SK, IV, p. 260; VII, pp. 714-717, IX mp. 858. 23. Ibid., V., p. 498. 24. Ibid., IV, pp. 246, 251, 268; VI, pp. 539-540. 25. J. Yadav, Samaraichchakaha : Ek Samskritika Adhyayana, Varanasi, 1977. 26. SK, VI, pp. 509, 551, 562. 27. Ibid., IV, pp. 250, 259.

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Trade in the Samaraich- chakaha: Text and Context 37 28. Ibid. 29. Ibid., V, pp. 397-398; VI, pp. 540, 543. 30. J. Yadav, op.cit., p. 168; L. Gopal, The Economic Life of Northem India, Delhi, 1965, p. 136,ff. 31. SK., VI, p. 540. 32. L. Gopal, op.cit., p. 123. 33. Christian Topography (ed. J.W. McCrindle), Westminister, 1901, p. 365. 34. SK, IV, pp. 327-328. 35. Moti Chandra, Trade and Trade Routes in Ancient India, New Delhi, 1977, p. 193. 36. Chau Ju-Kua, p.19, cited in L. Gopal, op.cit. p. 133. 37. Cf. L. Gopal, op.cit., p. 155. 38. SK, VI, p. 515 ff. 39. Ibid., IV, pp. 240-241, 241-242-247, 286-287, 283; VI, pp. 551, 558, 558, 561, 586-587. 40. Ibid, IV, p. 327. 41. Op.cit., p. 126. 42. Chau Ju-Kua, p. 89, cited in L. Gopal, op.cit., p. 126 43. G.F. Hourani, Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times, Princeton, 1951, pp. 74-75. 44. Trade and Traders in Western India, New Delhi, 1990, p. 88. 45. Ibid., p. 81ff. 46. SK, II, p. 114; III, p. 171; IV, p. 267; VI, p. 509; etc. 47. Ibid, II, p. 114; VIII, p. 746. 48. Ibid, IV, p. 244; VI, p. 558. 49. Ibid, VI, p. 516, cited in L. Gopal, op.cit., p. 215. 50. Op.cit., p. 240. 51. Ibid., pp. 240-241. 52. SK, II, p.147; V, pp. 365, 38.3, 481, 482, 485, 487; VII, pp. 633, 635, 694; VIII, p. 841, etc. 53. Ibid., VII, p.726. 54. Ibid., II, pp. 79-83; V, p. 472. 55. Cited in V. K. Jain, op.cit., p. 214, fn. 42. 56. Indian Feudalism: c. 300-1200, Calcutta, 1965, p. 197. 57. Cf. B.N.S. Yadav, op.cit., p. 172. 58. Cf. D. Sharma (ed.), op.cit., p. 339, fn.2. 59. Ibid. 60. SK, IV, pp. 257-258, 258-259, 262. 61. SK, IV, pp. 257-258, 258-259, 262.

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38 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 62. Ibid, I, pp. 21, 68, etc. 63. Ibid, II, pp. 145, 151; etc. 64. Ibid., II, p. 146; III, p. 196; etc. 35. Ibid., VII, pp. 693-694, 694-695. 66. Ibid., III, p. 196, IX, p. 881. 67. Ibid., IX, p. 882. 68. Ibid., IX, p. 882. 69. J.Yadav, op.cit., p. 55.

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jaina purAtattva-sandarbhita videha aura mithilA DaoN. praphulla kumAra siMha 'mauna' bihAra ko jaina tIrthakaroM kI janma, tapaHsAdhanA, dharmopadeza, varSAvAsa, saMgIti evaM nirvANa-bhUmi hone kA saubhAgya prApta hai| ina tIrthaMkaroM meM prathama RSabhanAtha (AdinAtha) the| antima caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara vardhamAna mahAvIra vaizAlI kI vibhUti the| bihAra chaha tIrthaMkaroM kI janmabhUmi hai| bArahaveM tIrthaMkara vAsupUjya kA janma campApurI (aMga), unnIsaveM mallinAtha aura ikkIsaveM neminAtha kA mithilApurI (videha), bIsaveM muni suvratanAtha kA rAjagRha aura caubIsaveM mahAvIra kA janma vaizAlI meM huA thaa| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra zItalanAtha kA janma bhaddilapura meM huA thA, jo Aja hajArIbAga-parikSetra meM par3atA hai| bAIsa tIrthaMkaroM ne giriDIha-parikSetra ke sammeda zikhara, arthAt pArasanAtha kI pahAr3I para, aura vAsupUjya ne campApurI tathA mahAvIra ne pAvApurI meM nirvANa prApta kiyA thaa| caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM meM pArzvanAtha (840-740 I. pU) tathA mahAvIra (561-490 I. pU.) kI avasthiti ko aitihAsika AdhAra prApta hai / itihAsa kI mAnya paramparA ke anusAra vardhamAna mahAvIra (561-490 I.pU.) aura gautama buddha (577-487 I. pU) samakAlIna the| pArzvanAtha ke matAnuyAyI mahAvIra kA janma vaizAlI ke samIpastha kSatriya kuNDapura yA kuNDagrAma meM huA thaa| pitA siddhArtha kuNDapura-nAyaka jJAtRvaMzIya tathA mAtA trizalA videhadattA (vaizAlI ke gaNa pramukha ceTaka kI bahana) ke nAma se prakhyAta thii| 'kalpasUtra' tathA 'AcArAMgasUtra' meM vardhamAna mahAvIra ko 'videha', 'videhadatta', 'videhAjAtya' aura 'videhasukumAra' kahA gayA hai| pUjyapAda-racita 'dezabhakti' (5vIM sadI), jinasena-kRta 'harivaMzapurANa' (8vIM sadI), guNabhadraracita 'uttarapurANa' (9vIM sadI), dAmanandi-kRta 'purANasaMgraha' (hastalipi), sakalakIrtti-kRta 'vIravarddhamAnacarita' (15vIM sadI) Adi meM mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi kuNDapura athavA kuNDagrAma (vaidehakuNDapure-pUjyapAda) ko videha viSaya ke antargata (videhAkhye viSaye, videhaviSaye--guNabhadra) mAnA hai, jo bhAratavarSa meM mahARddhi-sampanna janapada (asmin bhAratavarSe videheSu maharddhiSu-dAmanandi) pramukha saddharmoM kI lIlAbhUmi hone ke kAraNa (saddharmasaGghAdyaiH videha iva rAjate-sakalakIrti) vikhyAta thaa| aitihAsika dRSTi se buddha aura mahAvIra ke samaya meM vaizAlI vajjI yA videha-saMgha kI rAjadhAnI thii| __* AmrapAlI mArga, mahanAra (vaizAlI)

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Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 ata: vaizAlI meM janmadhAraNa ke kAraNa mahAvIra ko 'vesAlIe' (vaizAlIya) kahA gayA hai (sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana sUtra) / vaizAlI-utkhanana se prApta eka mRNmudrA meM aMkita 'vaizAlI nAma kuNDe kumArAmAtyAdhikaraNa' (guptakAla) se pramANita hotA hai ki vaizAlI ke (vaizAlI-sthita kSatriyakuNDa) isa kuNDa kI smRti cauthI-pA~cavIM sadI meM bhI zeSa thii| Aja kA bAsokuNDa usa aitihAsika kuNDapura kA smRti-avazeSa hai| suprasiddha cInI bauddha yAtrI hvenasAMga (629-645 I.) ke vaizAlI-vRttAnta ke anusAra (637 I.) vaizAlI meM nirgranthoM kI saMkhyA acchI thii| vaizAlI se prApta jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI pAlayugIna (770-1199 I) mUrtiyoM meM eka vaizAlI ke 'baunApokhara' para bane jaina mandira meM varSoM se pUjita hai| 'vividhatIrthakalpa' (jinaprabhasUri, 14vIM sadI) meM kuNDagrAma ko jainatIrtha kahA gayA (khattiakuNDaggAmanayara, vesAlIvANiaggA) hai| RSabhanAtha kI prAcIna mUrti (chaThI sadI) rAmacandrazAhI saMgrahAlaya, mujaphpharapura meM pradarzita hai| isa prakAra (vajjI) videha kI rAjadhAnI vaizAlI (kalpasUtra) ke kuNDagrAma meM chaThI sadI I.pU. meM caubIsaveM (antima) tIrthaMkara varddhamAna kA janma jJAtRkula (jathariyA-rAhula sAMkRtyAyana) meM huA thaa| unake upadeza kSatriyoM kI usI vidrohI paramparA meM the, jisakA upaniSad-kAla meM kSatriyoM ne, vizeSakara kAzI ke rAjakula ke pArzva ne DhAI sau varSa pahale kiyA thA aura ye upadeza janabhASA meM kiye gaye, jabaki upaniSad-kAlIna kSatriya-netRtva ne saMskRta ko hI prazraya diyA thaa| mahAvIra ne pahalI bAra janabhASA (prAkRta) kA prayoga kiyA aura isI bhASA ke mAdhyama se saddharma kA pracAra evaM prasAra bajjI-videha se magadha taka ve karate rahe / mahAvIra kI bhASA-nIti ko zAkyasiMha amitAbha buddha ne bhI (pAli) apnaayaa| isa prakAra vajjI-videha aura magadha-janapadoM meM saMskRta ke samAnAntara saddharma aura tadviSayaka sAhitya kI bhASA pAli (bauddha) tathA prAkRta (jaina) bnii| 'vIravardhamAnacarita' (sakalakIrti, 15vIM sadI) meM tIrthaMkara mahAvIrakAlIna videha aura kuNDapura ke vipula sAMskRtika citra upanyasta kiye gaye haiN| tadanusAra tayugIna bhArata ke vizAla sAMskRtika pradezoM meM parigaNita videha-parikSetra meM deva, manuSya aura vidyAdharoM se vandita tIrthaMkaroM tathA sAmAnya kevaliyoM kI nirvANabhUmiyA~ paga-paga para dRSTigocara hotI thiiN| vahA~ ke vana-parvata Adi dhyAnAvasthita yogiyoM dvArA nirantara Asevita the aura nagara-grAma Adi U~ce-U~ce jina-mandiroM se suzobhita the| dharma-pravRtti ke nimitta kevalajJAna-prApta tIrthaMkara tathA gaNadhara-saMgha ke sAtha varSAvAsa evaM tapovihAra kiyA karate the| vaizAlI, cecara, gar3haalaulI (khagar3iyA), causA, candanakiyArI, lohAnIpura (paTanA) Adi se prApta tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyA~ isake udAharaNa haiM / ye jaina mUrtiyA~ kAyotsarga tathA yogAsIna donoM mudrAoM meM banI haiM, jinameM yogAsIna mUrtiyoM ko adhika lokapriyatA milii|

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jaina purAtattva-sandarbhita videha aura mithilA 41 bihAra se prApta jaina pratimAoM meM lohAnIpura se milI tIrthaMkara kI mauryakAlIna khaNDita pratimA (bhAratIya kalA ko bihAra kI dena : DaoN. vI. pI. sinhA) sarvaprAcIna mAnI jAtI hai| tIrthaMkara kI isa pratimA ke sira, hAtha tathA jA~gha se nIce ke paira khaNDita haiN| mUrti para uttama camakIlI pAliza hai| taMga vakSasthala, caurasa pITha, kSINa kAyA Adi jaina paramparA evaM kAyotsarga-bhaMgimA ke anukUla haiN| Arambhika tIrthaMkaroM kI kAyotsargamUrtiyA~ prAya: naMgI milatI haiN| causA se prApta RSabhadeva (AdinAtha) kI kAMsyamUrti (pAlakAlIna) kAyotsarga-sthiti meM naMgI banI hai| sira ke bAla taraMgavat lakIroM meM citrita haiM tathA mukhAkRti kaThora hai| kintu RSabhanAtha kI maheta (goMDA) se prApta prastara-mUrtiyA~ yogAsIna sthiti meM banI haiN| padmAsana ke nIce siMha aura vRSabha bane haiN| hRdayasthala para dharmacakra banA hai| RSabhanAtha ke donoM ora pArzva-devatAoM kI taraha do anucara khar3e haiN| candanakiyArI se milI pArzvanAtha kI kAMsyamUrti (kAyotsarga, pAlakAlIna) ullekhanIya mahattva kI hai| tIrthaMkara neminAtha kI prAcIna prastara-pratimA gvAliyara se milI hai / neminAtha padmAsana para yogAsIna sthiti meM haiN| Asana ke nIce siMha, pArthoM meM pArzvadeva, hRdayasthala para dharmacakra, mastaka chatra-maNDita / yaha pratimA zilpa kI dRSTi se pratIkAtmaka hai| isa ikkIsaveM tIrthaMkara kA janma prAcIna videha kI rAjadhAnI mithilApurI meM huA thaa| jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI paramparA meM pratiSThita unnIsaveM tIrthaMkara mallinAtha kA bhI janma mithilApurI meM huA thaa| jinaprabhasUri ne 'vividhatIrthakalpa' meM mithilA meM janameM ina do jinoM ke pAda-padmoM meM apanA praNAma (mithilAtIrthakalpa) nivedita kiyA hai : ..... naIo amahurodagA pAgayajaNA vi sakkayabhAsavisArayA aNegasatthapasatthaainiuNA ya jnnaa| tattha riddhitthamiasamiddhA mihilA (pAThAntara : mahilA = mithilA) nAma nagarI hutthaa| saMpayaM jagai tti pasiddhA...itthaya mallinAhaceIe vairuTTA devI kuberajakkho a, namijiNaceIe gaMdhArIdevI bhiuDIjakkho a, ArAhayajaNANaM vigthe avaharaMti tti / . . . . tadanusAra bhAratavarSa ke pUrva deza meM videha-janapada hai| samprati ise 'tirahuta deza' kahA jAtA hai / yahA~ kA janasAdhAraNa saMskRtajJa tathA zAstranipuNa hai / yahA~ aneka RddhiyoM se samRddha mithilA nAma kI nagarI thii| samprati yaha 'jagai' (jagatI) ke nAma se prasiddha hai|. . . . yahA~ jainoM ke mallinAtha caitya meM vairoTyA devI aura kubera yakSa tathA nemijaina caitya meM gAndhArI devI tathA bhRkuTIyakSa ArAdhakoM ke vighnoM kA haraNa karate haiN|' ( mithilApurI kA abhijJAna : pro. upendra jhA) mithilApurI meM udbhUta jaina tIrthaMkara mallinAtha kI mA~ prabhAvatI tathA pitA kumbharAja aura neminAtha kI mA~ vappAdevI (viprA) tathA pitA vijayanRpa the| 'tiloyapaNNatti' meM mallinAtha aura neminAtha ke janma, dIkSA aura vairAgya-prApti kI vistRta jAnakAriyA~

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42. Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 upalabhya haiN| 'harivaMzapurANa' meM bali aura viSNukumAra kI kathA milatI hai / 'kathAkoza' (hariSeNa) ke anusAra mithilA ke padmaratha, sudharma gaNadhara se prabhAvita tathA tIrthaMkara vAsupUjya se dIkSita hokara unake gaNadhara bana gaye (bodhacakra : saM. DA. mauna : DA. raamprvesh)| 'AdipurANa' (bhagavajjinasenAcArya) ke anusAra mallinAtha aura neminAtha RSabhadeva ke vaMzaja the| ina jaina tIrthaMkaroM ke ahiMsAmaya upadezoM ne mithilApurI ke janamAnasa ko udvelita kara diyA thaa| DA. upendra ThAkura ne ('sTaDIja ina jainijma aiNDa buddhijma ina mithilA) isa sandarbha ke tathyoM kA vizeSa adhyayana prastuta kiyA hai| DaoN. janArdana mizra (bhAratIya pratIka-vidyA) ne gvAliyara se prApta jaina tIrthaMkara neminAtha kI prAcIna pratimA kA ullekha kiyA hai, jisake mastaka para trizakti kA pratIka tricchatra tathA mastaka ke pIche prabhAmaNDala ke rUpa meM dharmacakra banA hai| Adhunika zodha-bodha ke anusAra sAMskRtika janapada-videha aura usakI mithilApurI jainasandarbho meM bhI carcita rahI hai| zrI balabhadra jaina (bhArata ke digambara jaina tIrtha, bhAga 2) ne mithilApurI ke jaina sandarbho kI vistRta carcA kI hai| 'majjhimanikAya' ke anusAra janakavaMza ke antima rAjA karAla janaka buddha aura mahAvIra ke samakAlIna the| videha kI rAjyakrAnti ke bAda karAla janaka ke anta ke sAtha bajjIsaMgha meM videha ke antarbhukta ho jAne se bajjI-videha kI rAjadhAnI vaizAlI meM kendrita ho gaI (mithilAka sAMskRtika itihAsa : pro. rAdhAkRSNa caudhrii)| rAjazakti vaidehoM ke hAtha meM thii| gaNapati ceTaka tathA siMha senApati vaideha the| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kI mA~ videhadattA trizalA ceTaka kI bahana thii| isa vaivAhika sambandha ne bajjI-videha kI rAjanItika zakti ko sudRr3ha bnaayaa| trizalA aura jJAtika kuzala rAjA siddhArtha pArzvanAtha ke anuyAyI the| bAraha varSoM kI kaThina tapasyA ke bAda vardhamAna ko RjupAlikA ke uttarI taTa para kaivalya-jJAna prApta huaa| tatpazcAt ve arhat, jina, nirgrantha aura mahAvIra kahalAye / vardhamAna mahAvIra ne kauzala, magadha, videha Adi janapadoM meM apanA dharmopadeza diyaa| jainagranthoM ke anuzIlana ke anusAra mahAvIra ne mithilApurI meM chaha varSAvAsa vyatIta kiyA thaa| mithilApurI se saTe bAhara vAyavya koNa meM avasthita maNibhadra caitya meM ThaharA karate the--"toseNa mihilAe nayarIsa bahiyA uttara-puracchime disibhAe ettha NaM maNibhadaM NAma ceie|" vardhamAna mahAvIra se pUrva pArzvanAtha bhI jJAna-prApti ke bAda mithilApurI gaye the| mithilApurI meM jiname mallinAtha kA pratIka ghaTa tathA caityavRkSa azoka aura neminAtha kA pratIka nIlakamala aura caityavRkSa bilva thaa| mallinAtha ko ekamAtra mahilA tIrthaMkara kahA gayA hai| (mithilApurI kA abhijJAna : pro. upendra jhaa)| mithilApurI meM

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jaina purAtattva - sandarbhita videha aura mithilA mallicaitya aura nemijaina- caitya bane the / kAlAntara meM ina caityoM meM yakSa-yakSiNI ke pUjA - pracalana kI jAnakArI jinaprabhasUri ne 'vividhatIrthakalpa' meM dI hai| yakSa ko dhana kA devatA tathA yakSI ko upaja kI devI mAnA gayA hai / yakSa aura yakSI kI prAcIna mUrtiyA~ vaizAlI ke cecaragrAma - saMkula se prApta huI hai / buddha aura mahAvIra ke samaya bajjI- videha janapada meM yakSa-yakSI kI pUjA kAphI lokapriya thI (cecara kI prAcIna mRNmUrttiyA~) aura vaizAlI meM aneka itihAsa - prasiddha caitya the 1 mithilApurI ke akampita ne tIna sau ziSyoM ke sAtha madhyama pAvA meM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra se saddharma kI dIkSA lI thii| akampita ko jaina sampradAya ke AThaveM gaNadhara kI pratiSThA prApta thii| mithilApurI ke lakSmIdhara caitya meM nivAsita vidvAn Azamitra ne tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga do sau varSa bAda jaina dharma kA prabala virodha kiyA thA / 43 jaina tIrthaMkaroM meM antima vardhamAna mahAvIra ke bhautika zarIra meM videharakta pravAhita thA / jaina vAGmaya meM inheM 'vesAlIe' tathA 'videhasukumAra' kahA gayA hai / vardhamAna mahAvIra kI eka pAlayugIna prastara mUrti vaizAlI ke jaina mandira meM saMpUjita hai / pAlayugIna alaMkaraNoM se alaMkRta isa pratimA ke bAda pITha meM dharma ke pratIka do siMhoM ke bIca dharmacakra, pArzvoM meM pArzvadeviyA~ (ca~varadhAriNI) alaMkRta prabhAvalI ke donoM ora vidyAdhara tathA sira para tricchatra dhAraNa kiye hue mahAvIra padmAsana para yogAsIna haiM / isa prakAra kI yogAsIna mUrttiyoM kI racanA kA mUla sindhughATI sabhyatA ke pazupati meM nihita hai / DaoN. zrIraMjana sUrideva ne jaina granthoM ke AdhAra para 'mahAvIrakAlIna vaizAlI' (vaizAlImahotsava - smArikA, 1989 I.) kA bhavya rUpAMkana kiyA hai| isameM mahAvIrakAlIna vaizAlI kI dhArmika, prAkRtika tathA jAnapada jIvana kI sthiti kA suramya citra pratibimbita huA hai / vaizAlI tatkAlIna bhArata kI samRddhatama mahAnagariyoM meM advitIya thI (vaDDhamANacariu: vibudhazrIdhara, 12vIM sdii)| kuNDapura kI aTTAlikAoM para phaharAnevAlI dhvajAe~ tIkhe tejavAle sUrya ko bhI Dhaka letI thIM / yahA~ ke jinAlayoM meM barAbara jaya-jayakAra gU~jatA rahatA thA aura stotra, gIta, nRtya, vAdya Adi kI manomohaka svaramAdhurI anudhvanita rahatI thii| jinAlayoM kI jina-pratimAe~ divya suvarNa upakaraNoM tathA alaMkaraNoM se dIpta rahatI thIM (vIravarddhamAna carita : A. bhaTTAraka sakalakIrtti, 15vIM sadI) / jaina vAGmaya ke anuzIlana se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina sampradAya kA paMcama gaNadhara sudharmAsvAmI kA janma kollAga - sanniveza (kolhuAgrAma) meM huA thA / vaizAlI ke gaNapati ceTaka, senApati siMha, sudarzana zreSThI, pUrNabhadra, sujAta jaise jinAnuyAyI vaizAlI ke hI the / campA kI jaina sAdhvI candanabAlA ne eka vizAla bhikSuNI - saMgha ke sAtha

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44 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 vaizAlI meM mahAvIra kI zaraNAgata huI thii| isa prakAra videha aura usakI rAjadhAnI mithilApurI sadiyoM taka jaina sandarbho se jur3I rhiiN| kintu duHkha kA viSaya hai ki isa vizAla aitihAsika tathA sAMskRtika bhU-bhAga ko jaina kI apekSA bauddha dRSTi se adhika dekhA gyaa| ata: isa bhU-bhAga kA vizeSa adhyayana-anusandhAna jaina sthApatya aura mUrtikalA kI dRSTiyoM se purAtAttvika sarvekSaNa tathA utkhanana ke dvArA kiyA jAnA Avazyaka hai| sandarbha-srota : 1. bhAratIya kalA ko bihAra kI dena : DA. bI. pI. sinhA 2. licchaviyoM kA utthAna aura patana : DA. zailendra zrIvAstava 3. hisTrI oNpha videha : DA. yogendra mizra 4. sTaDIja ina jainijma eNDa buddhijma ina mithilA : DA. upendra ThAkura 5. vaizAlI abhinandana : grantha (dvi. saM.) : saM. : DA. yogendra mizra 6. buddha, videha aura mithilA : saM. DA. praphulla kumAra siMha 'mauna' 7. bodhacakra : saM. DA. mauna : DA. rAmapraveza 8. mithilApurI kA abhijJAna : pro. upendra jhA 9. bhArata ke digambara jainatIrtha : balabhadra jaina 10. mithilAka sAMskRtika itihAsa : pro. rAdhAkRSNa caudharI 11. cecara kI prAcIna mRNmUrtiyA~ : DA. praphulla kumAra siMha 'mauna' 12. vaizAlI-mahotsava-smArikA, sa.1989, 1990 tathA 1991 I. 13. bhAratIya pratIka vidyA : DA. janArdana mizra

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jainadharma evaM choTAnAgapura umezacandra dvivedI* jaina dharma evaM jaina kalA ke vikAsa meM choTAnAgapura-kSetra kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai| jaina dharma evaM jaina kalA kA adhyayana tabataka pUrA nahIM ho sakatA, jabataka ki isa kSetra kI kalA kA adhyayana nahIM kiyA jaataa| __ jaina dharma kA eka bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa tIrthasthala pArasanAtha kI pahAr3I choTAnAgapura ke giriDIha jile meM avasthita hai| jaisA ki nAma se hI vidita hai, yaha sthala jaina dharma ke 23veM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha se sambandhita hai| isa sthala kA mahattva isalie bhI bar3ha jAtA hai ki isa dharma ke caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM meM bIsa ne yahIM nirvANa prApta kiyA thaa| ye tIrthaMkara the--ajitanAtha, sambhavanAtha, abhinandanAtha, sumatinAtha, padmaprabha, supArzvanAtha, candrabhrama, suvidhinAtha, zItalanAtha, zreyAMsanAtha, vimalanAtha, anantanAtha, dharmanAtha, zAntinAtha, kunthunAtha, arhanAtha, mallinAtha, munisuvrata, naminAtha evaM pArzvanAtha / jaina dharma ke lie yaha sthAna kitanA mahattvapUrNa hai yaha isI se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina dharma ke donoM pramukha sampradAya zvetAmbara evaM digambara ne eka dUsare ke viruddha isa sthAna para apanA varcasva kAyama karane hetu varSoM taka mukadamA ldd'aa| ___pArasanAtha nizcita rUpa se atizaya prAcIna sthala hai, parantu isa sthAna para koI bhI aisA purAvazeSa nahIM bacA hai, jo 18 vIM zatI I. se pUrva kI ho|' begalara ne isa sthAna kI carcA karate hue kahA thA ki madhubana, jo isa pahAr3I ke uttarI tala para avasthita hai, meM aneka prAcIna prastara-kalAkRtiyA~ thiiN| parantu 1903 I. meM blaoNca ne jaba isa sthAna kA bhramaNa kiyA thA, use yahA~ koI bhI purAvazeSa dekhane ko nahIM milA thaa| jaina dharma se sambandhita dUsarA pramukha sthala kuluhA kI pahAr3I hai, jo choTAnAgapura ke patarA jile meM avasthita hai| sTena ke anusAra 1899 I. meM use 'zrItIrthamAlA amolaka ratna' nAmaka eka pustaka dikhAI gaI thI, jisake anusAra kuluhA jaina dharma ke 10veM tIrthaMkara zItalasvAmI kA janmasthala evaM nirvANasthala donoM thA aura usa samaya yaha sthAna bhaddilapura nagara ke nAma se jAnA jAtA thaa| parantu sTena ke vicAra meM yaha jaina dharmAvalambiyoM kA usa samaya koI pramukha tIrthasthala nahIM thaa| isa sthAna para pArzvanAtha kA eka mandira hai, jahA~ 10-10 kI saMkhyA meM jaina tIrthaMkaroM kA do samUha pahAr3I ko * saMgrahAlayAdhyakSa, rA~cI saMgrahAlaya, rA~cI

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46 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 kATakara aMkita kiyA gayA hai| apane dasa kI saMkhyA ke kAraNa janasAdhAraNa ke lie yaha viSNu ke dazAvatAra kA aMkana hai / ina sabhI tIrthaMkaroM ke sAtha eka ca~varadhAriNI dekhane ko milatI hai / inake lAMchana ina pratimAoM ke nIce utkIrNa the, jo kAlAntara meM dhUmila par3a gaye haiM / ina mUrtiyoM para abhilekha bhI khudA hai| ina mUrtiyoM ko gar3hane meM kalAkAroM ne apanI paripakvatA nahIM dikhAI hai, ataH kalA-zailI ke AdhAra para inakA tithi-nirdhAraNa abhI taka nahIM kiyA jA sakA hai / parantu isa jagaha se prApta abhilekhoM meM sabase prAcIna abhilekha parama bhaTTAraka mahArAjAdhirAja viSNugupta kA hai. jo sambhavataH uttara - gupta vaMza kA zAsaka thA, jo sAtavIM-AThavIM zatI I. meM isa kSetra meM zAsana kara rahA thaa| sTena (Stein) ne isa pahAr3I ke nikaTa ke tAlAba ke pAsa eka jaina tIrthaMkara kI pratimA dekhI thI, jisapara usane eka abhilekha utkIrNa dekhA thA, jisameM vi. saMvat 1443, arthAt varSa 1386 I.pU. kI carcA thii| DI. Ara pATila ke vicAra meM usa abhilekha kA adhyayana phira se kiyA jAnA Avazyaka hai| 4 jaina dharma ke aneka prAcIna avazeSa evaM pratimAe~ purAne mAnabhUma jile (jisakA kucha hissA Aja dhanabAda jilA kahalAtA hai) aura siMhabhUma jile meM dekhI gaI haiM aura ye jile choTAnAgapura - pradeza ke antargata haiM / pI. sI. rAya caudhurI ke anusAra choTAnAgapura kSetra kA mAnabhUma jilA jaina dharma kA eka pramukha sthala thA, yaha hama Aja lagabhaga bhUla gaye haiN| unake anusAra bhArata ke kisI bhI jile meM isase prAcIna jaina purAvazeSa itanI bikharI huI avasthA meM dekhane ko nahIM milA hai| mAnabhUma hI vaha jilA hai, jahA~ ur3IsA, bihAra evaM baMgAla ke sabhI yAtriyoM ko sambhavata: gujaranA par3atA thA / yahA~ yaha ullekhanIya hai ki ur3IsA jaina dharma kA prAcIna kAla meM eka bar3A hI mahattvapUrNa sthala thA / khaNDagiri kI pahAr3iyoM meM jaina sthApatya evaM kalA ke pracIna avazeSa Aja bhI surakSita haiM / utkalanareza khAravela ke hAthIgumphAabhilekha meM yaha ullikhita hai ki usane jina - pratimA ko punaH utkala lAne hetu magadha para AkramaNa kiyA thaa| bihAra aura ur3IsA ke bIca Ane-jAne kA mArga sambhavataH mAnabhUma hokara hI gujaratA thA / yaha eka pramukha kAraNa ho sakatA hai, jisake kAraNa hameM Aja bhI mAnabhUma - kSetra ke hara hisse meM Dhera sAre jaina purAvazeSa bikhare par3e milate haiM / kahA jAtA hai ki jaba mahAvIra isa dharma ke pracAra hetu yAtrA kara rahe the taba vaha 'sAphA' athavA 'sapha' kSetra meM apane dharma pracAra ke lie Aye the / usa kSetra meM AdivAsI bahutAyata saMkhyA meM the aura vaha bhagavAn mahAvIra kI bAta sunane ko taiyAra nahIM the / yahI nahIM, unhoMne bhagavAn mahAvIra ko apamAnita bhI kiyA / parantu mahAvIra unake isa vyavahAra sekSubdha nahIM hue aura apane dharma kI bAteM unheM samajhAne kA prayatna karate rahe / anta meM

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jainadharma evaM choTAnAgapura AdivAsI bhagavAn mahAvIra kI sAdagI evaM sajjanatA se prabhAvita hue aura unameM aneka AdivAsiyoM ne jaina dharma svIkAra kara liyaa| isa 'sAphA' rAjya yA pradeza kI pahacAna isa jile ke sAtha kiyA jAtA hai| pAlamA se hameM aneka jaina kalAkRtiyA~ prApta huI haiM, jinameM tIna prastara-mUrtiyA~ paTanA saMgrahAlaya meM saMrakSita haiN| inameM eka ajitanAtha kI sthAnaka-pratimA hai| unakA lAMchana hAthI unake paira ke nikaTa dikhalAyA gayA hai| unake donoM ora ca~varadhArI yakSoM kI pratimAe~ dekhane ko milatI haiM, jo thor3A bahuta unakI tarapha ghUme hue haiN| yaha paTanA-saMgrahAlaya meM saMgRhIta pahalI pratimA hai| eka dUsarI mUrti meM bhI ajitanAtha ko kAyotsarga-mudrA meM dikhAyA gayA hai| prArambha meM isa mUrti kI pahacAna neminAthadeg se kI gaI thI, parantu mUrti ke nicale bhAga meM aMkita hAthI yaha spaSTa kara detA hai ki Upara aMkita mUrti ajitanAtha kI hI hai| isa sthAna se prApta tIsarI pratimA zAntinAtha kI hai, jinake sAtha unakA lAMchana yA cihna mRga dekhane ko milatA hai| ye sabhI pratimAe~ lagabhaga 11vIM zatI I. kI haiN| mArca, 1947 I. meM vartamAna dhanabAda jile ke candanakiyArI- prakhaNDa se hameM aSTadhAtu nirmita mUrtiyoM kA eka samUha prApta huA thA, jinameM sabhI mUrtiyA~ jaina dharma kI hI thiiN| yaha aSTadhAtusamUha Aja paTanA saMgrahAlaya kI zobhA bar3hA rahA hai| isa samUha meM kula 29 pratimAe~ thIM, jinameM 27 khar3e jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAe~ haiN| inameM se eka meM devI ambikA kA evaM eka meM eka manuSya ke sira kA alaMkaraNa dekhane ko milatA hai| yaha sira bhI sambhavata: kisI jaina tIrthaMkara kA hai|12 yahA~ nagna jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI pahacAna unake sAtha cihnita lAMchanoM ke AdhAra para AsAnI se kiyA jA sakatA hai| ina pratimAoM meM sabase adhika pratimAe~ RSabhanAtha kI haiM, jo sAta mUrtiyoM meM aMkita haiN| mahAvIra evaM kunthunAtha kI chaha-chaha pratimAe~ isa samUha meM dekhane ko milI haiM / candraprabha evaM pArzvanAtha kI do-do pratimAe~ nirmita haiN| ajitanAtha, vimalanAtha aura neminAtha kI eka-eka mUrti hameM dekhane ko milatI hai| eka mUrti meM RSabhanAtha evaM mahAvIra ko sAtha-sAtha khar3A dikhAyA gayA hai| jaisA ki pahale kahA jA cukA hai, eka pratimA ambikA devI kI hai evaM eka jaina tIrthaMkara kA mastaka hai| yaha aSTadhAtu-nirmita mUrtiyoM kA samUha eka navIna aSTadhAtu-nirmANa-kalA kI tarapha hamArA dhyAna AkRSTa karatA hai / ye sabhI mUrtiyA~ nAlandA evaM kurkihAra se prApta aSTadhAtu kI mUrtiyoM se alaga DhaMga se nirmita haiN| jahA~ nAlandA evaM kurkihAra kI mUrtiyA~ bhItara khokhalI haiM, aluvArA kI aSTadhAtu-pratimAe~ pUrNarUpeNa bharI, parantu Upara se dekhane meM dubalI-patalI haiN| adhikAMza ke siroM ke agrabhAga para UrNa dekhane ko milatA hai|

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48 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 tIrthaMkaroM ke hAtha kI aMguliyA~ unakI jA~gha ko chUtI dikhAI gaI haiN| ina tIrthaMkaroM ko sAmAnyata: kaI talavAle Asana para khar3A dikhAyA gayA hai / unatIsa pratimAoM meM se sAta para abhilekha khude haiM, jinameM unake dAtAoM kA nAma khudA hai| mahAvIra kI eka pratimA meM nau sevaka dikhAye gaye haiN| kunthunAtha kI bhI eka pratimA meM unake sahayogiyoM kI saMkhyA nau dikhAI gaI hai, jabaki anya do pratimAoM meM unakI saMkhyA ATha hai / pArzvanAtha kI eka pratimA meM unake nau bhaktoM athavA sevakoM ko Asana para baiThe dikhAyA gayA hai / unakI eka anya pratimA meM do bhakta sarpa dikhAye gaye haiM / pArzvanAtha kI eka pratimA meM eka bhakta ko unake pA~va ke nikaTa baiThA dikhAyA gayA hai| mahAvIra kI pratimAoM ke sAtha hameM jahA~ siMha dekhane ko milatA hai, pArzvanAtha kI pahacAna unake sarpa-phana ke AdhAra para kI jAtI hai| vRSabhanAtha kI aSTadhAtu - pratimAoM meM hameM vRSabha dekhane ko milatA hai to kunthunAtha, candraprabha, ajitanAtha, neminAtha aura vimalanAtha ke sAtha kramaza: bakarI, arddhacandra, hAthI, zaMkha aura suara dikhAyA gayA hai| ambikA kI pratimA meM unake sAtha siMha aMkita hai / ye sabhI pratimAe~ 11vIM - 12vIM zatI I. kI mAnI jAtI haiM / aluvArA se hameM aneka prastara- pratimAe~ bhI prApta huI haiM, jo bhAratIya itihAsa ke madhyakAla kI haiM / yahA~ se prApta ina prastara - pratimAoM meM mahAvIra, zAntinAtha evaM pArzvanAtha kI do-do pratimAe~ eka lAMchana-vihIna jaina tIrthaMkara kI sthAnaka pratimA evaM eka tIrthaMkara kA mastaka hai| tIna yakSI pratimAe~ bhI isa sthAna se prApta huI haiN| isa sthAna se hameM eka caumukha bhI prApta huA hai, jisake cAroM ora tIrthaMkaroM kI sthAnaka pratimA hai / ye sabhI pratimAe~ paTanA-saMgrahAlaya meM saMgRhIta haiM / alavArA ke nikaTa hI kumhArI evaM kumAradAga nAmaka do gA~va hai, jahA~ kucha prAcIna jaina mUrtiyA~ dekhI gaI thiiN| yahA~ ina gA~voM meM kucha prAcIna abhilekha bhI prApta hue the, jinameM eka to eka sthAnIya vyakti dvArA hI vahA~ se haTA diyA gayA thA / 13 pAkabIrA meM bhI aneka prAcIna prastara- pratimAe~ dekhane ko milI thIM / begalara ke anusAra isa sthAna para unake mandira evaM mUrtiyA~, jinase jaina dharma kI prAcInatA saMketita hotI haiM, dekhane ko miliiN| inameM sabase pradhAna eka nagna pratimA thI, jo 7.5 phITa U~cI thI / yahA~ Asana para eka kamala kA cihna dekhane ko milaa| isake AsapAsa hI aneka aura pratimAe~ thiiN| do pratimAoM meM vRSabha lAMchana ke rUpa meM citrita thA aura eka anya choTI pratimA meM kamala isake atirikta eka pratimA meM tIrthaMkaroM ke sAtha siMha, mRga, vRSabha aura sambhavata: memanA dekhane ko milatA hai / 14 yahA~ yaha ullekhanIya hai ki kamala padmaprabhanAtha kA lAMchana mAnA jAtA hai / parantu memanA kA kisI bhI jaina tIrthaMkara se sambandha spaSTa nahIM hai /

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jainadharma evaM choTAnAgapura nikaTa ke paMkhA gA~va, jo Aja sambhavata: dakSiNa baMgAla ke puruliyA jile meM avasthita hai, se cAra mUrtiyA~ prApta huI thiiN| inameM eka pratimA vRSabhanAtha kI hai, jinake cAroM ora zeSa sabhI tIrthaMkara dikhAye gaye haiN| isa sthAna se prApta dUsarI pratimA ke madhya meM eka vRkSa hai, jisapara eka bAlaka ko baiThe dikhAyA gayA hai| vRkSa ke nIce yakSa, yakSI kI pratimA hai| yakSI kI pratimA ke hAtha meM eka baccA bhI dikhAyA gayA hai / inake nikaTa sAta vyaktiyoM ko khar3e dikhAyA gayA hai| jaina purAvazeSoMvAlA dUsarA pramukha kendra dulabhI hai, jo cANDila se karIba 35 kilomITara hai| begalara ke anusAra inameM kucha pratimAe~ nizcita rUpa se jaina haiN| unake anusAra ukta sthAna para 9vIM-10vIM zatI I. meM nizcita rUpa se koI bar3A jaina pratiSThAna thA, jisake pazcAt hI 11vIM zatI I. meM hinduoM ne mandira Adi kA nirmANa karAyA hogaa|16 durbhAgyavaza, aba isa sthAna para jaina pratimAoM kA koI avazeSa nahIM raha gayA hai| dulabhI se kucha mIla dUra devalI nAmaka gA~va hai, jahA~ prAcIna jaina mandiroM ke avazeSa haiN|17 isa sthAna para sthita sabase bar3e mandira ke garbhagRha meM eka jaina mUrti sthApita hai, jinakI pahacAna aranAtha se kI gaI hai / sAdhAraNa grAmINa hindU ise hindU devatA kI mUrti mAnate haiM aura inakI pUjA bhI karate haiN| Asana para khar3I yaha mUrti lagabhaga tIna phITa U~cI hai| Asana para eka mRga kA citraNa hai| mukhya pratimA ke Upara do katAroM meM khar3I tIna-tIna tIrthaMkaroM kI nagna mUrtiyA~, jo donoM tarapha aMkita haiM, yaha spaSTa kara detI haiM ki yaha jaina dharma kI hI mUrtiyA~ haiN| isa pramukha mandira ke agala-bagala kucha anya choTe-choTe mandiroM ke avazeSa haiN| isake nikaTa hI Adhe mIla kI dUrI para eka per3a ke nIce pArzvanAtha kI pratimA hai| vastuta: isa kSetra meM gahana anveSaNa kI AvazyakatA hai, jo jaina dharma ke itihAsa meM naye AyAma jor3ane meM saphala ho sakate haiN| begalara ne suisA gA~va, jo Aja siusA ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai, aneka jaina pratimAe~ dekhI thIM / inameM eka pratimA pArzvanAtha kI thI evaM dUsarI RSabhanAtha kii| dhanabAda ke nikaTastha katarAsagar3ha bhI kabhI jaina dharma kA eka pramukha kendra thaa|19 katarAsagar3ha relave sTezana se Adhe mIla kI dUrI para, dAmodara nadI ke donoM kinAroM para aneka prAcIna jaina mUrtiyA~ dekhI gaI thiiN| siMhabhUma jile se bhI hameM aneka jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAe~ prApta huI haiN| inameM aneka pratimAe~ Aja kI mUlAgrAma meM rakhI huI haiN| yaha gA~va dAlabhUma anumaNDala ke paTAmadA aMcala meM hai / rA~cI saMgrahAlaya, rA~cI meM icAgar3ha-kSetra se prApta eka bar3I hI sundara jaina pratimA saMgRhIta hai, jo icAgar3ha ke pUrva mahArAjA zrI prabhAtakumAra Adityadeva ke

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50 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 saujanya se prApta huA hai 20 / isa pratimA meM yakSa- yakSI ko eka bacce ko goda meM liye arddhaparyaMkAsana mudrA meM baiThe dikhAyA gayA hai / inake madhya eka vRkSa ko aMkita kiyA gayA hai, jisapara eka choTe-se tIrthaMkara ko baiThA dikhAyA gayA hai| unake nIce eka choTe-se bacce ko jhUlatA dekhA jA sakatA hai| tIrthaMkara ke donoM tarapha do hAthI dekhe jA sakate haiN| hAthI ke agala-bagala gandharvoM kA citraNa hai / pratimA ke nicale hisse meM chaha bhakta dikhAI dete haiM aura eka vyakti ko hAthI para savAra dikhAyA gayA hai / yakSI kI bAIM tarapha nAgaphana para eka vyakti ko khar3A dikhAyA gayA hai| hAthI ajitanAtha kA lAMchana hai, ata: ina yakSa-yakSI kI pahacAna mahAyakSa evaM ajitabAlA se kI jA sakatI hai / isI prakAra kI eka dUsarI pratimA isa lekhaka ke dvArA rA~cI saMgrahAlaya ke lie saMkalita kI gaI hai, jo paTAmadA- prakhaNDa se prApta huA hai / yahA~ bhI yakSa-yakSI ko bacce ke sAtha arddhaparyaMkAsana mudrA meM baiThe dikhAyA gayA hai| yahA~ bhI unake madhya eka vRkSa dikhAyA gayA hai, jisake Upara eka jaina tIrthaMkara ko baiThe dikhAyA gayA hai| pratimA ke nicale hisse meM pA~ca baiThe manuSyoM meM do ko jAnavaroM para baiThA evaM eka ko kamala para baiThA dikhAyA gayA hai| cU~ki pratimA kAphI TUTa-phUTa gaI hai, ataH ina yakSa-yakSI kI pahacAna kaThina hai / anumaNDalAdhikArI, dAlabhUma ke mAdhyama se do anya jaina pratimAe~ rA~cI saMgrahAlaya ko prApta huI haiN| eka pratimA meM tIrthaMkara ko kAyotsarga-mudrA meM kamalAsana para khar3e dikhAyA gayA hai| inake donoM tarapha caurI liye yakSa yA sevaka dikhAye gaye haiM / inake ThIka Upara sambhavataH aSTagrahoM kA citraNa hai, jinameM prathama graha sUrya evaM antima rAhu kI pahacAna hotI hai / sUrya ke donoM hAthoM meM kamala dikhAI detA hai evaM rAhu ke donoM hAthoM meM arddhacandra / bAIM tarapha ke sevaka ke bAyeM eka strI ko baiThe dikhAyA gayA hai / Asana meM sabase dAhinI tarapha eka bhakta dhyAna mudrA meM dikhAyA gayA hai, jisakI bagala meM eka siMha aMkita hai / siMha ke bAda eka anya bhakta kI pratimA hai, jo Asana ke madhya meM aMkita mRga kI tarapha mur3A hai| isa mRga ke pazcAt punaH eka bhakta kA aMkana hai, jo sambhavataH kisI strI kI pratimA hai| isake bAda punaH eka siMha evaM eka bhakta kA aMkana hai / Upara ke bhAga meM chatra, prabhAmaNDala evaM gandharva dekhe jA sakate haiN| Asana para madhya meM aMkita mRga ke AdhAra para isa pratimA kI pahacAna zAntinAtha se kI jA sakatI hai / eka anya pratimA meM RSabhanAtha ko kAyotsarga-mudrA meM kamalAsana para dikhAyA gayA hai / inake donoM tarapha do sevaka dekhe jA sakate haiM, jinake hAtha meM ca~vara hai| Asana para donoM tarapha eka-eka siMha dikhAyA gayA hai / inakI bagala meM arcanA - mudrA meM do bhakta dekhe jA sakate haiM, jinakA dhyAna madhya kI ora hai / pramukha pratimA ke donoM tarapha 24

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jainadharma evaM choTAnAgapura 51 nagna pratimAe~ dekhI jA sakatI haiM, jo sambhavata: 24 tIrthaMkaroM kI haiN| ye tIna ke samUha meM cAra katAra meM pradhAna pratimA ke donoM tarapha aMkita haiN| inake nIce sambhavata: aSTagrahoM kA aMkana hai| pratimA ke UparI bhAga meM gandharva dekhe jA sakate haiN| pradhAna pratimA ke chatra ke agala-bagala do AkRtiyA~ thIM, jo aba naSTa ho cukI haiN| ye sabhI pratimAe~ 11vIM-12vIM zatI I. kI haiN| ___ dAlabhUma se hI hameM eka caumukha bhI prApta huA hai, jo rA~cI saMgrahAlaya meM saMgRhIta hai| samaya ke thaper3oM ne isa mUrti ko kAphI kharAba kara diyA hai, ataH isake cAroM tarapha aMkita tIrthaMkaroM kI pahacAna karanA sambhava nahIM hai| isa zodhapatra ko saMkSipta rUpa meM samApta karane ke krama meM maiM rAkhAladAsa banarjI ko uddhRta karanA caahuuNgaa| unake anusAra jaina pratimAe~ baMgAla meM durlabha haiM, parantu bihAra ke choTAnAgapura pramaNDala evaM ur3IsA meM sarvatra yaha kAphI saMkhyA meM pAI jAtI hai| pichale paccIsa varSoM meM mujhe choTAnAgapura ke rA~cI, mAnabhUma evaM siMhabhUma jile ke aneka mahattvapUrNa sthaloM kA bhramaNa karane kA avasara milaa| parantu kheda hai ki isa kSetra ke purAvazeSoM ko abhI taka ThIka se varNita nahIM kiyA gayA hai| ina jiloM meM, jo apane koyalA-udyoga ke kAraNa bar3I saMkhyA meM logoM kI sampannatA ke sAdhana haiM, aneka mandira haiM aura hajAroM mUrtiyA~ isa kSetra meM bikharI par3I haiN| isa prakAra ke mandirakSetra barAkara aura dhanabAda se prArambha hote haiM aura rIvA~ rAjya ke jaMgala evaM ur3IsA rAjya meM jAkara samApta hote haiN| ina sthAnoM se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki isa kSetra meM kabhI kAphI vizAla janasaMkhyA nivAsa karatI thI, jo jaina dharma kI anuyAyI thI; kyoMki ina sabhI sthAnoM meM jaina mUrtiyoM kI bahutAyata hai aura brAhmaNa-mandira evaM mUrtiyoM kI saMkhyA km| banarjI mahodaya ke vicAra meM ye mUrtiyA~ madhyayuga ke tIsare-cauthe varSa, arthAt 11vIM-12vIM zatI I. kI haiN| sandarbha-srota : 1. pI.sI. rAya caudhurI : Jainism in Bihar, pR. 4. 2. DI. Ara. pATila : Antiquarian Remains of Bihar, pR. 365. 3. e. sTena : Indian Archaeology, xxx, pRSTha 90-95, bI.pI. majUmadAra The Comprehensive History of Bihar,bhA., khaMDa-1. pR. 144. 4. DI. Ara. pATila : vahI, pR. 218. 5. uparivat, pR. 219. 6. pI. sI. rAyacaudhurI : vahI, pR. 44.

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52 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 7. vahI. pR. 45; 8. vahI, pR. 45; 9. paTanA saMgrahAlaya, purAtattva saMkhyA 1; 10. paTanA myUjiyama kaiTelAga oNpha eNTIkvITIja pR. 90; purAtattva - saMkhyA 3; 11. paTanA- saMgrahAlaya, purAtattva saMkhyA 2 12. paTanA myUjiyama keTelaoNga oNpha eNTIkyUTIja, pR. 160-61. 13. pI. sI. rAya caudhurI : vahI, pR. 46. 14. begalara : CASI, VIII, pR. 193-95. 15. pI. sI. rAya caudhurI : vahI, pR. 48. 16. begalara : vahI pR. 186-88. 17. pI. sI. rAyacaudhurI : vahI, pR. 50 18. uparivat, pR. 51. 19. uparivat, pR. 54. 20. rA~cI saMgrahAlaya, rA~cI, purAtattva saMkhyA 114. 21. rAkhAladAsa banarjI : Eastern Indian School of Mediaeval Sculptures pR. 144

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jainadharma ke tIrthaMkara, AcArya aura vAGmaya * vindhyezvara zarmA himAMzu jainadharma ke prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva, prathama manu svAyambhuva ke prapautra, AgnIdhra ke pautra aura nAbhi ke dattaka putra the / RSabhazreSTha ko apane pitA se jambUdvIpa ke eka khaNDa, ajanAbha varSa kA rAjya milA thA / inhoMne indra kI kanyA jayantI se byAha kiyA / jayantI se inheM sau putra hue jinameM se 81 brAhmaNa ho gaye, 9 bhAgavata dharma ke pracAraka hue tathA 10 putroM ne rAjapada svIkAra kiyA / rAjanyatA svIkAra karanevAle putroM ne ajanAbha varSa kA jo bhAga prApta kiyA, usakA nAmakaraNa, RSabha ke putroM ke nAma ke anurUpa hI huA / yathA, bhArata kA bhAratavarSa, ilAvarta kA ilAvartavarSa, brAhmaNavarSa kA brAhmaNavarta, malaya kA malayavarSa, ketu kA ketumAlavarSa, bhadrasena kA bhadrasenavarSa, indraspRk kA indraspRkvarSa, vidarbha kA vidarbhavarSa tathA kIkaTa kA kIkaTavarSa / bharata ko jo rAjya milA, usakA nAma bhAratavarSa par3A / RSabhadeva ke putra bharata ke nAma para isa deza kA nAma bhAratavarSa hone kA ullekha viSNupurANa (a. 75), liMgapurANa (a. 47), zivapurANa, jJAnasaMhitA, zrImadbhAgavata (5.4.9), mahAbhArata, brahmavaivartapurANa (zrIkRSmajanma khaNDa, a. 58), bRhad nAradIya purANa (tRtIya adhyAya) meM hai / RSabhadeva ne apane putroM ko rAjya dekara jIvana ke antima caraNa meM saMnyAsa grahaNa kara liyA / jainagranthoM meM RSabhadeva ke bAda jina tIrthaMkaroM kA nAmollekha huA hai, vaha isa prakAra hai, (1) RSabhadeva, (2) ajitanAtha, (3) sambhavanAtha, (4) abhinandananAtha, (5) sumatinAtha, (6) supadmanAtha, (7) supArzvanAtha, (8) candraprabhu (9) puSpadanta, (10) zItalanAtha, (11) zreyAMsanAtha, (12) vasupadma, (13) vimalanAtha, (14) anantanAtha, (15) dharmanAtha, (16) santanAtha, (17) kuMbhanAtha, (18) aranAtha, (19) mallinAtha, (20) muni suvratanAtha, (21) naminAtha, (22) neminAtha (23) pArzvanAtha, (24) aura mahAvIra / aitihAsika vRttAntoM ke anusAra I. pUrva kI 9vIM zatAbdI meM paMcAla ke rAjA culanI brahmadatta ne apane parAkrama se eka vizAla sAmrAjya arjita kara liyA thA / inake prabhutva kA vistAra kAzI, kosala se vizAlA - videha taka ho gayA thA / inake putra hue ajAtazatru, jinakI rAjadhAnI kAzI meM pratiSThita huI / ajAtazatru eka mahAn dArzanika the, jinake yahA~ vidvAnoM kA jamaghaTa sampAdaka, gA~va (mAsika), bihAra ko oNpareTiva pheDarezana buddhamArga, paTanA-9

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54 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 1 lagA rahatA thA / ajAtazatru ke putra hue azvasena aura azvasena ke pArzvanAtha / pArzvanAtha kI mAtA kA nAma thA vAmA tathA patnI kA nAma prabhAvatI / kalpasUtra ke anusAra pArzvanAtha ikSvAkuvaMzI rAjA azvasena ke putra the / inake pitA kAzI ke rAjA the / pArzvanAtha ne vahIM Azramapada nAmaka upavana meM sAr3he tIna dina taka upavAsa karane ke pazcAt saMnyAsa grahaNa kara liyA aura 83 dinoM ke gahana cintana ke uparAnta inheM kaivalya jJAna prApta huA / inake 8 gaNa tathA 8 gaNadhara the, jinake nAma kramazaH (1) zubha, (2) AryaghoSa, (3) vasiSTha, (4) brahmacArin, (5) saumya, (6) zrIdhara, (7) vIrabhadra aura (8) yasasa kahe gaye haiM / jaina anuzrutiyoM ke anusAra pArzvanAtha ne 100 varSa kI Ayu meM sammeda parvata para kaivalya prApta kiyA / inhoMne apane dharma ke lie cAra pramukha siddhAntoM-- ( 1 ) ahiMsA, (2) satya, (3) asteya aura (4) aparigraha kA nirUpaNa kiyA thA / " jainadharma ke 24veM tIrthaMkara vardhamAna mahAvIra kA janma sambhavataH I. pUrva 618 meM vaizAlI ke kSatriya kuNDagrAma meM, kazyapagotrIya kSatriya - parivAra meM huA thA / inake pitA kA nAma siddhArtha evaM mAtA kA nAma trizalA thA / inake kula ko jJAtRka kula yA nAyakula bhI kahA jAtA thaa| inakI mAtA trizalA vaizAlI ke gaNAdhyakSa ceTaka kI bahana thI / trizalA ko videhadattA, priyakAriNI tathA mahAvIra ko videhajAtya, videhakumAra aura vezAlIe bhI kahA gayA hai / vardhamAna mahAvIra kA byAha yazodA se huA, jisase anujjA yA priyadarzanA nAmaka putrI huI / tIsa varSoM taka gRhastha kA jIvana vyatIta karane ke bAda, mAtA-pitA ke svargavAsa ke pazcAt apane bar3e bhrAtA nandivardhana kI AjJA lekara vardhamAna mahAvIra ne gRha tyAga diyaa| 'AcArAMgasUtra' ke anusAra mahAvIra ne apane sAtha cala rahe logoM ko zAndavana se lauTAkara, kammAra grAma meM Thaharakara eka aTala tapasvI kI taraha dhyAna lgaayaa| isake bAda eka varSa taka vastra dhAraNa kiye rahe, phira use kholakara suvarNabAlukA nadI meM pheMka diyaa| pAtra tyAga kara karapAtrI ho gaye / bAraha varSoM kI kaThina tapasyA ke bAda jambhikA grAma ke nikaTa RjupAlikA nadI ke taTa para zAlavRkSa ke nIce inheM kaivalya (jJAna) kI prApti huI } kahA gayA hai ki tapasyA ke kAla meM logoM ne vastratyAgI mahAvIra ko pAgala kahA, gAliyA~ dIM, cir3hAyA, inapara kutte chor3e, daNDoM, mukkoM aura lAtoM kA prahAra kiyA / lAr3ha gA~va ke logoM ne to ina para aura bhISaNa atyAcAra kiyA / inakI tapasyA meM bhArI vighna utpanna kiyA / jJAnaprApti ke bAda vardhamAna mahAvIra nAlandA Aye, jahA~ inheM gozAla nAmaka eka sahayogI milaa| kollaka sanniveza (kolaggA) nAmaka sthAna para ye donoM 6 varSoM taka sAtha rahe, phira vicAra - vaiSamya ke kAraNa donoM alaga ho gye| yaha gozAla hI usa kAla

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jainadharma ke tIrthaMkara, AcArya aura vAGmaya 55 meM atizaya carcita makkhali gozAla hai, jisane Age calakara AjIvaka-sampradAya kI sthApanA kii| vardhamAna-mahAvIra ke dharmapracAra meM jina logoM ne sahayoga diyA, unakA ziSyatva svIkAra kiyA, unake nAma isa prakAra haiM : (1) Ananda, (2) kAmadeva, (3) culanIpiyA, (4) suradeva, (5) cullazataka, (6) saddAlaputra (8) mahAzataka (9) nandinIpiyA aura (10) sAlhI / I. pUrva 546 meM 72 varSa kI Ayu meM vardhamAna mahAvIra kA dehAvasAna huaa| inake dehAvasAna ke pazcAt inake pramukha ziSyoM meM Arya sudharmA hI jIvita the, jo jainadharma ke sthavira hue| mahAvIrasvAmI ke jIvanakAla meM inake dAmAda jamAli ne tathA jainabhikSu tIsamutta ne kucha upadrava kiyA thaa| mahAvIrasvAmI ke jIvanakAla meM inake dharma kA pracAra magadha, vaizAlI aura aMga meM vyApaka rUpa se huaa| isa kAla meM aneka dharmoM-jaise (1) bArhaspatya, (cArvAka), (2). bauddha, (3) vedAnta, (4) sAMkhya, (5) apRSTanAdIya, (6) AjIvaka, (7) trairAzika, (8) zaiva, (9) pUraNakazyapIya, (10) makkhaligozAlIya, (11) ajitakezakambalin kA sampradAya evaM (12) pakudha kAccAyana kA sampradAya kA pracalana thaa| vardhamAna mahAvIrasvAmI ke bAda jainadharma ke AcArya evaM Arambhika jainagrantha : ___ mahAvIrasvAmI ke bAda Arya sudharmA AcArya hue| inhoMne mahAvIra ke mu~ha se jaisA sunA thA, vaisA hI aMgoM aura upAMgoM kA sampAdana kiyaa| sthAnakavAsI jaina sampradAya ke anusAra jainoM ke pramANabhUta dhArmika vAGmaya meM 11 aMga, 12 upAMga, chedagrantha, aura 4 mUla grantha haiN| zvetAmbara-sampradAya ke anusAra 10 payannA, 12 niyukti, 9 vividha milAkara kula 84 grantha haiM, parantu digambara-sampradAya ke anusAra sabhI granthoM meM kula cAra anubhAga grantha hI prAmANika haiN| uparyukta 84 grantha prAmANika nahIM haiN| zrIjayacandra vidyAlaMkAra ne yaha mata vyakta kiyA hai ki jaina vAGmaya ke. aMgoM kA vinyAsa vedAMgoM kI paramparA kI taraha vedAMgoM kI racanA ke kAla meM yA ThIka usake bAda huA thA / ___jainAcArya sudharmA kA dehAvasAna I. pUrva 508 meM huaa| inake bAda AcArya hue jambUsvAmI, jinakA dehAvasAna I. pUrva 464 meM huaa| jambUsvAmI ke bAda AcArya hue prabhava aura prabhava ke bAda svayambhava / AcArya svayambhava ne dazavaikAlika nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI / AcArya svayambhava kA samaya navananda yuga ke Arambha kA hai| inake uttarAdhikArI hue AcArya yazobhadra, phira AcArya yazobhadra ke AcArya sambhUtavijaya aura AcArya sambhUtavijaya ke AcArya bhadrabAhu jo samrAT candragupta maurya (I. pUrva 324) ke samakAlIna the| Arambhika jainagranthoM meM eka niyukti AcArya bhadrabAhu kI likhI huI kahI gaI hai| parantu isa grantha meM I. pUrva pahalI zatI taka kI sthitiyoM kA ullekha hone

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Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 ke kAraNa aisA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki isameM paravartI kAla ke jaina cintakoM ke vicAroM ko bhI kisI vidvAn ke dvArA sammilita kara diyA gyaa| jJAtavya hai ki samrATa candragupta ke zAsana ke antima kAla meM magadha meM eka lambe antarAla ke durbhikSa ke par3ane kI AzaMkA ko dekhate hue AcArya bhadrabAhu candragupta ko lekara karnATaka (zravaNabelagolagiri) cale gaye the| AcArya bhadrabAhu ke karnATaka cale jAne para AcArya sthUlabhadra ne jainoM kI eka saMgIti bulAI aura isa saMgIti ke samaya jainadharma ke 11 aMgoM kA saMgraha to suvidhApUrvaka ho gayA, parantu 12vA~ aMga tabataka vilupta ho gayA thA, parantu inameM se 10 pUrvo kA jJAna unhoMne nepAla se isa zarta para arjita kiyA thA ki ve inheM gupta hI rkheNge| AcArya sthUlabhadra kI vyaktigata sthiti aura vyaktitva kA paricaya hameM jainagrantha 'AvazyakasUtra' se milatA hai, yathA : / "prathamananda kA mantrI kalpaka nAmaka vyakti thaa| isI ne prathama nanda ko kSatriya rAjavaMzoM ke vinAza ke lie protsAhita kiyaa| nandoM ke zAsanakAla meM mantrI kA pada vaMzAnugata hone lgaa| ata: kalpaka ke bAda naveM nanda ke zAsanakAla meM mantrI huA shkttaal| zakaTAla ke do putra the, sthUlabhadra aura shriiyk| zakaTAla kI mRtyu ke bAda sthUlabhadra ko mantrI kA pada diyA gayA, parantu isane isakA tyAga kara diyA aura jaina bhikSuka honA svIkAra kiyaa| ataH zrIyaka mantrI-pada para pratiSThita huaa|deg yaha yahI sthUlabhadra the, jinhoMne bhadrabAhu ke karnATaka cale jAne ke bAda magadha meM jainoM ko saMgaThita kara saMgIti kA Ayojana evaM jaina granthoM kA saMkalana kiyA thA aura digambara rahane ke bajAya kapar3e pahananA Arambha kara diyA thaa| AcArya bhadrabAhu ne kanArTaka se lauTane ke bAda apanI anupasthiti meM saMkalita jaina granthoM kI prAmANikatA ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA aura na hI kapar3e pahananA hI svIkAra kiyaa|11 jaba AcArya bhadrabAhu kA dehAnta huA, taba sthUlabhadra jainoM ke AcArya hue| AcArya jambUsvAmI se AcArya sthUlabhadra taka jo chaha AcArya hue, unheM jainadharma meM zrutakevalI kahA gayA hai; kyoMki unakA jJAna pUrNazruta thA aura unake lie vahI kaivalya bhI thaa| ina chaha AcAryoM ke bAda jo sAta AcArya hue unheM 10 pUrvAcArya kahA gayA hai; kyoMki ina sAtoM ko jainadharma ke 12veM aMga ke 10 parvo hI kA jJAna thaa| antima dazapUrvAcArya vajrasvAmI hue, jinakA kAlanirdhAraNa jaina anuzrutiyoM ke anusAra IsvI 70 meM kiyA gayA hai| AcArya vajrasvAmI ke bAda unake ziSya AryarakSita AcArya hue, jinhoMne apane guru vajrasvAmI dvArA saMkalita jainasUtroM ko aMga-upAMgoM Adi cAra bhAgoM meM bA~TA / kahA gayA hai ki mauryakAla taka aMga-upAMgoM kA samucita vibhAjana nahIM ho sakA thaa| sAtavAhana-kAla meM jaina vAGmaya ke aneka aMzoM kA vistAra huaa|

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jainadharma ke tIrthaMkara, AcArya aura vAGmaya 13 balki, jainagraMthoM kA jo antima rUpa Aja pAyA jAtA hai, vaha guptakAla meM, IsavI 454 meM, kAThiyAvAr3a kI valabhI nagarI meM sampanna jaina saMgIti meM sampAdita huA / Arambhika jaina vAGmaya ardhamAgadhI prAkRta thA, jo bhASA ke rUpa meM usa avadhI bhASA kA pUrva rUpa thI, jisameM malika muhammada jAyasI ne Age jalakara padmAvata kI racanA kI thI / pichalI jaina racanAe~ mahArASTrI prAkRta aura saMskRta meM haiM / 14 1 sandarbha - strota 5. : zrImadbhAgavata, 5.3.20, 5.4.2 1. 2. vahI, 5.4.11-13 3. vahI, 5.7.2-3, 5.4.9. ratibhAnu siMha nAhara : prAcIna bhArata kA rAjanaitika evaM sAMskRtika itihAsa, tRtIya saMskaraNa pR. 134-35 57 6. AcArAMgasUtra, 2.15.15 7. ratibhAnu siMha nAhara : prAcIna bhArata kA rAjanaitika evaM sAMskRtika itihAsa jayacandra vidyAlaMkAra : bhAratIya vAGmaya ke amara ratna, pR. 92 8. 9. vahI, pR. 72, ratibhAnu siMha nAhara : prA. bhA. rA. evaM sAM. itihAsa pR. 141-142 10. eja oNpha impIrIyala hisTrI, peja 34-35- - ratibhAnu siMha nAhara : prA. bhA. rA. evaM sAM. itihAsa, pR. 189. 11. jayacandra vidyAlaMkAra : bhAratIya vAGmaya ke amara ratna, pR. 73. 12 ratibhAnu siMha nAhara : prA. bhA. rA. evaM sAM. itihAsa, pR. 142. 13. jayacandra vidyAlaMkAra : bhAratIya vAGmaya ke amara ratna, pR. 74-75. 14. vahI, pR. 74-75.

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mUrta aMkanoM meM jinetara zalAkApuruSoM ke jIvanadRzya DaoN. zubhA pAThaka zalAkApuruSa kA artha hai deva-samAna zreSTha puruSa / ' jainadharma ke zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM hI sampradAyoM meM 63 zalAkApuruSoM kI kalpanA kI gaI hai, jinameM 24 tIrthaMkaroM ke atirikta 39 anya zalAkApuruSoM ko sammilita kiyA gayA hai| 63 zalAkApuruSoM kI pUrNa sUcI sarvaprathama vimalasUri ke paumacariya (400 I.) meM prApta hotI hai, jisameM 24 tIrthaMkaroM ke atirikta 12 cakravartI, 9 baladeva, 9 vAsudeva evaM 9 prativAsudeva sammilita the| AcArya hemacandra ke grantha triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita (1160-1172I) meM prApta 63 zalAkApuruSoM kI sUcI meM 24 tIrthaMkaroM ke atirikta 12 cakravartiyoM ke rUpa meM bharata, sagara, maghavana, sanatkumAra, zAnti, kunthu, ara, subhUma, padma, hariSeNa, jaya aura brahmadatta, 9 baladevoM ke rUpa meM acala, vijaya, bhadra, suprabha, sudarzana, Ananda, nandana, padma (rAma) aura rAma (balarAma), 9 vAsudevoM ke rUpa meM tripRSTha, dvipRSTha, svayambhU, puruSottama, puruSasiMha, puruSapuNDarIka, datta, nArAyaNa (lakSmaNa) aura kRSNa tathA 9 prativAsudevoM ke rUpa meM azvagrIva, tAraka, meraka, madhu, nizumbha, bali, prahlAda, laMkeza (rAvaNa) aura magadhezvara (kaMsa) kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| bAraha cakravartiyoM kI sUcI meM prApta zAnti, kunthu aura aranAtha jaina paramparA ke kramaza: 16, 17veM aura 18veM tIrthaMkara bhI haiM, jinheM eka hI bhava meM tIrthaMkara aura cakravartI donoM hI pada prApta hue / cakravartI ko sampUrNa brahmANDa kA svAmI evaM vizvavijetA mAnA gayA hai| ye svarNa varNa evaM kAzyapa gotra ke batAye gaye haiN| jaina paramparA meM aisI mAnyatA hai ki pratyeka tIrthaMkara kI mAtA garbha dhAraNa kI rAtri meM kucha zubha svapna ke darzana karatI thiiN| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM ina svapnoM kI saMkhyA 14 batAI gaI hai, jabaki digambara-paramparA meM inakI saMkhyA 16 hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA ke anusAra 14 zubhasvapna kramazaH gaja, vRSabha, siMha, gajalakSmI, puSpahAra, candramA, sUrya, dhvajadaNDa, pUrNakumbha, padmasarovara, kSIrasamudra, devavimAna, ratnarAzi aura nirdhUma agni haiN| digambara-paramparA meM matsyayugala yU.jI.sI. risarca esosiyeTa,prA. bhA. i. saM. evaM purAtattva-vibhAga, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, 47e ravIndrapurI, lena.naM.5, vArANasI 221005.

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mUrta aMkanoM meM jinetara zalAkApuruSoM ke jIvanadRzya aura siMhAsana ko bhI sammilita kiyA gayA hai tathA dhvajadaNDa ke sthAna para nAgendra- bhavana IT ullekha hai / pratyeka cakravartI ke janma ke pUrva unakI mAtA ne bhI inhIM 14 zubha svapnoM ke darzana kiye the / 6 zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM hI sampradAyoM meM unheM cakravartI pada ke sUcaka 14 ratnoM kA svAmI batAyA gayA hai / ye 14 ratna kramazaH cakra, daNDa, khaDga, chatra, carma, maNi, kAkiNI (kaur3I), azva, gaja, senApati, gRhapati, zilpI, pujArI evaM strI haiN| isake atirikta cakravartI nau nidhiyoM - kramazaH naisarpa, pANDuka, piMgala, sarvaratna, mahApadma, kAla, mahAkAla, mANava evaM zaMkha ke dhAraka bhI haiM I 8 59 zalAkApuruSoM kI sUcI meM sammilita sabhI baladeva evaM vAsudeva uttama kula meM utpanna zreSTha puruSa the / tIrthaMkarAdi zalAkApuruSoM ke madhyavartI hone evaM tIrthaMkaroM kI apekSA kama zaktizAlI hone ke kAraNa inheM madhyama puruSa mAnA gayA hai / ye donoM mAnasika bala se sampanna hone ke kAraNa ojasvI, dedIpyamAna zarIra ke dhAraka hone ke kAraNa tejasvI batAye gaye haiN| sabhI baladeva tAlavRkSa cihna tathA vAsudeva garuDAMkita dhvajA ke dhAraka the| yaha baladeva aura vAsudeva kI parikalpanA kI AdhArabhUta pRSThabhUmi ko vaiSNava dharma se sambaddha hone kI ora iMgita karatA hai; kyoMki tAla aura garuDa kramaza: baladeva (balarAma) evaM vAsudeva kRSNa ke mukhya lakSaNa rahe haiN| nau prativAsudeva athavA pratizatru kIrtipuruSa vAsudevoM ke zatru the / ye sabhI cakradhArI the tathA yuddha meM vAsudeva dvArA - svayaM ke cakra se hI mAre gaye / 10 zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM hI sampradAya isa bAta kA svIkAra karate haiM ki pratyeka vAsudeva ke eka zveta varNavAle sautele bhAI the, jo baladeva ke nAma se abhihita the| ye sadaiva hI vAsudeva ke parAkrama se jur3e the tathA vAsudevoM se uttama the / Arambhika 8 baladeva mokSapada ko tathA 9 veM baladeva (rAma) svargaloka ko prApta hue / 11 tAlavRkSa - aMkita dhvajA ke dhAraka sabhI baladeva nIlavastradhArI the / zvetAmbara paramparA meM unake AyudhoM ke rUpa meM dhanuSa, bANa, hala evaM mUsala kA ullekha hai / hemacandra ne sabhI baladevoM ko saMvartaka nAmaka hala, saumanda nAmaka mUsala evaM candrikA nAmaka gadA kA svAmI batAyA hai| I digambara-grantha meM gadA, hala, mUsala ke sAtha-sAtha ratnamAlA kA bhI ullekha hai / .13 14 pRthvI ke tIna bhAgoM para vijaya prApta karane evaM cakravartiyoM ke Adhe adhikAroM kA bhoga karane ke kAraNa vAsudevoM ko ardhacakravartI bhI kahA gayA hai| 15 kRSNavarNavAle vAsudevoM ko pItavastradhArI batAyA gayA hai / 16

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680 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 AThaveM vAsudeva nArAyaNa ke atirikta anya sabhI vAsudevoM ne gautama gotra meM janma liyA, jabaki nArAyaNa kA janma kAzyapa gotra meM huA / vAsudevoM ke sira para cakra evaM samIpa hI eka cAmaradhArI hotA hai / yuddha meM prativAsudevoM kA vadhakartA hone ke kAraNa sabhI vAsudeva maraNottara naraka ke bhAgI hote haiM / 17 zvetAmbara paramparA meM vAsudevoM ko zaMkha (pAMcajanya), cakra, gadA (kaumodakI), dhanuSa (zA), khaDga (nandaka)- dhArI batAyA gayA hai / sAtha hI unake kaustubha (maNi) evaM vanamAlA se suzobhita hone kA bhI ullekha hai / digambara-paramparA meM uparyukta AyudhoM ke sAtha-sAtha khaDga ke alAvA daNDa aura zakti kA bhI ullekha hai / 19 18 zalAkApuruSoM kI sUcI meM ullekhita 9 prativAsudevoM meM se Arambhika ATha ko vidyAdhara mAnA gayA hai, jabaki naveM kI gaNanA manuSya rUpa meM kI gayA hai / brAhmaNa-paramparA meM bhI vAsudevoM ke pratidvandviyoM kA ullekha hai, jo sAmAnyatayA asura yA rAkSasa kahalA the / inameM tAraka kArtikeya dvArA mArA gayA, jabaki madhu, bali, rAvaNa evaM jarAsandha devatA aura manuSyoM ke zatru the, jo viSNu ke avatAra - svarUpoM dvArA mAre gaye / jaina paramparA meM prahlAda kA ullekha prativAsudeva ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai, jabaki brAhmaNa-paramparA meM unakI gaNanA eka mahAn yati aura bhAgavata - sampradAya ke prathama upAsaka ke rUpa meM kI gayI hai / AThavIM se 13vIM zatI I. ke madhya ina zalAkApuruSoM se sambaddha svatantra granthoM kI racanA kI gayI, jinameM paumacariya, padmapurANa, harivaMzapurANa, kahAvalI, tiloyapaNNatti, mahApurANa evaM triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra pramukha haiM / 11vIM evaM 13vIM zatI I. ke madhya gujarAta evaM rAjasthAna ke jaina mandiroM para kucha zalAkApuruSoM ko mUrta abhivyakti milii| ina sthaloM para inake jIvana se sambaddha kucha mahattvapUrNa ghaTanAoM ko vistArapUrvaka utkIrNa kiyA gayA / jJAtavya hai ki prathama vAsudeva tripRSTha mahAvIra kA 16vA~ pUrvabhava hai / kumbhariyA (banAsakAMThA, gujarAta, 11vIM zatI I.) ke mahAvIra evaM zAntinAtha ke mandiroM meM mahAvIra ke jIvanadRzyoM ke utkIrNana ke sandarbha meM tripRSTha ke jIvana kI siMhavadha tathA saMgItajJoM ko daNDita kiye jAne kI kathAoM ko bhI rUpAyita kiyA gayA hai| dilavAr3A (AbU, sirohI, rAjasthAna) ke vimalavasahI (la. 1150I.) evaM lUNavasahI / (13vIM zatI I. kA pUrvArdha) ke vitAnoM para kRSNa ke kAliyAmardana tathA kArAgAra meM kRSNa janma evaM balivAmana-kathA ke sandarbhoM kA utkIrNana pUrNarUpa se triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita se nirdiSTa hai / jaina paramparA ke prathama cakravartI bharata Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhanAtha ke putra the / inakI mAtA kA nAma sumaMgalA thA / RSabhanAtha ne dIkSA grahaNa karane se pUrva bharata ko ayodhyA kA zAsaka banAyA tathA apane dUsare putra bAhubalI ko, jisakA janma unakI dUsarI patnI

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mUrta aMkanoM meM jinetara zalAkApuruSoM ke jIvanadRzya 61 sunandA ke garbha se huA thA, takSazilA kA zAsaka bnaayaa| rAjyAbhiSeka ke kucha samaya pazcAt bharata ne apanA digvijaya-abhiyAna prArambha kiyA tathA zIghra hI svayaM ko vizvavijetA ke rUpa meM sthApita kiyaa| apanI isa vijaya yAtrA meM bharata ne anuja bAhubalI-sahita apane anya 98 bhAiyoM se apanI adhInatA svIkAra karane ko khaa| bAhubalI ke atirikta anya bhAiyoM ne bharata kI adhInatA svIkAra kara lii| phalasvarUpa bharata evaM bAhubalI ke madhya dvandvayuddha huaa| isa dvandvayuddha ke antargata unake madhya dRSTiyuddha, muSTiyuddha, vAgyuddha aura bAhuyuddha huA, jina saba meM bAhubalI vijetA rahe / yuddha meM bAhubalI ko aparAjeya pAkara bharata ne dvandvayuddha kI pUrvaniyata zartoM ke pratikUla bAhubalI para kAlacakra se prahAra kiyaa| bharata kI isa asIma rAjyalipsA ko dekhakara bAhubalI ke mana meM vairAgya utpanna huA aura unhoMne dIkSA grahaNa kii| vijayoparAnta ayodhyA lauTane para bharata ko cakravartI pada para AsIna kiyA gyaa| unhoMne cakravartI rUpa meM sAMsArika sukhoM kA bhoga karate hue lambe antarAla taka zAsana kiyaa| kumbhariyA ke zAntinAtha mandira evaM dilavAr3A sthita vimalavasahI ke vitAnoM para bharata-bAhubalI-yuddha ke prasaMga utkIrNa haiN| sarvAdhika vistAra-pUrvaka vimalavasahI ke raMgamaNDapa se saTe (pravezadvAra ke samIpa) vitAna para huA hai| isa udAharaNa meM eka ora ayodhyA nagarI aura dUsarI ora takSazilA nagarI dikhAI gaI hai| pratyeka dRzya yA AkRti ke nIce unakI pahacAna aura nAma bhI utkIrNa haiN| sarvaprathama vinItA (ayodhyA) nagarI kA aMkana hai, jisake nIce 'zrIbharatezvarastathA vinItAbhidhAnA nagarI' abhilikhita hai| zibikA meM AsIna strI-AkRtiyoM ke nIce 'bhaginI bAmmI mAtA sumaMgalA tathA samasta anta:pura' likhA hai| zibikA meM baiThI anya strI-AkRti ke nIce 'sundarI strI-ratna' utkIrNa hai| praveza dvAra ko 'pratolI' kahA gayA hai| Age bharata kI vizAla senA ko bAhubalI se yuddha ke lie jAte dikhAyA gayA hai| eka gaja ke nIce 'pATa hasti vijayagiri' aMkita hai (vijayagiri bharata kA sabase acchA hAthI thaa)| usa gaja para ArUr3ha yoddhA ko 'mahAmAtya matisAgara' kahA gayA hai (matisAgara bharata kA mukhya mantrI thaa)| gajArUr3ha eka anya yoddhA senApati suSeNa hai, jisake nIce senApati susena' abhilikhita hai| usake pIche bharata kA ratha hai, jisake nIce 'bharatezvarasya' likhA hai| donoM ora gajoM, azvoM evaM padAti-senAoM kI katAreM draSTavya haiN| takSazilA nagarI se sambaddha aMkana ke nIce 'bAhubalistathA takSazilA rAjadhAnI' utkIrNa hai| samIpa meM utkIrNa eka strI aura puruSa AkRtiyoM ke nIce kramaza: 'putrI jasomatI' evaM 'siMharatha senApati' likhA hai| Age nagara dvAra se prasthAna karatI senA ko

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Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 dikhAyA gayA hai| gajArUr3ha eka yoddhA 'somajasa' (rAjakumAra) tathA dUsarA 'mantrI bahulamati' hai| zibikA meM baiThI strI-AkRtiyoM ke nIce 'antaHpura' aMkita hai| zibikA meM baiThI eka anya AkRti ke nIce 'subhadrA strI-ratna' (bAhubalI kI patnI) likhA hai| Age azvoM gajoM aura padAti-senAoM kI katAreM utkIrNa haiM / yoddhA samAna vastra dhAraNa kiye hue vyakti kI pahacAna sambhava nahIM hai; kyoMki nIce likhA akSara miTa gayA hai| sambhavataH yaha bAhubalI kI AkRti hai| Age yuddhabhUmi kA aMkana hai, jisameM eka mRta yoddhA ke nIce 'anilavegaH' aMkita hai| azvArUr3ha yoddhA ke nIce 'senApati siMharatha' utkIrNa hai| rathArUr3ha yoddhA ke nIce 'rathArUr3ho bharatezvarasya vidyAdhara anilavegaH' likhA hai| vimAna para ArUr3ha eka vyakti ke nIce 'anilavegaH' utkIrNa hai| Age utkIrNa eka gaja ke nIce 'paTTahasti vijayagiri' aMkita hai| gajArUr3ha yoddhA ke nIce 'Adityajaya yazaH' utkIrNa hai| eka azvArohI ke nIce 'savegadUtaH' abhilikhita hai| Age do paTToM para bharata aura bAhubalI ke madhya honevAle dvandvayuddha kA vistRta aMkana huA hai| donoM ke madhya honevAle dRSTiyuddha, vAgyuddha, muSTiyuddha evaM cakrayuddha se sambaddha AkRtiyoM ke nIce kramazaH 'bharatezvara bAhubalI dRSTiyuddha', 'bharatezvara bAhubalI vAgyuddha', 'bharatezvara bAhubalI bAhuyuddha', 'bharatezvara bAhubalI muSTiyuddha', 'bharatezvara bAhubalI daNDayuddha', 'bharatezvara bAhubalI cakrayuddha' utkIrNa hai| Age kAyotsarga-mudrA meM bAhubalI kI khar3I AkRti hai, jisake pairoM para latAvallariyA~ lipaTI dikhAI gaI haiN| nIce 'kAusaggasthitazca bAhubalI' utkIrNa hai| Age bAhubalI ko kevala jJAna prApta karane kI avasthA meM dikhAyA gayA hai| nIce 'samajAta kevalajJAne bAhubalI' likhA hai| bAhubalI ke donoM ora unakI bahinoM brAhmI aura sundarI kI AkRtiyA~ haiM, jo unakI tapasyA ke samaya pratibodha karAne ke Azaya se unake pAsa gaI thiiN| nIce 'vartinI bAmmI tathA sundarI' utkIrNa hai| kone meM RSabhanAtha kA samavasaraNa utkIrNa hai| samavasaraNa ke dUsarI ora bharata ke dIkSA-pUrva kA dRzya hai| dRzya ke nIce 'aMgulikasthAnanirIkasthamANabharatezvarasya samajAtakevalajJAna ayam bharatezvaraH' likhA hai| Age eka devI ko bharata ko odho (rajoharaNa) dete hue pradarzita kiyA gayA hai, jo bharata ke munirUpa ko abhivyakta karatA hai| nIce 'bharatezvarasya samajAta kevalajJAne rajoharaNa samarpaNe sAnidhyadevatA samAyAtA rajoharaNa sAnidhyadevatA' abhilikhita hai / 21 prathama vAsudeva tripRSTha ke jIvana ko kucha pramukha ghaTanAoM kA aMkana mahAvIra ke jIvanadRzyoM ke aMkana ke sandarbha meM kumbhariyA ke zAntinAtha evaM mahAvIra-mandiroM tathA

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mUrta aMkanoM meM jinetara zalAkApuruSoM ke jIvanadRzya dilavAr3A ke vimalavasahI para draSTavya hai| jJAtavya hai ki tripRSTha mahAvIra kA 18vA~ pUrvabhava thaa| triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM ullekha milatA hai ki eka bAra prathama prativAsudeva azvagrIva ne kruddha hokara eka siMha ko tripRSTa ke pitA ke khetoM meM chor3a diyaa| siMha ne atyadhika upadrava kiyaa| tripRSTha ne usa siMha ko pakar3akara binA kisI zastra ke usake donoM jabar3e phAr3akara usakA anta kara diyaa|23 Age bhI ullekha hai ki eka bAra tripRSTha darabAra meM kucha saMgItajJoM ke saMgIta kA rasAsvAdana kara rahA thA aura usane apane zayyApAlakoM ko yaha Adeza diyA ki jaba use nidrA A jAya to saMgIta kA kAryakrama banda kara diyA jaae| kintu zayyApAlaka saMgIta kA Ananda lene meM rAjA ke Adeza kA pAlana karanA hI bhUla gye| nidrA samApta hone para kAryakrama ko pUrvavat calate dekhakara tripRSTha atyanta kruddha huA aura usane zayyApAlakoM ke kAnoM meM garama zIzA aura rA~gA DAlakara unheM daNDita kiyaa| uparyukta grantha meM eka anya sthala para ullekha milatA hai ki vizAkhanandin (azvagrIva kA pUrvabhava) aura vizvabhUti (tripRSTha kA pUrvabhava evaM mahAvIra kA 16vA~ pUrvabhava) cacere bhAI the| vizvabhUti sadaiva hI puSpakandaka nAmaka udyAna meM khelate the, jisake kAraNa vizAkhanandin usa udyAna meM khelane se vaMcita raha jAte the| eka dina vizAkhanandin ne chala se vizvabhUti ko udyAna se haTAkara usameM praveza kiyaa| puna: vizvabhUti jaba vahA~ Aye, taba dvArapAla ne unheM udyAna meM praveza se rokA aura batAyA ki vizAkhanandin ke udyAna meM hone ke kAraNa ve usameM praviSTa nahIM ho sakate haiN| pUrva meM chala dvArA udyAna se haTAye jAne kI bAta socakara vizvabhUti atyanta kruddha hue| kruddhAvasthA meM hI vizvabhUti ne eka seba se lade vRkSa para muSTi se prahAra kiyA, phalataH vRkSa ke sabhI phala nIce gira gye| tatpazcAt unhone sambhUta nAmaka muni se dIkSA grahaNa kii| eka dina bhramaNa karate hue ve mathurA pahu~ce, jahA~ vizAkhanandin apane sevakoM ke sAtha eka samAroha meM sammilita hone ke lie AyA thaa| ghUmate hue vizvabhUti vizAkhanandin ke kheme ke pAsa pahu~ce, jinheM dekhakara vizAkhanandin atyanta kruddha huA / tatkSaNa eka gAya ke dhakkA mArane se vizvabhUti bhUmi para gira par3e, jise dekhakara vizAkhanandin ne unakA upahAsa kiyaa| vizvabhUti apanA upahAsa sahana na kara sake aura gAya ko donoM zrRMgoM se pakar3akara usakI grIvA ghumA dii| maraNoparAnta vizvabhUti devatA ke rUpa meM utpanna hue| kumbhariyA ke mahAvIra-mandira kI pazcimI bhramikA ke vitAna (uttara se dUsarA) para mahAvIra ke jIvanadRzyoM kA aMkana hai| 26 eka dRzya meM vizvabhUti ko eka vRkSa para prahAra karate dikhAyA gayA hai, nIce 'vizvabhUti kevalI' utkIrNa hai / dakSiNa kI ora tripRSTha ko

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64 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 eka siMha ke sAtha yuddharata bhI dikhAyA gayA hai| nIce 'tripRSTha vAsudeva' likhA hai| Age tripRSTha ke jIvana kA naraka meM prApta honevAlI vibhinna yAtanAoM kA aMkana hai, jisake nIce 'tripRSTha narakavAsa' utkIrNa hai| isa aMkana meM baiThI huI eka AkRti ke sira para do AkRtiyoM ko ArI jaisI vastu calAte hue dikhAyA gayA hai| do anya AkRtiyoM ko bhI eka vyakti para prahAra karate hue dikhAyA gayA hai| ___kumbhariyA ke zAntinAtha mandira kI pazcimI bhUmikA ke vitAna para bhI mahAvIra ke jIvanadRzya draSTavya hai|27 bAhara se prathama Ayata meM mahAvIra ke pUrvabhavoM kA aMkana hai, jisameM vizvabhUti ke jIvana kI ghaTanA kA utkIrNana hai| dRzya meM eka gAya kA zRMga pakar3e hue utkIrNa vizvabhUti ke nIce 'vizvabhUti' likhA hai| samIpa hI eka anya gAya aura puruSa-AkRtiyA~ banI hai, jo vizAkhanandin evaM usake sevakoM kI haiN| Age vizvabhUti ke jIva ko devatA rUpa meM dikhAyA gayA hai| devatA ke samakSa hala aura mUsaladhArI baladeva acala kI AkRti hai, jo tripRSTha ke bar3e bhAI the| pazcima kI ora tripRSTha kI kathA utkIrNa hai| eka kAyotsarga-AkRti ke samIpa siMha aura tripRSTha kI AkRtiyA~ banI haiM, jo siMha aura tripRSTha ke yuddha kA citraNa hai| Age tripRSTha aura zayyApAlaka kI AkRtiyA~ haiN| tripRSTha ko namaskAra-mudrA meM khar3e zayyApAlaka para prahAra karate hae dikhAyA gayA hai| yaha zayyApAlaka ko daNDita karane kA aMkana hai| samIpa hI eka nartakI evaM vAdya-vAdana karatI do AkRtiyA~ bhI utkIrNa haiM, jo pUre dRzya ko kathAnurUpa jIvanta kara detI haiN| vimalavasahI ke galiyAre meM gumbadI chata para eka ke Upara eka do paTTe utkIrNa hai| UparI paTTa para ArdrakumAra (mahAvIra ke ziSya) dvArA eka gaja ko pratibodha karAne kI kathA utkIrNa hai| isa aMkana ke bAIM ora eka siMha ko tripRSTha se lar3ate hue dikhAyA gayA hai| __ kumbhariyA ke mahAvIra-mandira, vimalavasahI evaM lUNavasahI ke vitAnoM para kRSNa ke jIvana se sambaddha dRzya dekhe jA sakate haiN| kumbhariyA meM neminAtha ke jIvanadRzyoM ke prasaMga meM kRSNa kI AyudhazAlA evaM nemi aura kRSNa ke madhya hue zakti-parIkSaNa ke dRzya utkIrNa haiM / (jaina paramparAnusAra kRSNa 22veM tIrthaMkara neminAtha ke cacere bhAI the)| jaina paramparA meM ullekha milatA hai ki eka bAra bhramaNa karate samaya neminAtha kRSNa kI AyudhazAlA meM pahu~ce, jahA~ unhoMne vAsudeva (kRSNa) ke cakra, dhanuSa, gadA aura khaDga jaise AyudhoM ko dekhaa| kautUhalavaza jaise hI ve zaMkha uThAne ke lie udyata hue, AyudhazAlA ke rakSaka cArukRSNa ne unheM praNAma kiyA aura cunautI bhare zabdoM meM kahA : 'yadyapi Apa hari (kRSNa) ke bhAI hai, tathApi zaMkha bajAnA to dUra, Apa ise uThA bhI nahIM

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mUrta aMkanoM meM jinetara zalAkApuruSoM ke jIvanadRzya skte|' isapara neminAtha ne muskarA kara zaMkha ko sahaja hI uThA liyA aura bajA bhI diyaa| isa bAta kI sUcanA milane para kRSNa neminAtha kI aparimita zakti se zaMkita ho uThe aura unake sAtha zakti-parIkSaNa kI icchA vyakta kii| neminAtha ne dvandvayuddha ke sthAna para dUsare kI bhujA jhukA kara zakti-parIkSaNa karane kA nirNaya kiyaa| nemi ne saralatA se kRSNa kI bhujA jhukA dI, jabaki kRSNa nemi kI bhujA kiMcit bhI jhukA na ske| unakI isa apAra zakti se bhayabhIta kRSNa ko balarAma ne batAyA ki atyanta zaktizAlI hone ke bAda bhI nemi svabhAva se zAnta evaM rAjyalipsA se sarvathA mukta haiN| usI samaya yaha bhI AkAzavANI huI ki nemi bhaviSya meM dIkSA grahaNa kareMge aura tIrthaMkara hoNge|28 kumbhariyA ke ukerana meM kevala kRSNa kI AyudhazAlA zilpAMkita hai, jisameM zaMkha, cakra, gadA aura khaDga jaise Ayudha dikhAye gaye haiN| samIpa hI neminAtha ko pAMcajanya zaMkha bajAte dikhAyA gayA hai| AkRti ke nIce 'zrInemi' likhA hai| kRSNa kI AyudhazAlA ke samIpa hI vArtAlApa kI mudrA meM vasudeva-devakI kI AkRtiyA~ banI haiN| vimalavasahI kI devakulikA saM. 10 ke vitAna para kRSNa kI AyudhazAlA meM neminAtha aura kRSNa ke madhya hue zakti-parIkSaNa tathA kRSNa kI rAniyoM ke sAtha neminAtha kI jalakrIr3A ke prasaMga utkIrNa haiN| jaina paramparA meM ullekha milatA hai ki neminAtha ko saMsAra ke prati virakta dekhakara unheM sAMsArika bandhana meM pravRtta karane ke uddezya se unake pitA samudravijaya ne kadAcit kRSNa se neminAtha ke samakSa vivAha kA prastAva rakhane ko kahA / vivAha-hetu sahamata karAne ke uddezya se kRSNa apanI patniyoM ke sAtha neminAtha ko jalakrIr3A ke lie le gye|29 dRzya meM kRSNa aura unakI pA~ca rAniyoM ko neminAtha ke sAtha jalakrIr3A karate hue dikhAyA gayA hai| zakti-parIkSaNa ke aMkana meM neminAtha ko AyudhazAlA meM Ate hue tathA kRSNa ko siMhAsana para virAjamAna dikhAyA gayA hai| kRSNa aura nemi ke hAtha abhivAdana kI mudrA meM uThe haiN| samIpa hI nemi ko kRSNa kI kaumodakI gadA uThAte hue dikhAyA gayA hai| Age kRSNa dAhine hAtha se nemi kI bhujA jhukAne kA asaphala prayAsa karate hue nirUpita haiN| tatpazcAt kRSNa donoM hAthoM se neminAtha kI bhujA jhukAne kA prayAsa kara rahe haiN| dUsarI ora kRSNa kI sIdhI phailI huI bhujA ko nemi kevala eka hI hAtha se saralatA-pUrvaka jhukAte hue dikhAye gaye hai| kRSNa kA nIce jhukA huA hAtha nemi kI vijaya kA saMketa hai isa aMkana ke bAda nemi ko pAMcajanya zaMkha bajAte hue aura zArGga dhanuSa kI pratyaMcA car3hAte hue dikhAyA gayA hai| pratyaMcA car3hAne se dhanuSa do hissoM meM khaNDita ho gayA hai| Age kRSNa aura balarAma ke vArtAlApa ke prasaMga utkIrNa haiM, jo

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Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 nemi kI apUrva zakti ke prati kRSNa kI cintA aura balarAma dvArA kRSNa ko isa ora se Azvasta karAne ke bhAva ko sundara DhaMga se vyakta karatA hai| vimalavasahI kI devakulikA 33 (mUlataH devakulikA 29) para kRSNa dvArA kAliyamardana kA sundara aMkana huA hai| triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM ullekha milatA hai ki eka bAra aura balarAma mallayuddha-pratiyogitA dekhane ke lie mathurA jA rahe the| mArga meM kRSNa snAna karane ke Azaya se kAlindI(yamunA) nadI meM utare, jahA~ kAliyanAga ne unapara AkramaNa kiyaa| kRSNa ne use pakar3a liyA aura usakI nAsikA meM sanAlapadma DAlakara usakA damana kiyaa|30 kAliyamardana ke sambandha meM jaina paramparA meM varNita kathA mahAbhArata aura anya brAhmaNa-granthoM kI kathA se sarvathA bhinna hai| brAhmaNa paramparAnusAra kandukakrIr3A ke samaya jaba geMda yamunA meM calI gaI, taba use nikAlane ke lie kRSNa yamunA meM kUde the| vahIM unakI muThabher3a kAliya sarpa se huI, jisakA unhoMne mardana kiyA / dRzyAvalI ke madhya meM bane eka vRtta meM kAliya ko nara-nAga-vigraha meM dikhAyA gayA hai| tIna sarpaphaNoM ke chatravAle nAga ke koTi ke nIce kA bhAga sarpAkAra hai, jise gumphita vRtta ke rUpa meM dikhAyA gayA hai| sarpaphaNoM ke Upara nAga kA mardana karate hue kRSNa nirUpita haiN| nAga kI nAsikA sanAlapadma se kasI huI hai| karaNDamukuTa, channavIra, graiveyaka aura kaustubhadhArI kRSNa ke hAtha meM cakra hai, jo kAliya para prahAra kI mudrA meM uThA hai| nAga ko vinamra bhAva se hAtha jor3akara kucha isa prakAra dikhAyA gayA hai, mAnoM vaha apanI parAjaya svIkAra kara anugraha kI yAcanA kara rahA hai| nAga ke donoM ora usakI sAta patniyoM kI AkRtiyA~ banI haiM, jo kRSNa kI ora namaskAra-mudrA meM kAtara netroM se isa prakAra dekha rahI haiM, mAnoM apanI pati kI prANarakSA kI guhAra kara rahI hoN| vRtta ke bAhara ke dRzya meM Asana para eka puruSAkRti leTI hai tathA do strI-AkRtiyA~ bhI rUpAyita haiM, jisameM se eka leTI AkRti kA caraNacApa kara rahI hai, jabaki dUsarI paMkhA jhala rahI hai| yaha sambhavataH kAliya yA kRSNa evaM unakI patniyoM kA aMkana hai| Age ke dRzya meM eka strI vRkSoM ke madhya khar3I hokara do puruSoM ke dvandva ko dekhatI huI utkIrNa hai| dvandvayuddha kRSNa aura cANUra ke madhya ho rahA hai| jaina paramparA meM ullekha milatA hai ki kAliya-mardana ke pazcAt jaba kRSNa mathurA pahu~ce, taba vahA~ unhoMne padmottara nAmaka gaja kA saMhAra kiyaa| tatpazcAt prasiddha mallayoddhA cANUra ne kRSNa ko cunautI dI, para vaha parAjita huaa|21 Upara ke vRtta meM kandukakrIr3A kA aMkana hai, jo jaina paramparA ke viparIta hai| vimalavasahI kI devakulikA 49 kI dUsarI chata para SoDazabhuja narasiMha kI eka AkRti utkIrNa hai, jisake samIpa samudra-manthana kI kathA ukerI gaI hai| samIpa hI kRSNa

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mUrta aMkanoM meM jinetara zalAkApuruSoM ke jIvanadRzya 33 34 carita ke kucha anya prasaMga bhI utkIrNa haiM / 32 yadyapi jaina paramparA meM samudra manthana kA koI spaSTa ullekha nahIM milatA hai, tathApi prAsaMgika sandarbhoM meM tulanAtmaka ullekha avazya prApta hotA hai / bharata aura bAhubalI ke yuddha ke samaya bharata kI bhujA para ba~dhI zRMkhalA ko khIMcate hue sainikoM kI tulanA samudra manthana meM vyasta devoM aura daityoM se kI gaI hai / zRMkhalA ko vAsukI sarpa kI upamA dI gayI hai, jo manthana ke samaya rassI kA kArya kara rahA thA tathA bharata kI bhujA kI tulanA mathAnI rUpa mandara parvata se kI gaI hai| manthana ke samaya samudra se AnevAlI madhura dhvani ke bhI saMketa milate haiM / samudra manthana se viSa 35 prApta hone ke sAtha-sAtha kucha anya ratnoM ke prApta hone ke bhI saMketa prApta hote haiM / marudevI (RSabhanAtha kI mAtA) dvArA svapna meM dekhe gaye svarNakalaza kI samudra se udbhUta amRta kalaza se upamA dI gaI hai| rAjA vajrasena dvArA apanI putrI zrImatI kA vivAha rAjakumAra vajrajaMgha ke sAtha kiye jAne kI tulanA samudra dvArA lakSmI ko viSNu ko diye jAne se kI gaI hai| yaha ullekha samudra-manthana se udbhUta lakSmI ko viSNu dvArA patnI rUpa meM svIkAra kiye jAne kI kathA kI ora saMketa karatA hai / 38 36 37 dRzya meM nAgarAja vAsukI ko rassI aura mandarAcala parvata ko mathAnI banAkara devatAoM aura daityoM ko samudra mathate nirUpita kiyA gayA hai| Age eka paMkti meM manthana udbhUta ratnoM ko dikhAyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama caturbhujA lakSmI ko baiThI mudrA meM dikhAyA gayA hai, jinake Urdhva karoM meM padma hai, jabaki aMdhaHkara dhyAnamudrA meM aMka meM avasthita haiN| Age vRSabha, azva aura eka haMsa ko coMca meM padmanAla liye nirUpita kiyA gayA hai / Age eka puruSAkRti banI hai, jo sambhavataH dhanvantari ( vaidya) kI hai / Age navanidhi ke sUcaka 9 vRtta bane haiM / I 67 * kRSNacarita ke aMkana meM kRSNa ko mAtA kI goda meM baiThe dikhAyA gayA hai / vasudeva aura devakI kI vArtAlApa - mudrA meM AkRtiyA~ bhI ukerI gaI haiN| kRSNa sambhavata: tRSAvarta kA paira paTakate dikhAye gaye haiM / kanduka-krIr3A kA bhI dRzya aMkita hai / kAliyAmardana ke aMkana meM nAga-nAgina kA utkIrNana hai / pUrva kI ora tIna anucaroM se veSTita zibikA meM baiThI eka AkRti dikhAyI gayI hai, jo sambhavataH mallayuddha meM bhAga lene ke lie mathurA jAte hue kRSNa kI AkRti hai / lUNavasahI ke vitAna tathA raMgamaNDapa se saTe dakSiNI bhAga ke chajjoM para kRSNacarita ke kaI prasaMga utkIrNa haiN| yathA- kRSNajanma, vAsudeva dvArA kRSNa ko gokula le jAnA, kRSNa kI bAlalIlA evaM rAkSasoM ke vadha ke prasaMga / triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM ullekha milatA hai ki vasudeva aura devakI ke vivAha ke upalakSya meM kaMsa ne eka utsava kA Ayojana kiyA thA / utsava ke madhya meM hI kaMsa ke anuja atimukta, jinhoMne dIkSA grahaNa kara lI

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168 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 thI, vratapAraNa ke Azaya se vahA~ Aye / kaMsa kI patnI jIvayaza, jo madirA ke prabhAva meM thI, unake sAtha nRtya karane lgii| tatkSaNa muni ne yaha ghoSaNA kI ki 'jisake lie isa utsava kA Ayojana kiyA gayA hai, usI kA sAtavA~ putra tumhAre pati evaM pitA kA vadhakartA hogaa|' kaMsa ne muni-vacana ko satya mAnakara yaha nizcaya kiyA ki isa bAta ke pracArita hone se pUrva hI vaha vasudeva aura devakI se usakI bhAvI santAne mA~ga legaa| kaMsa dvArA svayaM kI icchA prakaTa karane para vasudeva devakI tatkSaNa sahamata ho gye| kAlAntara meM muni kI ghoSaNA kA jJAna hone para vasudeva atyanta duHkhI hue| kRSNa kA janma kaMsa dvArA pUrNa niyantrita gRha (kArAvAsa) meM huaa| zizu-janma ke samaya devatAoM ne kaMsa ke prahariyoM ko nidrA meM lipta kara diyA, jisase vasudeva zizu ko sugamatA se nandagA~va le jA sake / 29 lUNavasahI ke udAharaNa meM sampUrNa dRzyAvalI cAra AyatoM meM vibhakta hai| vitAna ke madhya meM devakI navajAta zizu ke sAtha zayyA para leTI hai| samIpa hI cAra strI-AkRtiyA~ pradarzita haiM, jinameM se do paMkhA jhala rahI haiM, jabaki do AkRtiyoM ke karoM meM pAtra hai| zayyA ke nIce kRSNajanma ke mAMgalika prasaMga ke anurUpa navanidhi ke sUcaka nau pAtra bhI bane haiN| dUsare aura tIsare AyatoM meM cAra-cAra adhakhule dvAra bane haiM, pratyeka ke madhya meM eka-eka AkRti banI hai| adhakhule dvAra isa bAta ke sUcaka haiM ki kRSNa kA janma kaMsa ke sainikoM ke niyantraNa meM huA thaa| donoM AyatoM ke cAroM ora alaMkaraNa kI dRSTi se gaja, vRkSa, gajalakSmI aura cakrezvarI kI AkRtiyA~ banI haiN| cakrezvarI ke garuDavAhana ko mAnava rUpa meM dikhAyA gayA hai| (madhyakAlIna zvetAmbara jaina mandiroM para cakrezvarI aura lakSmI kA aMkana vizeSa lokapriya thaa)| cauthe Ayata (bAharI) kA dRzya sambhavata: kaMsa dvArA kRSNa-janma ke lie apane sevakoM ko sakhtI se niyantraNa karane ke Adeza se sambaddha hai| isameM puna: cAra adhakhule dvAra dikhAye gaye haiM, jinake madhya khar3I AkRtiyoM kA aMkana hai| pUrva kI aura tIna gajoM evaM cAra azvAkRtiyoM ke sAtha do anya gajAkRtiyoM ko darasAyA gayA hai| dakSiNa kI ora 12 mAnavAkRtiyA~ utkIrNa haiM, jinameM kucha ke hAtha ba~dhe hue haiM evaM kucha ke karoM meM daNDa haiN| pazcima kI ora do azvArUr3ha evaM gajArUr3ha AkRtiyA~ haiM, jinake karoM meM pAtra haiM / azvAkRtiyoM ke pArzva meM eka chatradhArI AkRti haiM / uttarI sire para eka khaDgadhArI AkRti khar3I hai| samIpa hI banI zmazrUyukta aura dakSiNa kara meM khaDga liye kaMsa kI rAjasI AkRti hai, jo hAtha bA~dhe sAmane khar3I AkRti ko kucha Adeza de rahI hai| pUrva kI ora gokula meM kRSNa kI bAlalIlAoM kA utkIrNana hai| madhya meM banI yazodA kI goda meM kRSNa aura balarAma ko baiThe dikhAyA gayA hai| yazodA ke pArthoM meM cAmaradhArI strI-AkRtiyA~ banI haiM, jinake samIpa hI do vRkSoM se ba~dhe jhUle para kRSNa ko

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mUrta aMkanoM meM jinetara zalAkApuruSoM ke jIvanadRzya .40 khar3A dikhAyA gayA hai| jhUle ke nIce do baiThI AkRtiyA~ haiN| Age bAIM ora kRSNa ko padmottara nAmaka gaja kA vadha karate dikhAyA gayA hai| jaina paramparA meM ullikhita hai ki jaba kRSNa aura balarAma mathurA ke praveza-dvAra para pahu~ce, taba kaMsa ke Adeza para mahAvatoM ne padmottara evaM campaka nAmaka matta gajoM ko unakI ora chor3a diyA / kRSNa ne padmottara evaM balarAma ne campaka kA vadha kiyA thA / dRzya meM kRSNa ke pairoM ke samIpa jhuke hue zuNDavAlI aura ghuTanoM ke bala baiThI eka gajAkRti utkIrNa hai, jo kRSNa dvArA gaja ko vazIkRta kiye jAne kA saMketa detI hai| kRSNa kA dAhinA hAtha gaja kI gardana para rakhA hai, jabaki bAyA~ hAtha prahAra kI mudrA meM Upara kI ora uThA hai / samIpa hI kRSNa dvArA arjuna vRkSoM ko ukhAr3ane kA dRzya utkIrNa hai / triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM ullekha milatA hai ki kRSNa ke yatra-tatra bhAga jAne se parezAna yazodA ne eka dina unheM okhalI se bA~dha diyA aura par3osa ke ghara meM calI gayIM / tatapazcAt zUrpaka kA putra ( pUtanA kA bhAI) apane paitRka vaimanasya kA smaraNa kara vahA~ AyA aura usane eka dUsare ke pAsa do arjuna vRkSoM kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyaa| vaha kRSNa ko okhalI - sahita kucalane ke uddezya se donoM vRkSoM ke madhya le gayA / para kRSNa ne arjunavRkSoM ko ukhAr3akara usakA anta kara diyA / isa dRzya meM kRSNa ko yugala vRkSoM ke UrdhvabhAga ko majabUtI se pakar3e hue dikhAyA gayA hai / dakSiNI paTTa meM eka bAlaka ko kadamba - vRkSa kI zAkhAoM se jhUlate hue dikhAyA gayA hai / vRkSa ke nIce do baiThI puruSa AkRtiyA~ evaM do anya daNDadhArI AkRtiyA~ utkIrNa haiM, jo sambhavataH gopoM kI haiN| eka AkRti atyanta svAbhAvika rUpa se sira ke pIche daNDa kA sahArA liye khar3I hai / yaha dRzya gokula - nivAsiyoM ke dainika jIvana kI sundara jhalaka prastuta karatA hai / ina AkRtiyoM ke Upara pA~ca dugdha pAtra nirUpita haiN| tatpazcAt eka bar3I AkRti apane zarIra kA pUrA bhAra daNDa para diye atyanta svAbhAvika rUpa se khar3I dikhAI gaI hai, jisake sammukha chaha go-AkRtiyA~ banIM haiM / yaha utkIrNaka kRSNa dvArA gAya carAne se sambaddha hai| isake bAda do sthAnaka strI-AkRtiyoM ko makkhana nikAlate dikhAyA gayA hai| samIpa hI bAlarUpa kRSNa pAtra se makkhana nikAlane kA prayAsa karate nirUpita haiM / 41 I pazcima kI ora (bAyeM se) yukta kaMsa ko eka chatrayukta U~ce siMhAsana para AsIna dikhAyA gayA hai / kaMsa ke dAhine hAtha meM sambhavataH khaDga pradarzita hai, jabaki bAyA~ hAtha sazastra sainikoM ko koI nirdeza dene kI mudrA meM Upara kI ora uThA hai / tatpazcAt do puruSAkRtiyoM ke sAtha do gaja evaM tIna azvAkRtiyA~ aMkita haiM / puruSAkRtiyoM meM se eka gaja kI sU~r3a para kisI nukIlI vastu se prahAra kara rahI hai, jabaki dUsarI AkRti ko dUsare gaja kA paira Upara uThAye hue dikhAyA gayA hai / yaha dRzya kRSNa aura balarAma dvArA kramazaH padmottara evaM campaka nAmaka gajoM ke yuddha se sambaddha hai| isake bAda eka chajjevAlA 69

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70 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 domaMjilA prAsAda utkIrNa hai| chajje para vAtAyanoM ke pAsa kucha AkRtiyA~ baiThI haiN| tatkAlIna prAsAda-vAstu kI dRSTi se yaha utkIrNana mahattvapUrNa hai| sampUrNa dRzyAvalI kaMsa (mathurA meM) ke darabAra kA dRzya prastuta karatI hai| lUNavasahI kI devakulikA-saM. 11 kI dUsarI chata para sambhavataH neminAtha ke vairAgya kA vistRta dRzya utkIrNa hai, jisameM dUsarI paMkti meM kRSNa aura jarAsandha ke madhya hue yuddha kA dRzya utkIrNa hai / triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM kRSNa aura jarAsandha ke madhya hue yuddha kA vistRta vivecana milatA hai|42 dRzya meM kRSNa aura jarAsandha zara-sandhAna kI mudrA meM Amane-sAmane khar3e haiN| donoM ke sAtha khaDga, kheTaka, aura zUladhArI vizAla padAti aura azvasenAoM kA aMkana huA hai|43 sandarbha-srota : 1. viliyama moniyara, moniyara, saMskRta aMgrejIkoza, punarmudrita, dillI 1984, pR. 1059 2. triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra, bhAvanagara, 1905-1909, 1.6.326-69 3. zAha umAkAnta premAnanda, jaina rUpamaNDana, dillI 1987, pR. 72 4. triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra, 1.2.213-26 5. AdipurANa (jinasenakRta), vArANasI 1962, 12. 104-19 6. triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra, 1.2.885-87 7. vahI, 1.4. 708-12 8. vahI, 1.4. 568-87, AdipurANa, 37. 73-74, 83-84 9. triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra, 4.1. 220, 4.2.216 10. vahI, 1.6.368-69 11. vahI, 8. 12. 69-70, jaina rUpamaNDana pR. 74-75 12. vahI, pR. 75 13. triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra, 4.1.626 14. uttarapurANa (guNabhadrakRta), dillI 1954, 57.93 15. triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita, 1. 6. 338-39, jaina rUpamaNDana pR. 73 16. triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita, 1.6. 338 17. vahI, 1. 6. 338-57; jaina rUpamaNDana, pR. 74 18. triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita, 4. 1. 624-25

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mUrta aMkanoM meM jinetara zalAkApuruSoM ke jIvanadRzya 19. uttarapurANa, 57.92 20. triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita, parva 1, sarga 4,5 29. vahI, 1.6. 715-55 22. jayantavijaya munizrI holI AbU, (a~garejI - anuvAda u.pra. zAha) bhAvanagara, 1954, pR. 58-61 23. triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita, 4.1.354-414 24. vahI, 4.1.866-83 25. vahI, 4.1.110-58 26. tivArI, mArutinandana prasAda; jaina pratimAvijJAna, vArANasI 1981, pR. 139-40 71 27. vahI, pR. 142 28. triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita, 8.9.1-44 29. vahI, 8.9.6-125 30. vahI, 8.5. 230-60 31. vahI, 8.5. 236-85 32. tivArI mA. na. pra. evaM giri kamala : 'vaiSNava thImsa ina dilavAr3A jaina Tempulsa' kRSNadatta vAjapeyI abhinandana grantha, dillI 1978 pR. 195-20 33. triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita, 1.5.565, 1.5.644 34. vahI, 1.2. 506, 1.5.598 35. vahI, 9.1.70-75 36. vahI, 1.2.221 37. vahI, 1. 1687 38. viSNupurANa, gItA presa gorakhapura, vi.saM. 1990, prathama aMza, 9.100-105 39. triSaSTizalAMkApuruSacarita, 8.5 71-88, 98 - 114, brAhmaNa - paramparA meM kRSNa vasudeva-devakI ke AThaveM putra batAye gaye haiM / 40. vahI, 8.5. 250-60 49. vahI, 8.5. 130-40 42. vahI, 8. 7. 134-457 43. holI AbU, pR. 122

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triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM varNita tIrthaMkara DaoN. zubhA pAThaka 'triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita' zvetAmbara-paramparA kA sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa carita grantha hai, jisakI racanA hemacandra ne 12vIM zatI I. ke uttarArdha meM apane AzrayadAtA kumArapAla caulukya ke anurodha para janakalyANa ke uddezya se kI thii|' AcArya hemacandra gujarAta ke eka labdhapratiSTha vidvAn aura jaina paramparA ke AcArya the| prastuta grantha meM jaina paramparA ke 63 zalAkApuruSoM (zreSTha janoM yA caritoM) kA jIvana carita vistArapUrvaka varNita hai| 63 zalAkApuruSoM meM devAdhideva 24 tIrthaMkaroM yA jinoM ke atirikta, 12 cakravartiyoM, 9 baladevoM, 9 vAsudevoM evaM 9 prativAsudevoM kA ullekha huA hai| gujarAta meM jainadharma aura kalA ke vikAsa meM caulukya-rAjavaMza (la. 11vIM se 13vI. zatI I) kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai / caulukya zAsakoM ke kAla meM kaI jaina mandiroM kA nirmANa huA, jinapara prabhUta saMkhyA meM tIrthaMkaroM evaM anya jaina devI-devatAoM kI mUrtiyA~ bniiN| ina mandiroM meM gujarAta ke banAsakAThA jile meM sthita kumbhariyA kA jaina mandira samUha sarvapramukha hai| ye mandira 11vIM se 13vIM zatI I. ke haiM tathA sambhavanAtha, zAntinAtha, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha tathA mahAvIra ko samarpita haiN| ina mandiroM ke vitAnoM para RSabhanAtha, zAntinAtha, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha evaM mahAvIra (kramaza: prathama, solahaveM, bAIsaveM, teIsaveM aura caubIsaveM) ke jIvanadRzyoM kA vistRta aMkana huA hai| inameM jinoM ke paMcakalyANakoM (cyavana, janma, dIkSA, kaivalya, nirvANa) ke atirikta inake jIvana kI kucha mahattvapUrNa ghaTanAoM ko bhI zilpAMkita kiyA gayA hai| yaha zilpAMkana pUrI taraha triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita ke vivaraNa para AdhArita hai| tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvana se sambandhita mahattvapUrNa ghaTanAoM meM zAntinAtha dvArA pUrvabhava meM kapota kI prANarakSA-hetu zarIra-dAna kI kathA, neminAtha ke cacere bhAI kRSNa kI AyudhazAlA meM neminAtha kA zaurya-pradarzana, neminAtha ke vivAha hetu prasthAna tathA vivAha kiye binA hI mArga se lauTakara dIkSA-grahaNa tathA pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ke upasargoM ke vistRta dRzyAMkana Adi pramukha haiN| 11vIM zatI I. ke zAntinAtha evaM mahAvIra-mandiroM kI pazcimI bhramikA ke samatala vitAnoM para prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhanAtha ke jIvanadRzya utkIrNa haiM / zAntinAtha mandira kA dRzyAMkana cAra AyatoM meM vibhakta hai / bAharI Ayata meM RSabhanAtha ke mAtA-pitA marudevI * 47, ravIndrapurI kAlonI, vArANasI - 221 005

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triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM varNita tIrthaMkara 73 aura nAbhirAya ko vArtAlApa kI mudrA meM tathA sevikAoM se veSTita marudevI ko zayyA para leTe dikhAyA gayA hai| AkRtiyoM ke nIce unake nAma bhI utkIrNa haiN| marudevI kI leTI AkRti ke samIpa hI 14 mAMgalika svapna (gaja, vRSabha, siMha, abhiSeka, lakSmI, dhvaja, ardhacandra, puSpahAra, pUrNambha, sUrya, devavimAna, ratnarAzi, padma-sarovara, kSIra-samudra tathA pAtra meM nirdhUma agni) bhI ukere gaye haiN| uttarI paTTikA meM puna: marudevI evaM nAbhirAya kI AkRtiyA~ banI haiN| Age zayyA para (zizurahita) leTI marudevI ke samakSa cAra vRSabha aura eka azvArohI AkRtiyA~ banI haiM, jo RSabhanAtha ke cyavana kA aMkana hai| azvArohI AkRti vajranAbha (RSabhanAtha kA pUrvabhava) kI hai| Age nAbhirAya evaM vibhinna indroM (jaina paramparA meM 64 indroM kI kalpanA hai) kI AkRtiyA~ banI haiM, jo marudevI ke svapnoM kA phala batAne ke Azaya se upasthita haiN| isakA triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM bhI ullekha hai| dakSiNa kI ora RSabhanAtha ke rAjyArohaNa aura vivAha ke dRzya haiM, jinameM unake rAjyArohaNa evaM vivAha ke pUrva snAna kA dRzyAMkana hai| triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM ullekha milatA hai ki vivAha ke pUrva indra ne RSabhanAtha ko snAna karAyA thA tathA rAjyArohaNa se pUrva jala se unakI zuddhi kI thii|4 dUsare Ayata meM (pUrva) RSabhanAtha rAjA ke rUpa meM devoM evaM sevakoM ke madhya baiThe aura manuSya jAti ko vibhinna kalAoM kA jJAna de rahe haiM, jo triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita ke vivaraNa para AdhArita hai| grantha meM ullekha hai ki RSabhanAtha ne hI manuSya jAti ko sarvaprathama 72 kalAoM kA jJAna diyA thaa| dRzya meM RSabhanAtha ko ratha para baiThe tathA hAtha meM pAtra liye dikhAyA gayA hai / jo mRdbhANDa nirmANa evaM yuddhakalA kI zikSAoM kA dyotaka hai| uttara kI ora RSabhanAtha kI dIkSA ke dRzya haiN| sarvaprathama RSabhanAtha ke gRhatyAga kA aMkana hai, jisameM RSabhanAtha evaM lokAntika deva ko dikhAyA gayA hai| triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM sandarbha hai ki pratyeka tIrthaMkara ke gRhatyAga ke samaya lokAntika deva pratibodha ke uddezya se upasthita hote haiN| Age padmAsana meM baiThI, keza-luMcana karatI RSabhanAtha kI pA~ca AkRtiyA~ utkIrNa haiN| pAMcavI AkRti ke samIpa indra khar3e haiM, jo RSabhanAtha se eka muSTi keza sira para hI rahane dene kA Agraha kara rahe haiN| indra kI upasthiti triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita ke vivaraNa ke anurUpa hai| yaha dRzya RSabhanAtha dvArA caturmuSTika kezaluMcana tathA eka muSTi keza sira para hI chor3a dene kA bhAna karAtA hai| Age kAyotsarga-mudrA meM tapasyArata RSabhanAtha ke donoM pArthoM meM unake pautra nami evaM vinami kI khaDgadhArI AkRtiyA~ haiN| triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM ullekha hai ki RSabhanAtha kI tapasyA ke samaya unake pautra nami aura vinami rAjyalakSmI prApta karane kI icchA se kAphI samaya taka unake pAsa khar3e rhe|

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74 Vaishali Insitute Research Bulletin No. 8 dakSiNa kI ora RSabhanAtha kA samavasaraNa hai / samavasaraNa eka devanirmita sabhA hai, jahA~ kaivalya-prApti ke bAda pratyeka tIrthaMkara apanA prathama dharmopadeza dete the / triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita ke vivaraNa ke samAna samavasaraNa tIna prAcIroMvAlI tathA pratyeka prAcIroM meM cAra dvAroMvAlI vRttAkAra devanirmita sabhA ke rUpa meM dikhAyA gayA hai / " cauthe Ayata meM RSabha nAtha ke yakSa-yakSI gomukha evaM cakrezvarI bhI utkIrNa haiM / mahAvIra - mandira ke vitAna ke dRzya kucha parivartanoM athavA atirikta vivaraNoM ke alAvA mUlataH zAntinAtha mandira ke samAna haiN| sampUrNa dRzyAvalI tIna AyatoM meM vibhakta hai| bAharI paTTikA meM pUrva kI ora sarvArthasiddhi svarga meM vArtAlApa karatI vajranAbha evaM anya AkRtiyA~ banI haiN| lekha meM 'sarvArthasiddhi svarga' bhI utkIrNa hai / triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM ullekha hai ki vajranAbha kA jIva sarvArthasiddhi svarga se hI marudevI ke garbha AyA thaa| dUsare Ayata meM uttara kI ora navajAta zizu ke sAtha leTI marudevI haiM jinake samIpa indra, saMgItajJoM ke eka samUha tathA kalaza, cAmara lie hue dikkumAriyoM kI AkRtiyA~ utkIrNa haiM / triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM tIrthaMkara janma ke samaya indra tathA dikkumAriyoM ke upasthita hone kA sandarbha milatA hai / 10 pUrva meM indra dvArA navajAta zizu ko abhiSeka hetu meru parvata para le jAte hue dikhAyA gayA hai / Age indra ko padmAsana meM zizu ko goda meM lekara baiThe dikhAyA gayA hai, jinake donoM pAvoM meM zizu ke abhiSeka hetu anya indroM kI kalazadhArI AkRtiyA~ banI haiM / triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM navajAta zizu ko meruparvata para le jAne tathA anya indroM dvArA unakA abhiSeka karane kA sandarbha milatA hai / 11 zAntinAtha evaM mahAvIra - mandiroM kI bhramikAoM para jaina paramparA ke solahaveM tIrthaMkara zAntinAtha ke jIvanadRzya dekhe jA sakate haiN| sabase bAharavAlI paTTikA meM zAntinAtha ke dasaveM pUrvabhava kI eka kathA kA aMkana huA hai, jisakA ullekha triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM milatA hai / grantha meM ullekha hai ki zAntinAtha dasaveM pUrvabhava meM megharatha nAmaka rAjA ke rUpa meM utpanna hue| kisI samaya surUpa deva megharatha kI parIkSA lene ke uddezya se eka kapota ke zarIra meM praviSTa ho gye| bAja se prANarakSA kI guhAra karatA huA kapota darabAra meM baiThe megharatha kI goda meM A giraa| kucha samaya pazcAt bAja bhI vahA~ pahu~cA aura apanA AhAra (kapota) mA~gane lagA / megharatha ne bAja se kapota ke sthAna para kucha aura grahaNa karane ko khaa| bAja isa bAta para sahamata huA ki yadi use manuSya kA utanA hI mAMsa mila jAe to vaha apanI kSudhA - pUrti kara sakatA hai / megharatha ne tatkSaNa eka tulA maMgavAyI aura apane zarIra kA mAMsa kATakara usapara rakhanA prArambha kiyA /

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triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM varNita tIrthaMkara zanai: zanaiH kapota ke bhItara ke deva ne apanA bhAra bar3hAnA prArambha kiyaa| anta meM megharatha svayaM tulA para baiTha gaye / megharatha ko kisI bhI prakAra dharmacyuta na hotA dekha surUpa deva ne svayaM ko prakaTa kiyA aura kSamA-yAcanA kii| 12 isa dRzya meM megharatha ko eka maNDapa meM narttakoM, saMgItajJoM evaM sainikoM ke madhya baiThe dikhAyA gayA hai| Age eka tulA hai, jisameM eka ora megharatha tathA dUsarI ora kapota kI AkRtiyA~ banI haiN| pUrva kI ora ke dRzya meM parvata para eka caitya banA hai, jisake sAtha megharatha kI kAyotsarga-mudrA meM eka AkRti tathA kaI anya rAjanya yugala AkRtiyA~ vArtAlApa kI mudrA meM banI haiN| triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM megharatha dvArA dIkSA grahaNa karane tathA tapasyA karane kA ullekha milatA hai / 13 uttara meM zAntinAtha ke cyavana kA dRzyAMkana hai / dUsare Ayata meM zAntinAtha ke janma, paramparAnurUpa meruparvata para vibhinna indroM dvArA unake jalAbhiSeka tathA janma ke samaya vibhinna dikkumAriyoM ke Agamana kA aMkana hai / 75 tIsare Ayata meM zAntinAtha ko cakravartI ke rUpa meM dikhAyA gayA hai / jJAtavya hai ki zAntinAtha eka hI bhava meM tIrthaMkara aura cakravartI donoM hue / sampUrNa dRzya cAra choTI paTTikAoM meM vibhAjita hai / Upara kI paTTikA meM zAntinAtha adhInastha rAjAoM ke sAtha baiThe haiM / nIce do paMktiyoM meM navanidhi ke sUcaka nava ghaTa tathA 14 ratna utkIrNa haiM / 14 ratnoM ke rUpa meM cakra, chatra, khaDga, daNDa, maNi, carma, kAkiNI (kaur3I) senApati, gRhapati, azva, gaja, strI, purohita aura kASThakAra aMkita haiM / triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM ullekha hai ki vijaya- abhiyAna ke samaya zAntinAtha ne nau nidhiyA~ aura 14 ratna prApta kiye the / 14 .15 mahAvIra - mandira para utkIrNa zAntinAtha ke jIvanadRzya tIna AyatoM meM vibhAjita haiM, jinameM unake paMcakalyANakoM kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai / prathama Ayata meM (pazcima kI ora se ) acirA devI (zAntinAtha kI mAtA) kI zayyA para leTI AkRti hai jinake samIpa 14 svapna utkIrNa haiM / dRzya ke nIce 'caturdazasvapnAni ' abhilikhita hai / Age punaH navajAta zizu ke sAtha acirA devI leTI hai jinake nIce 'zrI acirAdevI prasUtigRha zAntinAtha' likhA hai / uttara kI ora indra ko zizu kA abhiSeka karate dikhAyA gayA hai| Age pazcima kI ora vibhinna adhInastha zAsakoM ke madhya cakravartI zAntinAtha baiThe haiM / nIce 'zAntinAtha cakravartI' likhA hai / dakSiNa pUrva kI ora cakravartI rUpa meM zAntinAtha ke vijaya abhiyAnoM kA aMkana hai, jisameM unakI gajArUr3ha aura azvArUDha AkRtiyA~ banI hai / uttara kI ora zAntinAtha kI dIkSA, tapasyA evaM samavasaraNa kA aMkana huA hai / isa dRzya meM unheM kezaluMcana karate, tapasyA karate tathA upadeza dete hue dikhAyA gayA hai /

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76 Vaishali Insitute Research Bulletin No. 8 zAntinAtha evaM mahAvIra mandiroM ke bhramikA- vitAnoM para jaina paramparA ke bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara neminAtha ke jIvanadRzya bhI draSTavya haiN| ina dRzyoM meM neminAtha ke paMcakalyANakoM ke atirikta neminAtha evaM kRSNa ke madhya hue zakti-parIkSaNa tathA neminAtha ke vivAha ke prasaMga vizeSa mahatvapUrNa haiM / zAntinAtha mandira ke dRzya tIna AyatoM meM vibhakta haiN| bAharI Ayata meM neminAtha ke pUrvabhava, cyavana tathA unake mAtA-pitA kA aMkana hai| dUsare Ayata meM zizu janma tathA indra dvArA usake jalAbhiSeka ke sandarbha haiM / dUsare Ayata meM hI neminAtha ke vivAha kA bhI aMkana hai / isa dRzya meM neminAtha ratha para ArUr3ha hokara vivAha sthala kI ora jA rahe haiN| Age zUkara, meSa, mRga jaise pazuoM ko eka piMjare meM banda dikhAyA gayA hai / yahA~ triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita ke ullekha ke viparIta neminAtha aura rAjImatI ko vivAha maNDapa meM eka sAtha khar3e dikhAyA gayA hai / tIsare Ayata meM neminAtha kI dIkSA tathA tapasyA kA aMkana hai / isa dRzya meM neminAtha ko vastrAbhUSaNa tyAgakara keza- luMcana karate tathA kAyotsarga-mudrA meM khar3e dikhAyA gayA hai / pazcima kI ora neminAtha kA samavasaraNa hai, jisameM gaja siMha, mayUra - sarpa jaise paraspara vaira-bhAva vAle jIva-jantu bhI utkIrNa haiM / 1 mahAvIra - mandira kI pazcimI bhramikA ke vitAna para kRSNa evaM neminAtha ke zakti parIkSaNa, neminAtha ke vivAha tathA dIkSA ke dRzya haiN| neminAtha aura kRSNa ke zakti-parIkSaNa meM neminAtha ko vijetA ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai, jo brAhmaNa dharma para jainadharma kI zreSThatA kA sUcaka hai| adhikAMza dRzyoM ke nIce lekha bhI haiN| dRzyAvalI ke dakSiNI chora para zrISeNa (pitA) evaM anya adhInastha zAsakoM ke sAtha rAjA zaMkha (neminAtha kA pUrvabhava) kI AkRtiyA~ utkIrNa haiM / lekha meM 'aparAjita vimAnadeva' aMkita hai / triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM ullekha hai ki zaMkha kA jIva aparAjita vimAna se cyuta hokara zivAdevI ke garbha meM AyA thA / uttara kI ora neminAtha ke cyavana aura janma kA aMkana hai| Age kRSNa aura neminAtha ke madhya hue zakti parIkSaNa kA aMkana hai / .16 triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM ullekha hai ki kadAcit neminAtha ghUmate hue kRSNa kI AyudhazAlA meM pahu~ca gaye jahA~ unhoMne kRSNa ke AyudhoM ko dekhA / utsukatAvaza jaba unhoMne zaMkha uThAnA cAhA to AyudhazAlA ke rakSaka ne unheM aisA karane se rokA tathA kahA ki Apa dvArA yaha zaMkha bajAnA to dUra uThAnA bhI sambhava nahIM hai / itane meM neminAtha I zaMkha bajA diyA / yaha sUcanA pAkara kRSNa atyanta bhayabhIta hue aura unake zaktiparIkSaNa kI icchA vyakta kI / neminAtha ne dvandva-yuddha ke sthAna para eka dUsare kI bhujA

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triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM varNita tIrthaMkara m jhukAkara zakti-parIkSaNa kA Agraha kiyaa| kRSNa neminAtha kI bhujA kiMcit mAtra bhI na jhukA sake jabaki neminAtha atyanta sahajabhAva se unakI bhujA jhukAne meM saphala hue| dRzya meM kRSNa kI AyudhazAlA meM zaMkha, gadA, cakra, khaDga jaise Ayudha pradarzita haiN| samIpa hI neminAtha ko kRSNa kA pAMcajanya zaMkha bajAte hue dikhAyA gayA hai tathA nIce 'zrInemi' likhA hai| AyudhazAlA ke samIpa vasudeva tathA devakI kI AkRtiyA~ haiN| dakSiNa kI ora neminAtha ke vivAhamaNDapa kA aMkana hai, jisameM rAjImatI ko sakhI ke sAtha dikhAyA gayA hai| nIce utkIrNa lekha meM kramazaH 'rAjImatI' aura 'sakhI' likhA hai| Age ke dRzya meM piMjare meM banda zUkara, mRga, meSa, jaise pazu pradarzita haiN| sAtha hI do ratha bhI utkIrNa haiM jinameM se eka vivAhamaNDapa kI ora jAte hue tathA dUsarA vivAhamaNDapa kI viparIta dizA meM Ate hue dikhAyA gayA hai| donoM rathoM meM neminAtha baiThe haiN| vivAhamaNDapa ke viparIta dizA kI ora AtA huA ratha neminAtha ke binA vivAha kiye mArga se hI vApasa jAne aura dIkSA lene kA zilpAMkana hai jo triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita ke vivaraNa ke anurUpa hai| isa grantha meM ullekha hai ki neminAtha ne vivAha ke lie jAte samaya mArga meM kucha pazuoM ko piMjare meM banda dekhaa| vivAha meM bhojana ke nimitta una bandI pazuoM ke vadha ke bAre meM jAnakara neminAtha atyanta dukhI hue| unhoMne vivAhasthAna taka gaye binA mArga se hI lauTakara dIkSA grahaNa kara lii|8 uttara kI ora neminAtha kI dIkSA evaM tapasyA se sambandhita AkRtiyA~ haiN| zAntinAtha evaM mahAvIra-mandira kI bhramikA ke vitAnoM para jaina paramparA ke teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ke jIvanadRzyoM kA bhI utkIrNana milatA hai| mahAvIra-mandira kI pazcimI bhramikA ke chaThe vitAna para pArzvanAtha ke paMcakalyANakoM ke atirikta unake pUrvabhavoM tathA tapasyA ke samaya upasthita vibhinna upasargoM kA aMkana hai| pUrvabhavoM ke aMkana meM marubhUti (pArzvanAtha kA pahalA pUrvabhava) tathA kamaTha (meghamAlin kA pahalA pUrvabhava) ke jIvoM ke vibhinna bhavoM meM hue saMgharSoM ko bhI vistArapUrvaka dikhAyA gayA hai, jo pUrNataH tripaSTizalAkApuruSacarita se nirdiSTa hai| triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM ullekha hai ki potanapura nAmaka nagara ke zAsaka aravinda ne apane zAsana ke antima varSoM meM dIkSA grahaNa kI thii| aravinda ke rAjya meM vizvabhUti nAmaka eka brAhmaNa purohita nivAsa karatA thA jisake marubhUti evaM kamaTha nAmaka do putra the| marubhUti ke mana meM sAMsArika vastuoM ke prati koI moha nahIM thA jabaki kamaTha sadaiva unake prati Asakta rahatA thaa| kamaTha ne marubhUti ke sAdhu svabhAva kA lAbha uThAkara usakI patnI vasundharA ke sAtha anaitika sambandha sthApita kara liyaa| marubhUti kI zikAyata ke phalasvarUpa rAjA aravinda ne kamaTha ko daNDita kiyaa| kamaTha atyanta lajjita hokara

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78 Vaishali Insitute Research Bulletin No. 8 jaMgala meM calA gyaa| kucha samaya pazcAt marubhUti kamaTha ke pAsa kSamA yAcanA ke lie gyaa| use dekhakara kamaTha atyanta krodhita huA aura usake mastaka para eka zilAkhaNDa se prahAra kiyA, jisase marubhUti kI mRtyu ho gyii| apane isa kukRtya ke kAraNa kamaTha ko sadaiva ke lie narakagAmI honA pdd'aa| do AyatoM meM vibhakta dRzyAvalI ke bAharI Ayata meM dakSiNa kI ora vArtAlApa kI mudrA meM utkIrNa aravinda kI AkRti ke sAmane marubhUti evaM kamaTha kI AkRtiyA~ baiThI haiN| Age kamaTha ko eka zilAkhaNDa lie dikhAyA gayA hai| kamaTha ke sAmane marubhUti namaskAra-mudrA meM khar3e haiM tathA kamaTha unapara zilAkhaNDa se prahAra karane ko udyata hai| Age aravinda kI sAdhurUpa meM do AkRtiyA~ haiM jisake nIce 'aravinda muni' likhA hai| triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM ullekha hai ki dUsare bhava meM marubhUti kA jIva gaja tathA kamaTha kA jIva kukkuTa-sarpa ke rUpa meM utpanna huaa| gaja aravinda muni ke upadezoM ko sunakara yati dharma kA pAlana karane lgaa| eka dina kukkuTa sarpa ne pUrvajanma ke vaira ke kAraNa gaja ko Dasa liyA jisase gaja kI mRtyu ho gyii| tIsare bhava meM marubhUti kA jIva devatA tathA kamaTha kA jIva narakavAsI huA, jahA~ use vibhinna yAtanAe~ bhoganI par3I / 20 __ dRzya meM eka vRkSa ke samIpa utkIrNa aravinda muni tathA gaja kI AkRtiyoM ke nIce 'marubhUti jIva' likhA hai| samIpa hI eka dUsarI gajAkRti kI pITha para kukkuTasarpa ko daMza karate dikhAyA gayA hai| Age kamaTha ke jIva ko naraka meM dI jAne vAlI yAtanAoM kA aMkana hai jisameM madhya meM baiThI AkRti ke mastaka para do pArzvavartI khar3I AkRtiyA~ kisI dhAradAra vastu se prahAra kara rahI hai| cauthe bhava meM marubhUti kA jIva kiraNavega nAmaka rAjakumAra tathA kamaTha kA jIva vikarAla sarpa ke rUpa meM utpanna huaa| pUrvabhava ke vaira ke kAraNa sarpa ne daMza kara kiraNavega ke prANa le lie| pAMcaveM bhava meM marubhUti devatA tathA kamaTha narakavAsI huA / chaThe bhava meM marubhUti vajranAma nAmaka rAjakumAra tathA kamaTha bhilla kuraMgaka ke rUpa meM utpanna huaa| pUrvabhavoM ke vaira ke kAraNa kuraMgaka ne bANa ke prahAra se vajranAbha kA vadha kara ddaalaa| zilpAMkana meM vArtAlApa kI mudrA meM utkIrNa kiraNavega kI AkRti ke samIpa do anya AkRtiyA~ baiThI haiM jinake nIce 'kiraNavega rAjA' likhA hai| Age kAyotsarga meM utkIrNa kiraNavega ke zarIra se eka sarpa lipaTA huA dikhAyA gayA hai| pUrva kI ora vajranAbha kI baiThI AkRti ke nIce 'vajranAbha' likhA hai| Age unheM munirUpa meM dikhAyA gayA hai aura samIpa hI zarasaMdhAna kI mudrA meM kuraMgala kI AkRti bhI banI hai| Age vajranAbha kA mRta zarIra dikhAyA gayA hai|

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triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM varNita tIrthaMkara sAtaveM bhava meM marubhUti kA jIva lalitAMgadeva ke rUpa meM tathA kamaTha kA jIva zairava naraka meM utpanna huaa| AThaveM bhava meM marubhUti suvarNabAhu ke rUpa meM tathA kamaTha siMha ke rUpa meM utpanna huaa| eka dina tapasyArata suvarNabAhu para siMha ne AkramaNa kara unake prANa le liye| nave bhava meM marubhUti kA jIva devatA tathA kamaTha kA jIva narakavAsI huaa|23 dasaveM bhava meM marubhUti kA jIva pArzvanAtha tathA kamaTha kA jIva kaTha nAmaka sAdhu ke rUpa meM avatarita huaa| dRzyAMkana meM vitAna para uttara kI ora survaNabAhu muni kAyotsarga meM khar3e haiM tathA unake samIpa hI AkramaNa kI mudrA meM siMha banA hai| AkRtiyoM ke nIce 'kanakaprabhamuni' aura 'siMha' likhA hai| Age marubhUti kA devatA rUpa meM tathA kamaTha ke jIva ko naraka meM prApta honevAlI vibhinna yAtanAoM kA aMkana hai| pUrvabhavoM ke citraNa ke pazcAt pArzvanAtha ke janma evaM janmAbhiSeka kA aMkana hai| pazcima kI ora gaja para baiThI tIna AkRtiyoM ke nIce 'pArzvanAtha' likhA hai| Age kaTha sAdhu ke paMcAgni tapa kA aMkana hai| triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM ullekha hai ki kaTha sAdhu dvArA paMcAgni tapa karate samaya pArzvanAtha ne avadhijJAna se yaha jAna liyA ki sAdhu ke agnikuNDa meM jalate hue eka kASTha meM eka sarpa jhulasa rahA hai| pArzvanAtha ke Adeza para usa kASTha ko cIra kara sarpa ko nikAlA gyaa| atyadhika jala jAne ke kAraNa sarpa kI mRtyu ho gii| agale janma meM yahI sarpa nAgarAja dharaNa huA, jisane pArzvanAtha kI tapasyA ke samaya meghamAlin asura ke upasargoM se pArzvanAtha kI rakSA kI thii| isa ghaTanA ke bAda hI pArzvanAtha ko saMsAra se virakti ho gii| unhoMne dIkSA grahaNa karalI / 24 ___ dRzya meM kaTha sAdhu ke samakSa hI gajArUr3ha pArzvanAtha ko dikhAyA gayA hai| Age parazu se lakar3I cIratI huI eka AkRti banI hai aura pAsa hI lakar3I se nikalA sarpa bhI draSTavya hai| Age kezaluMcana karatI pArzvanAtha kI AkRti hai| dakSiNa kI ora kAyotsarga-mudrA meM khar3e tapasyArata pArzvanAtha ke zIrSa bhAga para sarpaphaNoM kA chatra bhI banA hai, jo tapasyA ke samaya meghamAlin dvArA upasthita kiye gaye upasarga (varSA) ke samaya dharaNendra dvArA pArzvanAtha kI rakSA se sambandhita hai| pArzvanAtha ke samIpa hI meghamAlin ko kSamA yAcanA karate hue dikhAyA gayA hai / triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM ullekha hai ki jaba pArzvanAtha meghamAlin dvArA upasthita kiye gaye vibhinna upasargoM se avicalita rahe, taba meghamAlin ne apanI parAjaya svIkAra kara pArzvanAtha se kSamA-yAcanA kii|5| madhyavartI Ayata meM 24 jinoM ke mAtA-pitA kA sAmUhika aMkana huA hai, jinake nIce unake nAma bhI likhe haiN| yaha tIrthaMkaroM ke mAtA-pitA ke nirUpaNa ke prArambhika udAharaNoM meM eka hai| zAntinAtha mandira kI pUrvI bhramikA ke vitAna para

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Vaishali Insitute Research Bulletin No. 8 bhI pArzvanAtha ke jIvanadRzya utkIrNa haiM, jo vivaraNa kI dRSTi se mahAvIra mandira ke samAna haiN| zAntinAtha evaM mahAvIra mandiroM kI bhramikA ke vitAnoM para jaina paramparA ke caubIsaveM evaM antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke jIvanadRzya dekhe jA sakate haiN| mahAvIra-mandira kI dRzyAvalI tIna AyatoM meM vibhakta hai, jinameM mahAvIra ke pUrvabhavoM, janma, dIkSA tathA tapasyAkAla ke vibhinna upasargoM kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| dasare Ayata meM mahAvIra ke pUrvabhavoM kA aMkana hai, jisameM nayasAra (mahAvIra kA prathama pUrvabhava) ko tIna jaina muniyoM ke sAtha dikhAyA gayA hai| muniyoM ke eka hAtha meM mukha-paTTikA hai tathA dUsarA hAtha abhayamudrA meM hai| triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM ullekha hai ki kadAcit nayasAra nAmaka vyakti ne apane bhAga kA bhojana bhUkhe muniyoM ko karAne ke pazcAt munivrata dhAraNa kara liyA tathA maraNoparAnta svarga meM devatA ke rUpa meM utpanna huaa| dUsare bhava meM nayasAra ke jIva ko devatA ke rUpa meM dikhAyA gayA hai / 26 tIsare bhava meM nayasAra kA jIva bharataputra marIci huaa| dRzya meM marIci kI AkRti banI hai| nayasAra kA jIva 16veM bhava meM vizvabhUti nAmaka rAjakumAra tathA 17veM bhava meM devatA ke rUpa meM utpanna huaa|18veN bhava meM vaha prathama vAsudeva tripRSTha ke rUpa meM janamA / vitAna para vizvabhUti tathA tripRSTha ke jIvana kI ghaTanAoM kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai| __triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM ullekha milatA hai ki kadAcit vizvabhUti ne kruddha hokara eka seva se lade vRkSa para prahAra kiyA, phalataH vRkSa ke sabhI phala gira gye| tatpazcAt unhoMne dIkSA grahaNa kii|28 grantha meM yaha bhI ullekha milatA hai ki prathama vAsudeva tripRSTha ne kadAcit binA kisI zastra ke siMha ke donoM jabar3e phAr3akara usakA vadha kiyA thaa|9 dRzya meM vizvabhUti ko eka vRkSa para prahAra karate hue dikhAyA gayA hai, jisake nIce 'vizvabhUti kevalI' likhA hai / dakSiNa kI ora tripRSTha ko eka siMha se yuddha karate hue dikhAyA gayA hai| apane amAnavIya kRtya ke kAraNa nayasAra kA jIva 19veM bhava meM narakavAsI huaa| dRzya meM nayasAra ke jIva ko naraka meM vibhinna prakAra kI yAtanAe~ sahate hue dikhAyA gayA hai tathA nIce 'tripRSTha narakavAsa' likhA hai| samIpa hI eka siMha tathA naraka kI yAtanAoM kA aMkana hai, jisake nIce 'agni narakavAsa' likhA hai| ye donoM dRzya nayasAra ke 20veM tathA 21veM bhava ke haiN| Age priyamitra cakravartI, nandana tathA devatA kI mUrtiyA~ haiM jo nayasAra ke jIva ke 22veM, 24veM evaM 25veM bhavoM kA aMkana hai| bAharI Ayata meM mahAvIra ke janma tathA vivAha ke dRzya ukere haiN| dUsare Ayata meM mahAvIra ko dIkSA ke samaya kezaluMcana karate hue tathA indra ko unake kezoM ko saMcita

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triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM varNita tIrthaMkara karate hue dikhAyA gayA hai| samIpa hI mahAvIra dvArA parityakta karNaphUla, mukuTahAra jaise AbhUSaNa tathA khaDga pradarzita haiN| Age mahAvIra ko mukhapaTTikA - yukta kisI brAhmaNa ko dAna dete dikhAyA gayA hai| nIce 'mahAvIra" evaM 'devadUSya brAhmaNa' likhA hai / triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM ullekha milatA hai ki dIkSA ke pUrva mahAvIra dvArA dAna diye jAne ke samaya eka brAhmaNa vahA~ upasthita na ho sakA thaa| dIkSoparAnta jaba usa brAhmaNa ne mahAvIra se kucha mAMgA to ve use nirAza na kara sake aura apane kaMdhe para rakhe vastra (devadUSya) meM se AdhA phAr3akara use de diyA / 30 Age mahAvIra kI tapasyA ke samaya upasthita vibhinna upasargoM kA vistRta aMkana hai / triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM varNana hai ki bhramaNa kAla ke samaya eka bAra mahAvIra zUlapANi yakSa ke pratibodha ke uddezya se usake hI Ayatana meM ruke| rAtri ke samaya tapasyArata mahAvIra ke sAmane yakSa ne prakaTa hokara bhayaMkara aTTahAsa kiyA, gaja ke rUpa meM unake pairoM para bhayaMkara pIr3A pahu~cAI, pizAca ke rUpa meM tIkSNa nakhoM aura dA~toM se unake zarIra ko nocA, sarpa ke rUpa meM daMza kara unake zarIra ko pIr3A pahu~cAI | kintu mahAvIra avicalita rahe / anta meM yakSa ne apanI parAjaya svIkAra kara unase kSamA-yAcanA kI tathA vaha sthAna chor3akara calA gyaa| dRzya meM mahAvIra yakSAyatana meM baiThe haiM / dakSiNa kI ora zUlapANi yakSa kI AkRti utkIrNa hai / samIpa hI vRzcika, sarpa, gaja evaM siMha kI bhI AkRttiyA~ banI hai| sAtha hI bANa, cakra jaise zastra bhI aMkita hai jinase mahAvIra kA upasarga kiyA gayA / nIce 'mahAvIra upasarga' likhA hai / 31 81 triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM ullekha hai ki tapaHsAdhanA ke dUsare varSa caNDakauzika nAmaka bhayaMkara sarpa ne dhyAnastha mahAvIra ke pairoM tathA zarIra para daMza kara unheM vicalita karanA cAhA para mahAvIra para koI prabhAva nahIM par3A / grantha meM yaha bhI ullekha milatA hai ki tapazcaryA ke pA~caveM varSa lATa deza meM vahA~ ke anAryoM ne mahAvIra para daNDa, zUla, muSTi tathA patthara se prahAra kara pIr3A pahu~cAI / zvAna dUra se hI kATane ke lie daur3e, para mahAvIra zAnta bhAva se tapasyArata rahe / 3: caNDakauzika ke upasarga ke aMkana meM mahAvIra kAyotsarga-mudrA meM khar3e haiM, jinake dAhine pArzva meM sarpa ko daMza karate dikhAyA gayA hai; Upara kI ora AkramaNa kI mudrA meM eka anya AkRti banI hai, jo lATa deza ke anAryoM dvArA utpanna upasarga kA aMkana hai / Age saMgamadeva ke upasargoM kA vistArapUrvaka aMkana huA hai / triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM ullekha hai ki sAdhanA ke 11veM varSa meM saMgamadeva ne mahAvIra kI parIkSA lene ke Azaya se eka hI rAtri meM 20 upasarga upasthita kiye the / pralayakArI dhUla kI varSA, vRzcika, nakula, sarpa, mUSaka, gaja, pizAca, siMha, cANDAla Adi upasargoM dvArA usane

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82 Vaishali Insitute Research Bulletin No.8 mahAvIra ko vibhinna prakAra kI yAtanAe~ pahu~cAI / unapara kAlacakra bhI calAyA, jisase unakA AdhA zarIra bhUmigata ho gyaa| dRzya meM kAyotsarga meM khar3e mahAvIra para sarpa tathA khaDga se prahAra karatI huI eka AkRti banI hai| eka vRSabha ko bhI mahAvIra para AkramaNa karate dikhAyA gayA hai| Age candanabAlA kathA ukerI gaI hai| candanabAlA dhanAvaha nAmaka seTha kI pAlita putrI thI / eka bAra candanabAlA pitA ke paira dho rahI thI ki nIce jhukane ke kAraNa usakI kezarAzi khula gyii| kezoM ko kIcar3a na laga jAe, isa kAraNa dhanAvaha ne sahaja vAtsalya-bhAva se candanabAlA ke kezoM ko Upara uThAkara jUr3A bA~dha diyaa| yaha dekhakara mUlA (dhanAvaha kI patnI) ke mana meM saMdeha utpanna ho gayA tathA usane candanabAlA ke nAza kA nizcaya kiyaa| kisI dina dhanAvaha ke ghara se bAhara jAne para mUlA ne candanabAlA ke keza mur3avAkara use eka kamare meM banda kara diyaa| lauTane para yaha saba jAnakara dhanAvaha atyanta duHkhI huaa| dhanAvaha ne candanabAlA se ur3ada ke bAkaloM ko grahaNa karane ko kahA / usI samaya bhikSA mA~gate hue mahAvIra vahA~ pahu~ca gaye / candanabAlA ne una bAkaloM ko bhikSArUpa meM de diyaa| usI samaya AkAza meM 'mahAdAna-mahAdAna' kI devavANI huI aura candanabAlA ke muNDita mastaka para svataH lambI kezarAzi utpanna ho gayI / indra ne mahAvIra-sahita candanabAlA kI vandanA kI tathA candanabAlA ne dIkSA grahaNa kii|24. vitAnadRzya meM dakSiNa kI ora candanabAlA ko siMhAsana para baiThe dhanAvaha kA paira dhote dikhAyA gayA hai| dhanAvaha usakI kezarAzi daNDa se Upara uThA rahA hai| nIce 'candanabAlA' likhA hai| Age candanabAlA kamare meM banda hai| agale dRzya meM mahAvIra ko bhikSA detI huI candanabAlA kI AkRti ke nIce 'candanabAlA' tathA 'mahAvIra' abhilikhita hai| samIpa hI namaskAra-mudrA meM indra kI AkRti bhI ukerI hai| Age mahAvIra kI kAyotsargamudrA kI AkRti banI hai| zAntinAtha-mandira kI dRzyAvalI cAra AyatoM meM vibhAjita hai| bAharI Ayata meM mahAvIra ke pUrvabhavoM tathA cyavana evaM janma ke dRzya haiN| triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM ullekha milatA hai ki kadAcit koI deva mahAvIra kI parIkSA lene ke uddezya se krIr3Asthala para Aye / usa samaya kI krIr3A meM mahAvIra kisI vRkSa ko lakSya banAkara usakI ora daur3ate the aura usa vRkSa para car3hakara nIce utarate the| sarvaprathama nIce utaranevAlA bAlaka vijayI mAnA jAtA thaa| tatpazcAt vijita bAlaka parAjita bAlaka ke kandhoM para baiThakara daur3a Arambha hone ke sthAna para jAtA thaa| deva ne viSadhara sarpa kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA tathA lakSyabhUta vRkSa se lipaTa gyaa| sabhI bAlaka Dara gaye, para mahAvIra ne nirbhaya hokara sarpa ko eka ora pheMka diyaa| devatA ne bAlaka ke

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triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM varNita tIrthaMkara rUpa meM bhI daur3a meM bhAga liyA, para parAjita haA aura niyamAnusAra mahAvIra devatA para ArUr3ha hue| dRzya meM mahAvIra eka bAlaka kI pITha para baiThe haiN| nIce 'vIra' aMkita hai| samIpa hI eka vRkSa ke pAsa mahAvIra khar3e haiM aura sarpa ko haTA rahe haiN| nIce 'vIra' likhA hai| tIsare Ayata meM pUrva kI ora mahAvIra ko kezaluMcana tathA indra dvArA unake kezoM ke saMcaya kA aMkana hai| Age tapasyArata mahAvIra kI cAra AkRtiyA~ banI haiM, jinake zIrSabhAga meM cakra banA hai aura unake jAnu ke nIce kA bhAga nahIM dikhAyA gayA hai| yaha saMgamadeva dvArA mahAvIra para kAlacakra (18vA~ upasarga) calAye jAne kA aMkana hai, jisake prabhAva se mahAvIra kA AdhA zarIra bhUmigata ho gayA thaa| bAyeM kone para saMgamadeva ko kSamA mA~gate dikhAyA gayA hai| dakSiNa kI ora candanabAlA kI kathA bhI utkIrNa hai|36 isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki kumbhAriyA ke jaina mandiroM ke vitAnoM para tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvana-dRzyoM ke utkIrNana meM hemacandra kI triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita ke vivaraNoM kA pUrA upayoga kiyA gayA hai jo isa kathAparaka jainagrantha ke tatkAlIna mahatva ko ujAgara karate haiN| sandarbha-srota : 1. tri.za.pu.ca. (triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita) jaina AtmAnanda prasAraka sabhA, bhAvanagara, 1905-09, aMgrejI anuvAda, helena. ema. jAnasana, gAyakavAr3a oriyaNTala sirIja, 6 : khaNDoM meM, kramazaH 1931, 37, 49, 54, 62, 62, 10, prazasti, 19 2. tivArI ema. ena. pI. "lAiphsa Apha di jinsa aija DepikTeDa ina kumbhAriyA jaina Tempulsa" prAcIprabhA bI. ena. mukharjI abhinandana-grantha (saM. DI. sI. bhaTTAcArya Adi) dillI 1989, pR. 262-71 3. tri.za.pu.ca. 1.2.228-35 4. vahI, 1.2.635-911 5. vahI, 1.2.924-84, tivArI, ema. ena. pI. pU.ni. pR. 363 6. tri.za.pu.ca. 1.2.60-70 7. vahI, 1.3. 134-44 8. vahI, 1.3.421-77 9. vahI, 1.2. 207-12 10. vahI, 1.2. 273-330 11. vahI, 1.2. 330-646 12. vahI, 5.4. 253-90 13. vahI, 5.4. 345-57 14. tivArI, ema. ena. pI. pU.ni. 367

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4 Vaishali Insitute Research Bulletin No. 8 15. tri.za.pu.ca. 5.5 125-266 16. vahI, 8.5. 170-73 17. vahI, 8.9.1-35 18. vahI, 8.9. 45-256 19. vahI, 9.2. 3-55 20. vahI, 9. 2. 56-109, 116-17 21. tivArI, ema. ena. pI., jaina pratimAvijJAna (jai. pra.) vArANasI 1981, pR. 132 22. tri.za.pu.ca. 9.2.118-97 23. vahI, 9.2. 195-310 24. vahI, 9.2. 210-30 25. vahI, 9.3. 260-95 26. jai.pra. pR. 139 27. vahI, pR. 139-40, tri.za.pu.ca. 10.1.3-24 28. vahI, 4.1.110-58 29. vahI, 4.1. 354-414 30. vahI, 90.3. 1-14 31. vahI, 10.1. 111-46 32. vahI, 10. 3. 225-80, 544-66 33. vahI, 10.4. 184-281 34. vahI, 10.4. 516-600 35. vahI, 10. 2. 88-124 36. jai. pra. 143

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zrIlaMkA meM jainadharma ___DaoN. aravinda mahAjana prAcIna jainagranthoM meM zrIlaMkA kA ullekha siMhaladvIpa ke rUpa meM huA hai aura isakI gaNanA anArya dezoM meM huI hai| jainagranthoM ke anusAra, bharata cakravartI ne siMhala-vijaya kiyA thA aura sambhavata: unhoMne hI vahA~ Arya-saMskRti kA bhI bIjAropaNa kiyaa| prAcIna kAla meM bhArata kA dakSiNa-pUrva eziyA ke dezoM se vyApArika sambandha thA aura bhAratIya vyApArI jalamArga (samudramArga) se dakSiNa-pUrva eziyA ke dezoM kI yAtrA kiyA karate the| yAtrA ke madhya meM siMhaladvIpa unakI vizrAmasthalI thii| zrIlaMkA ke prAcIna itihAsa se jJAta hotA hai kI AryoM ke Agamana se pUrva vahA~ anAryoM kA vAsa thaa|' bAda ke kAla meM jambUdvIpa (bhArata) se AryoM kI aneka jAtiyA~ vahA~ jAkara bsiiN| kahA jAtA hai ki sarvaprathama bhArata ke vaMga-pradeza se asura jAti kA vararoja nAmaka saradAra asura, yakSa, nAga aura nara jAti ke logoM ko lekara siMhaladvIpa pahu~cA aura vahA~ basa gyaa| rAvaNa usake pazcAt siMhala kA rAjyAdhikArI huA thaa| isake kAphI samaya ke bAda lagabhaga bhagavAn mahAvIra ke kAla meM ur3IsA ke siMhapura se vijaya nAmaka rAjakumAra siMhaladvIpa pahu~cA aura apanA zAsana sthApita kiyaa| 236 I. ke pahale zrIlaMkA meM bauddha dharma kA pracAra ho gayA thaa| jainagranthoM meM bhI siMhaladvIpa meM sura, kinnara, khecara Adi logoM ke vAsa kA ullekha hai| ye sabhI vidyAdhara mAnava the| jainagranthoM meM siMhaladvIpa kA ullekha vividha prakAra se huA hai| 'karakaNDucaritra' ke anusAra karakaNDunareza siMhaladvIpa gaye, jahA~ sura-khecara-kinnara vicaraNa karate the aura jahA~ striyA~ sAkSAt rati rUpa thiiN| unhoMne vahA~ kI rAjakumArI se vivAha kiyA aura vahA~ se jalapotoM ke dvArA vApasa bhArata aaye| / zrIdazabhakatyAdi mahAzAstra meM bhI siMhaladvIpa kI striyoM kA saundarya-varNana hai aura unheM padminI kahA gayA hai| bhArata ke rAjA siMhala kI rAjakumAriyoM se vivAha ke lie lAlAyita rahate the| nArAyaNa kRSNa ke samaya siMhaladvIpa ke rAjA zlakSNaromA kI putrI lakSmaNA rUpavatI thii| kRSNa lakSmaNA ko hara lAye aura use apanI rAnI bnaayaa| jaina vyApAriyoM kA siMhaladvIpa ke sAtha ghaniSTha vyApArika sambandha thaa| mAlavA ke jaina vyApArI zUracanda ne siMhaladvIpa jAkara ratnoM kA vyApAra kiyA aura akUta dhana arjita kiyaa| ujjaina ke rAjA gaganacanda kI mitratA * paTanA-saMgrahAlaya, paTanA

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86 Vaishali Insitute Research Bulletin No. 8 siMhalarAja gaganAditya se thii| siMhalarAja ujjaina bhI Aye the| siMhalarAja ke putroM ne vijaya jainamuni se vrata grahaNa kiye the| mahAvaMza se spaSTa hai ki I.pU. cauthI zatAbdI meM siMhalarAja pANDukAbhaya ne vahA~ kI rAjadhAnI anurAdhApura meM eka jaina mandira aura jaina maTha kA nirmANa karavAyA thaa| isameM giri nAmaka jaina muni kA saMgha rahA karatA thaa| I.pU. cauthI zatAbdI meM siMhalarAja kA dhyAna jaina dharma kI ora gayA aura unhoMne jina-mandira kA nirmANa krvaayaa| isase yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki jaina dharma I.pU. cauthI zatAbdI se pahale hI zrIlaMkA meM pahu~ca cukA thA / pANDukAbhaya kA banavAyA gayA yaha mandira unake bAda ke ikkIsa rAjAoM ke zAsanakAla taka vidyamAna rahA, parantu I.pU. 38 meM siMhalarAja vaTTagAminI ne unako naSTa kara unake sthAna para bauddha vihAra kA nirmANa krvaayaa| isake pazcAt zrIlaMkA meM bauddha dharma kA jabaradasta prabhAva rhaa| lekina isake bAvajUda jainadharma ne madhyakAla taka vahA~ apanA prabhAva banAye rkhaa| madhyakAla meM jaina muni yaza:kIrti itane prabhAvazAlI hue ki tatkAlIna siMhalarAja ne unake caraNa-cihnoM kI arcanA kii|12 sambhavata: muni yaza:kIrti bhArata se zrIlaMkA gye| unhoMne vahA~ lupta hote jainadharma ko kucha samaya ke lie AdhAra pradAna kiyaa| isa prakAra, zrIlaMkA kA anAryatva jainoM ne hI dUra kiyA aura use susaMskRta bnaayaa| kintu, Aja vahA~ jaina dharma kA koI cihna zeSa nahIM hai| isakA kAraNa sambhavataH yaha hai ki jaina AcAryoM meM saMgha-vistAra kI bhAvanA hI vilupta ho gaI aura phira AcArya-paramparA kA bhI abhAva ho gyaa| saMdarbha-srota : 1. 'ye siMhalAvarvarakAH kirAtA.....'nArya vargenipanti sarve |'-vraaNgcrit, pR. 66 2. AvazyakacUrNi, pR. 191 evaM AdipurANa 3. lAipha ina eMziyeNTa iNDiyA, pR. 334 : lekhaka : jagadIzacandra jaina 4. varAMgacarita, pR.66 5. gausiMhaladIvaho NivasamANu, karaMkaDuNarAhi uNara pahAraNu / jahiM pAulapillahamaNu haraMti, surakhecara kiraMbhara jahiM ramaMti |gyliilhN mahilau jahiM calaMti, NiyarUve rahi, ura vikhalati (7.4) ityAdi 6. dvIpe sihaMlanAmni sAgara taTAH sadbhuta muktAphalAH, zailA nirmala padmarAgamaNyo' khyAni semanica / tahezodamavavizvavAmanayanAH zrI padminI jAtijAH, rAjante mahipAH sadAgatabhatAcArAstadutpatikAH / - prazastisaMgraha, pR. 134

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zrIlaMkA meM jainadharma 87 7. uttarapurANa 43.20-24 8. bRhatkathAkoSa, pR. 46 9. vahI, pR. 8 9. vahI, pR. 8 10. ena. bulharaH Diyanaseka oNpha di jainAja pR. 68 11. vahI 12. jaina zilAlekha-saMgraha (mA. gra.), pR. 112 13. vahI

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khaNDa : 2 prAkRta-jainazAstra : bhASA aura sAhitya Prakrit Language & Literature

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jaTAsiMhanandI kA 'varAMgacarita' aura usakI paramparA pro. sAgaramala jaina* jaTAsiMhanandI aura unake 'varAMgacarita' ke digambara-paramparA se bhinna yApanIya athavA kUrcaka - saMgha se sambandhita hone ke kucha pramANa upalabdha hote haiM / yadyapi zrImatI kusuma paToriyA ke anusAra varAMgacaritaM meM aisA koI bhI antaraMga sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hai', jisase jaTAsiMhanandI aura unake grantha ko yApanIya kahA jA sake, kintu merI dRSTi meM zrImatI kusuma paToriyA kA yaha kathana samucita nahIM hai / sambhavataH unhoMne mUla grantha ko dekhane kA prayatna hI nahIM kiyA aura dvitIyaka srotoM se upalabdha sUcanAoM ke AdhAra para aisA mAnasa banA liyaa| maiMne yathAsambhava mUla grantha ko dekhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai aura usameM mujhe aise aneka tattva mile haiM, jinake AdhAra para varAMgacarita aura usake kartA jaTilamuni yA jaTAsiMhanandI ko digambara - paramparA se itara yApanIya athavA kUrcaka - paramparA se sambaddha mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa vivecana meM sarvaprathama to maiM zrImatI kusuma paToriyA ke dvArA prastuta una bAhya sAkSyoM kI carcA karU~gA, jinake AdhAra para jaTAsiMhanandI yApanIya hone kI sambhAvanA ko puSTa kiyA jAtA hai| usake pazcAt mUlagrantha meM mujhe digambara mAnyatAoM se bhinna, jo tathya upalabdha hue haiM, unakI carcA karake yaha dikhAne kA prayatna karU~gA ki jaTAsiMhanandI yApanIya athavA kUrcaka - paramparA meM se kisI eka se sambaddha rahe hoMge / jaTAsiMhanandI yApanIya-saMgha se sambandhita the yA kUrcaka - saMgha se, isa sambandha meM to abhI aura bhI sUkSma adhyayana kI AvazyakatA hai, kintu itanA nizcita hai ki ve digambara - paramparA se bhinna anya kisI paramparA se sambandhita haiM; kyoMki unakI aneka mAnyatAe~ vartamAna digambara- paramparA ke virodha meM jAtI haiM / hama yahA~ inhIM tathyoM kI samIkSA kareM : (1) jinasena prathama (punnATasaMghIya) ne apane harivaMzapurANa (I. san 783) meM, jinasena dvitIya (paMcastUpAnvayI) ne apane AdipurANa meM, udyotanasUri (ve. AcArya) ne apanI kuvalayamAlA (I. san 778) meM. 4 rAyamalla ne apane kannar3a gadya-grantha triSaSThizalAkApuruSa (I. san 974-84) meM, dhavala kavi ne apabhraMza bhASA meM racita apane * nidezaka, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI- 221005 (u. pra.)

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92 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 harivaMza meM jaTilamuni athavA unake varAMgacarita kA ullekha kiyA hai| inake atirikta bhI pampa ne apane AdipurANa (I. san 942) meM, nayanasena ne apane dharmAmRta (I. san 1112) meM aura pArzvapaNDita ne apane pArzvapurANa (I. san 1205) me, jana ne apane anantanAthapurANa (I. san 1209) meM,1deg guNavarga dvitIya ne apane puSpadantapurANa (I. san 1130)11 meM, kamalabhavana ne apane zAntinAthapurANa (I. san 1233)22 meM aura mahAbala kavi ne apane neminAthapurANa (I. san 1254) meM jaTAsiMhanandI kA ullekha kiyA hai| ina sabhI ullekhoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki jaTAsiMhanandI yApanIya, zvetAmbara aura digambara tInoM hI paramparAoM meM mAnya rahe haiN| phira bhI sarvaprathama putrATasaMghIya jinasena dvArA jaTAsiMhanandI kA AdarapUrvaka ullekha yaha batAtA hai ki ve sambhavata: yApanIya paramparA se sambandhita rahe hoN| kyoMki, punnATasaMgha kA vikAsa yApanIya punnAgavRkSamUlagaNa se hI huA hai|5 punaH zvetAmbara AcArya udyotanasUri ne. yApanIya AcArya raviSeNa aura unake grantha padmacarita ke sAtha-sAtha jaTAsiMhanandI ke 'varAMgacarita' kA ullekha kiyA hai| isase aisI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai ki donoM eka hI paramparA ke aura samakAlika rahe hoNge| punaH zvetAmbara aura yApanIyoM meM eka-dUsare ke granthoM ke adhyayana kI paramparA rahI hai| yApanIya AcArya prAcIna zvetAmbara AcAryoM ke grantha par3hate the| jaTAsiMhanandI ke dvArA prakIrNakoM, Avazyakaniyukti tathA siddhasena aura paumacariya kA anusaraNa yahI batAtA hai ki ve yApanIya sampradAya se sambandhita rahe hoNge| kyoMki, yApanIyoM dvArA ina granthoM kA adhyayana-adhyApana evaM anusaraNa kiyA jAtA thA, isake aneka pramANa diye jA sakate haiN| yaha ho sakatA hai ki jaTAsiMhanandI yApanIya na hokara kUrcaka-sampradAya se sambandhita rahe hoM aura yaha kUrcaka-sampradAya bhI yApanIyoM kI bhA~ti zvetAmbaroM ke ati nikaTa rahA ho / yadyapi isa sambandha meM vistRta gaveSaNa abhI apekSita hai| _ (2) jaTAsiMhanandI yApanIya paramparA se sambaddha rahe haiM, isa sambandha meM jo bAhya sAkSya upalabdha haiM, unameM prathama yaha hai ki kannar3a kavi janna ne jaTAsiMhanandI ko 'kANUragaNa' kA batAyA hai| aneka abhilekhoM se yaha siddha hotA hai ki yaha kANUragaNa prArambha meM yApanIya paramparA kA eka gaNa thaa| isa gaNa kA sarvaprathama ullekha saudantI ke I. san dasavIM zatI (980) ke eka abhilekha meM milatA hai| isa abhilekha meM gaNa ke sAtha yApanIya saMgha kA bhI spaSTa nirdeza hai|16 yaha sambhava hai ki isa gaNa kA astitva isake pUrva sAtavIM-AThavIM zatI meM bhI rahA ho| DaoN. upAdhye jana ke isa abhilekha ko zaMkA kI dRSTi se dekhate haiN| unakI isa zaMkA ke do kAraNa haiM--eka to yaha ki gaNoM kI utpatti aura itihAsa ke viSaya meM paryApta jAnakArI kA abhAva hai, dUsare jaTAsiMhanandI janna ke samakAlIna bhI nahIM haiN|17 yaha satya hai ki donoM meM lagabhaga pA~ca sau varSoM kA antarAla hai| kintu mAtra kAlabheda ke kAraNa janna kA kAla bhrAnta ho, DA. upAdhye ke isa

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jaTAsiMhanandI kA 'varAMgacarita' aura usakI paramparA mantavya se hama sahamata nahIM haiN| yaha ThIka hai ki yApanIya paramparA ke kANUra Adi kucha gaNoM kA ullekha Age calakara mUlasaMgha aura kundakundAnvaya ke sAtha bhI huA hai18, kintu isase unakA mUla meM yApanIya honA apramANita nahIM ho jaataa| kANUragaNa ke hI 12vIM zatAbdI taka ke abhilekhoM meM yApanIya saMgha ke ullekha upalabdha hote haiM (dekheM : jainazilAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga 5, lekhakramAMka 1.7) / isake atirikta svayaM DaoN. upAdhye ne 12vIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha ke kucha zilAlekhoM meM kANUragaNa ke siMhanandI ke ullekha ko svIkAra kiyA hai|9 yadyapi ina lekhoM meM kANUragaNa ke ina siMhanandI ko kahIM mUlasaMgha aura kahIM kundakundAnvaya kA batAyA gayA hai| lekina smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki yaha lekha usa samaya kA hai, jisa samaya yApanIya gaNa bhI apane ko mUlasaMgha se jor3ane lage the| punaH ina lekhoM meM siMhanandI kA kANUragaNa ke AdyAcArya ke rUpa meM ullekha hai| unakI paramparA meM prabhAcandra, guNacandra, mAghanandI prabhAcandra, anantavIrya, municandra, prabhAcaMda Adi kA ullekha hai-yaha lekha to bahuta samaya pazcAt likhA gayA hai| punaH ina lekhoM meM bhI prArambha meM jaTAsiMhanandI AcArya kA ullekha hai, vahA~ na to mUlasaMgha kA ullekha hai aura na kundakundAnvaya kaa| vahA~ mAtra kANUragaNa kA ullekha hai| yaha kANUragaNa prArambha meM yApanIya gaNa thaa| ataH, siddha hai ki jaTAsiMhanandI kANUragaNa ke AdyAcArya rahe hoNge| ina zilAlekhoM meM siMhanandI ko gaMgavaMza kA samuddhAraka kahA gayA hai| yadi gaMgavaMza kA prArambha I. san caturtha zatI mAnA jAtA hai, to gaMgavaMza ke saMsthApaka siMhanandI ko jaTAsiMhanandI se bhinna honA cAhie / punaH kANUragaNa kA astitva bhI I. san kI 7vIM-8vIM zatI ke pUrva jJAta nahIM hotA hai| sambhAvanA yahI hai ki jaTAsiMhanandI kANUragaNa ke AdyAcArya rahe hoMge aura unakA gaMgavaMza para adhika prabhAva rahA ho / ataH, Age calakara unheM gaMgavaMza kA uddhAraka mAna liyA gayA ho tathA gaMgavaMza ke uddhAra kI kathA unase jor3a dI gaI ho| (3) janna ne anantanAthapurANa meM na kevala jaTAsiMhanandI kA ullekha kiyA hai, apitu unake sAtha-sAtha hI kANUragaNa ke indranandI AcArya kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| hama chedapiNDa zAstra kI paramparA kI carcA karate samaya aneka pramANoM se yaha siddha kara cuke haiM ki jaTAsiMhanandI ke samakAlIna yA unase kiMcita paravartI ye indranandI rahe haiM,21 jinakA ullekha zAkaTAyana Adi aneka yApanIya AcAryoM ne kiyA hai| jana ne jaTAsiMhanandI aura indranandI donoM ko kANUragaNa kA batAyA hai| isase unake kathana meM avizvasanIyatA jaisI koI bAta nahIM lagatI hai| (4) koppala meM purAnI kannar3a meM eka lekha bhI upalabdha hotA hai, jisake anusAra jaTAsiMhanandI ke caraNa-cihnoM ko cAvvaya ne banavAyA thaa| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki jaTAsiMhanandI kA samAdhimaraNa sambhavataH koppala meM huA ho| punaH DaoN. upAdhye ne

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Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 'gaNabheda' nAmaka aprakAzita kannar3agrantha ke AdhAra para yaha bhI mAna liyA hai ki koppala yA kopana yApanIyoM kA mukhya pITha thA / 23 ataH koppala yA kopana se sambandhita hone ke kAraNa jaTAsiMhanandI ke yApanIya hone kI sambhAvanA adhika prabala pratIta hotI hai| (5) yApanIya-paramparA meM muni ke lie 'yati' kA prayoga adhika pracalita rahA hai / yApanIya AcArya pAlyakIrti zAkaTAyana ko 'yatigrAmAgraNI' kahA gayA hai / hama dekhate haiM ki jaTAsiMhanandI ke isa 'varAMgacarita' meM bhI muni ke lie yati zabda kA prayoga bahutAyata se huA haiM / 24 granthakAra kI yaha pravRtti usake yApanIya hone kA saMketa karatI hai| (6) 'varAMgacarita' meM siddhasena ke 'sanmatitarka' kA bahuta adhika anusaraNa dekhA jAtA hai| aneka AdhAroM se yaha siddha hotA haiM ki 'sanmatitarka' ke kartA siddhasena kisI bhI sthiti meM digambara-paramparA se sambaddha nahIM rahe haiN| yadi ve 5vIM zatI ke pazcAt hue haiM, to nizcita hI zvetAmbara haiM aura yadi usake pUrva hue haiM, to adhika-se-adhika zvetAmbara aura yApanIya paramparA kI pUrvaja uttarabhAratIya nirgrantha dhArA se sambaddha rhe| unake 'sanmatitarka' meM kramavAda ke sAtha-sAtha yugapadvAda kI samIkSA, Agamika paramparA kA anusaraNa, kRti kA mahArASTrI prAkRta meM honA Adi tathya isI sambhAvanA ko puSTa karate haiN| 'varAMgacarita' ke 26veM sarga ke aneka zloka 'sanmatitarka' ke prathama aura tRtIya kANDa kI gAthAoM kA saMskRta rUpAntaraNa-mAtra lagate haiN| dekheM: varAMgacarita sanmatitarka 1.6 26.52 26.53 26.54 26.55 26.57 26.58 26.60 26.61 26.62 26.63 26.64 26.65 26.69 1.12 1.17 1.18 1.21 1.22 1.23-24 1.25 1.51 1.52 3.47

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jaTAsiMhanandI kA 'varAMgacarita' aura usakI paramparA 95 3.55 26.70 3.54 26.71 26.72 3.53 26.78 3.69 26.90 3.69 26.99 3.67 26.100 3.68 varAMgacaritakAra jaTAsiMhanandI dvArA siddhasena kA yaha anusaraNa isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki ve siddhasena se nikaTa rUpa se jur3e hue haiN| siddhasena kA prabhAva zvetAmbaroM ke sAtha-sAtha yApanIyoM aura yApanIyoM ke kAraNa putrATasaMghIya AcAryoM evaM paMcastUpAnvaya ke AcAryoM para bhI dekhA jAtA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki jaTAsiMhanandI usa yApanIya athavA kUrcaka-paramparA se sambandhita rahe hoMge, jo aneka bAtoM meM zvetAmbaroM kI Agamika paramparA ke nikaTa thI / yadi siddhasena zvetAmbara aura yApanIyoM ke pUrvaja AcArya haiM, to yApanIya AcAryoM ke dvArA unakA anusaraNa sambhava hai| - yadyapi 'varAMgacarita' ke isI sarga kI nimna do gAthAoM para samantabhadra kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai, kintu siddhasena kI apekSA yaha prabhAva alpa mAtrA meM hai| " (7) 'varAMgacarita' meM aneka saMdarbho meM AgamoM, prakIrNakoM evaM niyuktiyoM kA anusaraNa kiyA gayA hai / sarvaprathama to usameM kahA gayA hai-'una varAMgamuni ne alpakAla meM hI AcArAMga aura aneka prakIrNakoM kA samyak adhyayana karake kramapUrvaka aMgoM evaM pUrvo kA adhyayana kiyaa'|26 isa prasaMga meM prakIrNakoM kA ullekha mahattvapUrNa hai / viSayavastu kI dRSTi se to isake aneka sargoM meM AgamoM kA anusaraNa dekhA jAtA hai| vizeSarUpa se svarga, naraka, karma-siddhAnta Adi sambandhI vivaraNa meM 'uttarAdhyayanasUtra' kA anusaraNa huA hai| jaTAsiMhanandI ne caturtha sarga meM jo karma-siddhAnta kA vivaraNa diyA hai, usake aneka zloka apane prAkRta rUpa meM uttarAdhyayana ke tIsaveM karmaprakRti' nAmaka adhyayana meM yathAvat milate haiM : uttarAdhyayana varAMgacarita 30.2-3 4.2-3 30.5-6 4.24-25 30.8-9 4.25-26-27 30.10-11 4.28-29 30.12 4.33 (AMzika) 30.13 4.35 (AMzika) 30.15 4.37

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96 yadyapi sampUrNa vivaraNa kI dRSTi se 'varAMgacarita' kA karmasiddhAnta-sambandhI vivaraNa uttarAdhyayana kI apekSA vikasita pratIta hotA hai| isI prakAra kI samAnatA svarga-naraka ke vivaraNa meM dekhI jAtI hai| uttarAdhyayana meM 36 veM adhyayana kI gAthA kramAMka 204 se 296 taka varAMgacarita ke naveM sarga ke zloka 1 se 12 taka kiMcit zAbdika parivartana ke sAtha saMskRta rUpa meM pAI jAtI haiN| Azcarya kI bAta yaha hai ki jaTAsiMhanandI bhI AgamoM ke anurUpa bAraha devalokoM kI carcA karate haiM / isI prakAra prakIrNaka-sAhitya kI bhI aneka gAthAe~ 'varAMgacarita' meM apane saMskRtarUpAntara ke sAtha pAI jAtI haiN| dekheM : tulanIya : Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 tulanIya : darzanAdbhraSTa evAnubhraSTa ityabhidhIyate / na hi cAritravibhraSTo bhraSTa ityucyate budhaiH // 96 // mahatA tapasA yukto midhyAdRSTirasaMyataH / tasya sarvajJasaMdRSTyA saMsAro'nanta ucyate // 97 // - varAMgacarita, sarga 26 isI prakAra 'varAMgacarita' ke nimna zloka 'AturapratyAkhyAna' meM pAye jAte haiM : ekastu me zAzvatika: sa AtmA saddRSTisajjJAnaguNairupetaH / zeSAca me bAhyatamaca bhAvA: saMyogasallakSaNalakSitAste // 101 // saMyogato doSamavApa jIvaH parasparaM naikavidhAnubandhi I tasmAdvisaMyogamato durantamAjIvitAntAdahamutsRjAmi sarveSu bhUteSu manaH samaM me vairaM na me kenacidasti kiMcit / AzAM punaH klezasahasramUlAM hitvA samAdhiM laghu saMprapadye // 103 // // 102 // - varAMgacarita, sarga 31 daMsaNabhaTTho bhaTTho, na hu bhaTTho hoi caraNapabbhaTTho / daMsaNamaNupattassa u pariyaDaNaM natthi saMsAre // 65 // dasaNabhaTTho bhaTTho, daMsaNabhaTThassa natyi nivvANaM / sijjhati caraNarahiyA, daMsaNarahiyA na sijjhati // 66 // - bhaktaparijJA ego me sAmao appA nANa- daMsaNasaMjuo / aisA me bahirA bhAvA savve saMjogalakkhaNA // 26 //

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jaTAsiMhanandI kA 'varAMgacarita' aura usakI paramparA dukkha paraMparA / bhAveNa vosire // 28 // tulanIya : saMjogamUlA jIveNaM pattA tamhA saMjogasaMbaMdhaM savvaM sammaM me savvabhUesa veraM majjha na keNaI / AsAo vosirittANaM samAhiM paDivajjae // 22 // - AturapratyAkhyAna ye tInoM gAthAe~ 'AturapratyAkhyAna' se sIdhe 'varAMgacarita' meM gaIM yA 'mUlAcAra' ke mAdhyama se 'varAMgacarita' meM gaI, yaha eka alaga prazna hai / mUlAcAra yApanIya grantha hai, ataH yadi ye gAthAe~ mUlAcAra se bhI lI gaIM hoM, to bhI jaTAsiMhanandI aura unake grantha 'varAMgacarita' ke yApanIya hone kI hI puSTi hotI hai yadyapi kundakunda ke granthoM meM bhI ye gAthAe~ pAI jAtI haiM, kintu itanA nizcita hai ki kundakunda ne bhI ye gAthAe~ mUlAcAra se hI lI hoMgI / punaH mUlAcAra meM AturapratyAkhyAna kI lagabhaga sabhI gAthAe~ samAhita kara lI gaI haiM, ataH antatogatvA to ye gAthAe~ AturapratyAkhyAna se hI lI gaI haiM / : 'Avazyakaniryukti' kI bhI nimnAMkita do gAthAe~ varAMgacarita meM milatI haiN| hayaM nANaM kiyAhINaM, hayA annANao kiyA 1 pAsaMto paMgulo daDDho dhAvamANo a aMdhao saMjogasiddhIi phalaM vayaMti, na hu egacakkeNa raho paMgU va samiccA, te saMpauttA nagaraM // 1 // 97 payAi / paviTThA // 2 // kriyAhInaM ca yajjJAnaM na tu siddhiM prayacchati / paripazyanyathA paDurmugdho dagdho davAgninA // 99 // tau yathA saMprayuktau tu davAgnimadhigacchataH / tathA jJAnacaritrAbhyAM saMsArAnmucyate pumAn // 101 // varAMgacarita, sarga 26 Agama, prakIrNaka aura niyukti - sAhitya kA yaha anusaraNa jaTAsiMhanandI aura unake grantha ko digambaretara yApanIya yA kUrcaka - sampradAya kA siddha karatA hai 1 (8) jaTAsiMhanandI ne na kevala siddhasena kA anusaraNa kiyA hai, apitu unhoMne vimalasUri ke paumacariya kA bhI anusaraNa kiyA hai| cAhe yaha anusaraNa unhoMne sIdhe

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98 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 27 rUpa se kiyA ho yA raviSeNa ke padmacarita ke mAdhyama se kiyA ho, kintu itanA satya hai ki unapara yaha prabhAva AyA hai / 'varAMgacarita' meM zrAvaka ke vratoM kI jo vivecanA upalabdha hotI hai, vaha na to pUrNataH zvetAmbara-paramparA ke upAsakadazAsUtra ke nikaTa hai aura na pUrNataH digambara-paramparA dvArA mAnya tattvArtha ke pUjyapAda devanandI kI 'sarvArthasiddhi' ke mUlapATha ke nikaTa hai / apitu, vaha vimalasUri ke paumacariya ke nikaTa hai| paumacariya ke samAna hI isameM bhI dezAvakAzika vrata kA antarbhAva digvata meM mAnakara usa rikta sthAna kI pUrti ke lie saMlekhanA ko bArahavA~ zikSAvata mAnA gayA hai 1 kundakunda ne bhI isa paramparA kA anusaraNa kiyA hai28, kintu kundakunda vimalasUri se to nizcita hI paravartI haiM aura sambhavataH jaTAsiMhanandI se bhI / ataH unake dvArA kiyA gayA yaha anusaraNa asvAbhAvika bhI nahIM hai / smaraNa rahe ki kundakunda ne trasa-sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa, caturvidha mokSamArga Adi ke sambandha bhI Agamika paramparA kA anusaraNa kiyA hai aura unake granthoM meM prakIrNakoM kI aneka gAthAe~ milatI haiM / spaSTa hai ki vimalasUri ke paumacariya kA anusaraNa raviSeNa, svayambhU Adi aneka yApanIya AcAryoM ne kiyA hai ataH jaTAsiMhanandI ke yApanIya hone kI sambhAvanA prabala pratIta hotI hai / (9) jaTAsiMhanandI ne 'varAMgacarita' ke naveM sarga meM kalpavAsI devoM ke prakAroM kA jo vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai, vaha digambara- paramparA se bhinna hai / vaimAnika devoM ke bheda ko lekara zvetAmbara aura digambara- paramparA meM spaSTa rUpa se matabheda hai / jahA~ zvetAmbara - paramparA vaimAnika devoM ke 12 vibhAga. mAnatI hai, vahA~ digambara- paramparA unake 16 vibhAga mAnatI / isa sandarbha meM jaTAsiMhanandI spaSTa rUpa se zvetAmbara yA Agamika paramparA ke nikaTa haiN| ve naveM sarga ke dvitIya zloka meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahate haiM ki kalpavAsI devoM ke 29 30 bAraha bheda haiM 1 punaH isI sarga ke sAtaveM zloka se naveM zloka taka 'uttarAdhyayanasUtra' ke samAna una 12 devalokoM ke nAma bhI ginAte haiM / yahA~ ve spaSTa rUpa se na kevala digambara- paramparA se bhinna hote haiM, balki kisI sImA taka yApanIyoM se bhinna pratIta hote haiM / yadyapi smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki yApanIyoM meM prArambha meM AgamoM kA anusaraNa karate hue 12 bheda mAnane kI pravRtti rahI hogI, kiMtu bAda meM digambara- paramparA yA anya kisI prabhAva se unameM 16 bheda mAnane kI paramparA vikasita huI hogI / ' tattvArthasUtra' ke sarvArthasiddhimAnya pATha meM tathA 'tiloyapaNNatti' meM ina donoM hI paramparAoM ke bIja dekhe jAte haiM / tattvArthasUtra kA sarvArthasiddhi-mAnya yApanIya pATha jahA~ devoM ke prakAroM kI carcA karatA hai, vahA~ vaha 12 kA nirdeza karatA hai kintu jahA~ vaha unake nAmoM kA vivaraNa prastuta karatA hai to vahA~ 16 nAma prastuta karatA hai / yativRSabha kI 'tiloyapaNNatti' meM bhI 12 aura 16 donoM prakAra kI mAnyatAe~ hone kA spaSTa ullekha pAyA jAtA hai / 32 isase sApha jAhira hai ki prArambha meM Agamika mAnyatA kA anusaraNa karate hue yApanIyoM 31 1

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jaTAsiMhanandI kA 'varAMgacarita' aura usakI paramparA 99 meM aura yadi jaTAsiMhanandI kUrcaka haiM to kUrcakoM meM bhI kalpavAsI devoM ke 12 prakAra mAnane kI paramparA rahI hogii| Age yApanIyoM meM 16 devalokoM kI mAnyatA kisI anya paramparA ke prabhAva se AI hogii| (10) 'varAMgacarita' meM varAMgakumAra kI dIkSA kA vivaraNa dete hue likhA gayA hai ki : 'zramaNa aura AryikAoM ke samIpa jAkara tathA unakA vinayopacAra (vandana) karake vairAgyayukta varAMgakumAra ne ekAnta meM jA sundara AbhUSaNoM kA tyAga kiyA tathA guNa, zIla, tapa evaM prabuddha tattva-rUpI samyak zreSTha AbhUSaNa tathA zveta zubhra vastroM ko grahaNa karake ve jinendra dvArA pratipAdita mArga meM agrasara hue'|23 dIkSita hote samaya mAtra AbhUSaNoM kA tyAga karanA tathA zveta zubhra vastroM ko grahaNa karanA digambara-paramparA ke virodha meM jAtA hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki jaTAsiMhanandI digambara-paramparA se bhinna kisI anya paramparA kA anusaraNa karanevAle the| yApanIyoM meM apavAda-mArga meM dIkSita hote samaya rAjA Adi kA nagna honA Avazyaka nahIM mAnA gayA thaa| cU~ki varAMgakumAra rAjA the, isalie sambhava hai ki unheM savastra hI dIkSita hote dikhAyA gayA ho| yApanIya grantha 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA' evaM usa kI aparAjitA TIkA meM hameM aise nirdeza milate haiM ki rAjA Adi kulIna puruSoM ke dIkSita hote samaya yA saMthArA grahaNa karate samaya apavAda liMga (savastra) rakha sakate haiM / 24 punaH 'varAMgacarita' meM hameM muni kI caryA ke prasaMga meM hemanta-kAla meM zIta-pariSaha sahate samaya muni ke lie mAtra eka bAra digambara zabda kA prayoga milA hai|35 sAmAnyatayA 'vizIrNavastrA' zabda kA prayoga huA hai / eka sthala para avazya muniyoM ko nirastrabhUSA' kahA gayA hai26, kintu nirastrabhUSA kA artha sAja-sajjA se rahita hotA hai, nagna nahIM / ye kucha aise tathya haiM, jinapara 'varAMgacarita' kI paramparA kA nirdhAraNa karate samaya gambhIratA se vicAra kiyA jAnA caahie| maiM cAhU~gA ki Age AnevAle vidvAn sampUrNa grantha kA gambhIratApUrvaka AloDana karake isa samasyA para vicAra kreN| sAdhviyoM ke prasaMga meM carcA karate samaya unheM jIrNa-zIrNa vastroM ko dhAraNa karanevAlI athavA vizIrNa vastroM se AvRta dehavAlI kahA gayA hai / 37 isase bhI yaha siddha hotA hai ki varAMgacaritakAra jaTAsiMhanandI ko strI-dIkSA aura savastra dIkSA mAnya thii| jabaki kundakunda strI-dIkSA kA savarthA niSedha karate haiN| (11) 'varAMgacarita' meM striyoM kI dIkSA kA spaSTa ullekha hai39 usameM kahIM bhI aisA ullekha nahIM hai ki strI ko upacAra se mahAvrata hote haiM, jaisA ki digambara-paramparA mAnatI hai| isa grantha meM unheM tapodhanA, amitaprabhAvI, gaNAgraNI, saMyamanAyikA jaise sammAnita padoM se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| sAdhvI-varga ke prati aisA AdarabhAva koI zvetAmbara yA yApanIya AcArya hI prastuta kara sakatA hai| ataH, itanA nizcita hai ki

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100 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 jaTAsiMhanandI kA 'varAMgacarita' kundakunda kI digambara-paramparA kA grantha nahIM ho sakatA, jo striyoM kI dIkSA niSedha karatI ho yA unake upacAra se hI mahAvrata kahe gaye haiM, aisA mAnatI ho / kundakunda ne sUtraprAbhRta gAthAkramAMka 25 meM evaM liGgaprAbhRta gAthAkramAMka 20 meM strIdIkSA kA spaSTa niSedha kiyA hai, yaha hama pUrva meM dikhA cuke haiM / (12) 'varAMgacarita' meM zramaNoM aura AryikAoM ko vastradAna kI carcA hai| yaha tathya digambara-paramparA ke viparIta hai| usameM likhA hai ki "vaha nRpati munipuMgavoM ko AhAradAna, zramaNoM aura AryikAoM ko vastra aura annadAna tathA daridroM ko yAcita dAna (kimicchadAna) dekara kRtArtha huaa|"41 yahA~ prazna upasthita hotA hai ki mUla zloka meM jahA~ munipuMgavoM ke lie AhAradAna kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, vahA~ zramaNa aura AryikAoM ke lie vastra aura anna (AhAra) ke dAna kA prayoga huA hai| sambhavataH, yahA~ acela muniyoM ke lie hI 'munipuMgava' zabda kA prayoga huA hai aura sacela muni ke lie 'zramaNa' / 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA' evaM usakI aparAjita kI TIkA se yaha spaSTa hai ki yApanIya paramparA meM apavAda-mArga meM muni ke lie vastra-pAtra grahaNa karane kA nirdeza hai|42 vastrAdi ke sandarbha meM uparyukta sabhI tathyoM ko dRSTigata rakhate hue yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaTAsiMhanandI aura unakA 'varAMgacarita' bhI yApanIya/kUrcaka-paramparA se sambaddha rahA hai| sandarbha-srota : 1. yApanIya aura unakA sAhitya : DaoN. kusuma paToriyA, pR. 157-158 2. varAGganeya sarvAGgairvarAGgacaritArthavAk / kasya notpAdayedgADhamanurAgaM svagocaram / / -harivaMzapurANa (jinasena), 1.34-35 3. kAvyAnucintane yasya jaTAH pracalavRttayaH arthAnsmAnuvadantIva jaTAcAryaH sa no'vatAt / / -AdipurANa (jinasena), 1.50 4. jehiM kae ramaNijje varaMga-paumANa cariyavitthAre / kaha vaNa salAhaNijje te kaiNo jaDiya-raviseNo // -kuvalayamAlA 5. aidane ya zrotR vaboM jaTAsiMhanandyAcAryara vRttaM - uddhRta varAMgacarita, bhUmikA pR. 11

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jaTAsiMhanandI kA 'varAMgacarita' aura usakI paramparA 101 6. guNimahaseNu suloyaNu jeNa paumacariu gunnirvisennenn| __jiNaseNeNa harivaMsu pavittu jaDilamuNiNA varaMgacarittu / - harivaMza, uddhata varAMgacarita, bhUmikA pR. 10 7. Aryanuta-gRdhrapiMchA cArya-jaTAcArya-vizratazrutakIAcAryapurassaramappA-cArya paraparaeNya kuDugaeN bhavyotsavamaM / AdipurANa, 1.12 8. varyalokottama visuvaoNDanagharatyunatakaoNDakuMdAcAryarcAritraratnAkararadhikaguNasajjaTA siMhanaMdyAcAryIkUcibhaTTArakaruditayazarmikkapepiMga~ lokAzcaryaniSkarmaraeNmma paoNramaDisugaeN saMsAra kAMtAradidaM / / -dharmAmRta, 1.13 9. bidirapodara taoNlaeNpaeNna tU-gidaoNDAbidijinamunipa-jaTAcAryara dhairyada paeNpu gaeNldudu pasargadalurkeyenaeNnisi naeNgaeNdumirge sogayisidaM / ___-pArzvapurANa, 1.14 10. vNdyrjttaasiNhnnNdyaacaaryaadiiNdrnnNdyaacaaryaadimunipraakaannuurgnndypRthiviylgeNll| -anantanAthapurANa,1.1 7 11. naDavaliyolU tannaM samaM baDaeNdAruM naDaeNdarilla gaDamaeNtedeyaM / nuDiyuM naDaeNduvo paduLike yeMDeMgeM jaTAsiMhaNaMdi munipuMgavanA / -pArzva puSpadaMta-purANa, 1.29 12. kAryavidarhadvalyA-cArya-jaTAsiMhanaMdi nAmodyAmAcAryavaragRdhrapiMchAcAryara caraNAraviMdavRMdastotraM / -zAMtinAthapurANa, 1.19 13. dhairyaparagRdhrapiMchA-cAryara jaTAsiMhanaMdi jagatIkhyAtA -cAryara prabhAvamatyAzcaryamadaM paoNgaLUvaDabjajaMgamasAdhyaM / -neminAthapurANa,1.14 14. harivaMza (jinasena), 1.35 15. dekheM : jainadharma kA yApanIya sampradAya : pro. sAgaramalajaina 16. yApanIyasaMgha prtiitknndduugrgnnaavidh.| jaina zilAlekha saMgraha bhAga-2 lekha-kramAMka 160 17. dekheM : varAMgacarita, bhUmikA (aMgrejI) pR. 16

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102 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 18. dekheM : jainazilAlekhasaMgraha bhAga 2 lekha kramAMka 267, 277, 299 19. vahI : bhAga 2 lekhakramAMka 267, 277, 299 jJAtavya hai ki kANUragaNa ko mUlasaMgha, kundakundAntaya aura meSa pASANa gcch| se jor3anevAle ye lekha na kevala paravartI haiM, apitu inameM ekarUpatA bhI nahIM 20. varAMgacarita : saM. e. ena. upAdhye, bhUmikA (aMgrejI) pR. 16 para dhRta vaMdyar jaTAsiMhaNadayAcAryadIMdraNaMdyAcAryAdi muni parA kANUrgaNaM / -anantanAthapurANa, 1.17 21. dekheM : jainadharma kA yApanIya sampradAya : pro. sAgaramala jaina pR. 145-146 22. dekheM : varAMgacaritaH saM. e. ena. upAdhye, bhUmikA (aMgrejI) pR. 17 23. dekheM : yApanIya saMgha para kucha aura prakAza : e.ena. upAdhye, 'anekAnta', vIra nirvANa-vizeSAMka, 1975 I. 24. yatInAM (3.7), yatIndra (3.43), yattipatinA (5.113), yati (5.114), yatinA(8.68), yatiH (vIracaryA yatayobabhUvuH (30.61), yatipati (30.99), yatiH (31.21) 25. dekhe : varAMgacarita, 26/82-83; tulanIya svayambhUstotra (samantabhadra), 102-103 26. AcAramAdau samadhItya dhImAnprakIrNakAdhyAyamanekabhedam / .. aGgAni pUrvAMzca yathAnupUkmalpairahobhiH samamadhyagISTa / / -varAMgacarita, 31.18 27. sthUlAmahiMsAmapi satyavAkyamacoratAdArarativrataM c| bhogopabhogArthaparipramANamanvarthadigdezanivRttitAM ca // sAmAyikaM proSadhapAtradAnaM sallekhanAM jIvitasaMzaye c| gRhasthadharmasya hi sAra eSaH saMkSepataste'bhinigadyate sma / / . -varAMgacarita, 22.29-30 dekhie : varAMgacarita sarga 15, zloka 111-125 tulanIya : paJca ya aNuvvayAI, tiNNeva guNavvayAi bhnniyaaii| sikkhAvayANi etto, cattAri jiNovaiTThANi // 112 //

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jaTAsiMhanandI kA 'varAMgacarita' aura usakI paramparA 103 thUlaparaM pANivahaM, mUsAvAyaM adattadANaM ca / parajuvaINa nivittI, saMtosavayaM ca paJcamayaM / / 113 // disividisANa ya niyamo, aNatthadaNDassa vajjaNaM cev| uvabhogaMparImANaM, tiNNeva guNavvayA ee // 114 / / sAmAiyaM ca uvavAsaposaho atihiMsavibhAgo y| antesamAhi-maraNaM, sikkhAsu vayAIM cattAri // 115 / / ___-paumacariya, uddezaka 14 / 28. paMcevaSubbayANu guNavvayAI havaMti taha tiNNi / sikkhAvaya cattAri ya saMjamacaraNaM ca sAyAraM / / thUle tasakAyavahe thUle mose adattathUle y| pariharo paramahilA pariggahAraMbha parimANaM / 29. dazaprakArA bhavanAdhipAnAM te vyantarAstvaSTavidhA bhvntiH| jyotirgaNAzcApi dazArdhabhedA dviSaTprakArAH khalu kalpavAsAH / / -varAMgacarita, 9.2 30. saudharmakalpaH prathamopadiSTa aizAnakalpazca punardvitIyaH / sanatkumAro dyutimAMstRtIyo mAhendrakalpazca caturtha uktaH / / bAhyaM punaH paJcamamAhurAstei lAntavaM SaSThamudAharanti / sa saptamaH zukra iti prarUDhaH kalpaH sahastrAra ito'STamastu / / yamAnataM tatravamaM vadanti sa prANato yo dazamastu varNyaH / / ekAdazaM tvAraNamAmananti tamAraNaM dvAdazamacyutAntam / / - -varAMgacarita 9.7-8-9 31. dazASTapaJcadvAdazavikalpAH kalpopapatraparyantAH / -tattvArthasUtra (vivecaka : paM. phUlacandrazAstrI) pR. 118 dekheM : 4.19 meM 16 kalpoM kA nirdeza hai| 32. vArasa kappA keI keI solasa vadaMti AiriyA // 115 // sohammIsANasaNakkumAramAhiMdabamhalaMtavayA / mahasukkasahassArA ANadapANadayaAraNaccudayA // 120 / / -tiloyapaNNatti AThavA~ adhikAra 33. tato hi gatvA zramaNArjikAnAM samIpamabhyetya kRtopacArAH / viviktadeze vigatAnurAgA jahurvarAGgayo vara bhUSaNAni // 93 / /

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104 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 guNAMzca zIlAni tapAMsi caiva prabuddhatattvAH sitazubhravastrAH / saMgRhya samyagvarabhUSaNAni jinendamArgAbhiratA babhUvuH // 94 // - varAMgacarita 29.93-94 34. Avasadhe vA appAugge jo vA mahaDio hirimaM // micchajaNe sajaNe vA tassa hojja avavAdiyaM liMgaM // 78 / / Age isakI TIkA dekheM- 'apavAdikaliMgaM sacelaliMga' -bhagavatI ArAdhanA, bhAga 1 aparajitA TIkA pR. 114 35. hemantakAle dhRtivaddhakakSA digambarA hybhrvkaashyogaaH|| -varAMgacarita, 30.32 36. nirastabhUSAH kRtakezalocAH / -vahI, 30.2 37. vizIrNavastrAvRtagAtrayaSTayastAH kASThamAtrapratimA bbhuuvuH| -vahI, 31.13 38. (a) itthIsu Na pAvayA bhnniyaa| -sUtraprAbhRta, 25 (ba) daMsaNaNAMNavacarite mahilA vAgammi dehi. vi viisttttho| pAsattha vi hu NiyaTTho bhAvaviNaTTho Na so samaNo / --liMgapAhuDa, 20 39.(AnarendrapalyaHzrutizIlabhUSA-pratipannadIkSAstadA babhUvuHparipUrNakAmAH 31.1 dIkSAdhirAjyazriyamabhyupetA- // 31.2 / / (ba) naravaravanitA vimucya sAdhvIyamupayayuH svapurANi bhUmipAlAH / 29.99 // (sa) vratAni zAlAnyamRtopamAni- // 31.4 / / (da) mahendrapanya: zramaNatvamApya- // 31.113 // -vraaNgcrit| 40. tapodhanAnAmmitaprabhAvA gaNAgraNI saMyamanAyakA saa| -varAMgacarita, 31.6 41. AhAradAnaM muni puGgavebhyo, vastrAnnadAnaM zramaNAryikAbhyaH / kimicchadAnaM khalu durgatebhyo datvAkRtArtho nRpatirbabhUva / / -varAMgacarita, 23.92

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jaTAsiMhanandI kA 'varAMgacarita' aura usakI paramparA 42. (a) ApavAdika liMgaM scelliNgN...| - bhagavatI ArAdhanA - TIkA, pR. 114 (ba) cattArijaNA bhattaM uvakappeMti ... I cattArijaNA rakkhanti daviyamuvakappiyaM tayaM tehi / - bhagavatI ArAdhanA, 661 evaM 663 105

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vasudevahiNDI kI khaNDakathAe~ DaoN. zrIraMjana sUrideva 'vasudevahiNDI' AcArya saMghadAsagaNI (I. tRtIya-caturtha zatI) kI aisI pAryantika kathAkRti hai, jise hama mahAkavi guNADhya (IsavI prathama zatI) kI paizAcI meM nibaddha bRhatkathA (baDDakahA) kA prAkRta-navyodbhAvana kaheMge, to adhika saMgata hogaa| saMghadAsagaNI ne 'vasudevahiNDI' kI mUlakathA ke vikAsa ke lie jo khaNDakathAe~ jor3I haiM, unakI saMjJAe~ vibhinna rUpoM meM rakhI haiN| ye saMjJAe~ isa prakAra haiM : kahANaya (kathAnaka), kahA (kathA), saMbaMdha (sambandha), kahAsaMbaMdha (kathAsambandha), diTuMta (dRSTAnta), NAya (jJAta), udaMta (udanta), akkhANaya (AkhyAnaka), paricaya, cariya (carita), pasaMga (prasaMga), appakahA yA attakahA (AtmakathA), AharaNa aura udAharaNa / ye sabhI saMjJAe~ prAyaH eka dUsare kI paryAyavAcI haiM, phira bhI kathA kI prakRti kI dRSTi se inameM sUkSma bheda lakSaNIya haiN| isIlie khaNDakathAoM ko vibhinna saMjJAoM ke sAtha upanyasta karane meM kathAkAra kA viziSTa uddezya yA abhiprAya parilakSita hotA hai| anyathA, sabhI khaNDakathAoM yA upakathAoM kI saMjJA eka hI rakhate / avazya hI, ina sabhI saMjJAoM se tatkAlIna kathAoM ke cAritrika vikAsa kI bahumukhatA kI sUcanA milatI hai| saMghadAsagaNI ne apanI isa bRhatkathA meM do khaNDakathAoM kA 'kathAnaka' zabda se nirdeza kiyA hai| ve haiM : 'vizeSapariNAe ibbhaputtakahANayaM' (8.12) tathA 'egabhavammi vi saMbaMdhavicintatAe kuberadatta-kuberadattA kahANayaM, (27.7) / ina kathAnaka-saMjJaka donoM khaNDakathAoM meM do gaNikAoM kI kathAe~ gumphita kI gaI haiM, jinakI pariNati dharmakathA meM huI hai| pahalI khaNDakathA meM eka ibhyaputra kI eka aisI gaNikA ke sAtha prema-prasaMga kI kathA hai, jo apane grAhakoM ko vidA karate samaya smRti cihna-svarUpa apanA koI AbhUSaNa upahAra meM detI thii| dUsarI kathAnaka-saMjJaka khaNDakathA meM eka bhava meM hI sambandha kI vicitratA ke pratipAdana ke nimitta upanyasta huI hai| isameM bhI kuberasenA nAma kI gaNikA kI kathA kA parigumphana huA hai, jisameM gaNikA dvArA parityakta usake beTe aura beTI kA ajJAta paristhiti meM Apasa meM vivAha ho jAtA hai| kuberadattA ko usI samaya * pI. ena. sinhA kaoNlonI, bhikhanApahAr3I, paTanA-800 006 * pRSTha aura paMktisaMkhyA kA nirdeza ina paMktiyoM ke lekhaka ke, paM. rAmapratApa zAstrI ceriTebula TrasTa, byAvara (rAjasthAna) se prakAzita 'vasudevahiNDI' ke mUla-saha-hindI-anuvAda-saMskaraNa ke anusAra haiN|

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vasudevahiNDI kI khaNDakathAe~ 107 avadhijJAna utpanna hotA hai aura vaha virakta hokara bhikSuNI bana jAtI hai, kintu kuberadatta punaH apanI mAtA kuberasenA gaNikA ke ghara Akara usake sAtha bhogalipta hokara eka putra ko janma detA hai / punaH kuberadattA dvArA vastusthiti kA jJAna karAne para kuberadata virakta ho uThatA hai aura tapasyA dvArA apane zarIra kA kSaya karake devatva ko prApta karatA hai| isa prakAra, ukta donoM kathAnakoM kA kAmakathA se dharmakathA meM udAttIkaraNa huA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki kathAkAra ne ukta prakAra kI kathAoM ko 'kathAnaka' koTi meM vargIkRta kiyA hai, jo Agamika kathA-siddhAnta ke anusAra 'vikathA' hai| krAntadarzI kathAkAra ne 'vasudevahiNDI' kI sAta upakathAoM ko 'kathA' zabda se nirdezita kiyA hai| inameM pahalI kathA (dullahAe dhammapattIe mittANaM' kahA : 10.8) jambU ke mAtA-pitA ke sAtha saMvAda-krama meM hI kahI gaI hai, jisameM kucha yuvA mitroM ne eka tIrthaMkara ke darzana karane aura unakA pravacana sunane ke bAda, samavasaraNa meM hI pravrajita hokara durlabha dharma prApta kiyaa| isI prasaMga meM hI dUsarI 'kathA' (iMdiyavisayapasattIe nihaNovagayavANarakahA : 13.12) AI hai| isameM eka aise vAnara-yUthapati kI kathA hai, jo apane dala ke eka baliSTha vAnara se parAjita hokara pahAr3a para bhAga gayA aura vahA~ usane eka guphA kI zaraNa lii| guphA meM zilAjatu kA rasa baha rahA thA / pyAsA vAnaranAyaka use pAnI samajhakara pIne lagA aura usI meM cipakakara mara gyaa| kathA ke upasaMhAra meM batAyA gayA hai ki indriya-viSayoM meM pha~sakara manuSya vAnara-yUthapati kI bhA~ti duHkhamaya mRtyu ko prApta karatA hai| tIsarI 'kathA' (pamattAe laddhamahisajammaNo mAhaNadArayassa kahA : 59-4) jambU-prabhava-saMvAda ke prasaMga meM prastuta kI gaI hai| isa kathA meM deva-bhava meM sthita brAhmaNa pitA ne mahiSa-bhava ko prApta apane putra ko dharmamArga para le Ane ke nimitta use, apanI mati se eka kasAI kA nirmANa kara usase utpIr3ita karAyA hai aura isa prakAra, prati-bodhita karake pitA ne putra kA tiryaggati se uddhAra kiyA hai| cauthI 'kathA' (sakayakammavivAge koMkaNaya-baMbhaNakahA : 80.4) 'dhammillacarita' meM kahI gaI hai| isameM magadha-janapada ke palAzagrAma ke koMkaNaka nAmaka brAhmaNa kI kathA hai, jo karmavipAkavaza (zamIvRkSa ke nIce sthApita deva ko bakare kI bali car3hAne ke kAraNa) marane ke bAda svayaM apane ghara meM hI bakare ke rUpa meM utpanna huaa| kucha dinoM bAda koMkaNaka kA putra usa bakare ko, apane mRta pitA ke lie bhoga ke uddezya se, mArane ke nimitta le claa| parantu, eka siddha sAdhu ke vastusthiti samajhAne para koMkaNaka ke putra ne usa bakare ko mukta kara diyaa| kathA ke upasaMhAra meM batAyA gayA hai ki svayaMkRta karma

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108 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 ke kAraNa hI manuSya isa saMsAra meM duHkha pAtA hai aura vaha sAdhu kI kRpA se hI jJAna prApta kara duHkhamukta ho sakatA hai| pA~cavIM 'kathA' (rAhugapuvvabhavakahA : 250.9) pIThikA-prakaraNa meM pradyumna ke pUrvabhava kI kathA ke sambandha meM upanyasta kI gaI hai| isameM jabaradastI gUMgA bane rAhuka ke vibhinna pUrvabhavoM kI vicitratA kI kathA kahI gaI hai| satyavAdI satya nAmaka sAdhu ke upadeza se hI use AtmasvIkRta gUMgepana se chuTakArA milaa| kathAkAra ne pUrvabhava kI siddhi ke krama meM isa kathA kA viniyoga kiyA hai| chaThI kathA (paralogapaccae dhammaphalapaccae ya sumittAkahA : 346.13) ko zarIra-prakaraNa meM upasthita kiyA gayA hai| isameM bhI paraloka aura dharmaphala ke astitva kI siddhi ke lie vArANasI ke rAjA hatazatru kI putrI sumitrA ke bAlyabhAva meM hI pUrvajanma ke smaraNa ho Ane kA rocaka vRttAnta upanyasta kiyA gayA hai| sAtavIM 'kathA' (AiccAimuNicaukkakahA : 891.1) aTThArahaveM priyaMgusundarIlambha meM AI hai| isameM eka muni ne ramaNIya grAma ke grAmasvAmI devadatta se sArasvata, Aditya, vahni aura varuNa nAmaka muniyoM ke brahmaloka se cyuta hokara dakSiNArddha bhArata ke yathAkrama RSabhapura, siMhapura, cakrapura tathA gajapura nAmaka nagaroM meM Aditya, somavIrya, zatrUttama aura zatrudamana rAjAoM ke rUpa meM punarjanma grahaNa karane kI kathA kahI hai| yaha kathA bhI pUrvabhava aura parabhava ke sambandhoM kI vicitratA ko batAne ke uddezya se hI gumphita kI gaI hai| isa prakAra uparivarNita sAtoM khaNDakathAe~ vizuddha dharmakathA kI koTi meM AtI haiM, isalie kathAkAra ne inheM 'kathA' kI saMjJA pradAna kI hai| __ kathAkAra ne 'sambandha' yA 'kathAsambandha'-saMjJaka aneka kathAe~ upanyasta kI haiM, jinakI saMkhyA lagabhaga paiMtIsa hai| isa kathAgrantha kI khaNDakathAoM meM 'sambandha-saMjJaka kathAe~ sarvAdhika haiM aura inakI vividhatA aura bahulatA bhI milatI hai| ye kathAe~ 'kathA' aura 'vikathA', arthAt dharmakathA aura kAmakathA aura phira arthakathA tathA mizrakathA ke rUpoM meM vargIkRta kI jA sakatI haiN| 'sambandha' yA 'kathAsambandha'-saMjJaka prAyaH sabhI kathAe~ apane nAma kI anvarthatA ke anusAra, kahIM kathA ke pUrvApara-sambandha ko jor3ane ke lie prastuta kI gaI haiM, to kahIM mUlakathA ke prasaMga meM , kathAvistAra ke nimitta viniyojita huI haiN| kula milAkara, 'sambandha'-saMjJA se saMvalita prAyaH sabhI kathAoM kA saMgumphana vibhitra kathA-pAtroM aura pAtriyoM ke pUrvabhava aura parabhava ke paraspara sambandha aura unake kAryoM kI vicitratA aura vilakSaNatA ke pradarzana ke lie kiyA gayA hai| saMghadAsagaNI ne apanI bRhatkathAkRti meM 'dRSTAnta'-saMjJaka kathAoM kA bhI vinyAsa kiyA hai / yathAvinyasta dRSTAnta-kathAe~ saMkhyA kI dRSTi se kula do hI haiM : 'visayasuhovamAe

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vasudevahiNDI kI khaNDakathAe~ 109 mahubiMdudiTuMta', (19.6) tathA 'dukkhe suhakappaNAe viluttabhaMDassa vANiyagassa didrutaM' (39.12) / 'dRSTAnta' kI zAbdika vyAkhyA ke anusAra, pariNAma ko pradarzita karanevAlI kathAe~ hI 'dRSTAnta' (jisakA anta yA pariNAma dekhA gayA ho = dRSTaH anto yasyAH sA dRSTAntakathA) kI saMjJA prApta karatI haiN| mUlataH isa prakAra kI kathAe~ nItikathAe~ hotI haiN| viSaya-sukha meM lipta manuSya viSaya ke tAdAtvika sukha kI anubhUti meM hI apane jIvana kI sArthakatA kA anubhava karatA hai, usake bhAvI duHkhamaya pariNAma kA jJAna use nahIM rhtaa| saMsArI manuSya bhaya-saMkaTa kI sthiti meM bhI apane ko ajJAnatAvaza nirbhaya samajhatA hai, vastutaH usakA sukha ekamAtra kalpanA hI hotA hai| kathAkAra dvArA upanyasta madhubindu kA dRSTAnta zramaNa aura brAhmaNa-paramparA ke paravartI granthakAroM dvArA bhI bahuzaH AvRtta huA hai| dUsarI dRSTAnta-kathA meM madhubindu ke lobhI puruSa kI bhA~ti duHkha meM sukha kI kalpanA karanevAle eka viluptabhANDa baniye kI kathA upasthApita kI gaI hai| kathA kA sArAMza hai ki duHkhapariNAmI vartamAna sukha ko hI sukha mAnanevAle baniye ko apane eka karor3a ke mAla se hAtha dhonA pdd'aa| isalie, nIti yahI hai ki bhAvI sukha ke lie vartamAna meM duHkha uThAnA hI zreyaskara hai, anyathA vartamAna sukha sahI mAnI meM duHkha hai, aura vartamAna duHkha meM sukha kI kalpanA bhaviSya ke lie hAnikAraka hotI hai| isa prakAra, kathAkAra dvArA racI gaI ukta donoM dRSTAnta-kathAe~ vizuddha rUpa se nItiparaka kathAe~ haiN| _ 'vasudevahiNDI' meM 'NAya'-saMjJaka kula tIna kathAe~ haiM : 'gabbhavAsadukkhe laliyaMgayaNAyaM' (22.5); 'daDhasIlayAe dhaNasirINAyaM' (138.13) tathA 'sacchaMdayAe rivudamaNanaravaiNAyaM' (104.3) / 'NAya' yA 'jJAta'-saMjJaka kathAoM kI gaNanA bhI vikathA meM kI jA sakatI hai; kyoMki inakA sambandha bhI kAmakathA se jur3A huA hai| kathAkAra dvArA prastuta antaHsAkSya ke anusAra 'NAya'-saMjJaka kathAe~ 'dRSTAnta'-saMjJaka kathAoM ke hI bheda haiN| kathAkAra ne ukta tInoM jJAtakathAoM meM viSayAsakta manuSya kI durgati kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| pahalI kathA meM lalitAMgada aura dUsarI kathA meM DiNDI yaunasukha kI Asakti rakhate the, punaH tIsarI kathA meM rAjA ripudamana apanI rAnI ke sAtha yAna-vihAra kI Asakti meM par3a gayA thaa| isa prakAra ye tInoM jJAtakathAe~ vizuddha kAmakathAe~ haiM / 'vasudevahiNDI' meM 'udanta'-saMjJaka do kathAoM kA ullekha huA hai| prathama 'kathotpatti-prakaraNa' meM 'atthaviNiogavirUvayAe govadAragodaMtaM' (32.10) tathA dvitIya 'dhammillahiNDI' meM 'nAgariyachaliassa sAgaDiasya udaMta' (161.1) / prathama kathA meM devI dvArA pratibodhita gopadAraka vezyA ke bhrama meM mAtRgamana ke akRtya se baca gayA hai, sAtha hI vezyA kA usakI mA~ ke rUpa meM pahacAna bhI prastuta huI hai| dvitIya kathA meM eka

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110 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 nAgarika gandhiputra dvArA gAr3IvAna ke aura phira gAr3IvAna dvArA usa nAgarika ke chale jAne kA varNana huA hai / nAgarika ne vAkchala se eka kArSApaNa meM tItara - sameta gAr3I le lI aura punaH gAr3IvAna ne kulaputra dvArA pradarzita upAya se do pailI sattU ke sAtha usakI strI ko bhI hathiyA liyA / anta meM, mukadame ke dvArA donoM meM nibaTArA huA / isa prakAra, ukta donoM 'udanta' - saMjJaka kathAoM meM guptavArttA kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai / kozakAra ApTe mahodaya ne 'udanta' kA artha 'guptavArttA' bhI kiyA hai / isIlie zabdazAstrajJa kathAkAra saMghadAsagaNI ne ukta donoM kathAoM ko 'udanta' saMjJA se abhihita kiyA hai| 'vasudevahiNDI' meM 'AkhyAnaka'- saMjJaka kula tIna kathAe~ haiM : 'logadhammAsaMga yAe mahesaradattakkhANayaM, (36.3) 'ciMtayatthavivajjAse vasubhUIbaMbhaNakkhANayaM' (83.9) aura 'kayagghAe vAyasakkhANayaM' (90.5) / pahalI kathA kI ghaTanA hai ki mRta pitA kI sadgati ke uddezya se Ayojita zrAddha meM mahezvaradatta svayaM mahiSayoni meM utpanna apane pitA ko hI kATakara usake mAMsa se bhoja kA Ayojana karatA hai / dvitIya AkhyAnaka kI kathAvastu kA sAra haiM ki manuSya socatA kucha aura hai, lekina ho jAtA hai kucha aura hI / vasubhUti kheta meM dhAna ropA, lekina dekharekha ke abhAva meM dhAna kI jagaha ghAsa uga AI / usakI rohiNI nAmaka gAya kA garbha asamaya hI girakara naSTa ho gayA, isalie vaha baccA na de sakI / vasubhUti brAhmaNa kA beTA somazarmA naTa kI saMgati meM par3akara naSTa ho gayA aura brAhmaNaputrI somazarmANI kisI dhUrta ke phera meM par3akara kvaoNrepana meM hI garbhiNI ho gii| isa prakAra, brAhmaNa dvArA cintita artha kA viparyAsa yA anyathAtva ho gyaa| tIsare, kaue ke AkhyAna meM yaha nirdeza kiyA gayA hai ki kapiMjaloM ne mAmA mAnakara kauoM kI khAtiradArI kI aura kRtaghna kaue apane bhaginoM (kapiMjaloM) ko lAMchana lagAkara cale gaye / isa prakAra, kathAkAra ne cintita artha ke viparyAsa yA anyathAtva ko saMjJApita karanevAlI kathAoM ko 'AkhyAnaka' nAma se upasthApita kiyA hai / 'paricaya'- saMjJaka kathAe~ apane nAma ke anusAra hI pAtra - pAtriyoM ke paricaya prastuta karane ke lie upanyasta kI gaI haiN| inameM prAyaH mUlakathA ke viziSTa pAtroM ke hI paricaya parinibaddha haiM / saMkhyA kI dRSTi se paricaya kathAe~ kula caudaha haiM / kathAkAra ne 'carita'- saMjJaka kathAoM meM zalAkApuruSoM ke carita upanyasta kiye haiN| mUla 'vasudevacarita' ke antargata kula gyAraha caritakathAe~ gumphita huI haiM, jinameM dharma, artha aura kAma ke prayojana se sambaddha dRSTa, zruta aura anubhUta kathAoM kA varNana huA hai /

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vasudevahiNDI kI khaNDakathAe~ 111 viziSTa rUpa se kisI kathA kI pratyAsatti kI sthiti meM kathAkAra ne usa kathA ko 'prasaMga' nAma se prastuta kiyA hai| isa sandarbha meM kula ekamAtra kathA 'vasaMtatilayAgaNiyApasaMgo' (77.6) zIrSaka se upalabdha hotI hai| yaha kathA dhammilla ke carita bhI pratyAsatti meM, prasaMga ke pallavana ke lie, kathAvastu ke madhya kI kar3I kI bhA~ti upanibaddha huI hai| isameM vezyAsakta dhammilla ke duSpariNAma kA mArmika citraNa huA hai| kathAkAra ne 'AtmakathA' attakahA kI saMjJA se kula nau kathAe~ upanyasta kI haiN| jaisA ki pratyeka kathAzIrSa se spaSTa hai, ina kathAoM meM pAtroM ne apanI-apanI AtmakathA kahI hai, isalie kathAkAra ne inheM 'AtmakathA' kI sArthaka saMjJA pradAna kI hai| kathA kI ukta saMjJAoM ke atirikta, kathAkAra ne 'AharaNa' aura 'udAharaNa-saMjJaka kathAoM kI bhI racanA kI hai| 'vasudevahiNDI' meM 'AharaNa-saMjJaka kula ATha kathAe~ aura 'udAharaNa-saMjJaka kula tIna kathAe~ upalabdha haiN| kahanA na hogA ki 'AharaNa' aura 'udAharaNa'-saMjJaka kathAe~ prAyaH eka hI koTi kI haiM, kyoMki antaHsAkSya se bhI yaha siddha hai ki kathAkAra ukta donoM kathAvidhAoM ko eka hI zreNI kI mAnate haiN| tabhI to unhoMne 'adiNNAdANa'-viSayaka meru kI kathA ko 'AharaNa' kI saMjJA dI hai aura punaH isI krama meM 'adiNNAdANa'-viSayaka dUsarI jinadAsa kI kathA ko 'udAharaNa' kahA hai| 'AharaNa' aura 'udAharaNa'-saMjJaka kathAoM meM dRSTAnta aura nItikathAoM kA bhI antarbhAva upalabdha hotA hai| ye kathAe~ prAyaH sambaddha pAtroM ke guNa-doSa tathA loka-paraloka ke vivecana ke krama meM sandarbhita huI haiM, sAtha hI inameM pA~ca mahAvratoM ke utkarSa kI siddhi kA bhI viniyoga huA hai| uparivivRta khaNDakathAoM yA upakathAoM ke antargata mahAn kathAkovida saMghadAsagaNI ne aneka pAtroM kI utpatti, bhava aura pUrvabhava kI bhI manoraMjaka kathAoM kA upanyAsa kiyA hai| ina tInoM prakAra kI kathAoM ke sAtha hI pUrvavivRta 'sambandha'-saMjJaka kathAe~ hI 'vasudevahiNDI' kI mahatkathA kI snAyubhUta haiM, jinake mAdhyama se sampUrNa mUlakathA meM AhlAdakArI kathArasa ucchalita huA hai|

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mahAvIra aura buddha ke jIvana aura unakI cintana-dRSTi DaoN. surendranAtha dIkSita jainadharma aura bauddhadharma eziyA ke mahAn dharmoM meM haiN| donoM hI dharmoM ne apane gahana mAnavIya cintana se bhAratIya dharma-sAdhanA ko bahuta dUra taka prabhAvita kiyA hai aura sadiyoM taka vizva ke vizAla bhU-bhAga ke nivAsiyoM kI soca-samajha aura jIvana-zailI ko gar3hA aura sa~vArA hai| ina donoM dharmoM ne eka dharmaM ne eka aisI mAnavIya sabhyatA ko isa dharatI para caritArtha kiyA, jisakA Adarza ahiMsA, tapa, tyAga, brahmacarya, aparigraha aura tRSNA kA kSaya rhaa| bauddha dharma ke pravartaka gautama buddha aba se DhAI hajAra varSa pahale hue| yadyapi unase pUrva bhI aneka lokopakArI bodhisattvoM kI parikalpanA kI gii| unhIM kI pariNati pUrNa buddha ke rUpa meM huii| unhoMne pahale-pahala sAranAtha meM dharmacakra kA pravartana kiyaa| yahI bAta jaina dharma ke bAre meM nahIM kahI jA sakatI; kyoMki varddhamAna mahAvIra jainadharma ke mUla pravartaka nahIM, apitu ve caubIsaveM aura antima tIrthaMkara the| unase pUrva pArzvanAtha taka teIsa tIrthaMkara ho cuke the, jabaki gautama buddha se pUrva bodhisattva hue| AdinAtha ke rUpa meM bhI prasiddha prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kA ullekha zrImadbhAgavata aura viSNupurANa meM milatA hai| aneka jaina vidvAnoM ke anusAra jainadharma na kevala bauddha dharma kI apekSA kahIM adhika prAcInatara hai, apitu vaidikadharma kA yadi vaha pUrvavartI na ho, to bhI usakA pArzvavartI to nizcita rUpa se hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra jainasaMgha ke bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara neminAtha mahAbhArata-kAla meM vartamAna the aura kRSNa ke samakAlIna aura usI yAdava-vaMza ke the| bhAratIya dharma-sAdhanA aura cintana-yAtrA para dRSTi DAleM to yaha sApha jAhira hotA hai ki bhArata ke isa vizAla bhU-bhAga meM vaidika kAla meM bhI bhogamUlaka aura tyAgamUlaka saMskRti meM paraspara virodha aura saMgharSa kA bhAva rahA hai| donoM hI jIvanadRSTiyoM kA pratipAdana Rgveda se atharvaveda kAla taka dikhAI detA hai / yajJoM meM pazuoM aura manuSyoM kI bali taka kI bAta itihAsakAroM ne kahI hai aura phira bhoga-tyAga para bala dete hue 'vedavAdarato' kI nindA bhI kI gaI hai| upaniSad aura gItA kA gahana jJAna usI cintana-sUtra kI vyAkhyA karate haiM, jise jainoM ne 'sAmya' khaa| isa sandarbha meM yaha bhI * ganIpura, mujaphpharapura

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mahAvIra aura buddha ke jIvana aura unakI cintana-dRSTi 113 ullekhanIya hai ki pazcimI bhAga ke AryoM ne jahA~ bhogamUlaka saMskRti para bala diyA, vahA~ pUrvI bhArata ke cintana ke AdhAra ahiMsA aura tyAga mukhya rUpa se the| jainadharma evaM bauddhadharma ke pravartaka donoM hI pUrvI bhArata ke the| yahI nahIM, buddha aura mahAvIra ke avataraNa se pUrva vaidika yajJoM meM bali kI prathA pracalita thii| pUrI samAja-vyavasthA zoSaka aura zoSitoM ke bIca vikasita ho rahI thii| pazuoM kI bali se kRSi kA vikAsa aura vANijya-vyavasAya bAdhita thaa| paravartI vaidika sabhyatA kA sUtra samAja ke sarvocca varNa brAhmaNoM ke hAthoM meM thA, jabaki usa brahmaNya-saMskRti kA virodha upaniSad-kAlIna cintaka RSiyoM ne kiyaa| kaThopaniSad meM yama aura nAciketA ke saMvAda isa marma kA udghATana karate haiM ki jIvana ke sthUla bhogoM kA sukha, vaha svarga meM ho yA pRthvIloka meM, manuSya-jIvana kA prAptavya lakSya nahIM hai| mAnava-jIvana kA lakSya zreSThatara hai, satya, amRta aura avinazvaratA kI dRSTi kA carama vikaas| mahAvIra varddhamAna aura gautamabuddha ne isI jIvanavyApI dRSTi kA unmeSa kiyaa| dhArmika aura sAmAjika vyavasthA kI rUr3hiyoM ko cunautI dii| dharma aura samAja kI naI dRSTi kA pravartana kiyaa| yaha itihAsa kA vilakSaNa saMyoga hai ki gautama buddha aura mahAvIra varddhamAna samakAlIna the, unake jIvana aura paristhitiyoM meM samAnatA hai aura cintana ke sUtroM meM bhI samAnatA ke aneka projjvala bindu haiN| isakA artha yaha nahIM ki ye donoM mahApuruSa apane cintana aura jIvana kI ghaTanAoM ke sandarbha meM eka dUsare se jur3e, eka dUsare ke pratirUpa haiN| nahIM, kaI bAtoM aura kaI cintana-sUtroM ke sandarbha meM donoM eka dUsare se ekadama pRthaka aura maulika rUpa se svatantra haiN| donoM dharmoM ke vizAla sAhitya ke anuzIlana se yaha tathya bahuta spaSTa rUpa se pratibhAsita hotA hai| donoM ke pUrvI bhArata meM mukhyarUpa se 'dhamma' kA pracAra, eka hI kSetra meM dharmopadeza karane ke bAvajUda (vaizAlI, nAlandA Adi) unake ziSya eka dUsare se to milate haiM. prabhAvita hote haiM, para svayaM buddha aura mahAvIra samAnAntara rekhA kI bhA~ti kabhI eka dUsare se mila nahIM ske| isa sandarbha meM agale kucha pRSThoM meM mahApuruSoM ke jIvana aura unakI cintana-dRSTi ke sAmya aura vaiSamyamUlaka biMduoM para pramukha rUpa se prakAza-nikSepa kiyA jA rahA hai| janmakathA : __ varddhamAna mahAvIra aura gautama buddha ke janma ko lekara aneka kathAe~ pracalita haiN| buddha aura mahAvIra kI mAtAoM ne unake janma ke sandarbha meM svapna dekhe| siddhArtha (buddha) kI mAtA mahAmAyA ne ASAr3ha pUrNimA ke dina svapna dekhA ki bodhisattva zveta hAthI ke rUpa meM unakI kokha meM praveza kara gyaa| isI prakAra mahAvIra kI mAtA trizalA ne svapna meM caudaha zubha zakunoM ko dekhaa| unameM pahalA to 'hAthI' hI hai, anya svapnoM meM baila,

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114 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 siMha, lakSmI, sUrya, candra, nirdhUma agni Adi haiM, jo unakI jitendriyatA aura jJAna ke amRta prakAza ke pratIka haiM / mahAvIra ke janma lene ke krama meM jaina sAhitya meM mahAvIra ke garbhApaharaNa kI ghaTanA kA bhI ullekha hai, jisake anusAra brAhmaNa kuNDagrAma meM koDAla gotra kA brAhmaNa RSabhadatta ke ghara devAndA kI kokha meM utpanna hue, jinheM indra ke Adeza se harimaigameSa kSatriyakuNDagrAma ke siddhArtha kI patnI trizalA ke garbha meM rakhA gayA / 2 unake mAdhyama se mahAvIra kA janma caitra zukla trayodazI ko IsApUrva 527 varSa pUrva vaizAlI ke bAsokuNDa meM huA / buddha kA janma kapilavastu ke svAmI zuddhodana aura mahAmAyA ke mAdhyama se dharatI para huA / garbhApaharaNa tathA donoM ke janma lene kI ghaTanAoM meM svapna ke atirikta bhI kiMcit sAmya hai / mahAmAyA kI kukSi meM hAthI ke rUpa meM bodhisattva kA praveza hotA hai| mahAvIra devAnandA brAhmaNI ke garbha meM Aye, para garbhApaharaNa ke mAdhyama se kSatriyANI trizalA ke garbha se utpanna hue / isake pIche sambhavataH yaha bhAvanA kAma karatI hai ki brAhmaNa kI apekSA kSatriyatva kI zreSThatA pramANita kI jAya / phira brAhmaNa RSabhadeva se janmadAtRtva kA sambandha jor3akara brAhmaNatva kA pratyarpaNa bhI ho jAtA hai, jo paramparA se jJAna ke srota mAne jAte the / phira RSabhanAtha jainoM ke AdinAtha bhI to kahe jAte the / jIvana meM ghaTanAoM kA sAmya : mahAvIra varddhamAna aura gautama buddha donoM hI ke jIvana meM bAlyakAla kI zikSA-dIkSA ko lekara bhI bahuta samAnatAe~ dRSTigocara hotI haiN| donoM ke hI bAlyakAla meM nimitta-draSTA jyotiSiyoM ne una donoM ke mahAn prAjJa athavA cakravartI rAjA hone kI bhaviSyavANI kI thI / jaba kucha bar3e hue, taba varddhamAna mahAvIra aura siddhArtha ( yA sarvArthasiddha) donoM ko vidyAzAlA meM zikSA ke lie bhejA gyaa| ve donoM hI guru kI apekSA kahIM adhika vibhinna vidyAoM meM pAraMgata nikle| ina vilakSaNatAoM kA ullekha jaina aura bauddha granthoM meM paryApta atizayoktipUrNa zailI meM milatA hai| eka jaina srota ke anusAra indra ne brAhmaNa-veza dhAraNa kara bAlaka varddhamAna se prazna pUche aura unakA uttara jo milA, vahI 'aindra vyAkaraNa' ke rUpa meM pracalita ho gayA / 'lalitavistara' meM to yaha ullekha milatA hai ki AcArya vizvAmitra ne brAhmI lipi meM gAyatrI mantra likhane ke lie diyA to unhoMne cInI aura khasa Adi vibhinna lipiyoM meM vaha mantra likha diyA / 4 donoM hI bhAvI mahApuruSoM kA kaumArya nirbhIkatA, vIratA aura karuNA-pradarzana kI ghaTanAoM se otaprota hai| siddhArthakumAra ke mana meM karuNA kA bhAva bAlapana se hI uThatA dikhAI detA hai / ve devadatta dvArA Ahata haMsa kI prANarakSA ke lie anta taka nirbhIkatA ke sAtha saMgharSa karate haiM to varddhamAna mahAvIra khela-khela meM vizAla sarpa ko vaza meM kara 1

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mahAvIra aura buddha ke jIvana aura unakI cintana-dRSTi 115 lete haiM / vivAha ke pUrva donoM ke hI jIvana meM eka dUsare se milatI-julatI ghaTanAe~ ghaTatI haiN| mahAvIra aura siddhArtha donoM ke jIvana meM vairAgya ke bhAva uThate rahe the, phira bhI mAtA-pitA kA mAna rakhane ke lie donoM kA vivAha hotA hai / mahAvIra kI patnI kA nAma 'yazodA' hai to siddhArtha kumAra kI patnI kA nAma 'yazodharA' / donoM hI kulIna sAmanta parivAra kI thiiN| donoM hI nAmoM aura unake arthoM meM bhI atizaya samAnatA hai| jainadharma ke zvetAmbara grathoM meM mahAvIra-yazodA ke vivAha kA ullekha to hai, para digambara-sampradAya meM mahAvIra ko avivAhita mAnA gayA hai| padmapurANa, paumacariya Adi jaina grathoM meM mahAvIra ke mahAbhiniSkramaNa kI velA meM unake lie 'kumAra' zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai|6 'kumAra' zabda se yaha zaMkA uThatI hai ki ina tIrthaMkaroM ne kaumAryakAla meM mahAbhiniSkramaNa kiyaa| digambara-sampradAya kI dhAraNA hai ki mahAvIra varddhamAna ne avivAhita avasthA meM dIkSA ke lie gRhatyAga kiyA, parantu buddha ke jIvana ke prabhAva kI chAyA meM hI sabhavataH zvetAmbara-sampradAya ke vidvAnoM ne mahAvIra varddhamAna ke vivAha kI parikalpanA kI aura unakI patnI kA nAma bhI tadanurUpa 'yazodA' rkhaa| mahAvIra ke vivAhita yA avivAhita avasthA meM dIkSA lene ke prazna para donoM hI sampradAyoM meM matabheda hai| merI aisI dhAraNA hai ki kalpasUtra meM prayukta 'bhAriyA jasoyA koDiNNA gutteNaM' se hI mahAvIra ke vivAhita hone kA AdhAra banatA hai / sambhava hai, kumArAvasthA meM hI dIkSA ke lie unhoMne niSkramaNa kiyA ho| siddhArtha kumAra ke vivAha ke sambandha meM kisI prakAra kI koI bhrAnta dhAraNA nahIM hai / jaba jJAna kI talAza meM nikale, taba ve vivAhita the aura unhoMne mahAbhiniSkramaNa usa dina kiyA, jisa dina unakA putra rAhula utpanna huaa| jise unhoMne bAda ke varSoM meM chaha varSa kI alpAyu meM hI 'dharma' kI zaraNa meM pratiSThita kiyaa| zvetAmbara jaina paramparA ke anusAra mahAvIra varddhamAna kI eka putrI priyadarzanA thI, jisake vivAha kA bhI ullekha unakI bahana ke putra jamAli ke sAtha huA hai| bAda ke varSoM meM priyadarzanA ne bhI mahAvIra kI pradhAnaziSyA AryA candanA ke sAtha zrAmaNya jIvana ko svIkAra kiyaa| donoM hI mahApuruSoM kI santAnoM ke zrAmaNya ko svIkAra karane meM samAnatA hai, vahA~ unakI patniyoM ke zrAmaNya jIvana ke svIkAra karane ke sambandha meM antara hai| yazodharA vaizAlI meM mahAprajAvatI gautamI ke sAtha bauddhadharma aura saMgha kI zaraNa meM gaI, para mahAvIra kI patnI yazodA ke bAre meM aisA koI ullekha nahIM miltaa| isIlie isa dhAraNA ko bala milatA hai ki unhoMne avivAhita avasthA meM hI mahAbhiniSkramaNa kiyA ho| mahAbhiniSkramaNa : mahAbhiniSkramaNa donoM hI mahApuruSoM ke jIvana kI atyanta mArmika ghaTanA hai, kintu paramparAnusAra donoM kI isa ghaTanA ko lekara thor3A antara to hai hii| mahAvIra varddhamAna

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116 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 meM pahale se hI laukika jIvana kI AsaktiyoM ke prati udAsa hote jA rahe the| isa bIca mAtA-pitA kA dehAnta ho gayA, usane vairAgya bhAva ko tato'dhika prajjvalita kara diyA / apane bhAI nandivardhana ke anurodha ko svIkAra kara do varSoM taka ghara meM rahakara bhI anAgAra sAdhu kI taraha saMyama aura sAdhanA ke prati samarpita hI rahe aura tIsa varSa kI Ayu pUre utsAha kI lahara meM maMgalavAdyoM kI dhvani ke bIca dIkSA lene ke lie ve anAgArI ho gye| nandivardhana ne isake lie anumati dI, AzIrvAda dekara vidA kiyaa| taba mahAvIra varddhamAna kI Ayu tIsa varSa kI thI aura siddhArtha kumAra kI Ayu unatIsa kI / rASTrakavi maithilIzaraNa gupta ne apane 'yazodharA' nAmaka kAvya meM yazodharA kI ora se yaha bhAva yo prastuta kiyA hai : siddhi hetu svAmI gaye yaha gaurava kI bAta, para corI-corI gaye yahI bar3A vyAghAta / sakhi, ve mujhase kaha kara jAte / (yazodharA) parantu, bauddha srotoM ke anusAra siddhArtha kumAra ke hRdaya meM antarmanthana cala hI rahA thaa| unhoMne apane pitA se akSaya yauvana, sadA svastha zarIra aura jIvana ke lie amRtatva kI yAcanA kI thii| isa yAcanA ko nazvarazIla manuSya bhalA kaise pUrA karatA / zuddhodana ne jaba ina yAcanAoM ko pUrA karane meM asamarthatA prakaTa kI, taba unhoMne gRha tyAga kara pravrajita ho janma-maraNa ke bandhana se mokSa kI prApti kA AzIrvAda maaNgaa| hA~, unhoMne apanI patnI ko na to pUrva-sUcanA dI aura na anumati hI mA~gI / jarA, roga, mRtyu aura amaratA se sambaddha ghaTanAoM ne siddhArthakumAra ke jIvana ko bar3A hI karuNa aura marmasparzI banA diyA hai| vizeSa kara vaha ghaTanA-prasaMga to bahuta hI marmanda hai, jaba kumAra apanI patnI yazodharA ke kakSa ke dvAra para apane navajAta zizu ke darzana ke lie upasthita hokara bhI putra moha kI durbalatA para vijaya pA sahasA lauTa Ate haiM aura mahala chor3a pravrajyA ke lie pUre saMkalpa ke sAtha nirmama ho cala par3ate hai / siddhArtha kumAra ke mahAbhiniSkramaNa ke ye prasaMga sadiyoM taka bhArata aura eziyA ke kalAkAroM, mUrtikAroM aura citrakAroM kI sRjanadharmI cetanA ko spandita karate rahe haiN| ina dRzyoM ke takSaNa aura aMkana se bhAratIya mUrtikalA, citrakalA aura kAvyakalA prANavanta huA hai / isI prakAra siddhArthakumAra ke mahAbhiniSkramaNa ke prasaMga meM chandaka (sArathi) aura' kanthaka (ghor3A) ke kumAra ke vinA lauTane para bhI zoka ke sailAba umar3ane kA adbhuta kAruNika dRzya bauddha sAhitya meM citrita huA hai :

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mahAvIra aura buddha ke jIvana aura unakI cintana-dRSTi 117 vilokya bhUyazcAkarot svaraM saH hayaM bhujAbhyAmupaguhya knthkm| tato nirAzo vilapanmuhurmuhuH yayau zarIreNa puraM na catesA // 9 // chandaka kanthaka se lipaTakara hatAza ho phUTa-phUTakara rone lagatA hai| anomA nadI ke taTa para apane kauzeya vastroM ko tyAga, kezoM ko kATakara kumAra ne pravajyA lii| vahIM aTUTa saMkalpa kiyA ki kRtArtha hokara hI lauTUMgA, nahIM to agni meM praveza kara jIvana-lIlA ko samApta kara duuNgaa|10 amRta pada kI talAza hI unake jIvana kA lakSya ho gyaa| mahAvIra varddhamAna kI apekSA siddhArthakumAra ke jIvana ke prasaMga kahIM adhika mAnavIya saMvedanA ke saMsparza se tarala haiN| mahAbhiniSkramaNa aura kaThora tapasyA : donoM hI mahApuruSoM ke jIvana meM mahAbhiniSkramaNa aura jJAnaprApti kI avadhi kaThora tapa, dhyAna aura samAdhi kI zikSA, yogAbhyAsa kI sAdhanA akalpanIya vighna-bAdhAoM se bharI eka kaThina jIvana-yAtrA hai| yoM, kaivalya-prApti meM mahAvIra varddhamAna ko bAraha varSa lagate haiN| ina varSoM meM apane zreSThatara lakSyoM kI prApti ke lie unhoMne kauna-sA kaThora tapa na kiyA, kauna-sA duHkha aura apamAna na sahA ! mahAvIra ke lambe tapasyA-kAla meM vighna-bAdhAe~ to aneka AIM, para unameM kaThapUtanA rAkSasI dvArA ThaNDa se ThiThuratI rAta meM zarIra ko chedanevAlI zItala bUMdoM kI varSA, saMgamaka deva dvArA irSyApIr3ita ho mahAvIra ke samakSa A~dhI-tUphAna le AnA, apsarAoM ke nRtya aura unake komala aMgoM kI mohaka bhAva-bhaMgimAoM ke pradarzana dvArA tapasyA aura samAdhi meM vighna upasthita karane kI niSphala ceSTA tathA samAdhimagna mahAvIra ke kAnoM meM sarakaNDoM ko ThoMkA jAnA aura vaidya dvArA unheM prayatnapUrvaka nikAlanA aura mahAvIra varddhamAna kA usa asahya pIr3A ko sahanA Adi vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiN|11 mahAvIra varddhamAna aura siddhArthakumAra ke kaivalya-jJAna aura bodhi prApta hone kI avadhi meM to antara hai| mahAvIra ko bAraha varSoM kA samaya lagatA hai aura siddhArthakumAra ko buddha hone meM chaha varSoM kA smy| parantu tapasyA ke krama meM mahAvIra varddhamAna kI bhA~ti siddhArthakumAra bhI unhIM bhayAnaka vipattiyoM se aTUTa bhAva se jUjhate haiN| mAra ne apanI putriyoM ko unake pAsa bhejaa| nAnA prakAra ke uttejaka dRzyoM kA prastuta kara unheM tapasyA ke mArga se DigAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| para ve to apanI tapazcaryA meM aDiga rhe| cha: varSoM taka kaThora tapasyA eka Asana para kii| unakI haDDiyA~, pasaliyA~ sApha ginI jAtIM / caravAhe kAna aura nAka ke surAkha se Ara-pAra tinake nikAla lete / tapasyA ke krama meM siddhArtha kumAra ne sujAtA se khIra kA AhAra grahaNa kiyaa|12 gyArahaveM cAturmAsa meM, saMgamaka deva mahAvIra kI kSamAzIlatA se pUrNataH parAbhUta ho gayA / ve vrajagrAma

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118 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 meM gaye / vahA~ chaha mahInoM bAda eka vatsapAlaka vRddhA ke hAtha se khIra kI pAraNa kiyaa| bArahaveM cAturmAsa meM ve vaizAlI hote hue kauzAmbI aaye| yahIM para chaha mahIne pUre hone meM pA~ca dina zeSa raha gaye the| candanA ke hAthoM ubAle hue kulmASa se pAraNa kiyaa| yahI candanA bAda meM calakara mahAvIra varddhamAna kI prathama sAdhvI huii|13 kaivalya aura sambodhi kI prApti : kaThora tapasyA aura sAdhanA ke bAda hI mahAvIra varddhamAna ko kaivalya-jJAna prApta huA aura siddhArtha ko amRta-pada kA jJAna / donoM ne apane amRta-tattva kA jJAna tatkAla prakAzita nahIM kiyaa| kaivalya-jJAna kI prApti vaizAkha zukla dazamI, ravivAra ko huI aura usakA prakAzana chiyAsaTha dinoM bAda ASAr3ha pUrNimA ko huA, jaba indrabhUti, vAyubhUti aura agnibhUti jaise vidvAn jJAnapipAsu alpecchu usake lie prastuta ho ske| ye tInoM hI caudaha pAramparika vidyAoM meM pAraMgata the| tInoM hI bhAI the| inake atirikta anya ATha vidvAn avyakta, sudharmA, acala, bhrAtA, prabhAsa Adi ko pAvApurI-rAjagRha ke madhya kahIM huaa| mahAvIra varddhamAna ne jJAna kI jina udAtta kiraNoM kA Aloka-dAna kiyA, ve manuSya hI nahIM, prANimAtra ke hita aura janma-maraNa ke duHkhadAyaka bandhana se mokSa ke lie thaa| unhoMne jIva kI nityatA, anantatA, jIva aura deha kI bhinnatA aura karma kI mahattA kA pratipAdana karate hue una gyAraha ziSyoM kI zaMkAoM kA samAdhAna kiyaa| inhIM ujjvala cintana-binduoM ke antargata syAdvAda, anekAntavAda, paramANuvAda jaisI gahana vicAra-saraNi kA pravartana huA, jo Aja bhI jainadharma kI mahattA aura pratiSThA ke Alokastambha haiN| . tapasyA ke pazcAt siddhArthakumAra ne jJAna prApta kiyA pratItyasamutpAda kA, madhyama mArga ke cintana kA-vINA ke tAroM ko itanA na aiMTho ki vaha TUTa jAya aura na itanA zithila karo ki usake tAroM se Anandollasita karanevAlA svara kA nAda hI na udbhUta ho| jIvana ke sukhoM meM eka dama DUbe na raho aura na sukha kA nitAnta tyAga kara jIvana ko duHkhamaya hI bnaao| bhoga aura tyAga, saMyama aura rAga ke do kuloM ke bIca se mAnava jIvana-dhArA vikasita hotI hai| jIvana duHkhamaya hai, duHkha ke kAraNa haiM, una duHkhoM para vijaya pAne ke upAya bhI haiN| Arya aSTAMgika mArga ke anusaraNa karane se hI vaha durlabha jJAna prApta hotA hai / jaina aura bauddha donoM hI dharma-paramparAoM meM brahmacarya para bahuta bala diyA gayA hai| gautama buddha ne bhI jJAna prApta kara turanta hI jJAnopadeza nahIM kiyaa| sAta saptAha taka acala samAdhi punaH lii| taba ve RSiyoM kI bhUmi sAranAtha aaye| vahI, dharmacakra pravartana' ke nAma se vikhyAta huaa| donoM ke hI jJAnopadeza kI ghaTanAoM ke sandarbha meM adbhuta sAmya

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mahAvIra aura buddha ke jIvana aura unakI cintana-dRSTi 119 dRSTigocara hotA hai| yadi indrabhUti, agnibhUti aura vAyubhUti Adi mahAvIra ke Adi gaNadhara ziSya brAhmaNa-paramparA meM pAraMgata haiM, to buddha ke gayA kAzyapa, jaTila kAzyapa aura uruvela kAzyapa bhI ziSyoM kI usI prakAra brAhmaNa-vidyA meM pAraMgata haiM / ve bhI buddha ke prabhAva meM Akara hajAroM maNDalI ke sAtha bauddhadharma kI zaraNa meM pratiSThita hote haiM / ina vidvAnoM dvArA bauddhadharma kI dIkSA lene ke bAda samasta magadha sAmrAjya meM bauddhadharma ke anukUla pariveza taiyAra ho jAtA hai / mahAvIra varddhamAna ke ekAdaza gaNadharoM kI bhA~ti dharmacakra pravartana ke bAda buddha kI pramukha ziSya maNDalI prabhAvazAlI rUpa meM ubharatI dikhAI detI hai, unakI saMkhyA bhI gyAraha hI hai| pA~ca bhadravargIya bhikSuoM ke atirikta tIna kazyapa-bandhu do yugala mitra-sAriputta-maudagalyAyana aura eka mahAkazyapa = kula gyAraha hote haiN| dharmapracAra ke samAna kSetra : donoM hI mahApuruSoM kI tapasyA aura jJAna-prApti ke bAda dharmapracAra ke kSetra bhI lagabhaga eka hI hai / vaizAlI, rAjagRha, nAlandA, pAvApurI, zrAvastI, kauzAmbI, kAzI, campA, ujjaina, mithilA, pUrvI uttarapradeza ke bahuta se choTe-bar3e nagaroM meM donoM hI mahApuruSa jAte haiN| gautama buddha kA tapasyA-kAla chaha varSoM kA thA, aura isa alpa avadhi meM unakI yAtrA mukhya rUpa se vaizAlI aura magadha ke bIca huii| mahAvIra ko kaivalya-jJAnaprApti meM bAraha varSa lage, svabhAvataH unakI tapasyA kI avadhi aura samaya kahIM dUra taka phailA lagatA hai / gautama buddha kI apekSA mahAvIra kI tapasyA kahIM kaThora aura dIrghakAlavyApI rahI hai| unhoMne bAraha varSoM kI lambI tapasyA ke krama meM kevala 350 dina pAraNa kiyA aura zeSa dinoM meM nirjala upavAsa kiyaa| nirjala upavAsa ke dinoM kI saMkhyA cAra hajAra teIsa dinoM kI hotI hai| antara kA aTUTa saMkalpa hI isa niSThAvAn puruSa ko jIvita rakha skaa| nirvANa : gautama buddha ne kula paiMtAlIsa varSa dharmopadeza kiyA, jisameM sthAyI rUpa se pacIsa varSa zrAvastI meM rahe / unakA nirvANa kuzInagara meM assI varSa kI DhalatI Ayu meM huaa| unakA mana thakA na thA, para zarIra jarAjIrNa hokara jhurriyoM bharA thaa| sambhava hai, ve lAThI kA sahArA le vaizAlI se kuzInagara gaye hoN| bur3hApA to A cukA thaa| atisAra roga se bhI isa lambI yAtrA meM itanA parezAna hue ki kuzInagara ke malloM ke zAlavana meM apanI ihalIlA pUrI karate hue unhoMne eka hI upadeza diyA-bhikSuoM ! pramAda-rahita ho apane kartavya kA sampAdana kro| varddhamAna mahAvIra kula 32 varSa dharmopadeza kara sake / jahA~ unhoMne jJAna prApta kiyA, usI ke nikaTavartI pAvApurI meM 527 IsApUrva meM bahattara varSa kI Ayu meM unakA parinirvANa

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120 Vaishali Institute Rescarch Bullctin No.8 dIpAvalI ke dina huaa| magadha ke isa kSetra meM unake gyArahoM gaNadhara the| gaNadharoM meM indrabhUti aura zrAvikAoM meM AryA candanA pramukha thii| ye sabhI gaNadhara varddhamAna mahAvIra kI zaraNa meM Ane se pUrva vedavid, yajJavAdI rAjamAnya brAhmaNa the| unake zrotAoM meM magadharAja zreNika bimbisAra pramukha the| yadyapi bauddha sAhitya ke srotoM ke anusAra bimbisAra aura usakA putra, ajAtazatru bhI unake vinamra zrAvakoM meM the| AcaraNa aura cintana kI samAnabhUmi : donoM hI mahApuruSoM ke cintana aura AcaraNa para yuga kI paristhitiyoM kA prabhAva pdd'aa| vaidika cintana meM jar3atA aura sthUla sukhopabhogoM ke prati cintana gaharI Asakti A gaI thI, jisake viruddha kaI avaidika matoM kA pracAra ho rahA thA, jinameM akriyAvAdI pUrNa kazyapa, aNuvAdI pakudha kaccAyana, AjIvaka sampradAya ke makkhali gozAla Adi mukhya the| ina AcAryoM ne vedoM kI prAmANikatA para prahAra kiyaa| mahAvIra aura buddhapUrva bhArata meM yajJa kI paramparA bahuta samRddha huI aura aneka avasaroM para yajJoM meM bali dI jAne lagI thii| samAja krUratA aura zoSaNa kA zikAra ho rahA thaa| unheM pazubali ke AdhAra para svarga kA mAnoM TikaTa diyA jAne lgaa| pUrA samAja taba hiMsA aura zoSaNa kA zikAra ho rahA thaa| makkhali gozAla tathA anya aneka dharmapracArakoM ne ina jhUThe ADambaroM aura zoSaNa kA virodha kiyA hI thaa| para ina donoM mahApuruSoM ne cintana aura tadanurUpa AcaraNa ke kSetra meM Adarza prastuta kiyaa| isakA AdhAra mukhya rUpa se ahiMsA thaa| jaba unheM yaha batAyA gayA ki vedoM meM hiMsA vihita hai, taba aisI hiMsAvRtti kA pratipAdana karanevAle vedoM ko ina mahApuruSoM meM prAmANika mAnane se bhI inakAra kara diyaa| donoM hI mahApuruSoM kI karmabhUmi, sAmAjika aura dhArmika pariveza aura upadeza ke tAttvika cintana meM bahuta kucha samAnatA hai| yaha bAta alaga hai ki jainadharma kI paramparA sadiyoM pahale se bhAratIya samAja meM calI A rahI thI aura bauddhadharma kA pravartana gautama buddha ne svayaM kiyA thA / jainoM aura bauddhoM ne samAnarUpa se jitendriyatA yA brahmacarya-pAlana para bala diyA thaa| isa dRSTi se do bAtoM para hamArA dhyAna jAtA hai ki mahAvIra aura buddhapUrva bhArata meM yadi tathAkathita yajJoM meM svargopabhoga kI kAmanA se baliprathA pracalita thI to samAnAntara rUpa meM ina sthUla bhautika upalabdhiyoM ke khilApha upaniSad kI sudIrgha aura cintana-samRddha paramparA bhI milatI hai, jinameM 'preya' jIvana kI tulanA meM zreya' jIvana ko zreSThatara mAnA gayA hai / kaThopaniSad meM 'nAciketA' aura 'yama' ke saMvAdoM meM isa parama satya kA, amRta tattva kA prakAza huA hai| AtmavidyA, brahmajJAna, satya, AtmaprasAra jaise udAtta cintana kA vyAkhyAna kAlAtIta aura vizvavyApI hai / upaniSadoM ke akSara-akSara meM usI akSara brahma kA pratipAdana hai| ina upaniSadoM meM manuSya kI Antarika zakti ke

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mahAvIra aura buddha ke jIvana aura unakI cintana- dRSTi prakAza para bala diyA gayA hai| ve isI artha meM amRta - putra mAne gaye haiM / upaniSadoM kA lakSya hai manuSya kI pazu-pravRttiyoM kA zamana kara usake antara meM nihita IzvarIya zaktiyoM kA vikAsa / upaniSadoM meM isa naitikatA kA tarkasaMgata AdhAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai ki hama dUsaroM kI bhalAI kyoM kreN| kyoMki hama saba eka haiN| dUsaroM kI sahAyatA kara apanI hI sahAyatA karate haiM aura dUsaroM para AghAta kara khuda ko coTa pahu~cAte haiM / IzopaniSad kA yaha cintana ki jo sabhI prANiyoM ko apanI AtmA meM mahasUsa karatA hai, saba prANiyoM meM apane-Apako dekhatA hai, vaha carama sthiti ko prApta kara letA hai| ekatA kI isa anubhUti se usake koI moha aura zoka nahIM raha jAtA / nazvarazIla jIvana kA saccA Ananda akSara brahma meM hI hai (nAlpe sukhamasti bhUmA vai sukham ) / isakA eka kaNa bhI prANiyoM ke lie amRta-tulya hai / upaniSadoM ne AtmajJAna para bala diyaa| isa jJAna ko ve amRta kA setu mAnate haiM / usakA sAdhana ve brahmacarya aura tapa ko mAnate haiN| (brahmacaryeNa tapasA devA mRtyumupAghnata) / 16 donoM hI mahApuruSoM ke cintana kA sarvopari lakSya hai kaivalya athavA bodha / pAramparika zailI meM usa lakSya taka pahu~cane ke lie brahmacarya pAlana para bala diyA gayA hai / 'brahmacarya' bahuta hI vyApaka zabda hai, yaha jitendriyatA athavA 'jina' kA paryAya hai / indriyoM kI, mana kI tamAma tRSNAoM para vijaya pAne para AtmaprakAza dIpta hokara 'akSara' 'parabrahma' kA pUrNa prakAza hotA hai / gItA meM isI uttamottama avasthA kA ullekha huA hai : labhante brahmanirvANamRSayaH kSINakalmaSAH / chinnadvaidhA yatAtmAnaH sarvabhUtahite ratAH // 17 niSpApa RSi saba prANiyoM ke hita meM samarpita ho, dvaitatA ko vilIna kara brahmanirvANa prApta karate haiM / yaha 'nirvANa' zabda bhAratIya tattvavidyA, jaina aura bauddha sAhitya meM bahuta hI lokapriya hai| nirvANa kA artha hotA hai tRSNAoM kA zamana yA bujhanA, yahI manuSyatva kA carama lakSya hotA hai| mahAvIra aura buddha donoM kI hI vANiyoM meM nirvANa ko parama pada kA, mokSa kA paryAya mAnA gayA hai : 121 nibbANaM ti avAhaMti, siddhI logaggameva ya / khame sivaM aNAvAhaM jaM caraMti mahesino // .18 ( usa sthAna ke nirvANa, abAdha, siddhi, lokAgra, kSema, ziva anAbAdha Adi aneka nAma haiM / vahA~ maharSigaNa hI vicaraNa kara sakate haiM) / yaha saba samyak darzana, samyak jJAna aura samyak cAritrya ke binA sambhava nahIM hai / ina tInoM ke vinA mokSa nahIM, karma-bandhana se mukti ke vinA nirvANa kI prApti hotI hI nahIM /

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122 Vaishali Institute Rescarch Bulletin No. 8 nAdaMsaNissaM nANaM nANeNa viNA na hu~ti crnngunnaa| aguNissa Nasthi mokkho, Nasthi amokkhassa nivvANaM / tathAgata ne mahAvIra kI bhA~ti apane upadezoM meM isa bAta para bAra-bAra bala diyA hai ki niSkAma jIvana bitAkara hI mAnava jIvana ke sarvocca lakSya 'nirvANa' ko prApta kara sakatA hai : etamatthavasaM JatvA paMDito siilsNvuto| nibbANA-gamanaM maggaM khippameva visodhaye // 20 ucchinda sinehamattano, kumudaM sAradikaM va paanninaa| santimaggameva brUhaya, nivvANaM sugnendesitm||1 nirvANa ko carama lakSya donoM hI dharma-mArgoM kA hai| usakI avadhAraNA meM to samAnatA hai hii| usake sAdhanoM-samyak darzana, samyak jJAna aura samyak cAritrya se hI nirvANa yA mokSa jainadRSTi se sambhava hai| usI prakAra bauddha cintana meM Arya aSTAMgika mArga-samyak dRSTi, samyak saMkalpa, samyak vacana, samyak karmAnta, samyak AjIva (zIla), samyak vyAyAma, samyak smRti aura samyak smaadhi| vahA~ sAdhana cAra haiM to yahA~ ATha / inhIM AThoM ke mAdhyama se duHkha-nirodha yA nirvANa-pada manuSya prApta karatA hai| yaha ullekhanIya hai ki 'dRSTi' zabda jJAnavAcaka hai| manuSya ko jaba kuzala (ahiMsA, acaura, avyabhicAra, amRSAvacana, apizunavacana, apuruSavacana, asampralApa) aura akuzala (hiMsA, corI, vyabhicAra, jhUTha, cugalakhorI, kaThoravacana, sampralApa) karmoM kA jJAna ho jAtA hai, kuzala karmoM ke sampAdana kA prabala saMkalpa dRr3hatara hotA jAtA hai| uttarottara siddhigAmI sIr3hiyoM se gujaratA huA sAdhaka nirvANa-pada prApta karatA hai| isIlie dharmapada meM kahA gayA hai-mArgoM meM aSTAMgika zreSTha hai, loka ke satyoM meM cAra Arya satya zreSTha haiM : maggAnaTuMgiko seTTho saccAnaM caturo pdaa|22 bauddha cintana kI gahanatA kA sAra dharmapada ke ina tIna amRta upadezoM meM sampuTita sabbapApassa akaraNaM kusalassa upsNpdaa| sacittapariyodapanaM etaM buddhassa zAsanam // saba pApoM ko na karanA, kuzala karmoM kA upasampAdana aura citta kI zuddhi, buddha kA yahI zAsana hai|

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mahAvIra aura buddha ke jIvana aura unakI cintana-dRSTi 123 vicAroM kI bhASA aura abhivyakti : mahAvIra varddhamAna aura gautama buddha ke nirvANa-sambandhI cintana meM hI samAnatA ke darzana nahIM hote, apitu usa yuga ke vicAra aura karmabhUmi ko bahuta sAre prazna prabhAvita kara rahe the, unake prati samAdhAna kI dRSTi meM sAmya hI nahIM, tAdAtmya bhI bar3I gaharAI taka dikhAI detA hai| yahA~taka ki una vicAroM kI bhASA aura unakI abhivyakti-praNAlI meM adbhuta ekAtmatA dikhAI detI hai| paNDita kauna hai? brAhmaNa kauna hai? mUrkha kauna hai? dehAnityatva kyA hai? tulA kyA hai? saMyama kyA hai? ahiMsA kyA hai? vijetA kauna hai? Adi vicAra-binduoM ke sandarbha jo samAdhAna prastuta kiye gaye haiM, unameM kitanA spaSTa sAmya hai| basa eka kI bhASA prAkRta hai, to dUsare kI paalii| yaha to donoM hI dharma-pravartakoM kI spaSTa mAnyatA thI, unake upadeza usa samaya pracalita ziSTa bhASA saMskRta meM na ho, apitu lokabhASA meM ho| lokabhASA kA rUpa sthAnabheda aura kAlabheda se badalatA rahatA hai| donoM ke karmakSetra bhI prAyaH eka-se rahe haiM, isa lie donoM ke upadezoM kI bhASAe~ lokabhASAe~ haiM, jo eka dUsare kI pArzvavartI haiN| yahA~ yaha ullekha karanA sarvathA ucita hogA ki mahAvIra aura buddha kI vANiyoM kI jo bhASA hameM upalabdha hai, vaha usakA lokapracalita prakRta rUpa to kadApi nahIM hai, una lokabhASAoM kA mAgadhI aura ardhamAgadhI kA pariSkRta sAhityika rUpa hai, jinakA sampAdana-saMkalana mUla upadezoM ke pravartana ke sadiyoM bAda huaa| zramaNa aura samaNa : zramaNa aura samaNa ye zabda donoM hI dharmoM meM bahuta pracalita haiN| una zabdoM kA Antara rasa hai--jo kAma, krodha, lobha, moha Adi durdamanIya vRttiyoM kA, tRSNA kA zamana kara le, vaha zramaNa yA zamana hotA hai| isa sandarbha meM donoM ne hI samAna bhAva se vicAra prakaTa kiye haiM ki akrodha se krodha ko jIte, satya se asatya ko jIte, asAdhutA ko sAdhutA se jIte, kRpaNatA ko dAnazIlatA se jIte : uvasameNa hane kohaM mAnaM maddavayA jine| mAmanajjavabhAveNa lobhaM satoSao jine / / 24 sAdhaka zAnti se krodha kA hanana kare, vinamratA se mAna ko jIte, saralatA se mAna kA nAza kare aura lobha para saMtoSa se vijaya prApta kare / isase ekadama milatI-julatI bhAvanA buddhavANI meM yoM prasphuTita huI hai : akkodhena jine krodhaM asAdhu sAdhunA jine| jine kadariyaM dAnena, saccena alIkavAdinaM // 25

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124 buddha ne to use hI 'sArathi' batAyA, jo car3he hue krodha ke Avega ko bhrAnta ratha ke vega kI bhA~ti roka letA hai / anya loga to lagAma pakar3anevAle bhara hote haiM : yo ve uppatitaM kothaM rathaM bhantaM va dhAraye / 26 tamahaM sArathiM bUmi, rasmiggAho itaro jano // ina vicAroM se gItA ke isa kathana kA adbhuta sAmya hai : Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 zaknotIhaiva ya: soDhuM prAk zarIravimokSaNAt / kAmakrAdhodbhavaM vegaM sa yuktaH sa sukhI naraH // .27 kAma-krodha se utpanna vega ko jo saha sake, vahI yukta aura sukhI manuSya hai / donoM ke hI upadezoM meM manuSya kI mUrkhatA kA bar3A hI prabhAvotpAdaka varNana milatA hai / mUrkha pratimAsa kuza ke noka se bhojana kare, to bhI vaha dharmajJa ke solahaveM aMza jitanA bhI dharma kA bhAgI nahIM hotA : tulanIyaH tulanIya : mAse mAse tu jo bAle, kusaggeNaM tu bhuMjae / na so sukkhAya dhammassa, kalaM agghaI solasi / / 28 donoM hI mahApuruSoM kI jJAnaprApti ke lie samarpita bhikSu kI avadhAraNA meM adbhuta sAmya hai : mAse mAse kusaggena bAlo bhuMjenaM bhojanaM / na so saMkhatadhammAnaM kalaM agghati solasiM // ,29 hatsaJJato, pAdasaJJato vAcAya saJJato, saJJatuttamo / ajjhattarato samAhito, eko saMtusito tamAhu .30 bhikkhu // hattha saMjae pAya saMjae, vAyasaMjae saMja iMdie / ajjhaparaye susamAhi appA, suttatthaM ca viyANai je sa bhikkhu // 31 jo hAtha, pA~va, vANI tathA anya indriyoM meM saMyata hai, adhyAtmarata, samAhita aura santuSTa hai, vaha bhikSu hotA hai| donoM ke cintana meM adbhuta sAmya hI nahIM, bhASA aura bhAva kI dRSTi se bhI donoM eka haiM I

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mahAvIra aura buddha ke jIvana aura unakI cintana -dRSTi sAdhanA-mArgoM meM apramattatA kA mahattva : sAdhanArata jIvana ke lie donoM ne hI apramAda ko amRtapada kA paryAya mAnA hai / apramAda athavA jAgarUkatA ko lakSya kara mahAvIra ne aneka preraka padoM meM sAdhaka ko pramAdamukta, apramatta hokara hI vicaraNa karane kA upadeza diyA hai| tabhI viveka zIghratA se prApta hotA hai / ataH AtmAnurakSI sAdhaka laukika kAmopabhoga tyAga mokSamArga para cale : vippaM na sakke vivegameDaM, tamhA samuTThAya pahAya kAme / samicca loyaM samayA maheso, AyANu rakkhI careppamatto // samayaM goyema ! mA pmaaae|' 32 ThIka isI zailI meM tathAgata ne kahA-na pramAda meM lage raho, na kAmAsakti kA hI guNagAna karo / pramAdarahita dhyAna meM lagA puruSa nirvANa kA vipula sukha pAtA hai : 125 mA pamAdamanuyuJjatha mA kAmarati saMbhavaM / appamatto hi jhAyaMto pappoti vipulaM sukhaM // 33 vastutaH jina doSoM ko tyAgakara manuSya nirvANa yA kaivalya ke amRta pada ko prApta kara sakatA hai, usake sambandha meM donoM ke cintana meM vilakSaNa sAmya hai / donoM ne hI akuzala karmoM hiMsA, asatya bhASaNa, pramAda, steya, parigraha, tRSNA Adi kA kaThora niSedha kiyA hai, to ahiMsA, satya, sadvacana, apramAda, asteya, aparigraha aura tRSNAkSaya para apane upadeza-vacanoM meM bala diyA hai| cU~ki donoM hI samakAlIna the| donoM ko eka-sI dhArmika sAmAjika samasyAe~, rUr3ha paramparAoM kI ispAtI dIvAreM cunautI de rahI thIM / isalie unake samAdhAna kI dRSTi meM, jIvana-dRSTi meM, soca-samajha meM, kAryazailI meM sAmya hI nahIM, ekarUpatA bhI hai| nirvANa kyA hai ? hA~, donoM mahApuruSoM ke cintana meM thor3I bhinnatA bhI hai| buddha jIvana jagat ko anitya aura duHkhamaya mAnane ke sAtha hI AtmA ke astitva ko nahIM svIkArate, paramAtmA yA parabrahma ko mAnane kA prazna hI yahA~ nahIM haiM / vaha to avyAkRta hai| hA~, unakA paramocca lakSya hai nirvANa prApti / vaha AtmA ke paramAtmA se milana kI parikalpanA se sarvathA bhinna hai / use vaha mukti nahIM mAnate / azvaghoSa ne nirvANa kI avadhAraNA ko khUba hI spaSTa kiyA hai-- bujhA huA dIpaka na dharatI meM jAtA hai na AkAza meM ur3a jAtA hai dizAoM meM bhI nahIM jAtA vaha, kevala tela ke na rahane se zAnti pA jAtA hai, vaise hI nirvANa (vItarAgatA) prApta puNyAtmA dharatI, AkAza aura dizAoM meM nahIM samAtA, klezoM

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126 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 ke kSaya se zAnti pA jAtA hai| yaha zAnti yA vItarAgatA nirvANa hI nahIM, usase bhI kahIM ucca hai| unhoMne ghoSita kiyA ki kevala apane ko mukta karane se kyA, yadi saba prANiyoM ko duHkhajAla se mukta nahIM kiyA : kiM me ekena tiNNena purisena dhmmdsinaa| savvaJjataM pApuNitvA sAMtAressaM sadevakaM // 25 prArambhika bauddha cintana nitAnta ADambarahIna thaa| buddha ne apane samaya meM vibhAjita samAja ko, jAtigata bheda ko khaNDita kara sabako ekasUtra meM bA~dhanA caahaa| dharma kI sAdhanA kA adhikAra unhoMne manuSya-mAtra ko diyaa| jAtigata vibhAjaka vyavasthA ke khilApha vidroha kiyA aura sabase bar3I bAta yaha ki maitrI aura karuNAdRSTi ke prasAra para bala diyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki agalI kucha sadiyoM meM hI, IsAmasIha ke prAdurbhAva se pahale hI vizvadharma ke pada para pratiSThita ho gayA bauddhadharma / mahAvIra-pravartita jainadharma kA paramocca lakSya hai kaivalya-jJAna kI prApti / vaha kaivalya pada yA mokSa samyak darzana, samyak jJAna aura samyak cAritra kI satata sAdhanA se hI sambhava hai|36 jaina cintana meM bhI bauddhadharma kI bhA~ti satya, ahiMsA, brahmacarya, karmavibhAjana aura AcaraNa kI pavitratA se mokSaprApti kI avadhAraNA para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| gautama buddha ne apane upadezoM meM jina kucha jaTila praznoM ko 'avyAkRtAni' kahakara upekSA kI thI, mahAvIra varddhamAna ne una jaTila praznoM kA samAdhAna bahuta hI tarkasaMgata DhaMga se prastuta kiyA hai / bauddha cintana meM jahA~ 'anAtma' para bahuta bala DAlA gayA hai, vahA~ jaina cintana meM 'AtmA' ke astitva, usakI anantatA aura punarjanma kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| AtmavAdapradhAna jaina cintana meM koI bhI vastu na to sarvathA nitya hai aura na anitya hii| saMsAra kI samasta vastuoM kA nirmANa paramANuoM ke saMgaThana se hotA hai / paramANupuMja ko 'skandha' kahate haiN| ye sAdi, anAdi, ananta, nitya, mUrta aura amUrta bhI hote haiN| pRthvI, jala, teja Adi sabhI dravya inhIM paramANuoM ke saMghAta haiN| ina paramANuoM ko jIvana meM sakriya aura nitya parivartanazIla dekhakara hI manuSya ke antara meM janma-maraNa ke bandhana se mukti pAne kI preraNA jagatI hai| tabhI vaha jIva yA AtmA saMvara (jJAnendriyoM aura karmendriyoM ke saMyama) dvArA karmaparamANuoM se mukta aura nirlipta ho, tRSNAoM ke bandhana ko chinna-bhinna kara mokSa prApta kara letA hai| jaina aura aupaniSadika cintana : jaina cintana jIvAtmA ke astitva aura punarjanma kA pratipAdana kara upaniSad kI AtmavidyA se jur3A huA hai, vahIM sRSTi kA kartA Izvara ko na mAnakara 'prAkRtika tattvoM meM vidyamAna paramANuoM ke sunizcita niyamoM ke anusAra sRSTi-racanA hone ke tathya kA

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mahAvIra aura buddha ke jIvana aura unakI cintana -dRSTi pratipAdana karatA hai aura isa prakAra vaha eka ora sAMkhya, bauddha aura vaizeSika darzana kI gahana cintana - rekhAoM se jur3A huA mAlUma par3atA hai / paramANuoM ke sandhAna se bhautika jagat kA sRjana yaha cintana Adhunika vaijJAnika vicAradhArA se bhI bahuta kucha milatA julatA hai| anekAntavAdaH syAdvAdaH 'syAdvAda' jaina cintana kA merudaNDa hai / koI bhI vastu yA vyakti kA svarUpa yA caritra-nirdhAraNa kisI eka ko lekara ekAntataH nahIM hotA, vaha kisI anya kI apekSA se hotA hai / saMsAra kI koI bhI vastu na to nitAnta nitya hotI hai aura na nitAnta anitya hI / jisa taraha vedAnta meM 'brahma' kI satyatA aura jagat ke mithyAtva kA pratipAdana vaicArika jagat meM eka maulika dena hai, vaise hI syAdvAda yA anekAntavAda jaina cintana kI atyanta gahana niSpatti aura mahAn upalabdhi hai| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra choTe-se dIpaka se virAT AkAza taka kA vizleSaNa syAdvAda - cintana ke anusAra ho sakatA hai / syAdvAda kI saptabhaMgI vivecana-zailI se saMsAra kI vividha nAma-rUpa- guNadharmI vastuoM kA jJAna hotA hai | Aja ke sApekSavAda ke sahAre Adhunika vaijJAnika bhautika jagat kA vaijJAnika vizleSaNa karate haiM, parantu jaina darzana ke syAdvAda ke dvArA to pudgala (nazvara jagat) se AtmA taka sabakA samAna rUpa se tarkasaMgata vivecana sambhava hai| Aja kA sApekSavAda kevala bhautika jagat kA vizleSaNa karatA hai, vahA~ yaha adhyAtmajagat kA bhI vivecana karane kI sthiti meM hai / isakA kSetra kahIM vyApaka hai| 127 pratItyasamutpAda: zUnyavAda : 37 isa sandarbha meM hamArA dhyAna 'pratItyasamutpAda' se vikasita prasiddha bauddha cintana 'zUnyavAda' kI ora jAtA hai| vaha merI dRSTi meM jaina cintana ke merudaNDa syAdvAda yA anekAntavAda ke bahuta kucha samAnAntara hai / isa cintana ke pravartaka dvitIya zatAbdI ke mahAn bauddha vicAraka nAgArjuna haiN| unhoMne pratItyasamutpAda ko hI 'zUnyavAda' kahA hai| zUnyavAda ke lie do aura nAmoM kA unhoMne prayoga kiyA hai : 'upAdAya - prajJapti' aura 'madhyamA pratipad' / isake anusAra koI vastu akele nahIM huA karatI / ratha eka prajJapti hai, para yaha akelA nahIM vaha pahiyA, usake samUce DhA~ce, ballI, rassI, juA Adi upAdAnoM ko lekara hI sampanna ho pAtA hai / isI prajJapti kA vivecana 'lalitavistara' meM bIja aura aMkura ke mAdhyama se bhI kiyA gayA hai| bIja hone para aMkura hotA hai, para bIja hI aMkura nahIM hai aura bIja se pRthak athavA usase kucha bhinna kucha aura vastu bhI aMkura nahIM hai / ataH bIja nitya nahIM, para vaha anitya bhI nahIM; kyoMki aMkura bIja kA parivartita rUpa hai| 38 isa udAharaNa se isa siddhAnta kI puSTi hotI hai ki pratyeka vastu ke utpanna hone

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128 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 kA kAraNa hotA hai| kAraNa se utpanna kArya na to kAraNa se bhinna hotA hai, na abhinna hii| ataH koI bhI vastu na to zAzvata hai aura na usakA nitAnta uccheda hI hotA hai / bauddha cintanadhArA kA mUla srota hai azAzvatatAnucchedavAda / kArya ke mUla meM kAraNa to rahatA hI hai, para kArya to kAraNa kA parivartita rUpa hai| koI bhI karma kartA kI apekSA se aura anya anukUla paristhitiyoM ke sahayoga se sampanna hotA hai| karma ke lie vaise kartA kI apekSA hotI hai| kartA ko bhI karma kI apekSA hotI hai| donoM ko binA sApekSa mAne siddhi sambhava nahIM hai / nAgArjuna-sApekSatA, sakAraNatA aura parivartana kA aTUTa niyama hI pratItya kI samutpAda hai| zUnyatA koI dRSTi nahIM, apitu kasauTI hai, jisapara vibhinna dRSTikoNoM kA mUlyAMkana kiyA jAtA hai / vastutaH zUnyatA eka prakAra kA tarAjU hai, jisa para vibhinna vicAroM kI satyatA ko hama taulate haiM, parakhate haiN| zUnyatA ke sahAre hI hama isa tathya ko hRdayaMgama kara sakate haiM ki pratyeka vastu yA ghaTanA ke mUla meM koI nizcita kAraNa hotA hai| koI bhI vastu AdikAla se hI utpanna hokara nahIM AtA hai, apitu vibhinna paristhitiyoM se usakA nirmANa hotA hai| saMsAra meM nirantara parivartana ho rahA hai, jaise dIye kI lau meM / jagat ke pA~coM skandha dIye kI lau kI taraha pratikSaNa badala rahe haiN| vicAra kara gaharAI se dekheM to na koI anta hai, na kahIM Arambha, jaise vRtta AkAra binduoM se banatA hai, pratyeka bindu apane agalevAle kI apekSA sAnta hai aura pichalevAle kI apekSA ananta / usI taraha parivartana kA yaha cakra eka dUsare kI apekSA se sAnta bhI hai aura ananta bhI hai|39 pratItyasamutpAda rUpI zUnyavAda ke sahAre hI cAra Arya satyoM kI pratiSThA sambhava hai| pratyeka padArtha pratItyasamutpAda hone ke kAraNa sApekSa sat hai, nirapekSa nhiiN| nirapekSa sattA na mAnane kA nAma hI zUnyavAda hai| isIlie yaha syAdvAda yA anekAntavAda kA samAnAntara hai| pratItyasamutpAda yA zUnyatA ke siddhAnta ke sahAre jIvana aura jagat ko samajhA jA sakatA hai, isase satya kI sarvocca lakSya kI prApti sambhava hai| vahI nirvANa kI sthiti hai| samAhAra: . jainacintana meM anekAntavAda bhI isI prakAra kA sarvathA tAttvika vicAradarzana hai| darzana kA uddezya hai vastu kA yathArtha bodha / isI bodha ke dvArA manuSya ko mukti yA kaivalya-pada prApta hotA hai| mahAvIra varddhamAna dvArA pratipAdita darzana aura dharma meM bodha kI garimA ke mUlyAMkana kA pratimAna (kasauTI) hai anekaantvaad| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra ahiMsA dharma aura anekAnta jIvana-jagat ke prati carama satya dRSTi / satya ke prati samarpita dRSTi hI jJAna hai| jJAna tabhI sArthaka hai, jaba vaha ajJAna ko dUra kara prakAza kI ora manuSya ko agrasara kre| samyak jJAna, samyak darzana dvArA hI samyak cAritrya se manuSya sampanna ho pAtA hai| pahale kisI vastu kA yA lakSya kA samyak jJAna ho, usa

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mahAvIra aura buddha ke jIvana aura unakI cintana-dRSTi 129 jJAna kI dRr3ha pratIti ho aura tadanurUpa jIvana meM, apane caritra meM usa jJAna ko utArA jAya, tabhI manuSya apane uccatama lakSya para pahu~ca sakatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki mahAvIra varddhamAna ne dharma ke prati ahiMsA ko, dayA ko mUlya dekara aura cintana ke kSetra meM anekAnta ke mahattva kA pratipAdana kara AcAra aura vicAra ke kSetra meM samasta mAnava jAti ko susabhya aura susaMskRta banAne kA jo aitihAsika mahattva kA avadAna diyA, usakI tulanA kisI anya dharma aura darzana se sambhava nhiiN| unake vicAroM ke amRta-tattva kA ullekha yoM kiyA gayA hai : je egaM jANai se savvaM jaanni| ___je savvaM se egaM jANai // 40 jo eka padArtha ko jAnatA hai, vaha sabako jAna letA hai aura jo sabako jAnatA hai, vahI eka ko jAna sakatA hai / isa jagat ke cetanAtmaka aura acetanAtmaka tattva svabhAva, guNa aura paryAyoM meM anantatA se sampanna haiM / acetana miTTI ke kaNa meM bIja-vapana hone se nAnA rUpa-raMga ke asvAdu aura svAdu phala hote haiN| eka hI manuSya sambandhoM kI apekSA se pitA bhI hai, putra bhI hai, bhAI bhI hai / vaha nAnA sambandhoM se jur3A vibhinna bhUmikAoM meM prastuta hotA hai, usake alaga abhidhAna hote haiN| ThIka isI prakAra pratyeka padArtha meM sattA-asattA, nityatA-anityatA, ekatA-anekatA Adi dharma hote haiM aura unameM paraspara virodha bhI nahIM hotA / isa jIva-rahasya ko hRdayaMgama karane ke lie anekAntavAda' eka kasauTI hai| isa dRSTi se syAdvAda kI saptabhaMgI-zailI se samanvita jaina cintana kA anekAnta aura bauddha cintana kA pratItyasamutpAda yA zUnyavAda eka dUsare ke bahuta nikaTavartI siddhAnta haiN| cU~ki donoM kI dRSTi hai satya kI talAza meM ekAMgI na honA aura pUrvAgrahagrasta na hokara sahI niSkarSa para phuNcnaa| yaha aisI cintana-zailI hai jo khojI ko satyAnveSaNa kI ora pravRtta karatI hai| yaha dRSTi donoM hI cintanadhArAoM ko kevala karIba hI nahIM lAtI apitu vizvadharmoM ke itihAsa meM ina donoM hI bhAratIya dharmoM kA sthAna bhI sarvocca ho jAtA hai| gaharAI se vicAra kara dekheM to donoM hI dharmoM meM cintana kI dRSTi se ahiMsA aura tapa kI mahimA kA vivecana bAra-bAra kiyA gayA hai| kaivalya yA nirvANa-pada kI prApti ke lie ahiMsA aura tapa donoM hI anivArya sAdhana hI nahIM, nitAnta AvazyakatAe~ haiM / ahiMsA mana, vacana aura karma se sampanna ho| mahAvIra varddhamAna kA spaSTa kathana hai : jaba saba ko apanA prANa priya hai, to kisI kI hiMsA karanA kahA~ taka ucita hai ? kisI bhI prANI kI hiMsA na karanI cAhie : savve pANA piyAuyA suhasAyA dukkhapaDikUlA appiyavahA piyajIviNo, jIviukAmA savvesi jIviyaM piyaM / 41 mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM ahiMsA zAzvata dharma hai, yahI vijJAna hai :

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130 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 evaM kkhu nANino sAraM, jaM na hiMsai kiNcn| ahiMsA samayaM ceva, eyAvaMta viyaanniyaa||2 buddha kI dRSTi meM bhI ahiMsA kA vahI mahattva hai| unhoMne apane upadezoM meM spaSTa rUpa se ghoSita kiyA-prANiyoM kI hiMsA karane se koI Arya nahIM hotaa| Arya to prANimAtra kI ahiMsA se hI kahA jAtA hai| apane samAna hI sabakA sukha-duHkha jAnakara na to svayaM hI kisI ko mAre aura na kisI ko mArane ke lie prerita kare : na tena ariyo hoti yena pANAni hiMsati / ahiMsA savvapANAnaM ariyo ti pavuccati // sabve tasaMti daMDassa, savve bhAyaMti maccuno / attAnaM upamaM kRtvA na haneyya na ghAtaye // 3 cintana kI dRSTi se donoM dharmoM kI dRSTi meM nikaTatA hai| bauddha cintana meM 'nairAtmya' para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai, jaba ki jaina cintana meM saMsAra meM jIva aura ajIva do tattva mAne gaye haiM aura jIva nitya aura ananta haiN| cintana kA mahattva : vicAra ke kSetra meM donoM hI dharmoM meM jo bhI maulika antara ho, para AcAra kI dRSTi se donoM aura bhI eka dUsare ke nikaTa haiN| loka-kalyANa kI sAdhanA ke lie donoM ne hI ahiMsA, satya, asteya, aparigraha aura brahmacarya ko pramukhatA pradAna kI thii| vicAraNIya hai ki kyA Aja se paccIsa sau varSa pahale ke pariveza meM donoM hI dharma-pravartakoM ne nayA jIvana-darzana aura AcArasaMhitA prastuta kii| usI ke Aloka meM apanA jIvana jIyA aura sadiyoM taka bhArata aura bhArata ke pAra ke sAdhakoM ko apanI jIvana-dRSTi se anuprerita kiyaa| Aja ke badale hue sandarbho meM kyA unakI apekSA raha gaI hai? isakA sIdhA-sAdA uttara yahI hai ki donoM hI mahApuruSoM ne usa samaya kI samagra paristhita ke sandarbha meM cintana prastuta kiyaa| usakA mahattva to hai hI, para ve cintana aura AcAra-darzana zAzvata jIvanamUlyoM se anuprerita haiN| prANimAtra para dayA, nirlobhatA, nirmohatA, asteya aura aparigraha se manuSya kI pazu-pravRttiyoM kA 'zamana' hotA hai| Aja kI duniyA kA sabase bar3A roga yahI hai ki loga kAma, vaibhava aura sattA kI tRSNA se pIr3ita haiN| mahattvAkAkSAoM kI Aga meM jala rahe haiN| kahIM nirvairatA nahIM, kahIM paraspara maitrI nhiiN| gaharAI se vicAra kara dekheM to buddha aura

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mahAvIra aura buddha ke jIvana aura unakI cintana-dRSTi 131 mahAvIra donoM ke hI amRtamaya vacanoM ke anusAra saMsAra meM kyA Ananda aura kyA hNsnaa| cAroM ora andhakAra chAyA huA hai, manuSya jJAna kA dIpa lekara satya ko kyoM nahIM tlaashtaa|44 lobhI manuSya ke lie sone aura cA~dI ke kailAsa kI taraha asaMkhya vizAla parvata prApta hone para bhI kucha nahIM ke barAbara hai; kyoMki manuSya kI tRSNA AkAza kI taraha ananta hai (mahAvIra) : (ka) ki nu hAso kimAnaMdo niccaM prajjalite sti| aMdhakAreNa onaddhA pradIpaM na gavesatha / / (kha) suvaNNa rUpassa u pavvayA bhave siyAhu kelAsa samA asNkhyyaa| narassa luddhassa na tehi kiMci, icchA hu AgAsasamA aNaMtiyA / / Adhunika bhArata aura samasta vizva ke samagra kalyANa aura jJAna-prakAza ke lie ahiMsAmUlaka jIvana-darzana ko AcaraNa meM DhAlane kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hai| sandarbha-srota : 1. da kalcarala heriTeja oNpha iNDiyA pRSTha 400-401: hIrAlAla jaina 2. Avazyakaniyukti, pRSTha 80-83 3. triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita, parva 10, sarga 2, zloka 22 4. lalitavistara : lipizAlA-saMdarzana-parivarta 5. buddhacaritaH pRSTha 14-15. rAmacandra zukla kA hindI-anuvAda; AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1, patra-246 6. (ka) vAsupUjyo mahAvIro malliH pArtho yaduttamaH / kumArA nirgatA gehAt pRthivIpatayo'pare / -padmapurANa, 20.67. (kha) mallI AriSTanemI pAso vIro ya vAsupUjjo ___ ee kumArasIhA gehAo niggayA jiNavariMdA // --paumacariya, vIsaimo uddezo, patra 98-2 7. lalitavistara : abhiniSkramaNa parivarta 8. mahAbhiniSkramaNa kA dRzyAMkana ajantA, amarAvatI, sA~cI aura nAgarjunakoNDA meM 9. buddhacarita : 6/67 azvaghoSa 10 adRSTatattvo viSayonmukhendriyaH zrayeyaM na tveva gRhAt pRthagjanaH :-buddhacarita 69, azvaghoSa

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132 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 11. savvesu kira uvasaggAsu duyivasahA katare ? kaDapUyaNAsIya kAlacakkaM etaM ceva sallaM kaDiThaDhajalaM, ahavA jahannagANa uvari kaDapUyaNAsItaM, majjhimANa kAlacakkaM, ukkakosagANa uvariM zalluddharaNaM / 12. lalitavistara : duSkaracaryA parivartaH 13.AvazyakacUrNi, prathama bhAga patra 322 tathA Avazyakaniyukti, pRSTha 100-1 evaM nemicandra sUri-racita mahAvIracariya, 1358-65 14. kaThopaniSad 15. muNDakopaniSad; zvetAzvetara upa. 11.5 16. IzopaniSad chAndogya upa., 7.23 17. zrImadbhagavadgItA, 5.24-26 18. jIvasUtra, 30 mahAvIravANI 19. jIvasUtra, 21 mahAvIravANI 20. dharmapada 21. dharmapada, gAthA 284-289 22. dharmapada, 183 23. dharmapada, 273 24. mahAvIravANIH narakasUtra, 44 25. dharmapadakrodhavagga, 223 26. dharmapada, krodhavagga. 222 27. zrImadbhagavadgItA 5 28. mahAvIravANI : bAlasUtra, 3 29. dharmapada, gAthA 362 30. dharmapada, bhikkhuvagga 362 31. mahAvIravANI gAthA saMkhyA 281 32. mahAvIravANI : apramAda sUtra, 5-6 33. dharmapada : apramAdavagga, 7 34. azvaghoSa

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mahAvIra aura buddha ke jIvana aura unakI cintana- dRSTi 35. azvaghoSa 36. samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSamArga, tattvArthasUtra : umAsvAti, sUtra 1 37. yaH pratItyasamutpAdaH zUnyatA tAM pracakSmahe / sA prajJaptirUpamAdAya pratipamAtsaiva madhyamA / -- mAdhyamikakArikA, 24.18 38. bIjasya sato yathAGkuro na ca yo bIja sa caiva aMkuro / na ca anyu tano na caiva tadevamanuccheda azAzvata dharmatA / - lalitavistara, pRSTha 210 39. skandhAnAmeva santAno yasmAd darIpArciSAmiva / pravartate tasmAt nAntAtantatvaM ca yujyate // 40. jainadharma, pRSTha 102-103 : muni suzIlakumAra 41. zrImahAvIravacanAmRta, pRSTha 121 42. mahAvIravANI : ahiMsAsUtra, 11 43. dharmapada, 1.19 44. dharmapada 8.87; mahAvIravANI, kaSAyasUtra, 8 133 mAdhyamikakArikA, 27.22

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prAkRta- apabhraMza chanda : paramparA evaM vikAsa DaoN. gadAdhara siMha bhAratIya vAGmaya meM chandaH zAstra kA mahattva prArambha se hI rahA hai| veda ke arthajJAna kA upakAraka hone ke kAraNa ise 'SaDaMga' meM sthAna diyA gayA thA / pANinIya zikSA ke anusAra chanda veda kA pAdavat upakAraka hai - chandaH pAdau tu vedasya hastau kalpo'tha paThyate (pANinIya zikSA, caraNavyUha khaNDa) / sAyaNa ne bhI vedArtha ke jJAna meM chandoM kI upayogitA ko svIkAra kiyA hai / eteSAM ca vedArthopakAriNAM SaNNAM granthAnAM vedAGgattvam // bharatamuni to yahA~taka kaha diyA hai ki chanda se rahita koI zabda nahIM aura zabda se rahita koI chanda nahIM / chandahIno na zabdo'sti na chandaH zabdavarjitam / (nATyazAstra, 14.45) piMgalachandaH sUtra ke TIkAkAra halAyudha bhaTTa ne chanda ko kaviyoM kI A~kha mAnA -kavInAM nayanasya ca // (1/3) chanda aura chandas pada kI nirukti kSIrasvAmI ne 'chad' dhAtu se batalAI hai / yAska ne 'chandAMsi chAdanAt (nirukta, 7 / 12) kahakara AcchAdana ke artha meM 'chanda' zabda kA astitva svIkAra kiyA hai / sAyaNa ne RgvedabhASyabhUmikA meM 'AcchAdakatvAcchandaH' kathana dvArA yAska kA samarthana kiyA hai / chAndogyopaniSad (1.4,2) kI eka gAthA ke anusAra devagaNoM ne mRtyu ke bhaya se bacane ke lie Rk, yaju aura sAmavedoM meM praveza kiyA aura chandoM ne unheM bhaya se bacAne ke lie unakA AcchAdana kara diyaa| aitareya AraNyaka ke anusAra stotA ko AcchAdita karake chanda pApakarmoM se rakSita karate haiM (aitareya AraNyaka, 2.2) / vaidika darzana ke anusAra chanda 'vAk - virAja' kA nAma hai, jisase sampUrNa vizva vikasita hotA hai / sAhitya meM chanda viziSTa artha meM prayukta hotA hai / ise paribhASita karate hue kAtyAyana ne 'RksarvAnukramaNI' meM akSara ke pariNAma ko chanda kahA hai-- 'yadakSaraparimANaM tacchandaH' piMgala ke 'chandaHsUtram' kI TIkA meM halAyudha ne uparyukta bAta kI puSTi karate hue likhA hai : chandaH zabdenAkSarasaMkhyAvacchando'trAbhidhIyate / (2.3) yunivarsiTI prophesara, snAtakottara hindI - vibhAga, jaina kaoNleja, ArA (bihAra) *

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prAkRta- apabhraMza chanda: paramparA evaM vikAsa bharatamuni ne 'chanda' zabda kI paribhASA dI hai : niyatAkSarasambandhe chandoyatisamanvitam / nibaddhA tu padaM jJeyaM satAlapatanAtmakam / / (32.29) niyata akSaroM se yukta, chandoyati se samanvita aura tAla ke avaroha se yukta pada chanda hai / bhAvoM kA prakAzana tathA AhlAdana chanda kA mukhya vyApAra hai / ataH ise layayukta Avazyaka hotA hai / isa dRSTi se rucikara aura layayukta vANI hI chanda hai-- chandayati AhlAdayati chandyate anena iti chandaH 1 135 chandaH zAstra kA udbhava aura vikAsa : chandaHzAstra utanA hI prAcIna hai, jitanA vAGmaya / yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki chandoracanA kA udbhava kaba, kisa prakAra aura kisake dvArA huA / bhAratIya vAGmaya meM vedoM kI prAcInatA niHsandigdha hai aura kucha logoM ne chandaHzAstra kA AdimUla veda ko hI mAnA hai| vaidika sAhitya meM chandobaddhatA hai aura usameM kucha chandoM ke nAma bhI ullikhita haiM, kintu chandaH zAstra kI dRSTi se unameM chandoM kI vyAkhyA kA koI prayAsa nahIM dikhAI par3atA / itanA avazya hai ki gAyatrI, uSNik, zakvarI Adi nAmoM kA ullekha unameM jisa rUpa meM huA hai, usase spaSTa pratibhAsita ho jAtA hai ki chandoM ke lakSaNa-nirUpaNa kI prakriyA kA Arambha avazya ho gayA hogA, anyathA lakSaNa-nirUpaNa ke abhAva meM chanda - vizeSa kA nAmakaraNa kiyA jAnA sAmAnyatayA sambhava nahIM hai / vedoM ko 'chandas' abhiprAya-vizeSa se hI kahA gayA hogA / 'muNDakopaniSad' meM chanda ko veda kI taraha hI 'aparA vidyA' meM parigaNita kiyA gayA hai: tatrAparA Rgvedo yajurvedaH chando jyotiSamiti / / brAhmaNa-granthoM meM vaidika chandoM para vistArapUrvaka vicAra kiyA gayA hai / zrautasUtra, prAtizAkhya, sarvAnukramaNI, AraNyaka Adi meM vaidika chandoM kI vivecanA hai / kAtyAyana Rgveda aura yajurveda kI anukramaNI meM caudaha vaidika chandoM para vicAra kiyA hai| zaunaka ne 'Rgveda prAtizAkhya' meM bhI aneka vaidika chandoM kA vivecana prastuta kiyA hai / itanA hote hue bhI ina granthoM ko chandaHzAstra kI saMjJA nahIM dI jA sakatI; kyoMki inameM anya aneka viSayoM ke varNana ke krama meM prasaMgAnukUla chandoM kA bhI vivecana ho gayA hai| ye chandaH zAstra ke svatantra grantha nahIM haiM / pANini ke gaNapATha meM chandaH zAstra - sambandhI granthoM ke nAma pratilikhita haiM / svayaM 'piMgalasUtra' meM taNDI, yAska, krauSTaki, saitava, kAzyapa, rAta, mANDavya Adi AcAryoM ke nAma Aye haiM, kintu inakI koI bhI racanA Aja upalabdha nahIM hai / ataH chandaHzAstra ke Adi praNetA ke rUpa meM piMgala kA nAma hI sarvopari hai /

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136 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 ___svatantra grantha ke rUpa meM chandoM ke vivecana kA prathama prayAsa piMgala ke 'chandaHsUtram' meM upalabdha hotA hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM kRtajJatAvaza isa zAstra-vizeSa kA nAma hI piMgalazAstra rakha diyA hai| piMgala ke 'chandaHsUtram' meM chandoM ke vivecana ke lie jisa vaijJAnika praNAlI kA Azraya liyA gayA hai, usase spaSTa pratibhAsita hotA hai ki yaha grantha eka calI AtI haI paramparA kA caramatama vikAsa hai, kintu duHkha hai ki isake pahale kI koI bhI kRti Aja upalabdha nahIM hai| apanI viziSTa mahattA ke kAraNa hI piMgala ke grantha ko chaha vedAMgoM meM parigaNita kiyA gayA hai| chandaHzAstra ko gaNitIya paddhati para Azrita karanA piMgala kI vizaSatAoM meM eka hai| apane yuga taka pracalita vividha chandoM kI prakRti kA pUrA jJAna piMgala ko thaa| prAkRta-yuga meM jisa gAhA chanda ko atyadhika lokapriyatA prApta huI, usakA bhI nAmollekha piMgala ne kiyA hai / sambhavataH yaha lokachanda thA, jisakI upekSA AcAryoM ne kI thI, kintu piMgala kI lokagrAhiNI dRSTi ne use pahacAna liyA aura usakA ullekha apane grantha meM kiyaa| piMgala kI mahattA kA anumAna isI se kiyA jA sakatA hai ki prAyaH sabhI paravartI kaviyoM evaM lakSaNakAroM ne piMgala kA RNa svIkAra kiyA hai| chandaHzAstrIya adhyayana kI dizA meM bharata (200 I. pUrva)-kRta nATyazAstra, varAhamihira (chaThI zatI)-kRta bRhatsaMhitA, nAradIyapurANa, agnipurANa, garuDapurANa (375-413 I.) Adi ke nAma liye jA sakate haiN| ina sabhI granthoM meM anya viSayoM ke sAtha-sAtha prasaMgavaza chandoM kA vivecana bhI kiyA gayA hai / ina granthoM meM piMgala kA hI anusaraNa hai, ataH svatantra mArga ke anveSaNa meM inakA vizeSa mahattva nahIM hai| piMgala kI paramparA meM saMskRta meM chandaHzAstra para aneka svatantra grantha likhe gaye, jinameM apanI vizeSa dRSTi ke kAraNa kucha atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiN| jaise-jayadeva (670 yA 900 I.) kRta 'jayadevacchanda', kAlidAsa (8vIM zatI)-racita 'zrutabodha', jayakIrti (dasavIM zatI) racita chandonuzAsana, kedArabhaTTa (10vIM yA 11vIM zatI)-kRta 'suvRttatilaka', dAmodara (14vIM zatI kA uttarArddha) racita 'vANIbhUSaNa', gaMgadAsa (15vIM/16vIM zatI)-racita 'chandomaMjarI', kRSNakavi-kRta mandAraMmaradacampU, ajJAta lekhaka (17-18vIM zatI) dvArA likhita 'chandaHkaustubha', duHkhabhaMjana kavi(1894I.)-kRta vAgvallabha Adi / ina granthoM meM yA to piMgala ke anusAra sUtrazailI kA prayoga hai yA zrutabodha, agnipurANa yA nATyazAstra meM prApta zloka-zailI kaa| kucha granthoM meM ekaniSTha zailI kA bhI prayoga hai| isa zailI meM udAhRta chanda meM hI lakSaNa nihita rahatA hai / mizrita zailI ke bhI grantha milate haiM, jinameM chandoM ke lakSaNa alaga-alaga chandoM meM bhI haiM aura kahIM-kahIM udAhRta chandoM meM bhii| ina zailiyoM kA hindI-chandaHzAstra-viSayaka racanAoM para prabhUta prabhAva pdd'aa| zrutabodha kI lakSaNa-udAharaNa kI tAdAtmya-zailI atyadhika lokapriya huI aura hindI ke lakSaNakAroM ne ise apnaayaa| isI prakAra kSemendra ke 'suvRttatilaka' kA mahattva isa

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prAkRta-apabhraMza chanda : paramparA evaM vikAsa 137 artha meM hai ki isane chandaHzAstra ke kSetra meM bhI aucitya-tattva kI sthApanA kara AlocanA ke eka naye dvAra kA udghATana kiyaa| inase pahale aura kisI ne isa taraha kA vivecana prastuta nahIM kiyA thaa| prAkRta-apabhraMza ke chandograntha : loka ke bIca pracalita mAtrika chandoM kA vivecana prAkRta-apabhraMza chandoM kI mukhya vizeSatA hai| inameM kucha ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI meM kucha aMza prAkRta aura kucha aMza apabhraMza bhASA meM likhita haiN| kucha mahattvapUrNa grantha isa prakAra haiM : 1. jAnAzrayI chandoviciti3: isa grantha ke racayitA ke sambandha meM matabheda hai / aisI mAnyatA hai ki isake racayitA koI janAzraya kavi the, jinakA samaya chaThI zatAbdI I. hai, lekina isake kRtikAra ne janAzraya ke pratApa, prabhAva evaM sampatti kI prazaMsA kI hai| isase spaSTa hai ki grantha kA racayitA rAjA janAzraya kA Azrita thA aura usa rAjA ne granthakAra ko grantha-praNayana kA Adeza diyA thaa| ema. rAmakRSNa kavi kA anumAna hai ki isa grantha kA racayitA gaNasvAmI thA, jisane svayaM apanI kRti para bhASya likhA : jAnAzrayIM chandovicitiM gaNasvAmiviracitavyAkhyAM vyAkhyAsyAmaH // 1 // yaha grantha saMskRta meM likhita hai| isakA antima adhyAya isalie mahattvapUrNa hai ki yaha prAkRta chandoM kA vivecana prastuta karatA hai / isa grantha kA mahattva isa dRSTi se bhI hai ki isake racayitA ne piMgala se bhinna patha kA anusaraNa karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| piMgala ne ATha gaNa mAne haiM aura tIna akSaroM ke samUha ko gaNa kA AdhAra svIkAra kiyA hai| janAzrayI aThAraha prakAra ke gaNa mAnate haiM aura do se lekara chaha akSaroM ke samUha taka ko gaNa kA AdhAra ghoSita karate haiM / yati ko jitanA mahattva piMgala ne diyA hai, usase adhika mahattva janAzrayI ne diyA hai| inhoMne batAyA hai ki yati-bheda se chanda-bheda kisa prakAra ho jAtA hai| candrAvarta, mAlA aura maNiguNanikara (janA.ma 74-76) meM bheda yati ko lekara hI hai| 2. vRttajAtisamuccaya : isake racayitA virahAMka haiM / DA. velaMkara mahodaya ne inakA samaya chaThI-AThavIM ke bIca mAnA hai, jaba apabhraMza-bhASA sAhityika rUpa dhAraNa karane lagI thI aura vallabhI kA rAjA guNasena usameM kavitA karane lagA thaa| isa grantha para gopAla ne TIkA likhI hai, jisakA samaya virahAMka se kucha zatAbdI bAda hai|

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138 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 yaha grantha prAkRta bhASA meM likhita hai| isameM chaha adhyAya haiM, jisake prathama cAra adhyAyoM meM prAkRta ke mAtrika chandoM kA aura paMcama adhyAya meM saMskRta ke varNavRttoM kA vivecana hai / SaSTha adhyAya meM prastAra Adi kA vivecana hai / virahAMka ne lakSaNa - udAharaNa- tAdAtmya zailI ko apanAyA hai, arthAt chandoM ke lakSaNa unhIM chandoM meM diye gaye haiM, jinakA vivecana abhISTa hai / isameM prAkRta aura saMskRta ke chandoM kA hI prAdhAnya hai, apabhraMza ke bahuta thor3e chandoM kA ullekha isameM huA hai aura jo huA bhI hai, vaha Akasmika hI hai / isameM piMgala kI taraha sUtrazailI kA Azraya na lekara pUre padya meM chandoM ke lakSaNa kahe gaye haiM / dvimAtrA, trimAtrA, paMcamAtrA aura unake bhedoM ke nAma takanIkI AdhAra para rakhe gaye haiM, jaise paMcamAtrA ke lie azani, praharaNa, Ayudha Adi, caturmAtrA ke lie gaja, turaMga, tomara, padAti Adi / isa prakAra kA prayoga piMgala ne bhI kiyA hai, kintu jisa prakAra kI pUrNatA kA pradarzana virahAMka meM hai, vaisI pUrNatA piMgala meM nahIM haiN| gAthAlakSaNa' : isake racayitA nanditADhya kA nAma graMtha ke chanda 31 meM AyA hai : taha maNi jiha kaha tiha pAie natthi / grantha ke prArambha meM kavi ne bhagavAn neminAtha kI vandanA kI hai / isase spaSTa hai ki nanditADhya jaina muni the / DA. velaMkara ne inakA samaya 1000 I. ke lagabhaga svIkAra kiyA hai| I gAthAlakSaNa prAkRta meM likhita chandaH zAstra kA eka mahattvapUrNa grantha hai / grantha ke nAma se hI spaSTa hai ki isameM prAkRta ke mahattvapUrNa chanda gAthA kA vivecana hai| isameM kula 92 chanda haiM, kintu DA. velaMkara kI mAnyatA hai ki isake kucha aMza aprApya haiM aura kucha prakSipta haiM / yadyapi apabhraMza ke kucha chandoM kA isameM apabhraMza bhASA meM hI vivecana hai, kintu aisA lagatA hai ki apabhraMza ke prati racanAkAra kI aruci hai / chanda 31 meM apabhraMza bhASA ke zabdoM ke prati apanI aruci tathA prAkRta ke prati apane moha ko usane saMketita bhI kara diyA hai / svayambhUcchanda : isake racayitA svayambhU haiM / mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne svayambhU ko 'paumacariu' ke racayitA se abhinna mAnA hai, kintu DA. velaMkara donoM ko bhinna-bhinna mAnate haiM / DA. hIrAlAla jaina rAhulajI ke mata kA samarthana karate haiM / svayambhU kA samaya lagabhaga 10vIM zatI hai / 0 svayambhUcchanda kI vizeSatA isameM nihita hai ki svayambhU ne saMskRta ke varNavRttoM kA lakSaNa - nirdeza bhI mAtrAgaNoM ke AdhAra para kiyA hai aura unake udAharaNa bhI prAkRta-kAvyoM

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prAkRta- apabhraMza chanda: paramparA evaM vikAsa se hI diye haiM / isakI eka vizeSatA yaha bhI hai ki chandoM ke udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jina kaviyoM ke padya liye gaye haiM, unake nAmollekha bhI, kucha ko chor3akara, inhoMne kara diyA hai / svayambhU ne dvimAtrika, trimAtrika, caturmAtrika, paMcamAtrika tathA SANmAtrika gaNoM ke bodha ke lie kramazaH da, ta, ca, pa tathA cha kA prayoga kiyA hai, jo atyadhika suvidhAjanaka hai / eka chanda se dUsarA chanda kisa prakAra bana jAtA hai, 'zrutabodha' kI isa praNAlI kA upayoga bhI svayambhU ne kiyA hai / chandazekhara 11 : 139 isa grantha kA kevala paMcama adhyAya hI upalabdha ho sakA hai, jisakA prakAzana DA. eca. DI. velaMkara mahodaya ne kiyA hai| DA. velaMkara ne isake racayitA rAjazekhara kA samaya 11 vIM zatI I. ke madhyabhAga meM nirdhArita kiyA hai / rAjazekhara ne tIna prakAra ke chanda mAne haiM-- saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke chanda | svayambhU se inakA antara yaha hai ki svayambhU ne do prakAra ke hI chanda mAne haiM - prAkRta aura apabhraMza / isakA tAtparya hai ki rAjazekhara varNavRttoM ko saMskRta kA chanda mAnate haiM / isa grantha ke paMcama adhyAya meM kucha prAkRta ke chandoM kA aura zeSa apabhraMza ke chandoM kA vivecana hai| rAjazekhara ne svayambhU kA pUrNataH anusaraNa kiyA hai / donoM meM antara mAtra itanA hI hai ki jisa bAta ko svayambhU ne prAkRta meM likhA hai, use rAjazekhara saMskRta meM likhate haiM / svayambhU kI taraha rAjazekhara ne bhI 6,5,4,3, 2 mAtrA ke pratIka rUpa meM Sa, pa,ca,ta aura da varNoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| paMcama adhyAya meM kula 238 chanda haiM / .12 isa grantha ke lekhaka aura TIkAkAra ke viSaya meM vizeSa jJAna nahIM hai / granthakartA ne apanA paricaya kahIM bhI nahIM diyA hai| DA. velaMkara ne grantha kA racanAkAla 13vIM zatAbdI nirdhArita kiyA hai| sampUrNa grantha chaha uddezyoM meM ba~TA hai / granthakAra ne chandoM ke tIna vibhAga kiye - mAtrA, varNa aura mizra / varNavRttoM ke lakSaNa lakSaNa - lakSya zailI meM eka yA do paMktiyoM meM diye haiM / mAtrika chandoM kA vibhAjana pAdoM ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai / chandoM ke gyAraha vibhAga kiye gaye haiM-- dvipadI, catuSpadI, paMcapadI, SaTpadI, saptapadI, aSTapadI, navapadI, dazapadI, ekAdazapadI, dvAdazapadI aura SoDazapadI / chandoM ke lakSaNa ka, ca, Dha, ta, pa ke dvArA diye gaye haiM, jo kramazaH dvimAtrika, trimAtrika, caturmAtrika, paMcamAtrika aura SANmAtrika gaNoM ke bodhaka haiM /

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140 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 chando'nuzAsana 3 : AcArya hemacandra dvArA viracita yaha grantha saMskRta-bhASA meM likhita hai aura saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke sabhI chandoM kA sAMgopAMga vivecana karatA hai| yaha sUtrazailI meM likhita hai, kintu granthakAra ne svayaM isakI vivRtti bhI kara dI hai| isameM jitane chandoM kA vivecana hai, utanA anya kisI bhI grantha meM upalabdha nahIM hotaa| hemacandra siddhAntavAdI adhika the, isalie, usa yuga meM pracalita-apracalita sabhI chandoM ko unhoMne apanI vivecanA kA AdhAra banAyA hai| unhoMne paramparA se prApta aura loka-vyavahAra meM pracalita prAyaH sabhI chandoM kA lakSaNa, vargIkaraNa aura udAharaNa prastuta kiye haiN| unakA prayAsa hai ki usa samaya taka prApta koI bhI chanda vivecana ke lie chUTane na paaye| unakI cintA prAkRta-apabhraMza ko saMskRta jitanI mahattA dilAne kI thI, isalie unhoMne prAkRta ke sAtha-sAtha paNDitoM dvArA upekSita una apabhraMza chandoM ko bhI mahattA dI, jo loka meM pracalita the| AcAryazrI ne sarasa udAharaNoM dvArA unheM aura bhI lokapriya bnaayaa| unhoMne aise aneka chandoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jo pUrvavartI kisI bhI grantha meM nahIM milte| hemacandra ne mAtrika chandoM ke lakSaNa mAtrAgaNoM (Sa, pa, ca, ta, da) dvArA diye haiN| chandakoza4: isake racayitA ratnazekhara haiN| yaha eka choTI pustikA hai aura isameM mAtra 74 padya haiM, jinameM prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke chandoM kA vivecana lakSaNa-lakSya zailI meM kiyA gayA hai| isakA racanAkAla anumAnataH 14vIM zatI hai| prAkRtagalam5 : isake lekhaka kA nAma ajJAta hai| racanAkAla anumAnataH 14vIM zatI hai| grantha meM mAtrika aura vArNika donoM prakAra ke chandoM kA vivecana hai| mAtrika chandoM ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se isa grantha kA mahattva akSuNNa hai| AcArya hemacandra ne vyavahAra kI apekSA siddhAnta ko adhika mahattva diyA thA, kintu isa grantha meM unhIM chandoM kA vivecana hai, jo usa yuga ke kAvyoM meM prayukta ho rahe the| 'prAkRtagalam' kI eka vizeSatA yaha bhI hai ki chandoM ke lakSaNa usI chanda meM diye gaye haiM, jinakA lakSaNa batAnA racanAkAra ko abhISTa hai| virahAMka ne chandoM ke udAharaNa alaga se nahIM diye haiM, balki lakSaNa hI udAharaNa kA kAma karate haiM; kintu prAkRtapaiMgalam meM viSaya ko spaSTa karane ke lie udAharaNa bhI alaga se prastuta kiye gaye haiN| apabhraMza ke kucha pracalita chandoM kA, na jAne kyoM, svayambhU evaM hemacandra ne sparza nahIM kiyA thA, jaise dohA yA caupAI / hemacandra ne dohaka, upadohaka yA svayambhU ne dvipadaka ke dvArA ise lakSita kiyA thA, kintu sarvaprathama 'prAkRtapaiMgalam' meM hI chandaHzAstrIya pariprekSya meM dohA kA vivecana prastuta kiyA gyaa| 'prAkRtapaiMgalam' ke prabhAva

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prAkRta- apabhraMza chanda: paramparA evaM vikAsa kA anumAna isI se kiyA jA sakatA haiM ki paravartI hindI - lakSaNakAroM ne mAtrika chandoM ke vivecana ke lie ekamAtra isI grantha kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai / prAkRta- apabhraMza chandoM kA vikAsa .16 chandoM ke do prakAra batAye gaye haiM- vaidika aura laukika / vaidika saMhitAoM meM prayukta gAyatrI, uSNik, anuSTup triSTup jagatI, paMkti, bRhatI, virAT Adi chandoM ko vaidika chanda kahA jAtA hai aura chanda-granthoM meM vaidika chanda-prakaraNa ke antargata inhIM chandoM kA vivecana huA hai | maharSi vAlmIki ne sarvaprathama apane mahAkAvya rAmAyaNa meM vaidika chandoM se bhinna aise chandoM kA prayoga kiyA, jo loka meM pracalita the / isI se unheM Adikavi kahalAne kA gaurava prApta huaa| vaidika aura laukika chandoM kI prakRti bhinna hai / 141 vaidika chandoM ko akSara - vRtta kahA jAtA hai; kyoMki isameM chandogata yA pAdagata gaNanA kA AdhAra akSara hI hote haiM, na ki laghu-guru kA vinyAsa yA akSaroM kA nizcita krama se viniyoga | udAharaNArtha, gAyatrI ke tIna pAdoM meM pratyeka pAda meM 8 akSara hote haiN| isameM ATha varNoM kI hI gaNanA kI jAtI hai, yaha dhyAna meM nahIM rakhA jAtA ki ina varNoM kA krama kyA hai yA inakI pAdagata sthiti kyA hai ? isIlie piMgalasUtra ke TIkAkAra halAyudha bhaTTa ne chanda ke lie 'akSarasaMkhyAvat kA prayoga kiyA hai : chandaH zabdenAkSarasaMkhyAvacchando'trAbhidhIyate ( 2.1 kI vRtti) / maharSi kAtyAyana ne bhI sarvAnukramaNI meM isI paribhASA ko svIkRta kiyA hai : yadakSaraparimANaM tacchandaH / 17 rakhakara vaidika chandoM meM saMgIta-tattva kA prAdhAnya hotA thA / ataH isako dhyAna udAtta, anudAtta aura svarita - ina tIna svara - nipAtoM kA AdhAra grahaNa kiyA gayA / saMgIta-sRSTi ke lie yA to dhIre-dhIre svara-lahariyA~ uThAyI jAtI haiM yA jora se yA bahuta jora se / chanda-saMgIta ke lie svaroM kA AdhAra grahaNa karane ke kAraNa vaidika chandoM ko 'svaravRtta' bhI kahA jAtA hai / vaidika RSi svatantratA- premI the / ve niyamoM kI jaTila zrRMkhalAoM meM Abaddha ho kara calane ke pakSapAtI nahIM the / unakI yaha svAtantrya - priyatA chanda ke kSetra meM bhI dRSTigocara hotI hai / udAharaNArtha, gAyatrI ke pratyeka pAda meM ATha varNoM ke hisAba se usameM kula caubIsa varNa hote haiM, kintu sarvatra aisA nahIM hotA / prasiddha gAyatrI mantra ke prathama pAda ' tatsaviturvareNyam' meM sAta akSara hI haiM / ataH isake lie 'tatsaviturvareNiyam' uccarita karane kA vidhAna hai| isase ATha akSaroM kI gaNanA pUrI ho jAtI hai| kahIM-kahIM to 'indra' ko 'indara' kI taraha uccarita karane kI vyavasthA hai| isI kAraNa vaiyAkaraNoM ne vaidika chandoM ko 'chAndasa prayoga', arthAt 'niyama- zaithilya' kI saMjJA dI hai /

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142 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 laukika saMskRta meM vaidika chandoM se bhinna praNAlI kA Azraya liyA jAtA hai| vaidika chandoM kI mukhya do vizeSatAe~ thIM--akSara-saMkhyA kA prAdhAnya aura svaroM ke utAra-car3hAva kA niyamana / isake viparIta saMskRta-varNavRtta meM nizcita saMkhyA meM varNoM ko rakhakara aura varNa-saMkhyA meM eka nizcita krama ko rakhate hue chandoM kA racanA-vidhAna nirmita kiyA jAtA hai / laghu-guru svara ke vicAra se yathAkrama vargoM ko rakhakara chanda kA nirmANa kiyA jAnA saMskRta-vRttoM kI vizeSatA hai| udAhAraNArtha, ATha guru vargoM ko rakha dene se 'vidyunmAlA' chanda bana jAtA hai| isI ko zAstrIya zailI meM kahA jAtA hai : mo mo go go vidyunmAlA, arthAt do magaNa aura do guru vargoM ke yoga se yaha chanda nirmita hotA hai| ataH nizcita saMkhyA meM laghu-guruvarNoM ko eka nizcita krama meM saMgaThita karake aura unameM yathAkrama vRddhi ke dvArA vividha chandoM kA nirmANa aura racanA-vidhi kA nirdhAraNa vArNika vRttoM kI mukhya AdhAra-zilA hai| isa prakAra ke laghu-guru ke kramika prayoga ke dvArA saMgIta-sRSTi kI yojanA vaidika chandoM meM nahIM thii| chanda meM laya, gati aura lakSaNa-nirdeza kI suvidhA ko dRSTi meM rakhakara saMskRta ke chandaHzAstriyoM ne gaNoM kI vyavasthA kI hai| tIna vargoM ke niyata kramavAle samUha ko gaNa kahate haiM : trayANAmakSarANAM samUho gaNa ucyte|18 AcArya piMgala ne 'chandaHsUtram' ke prathama dasa sUtroM meM ATha gaNoM evaM laghu-guru ke svarUpa kA vivecana kiyA hai / ma, bha, ja, sa, na, ya, ra, ta-ye ATha varNa hI gaNa haiN| sarvaguauM mukhAntalau yarAvantagatau slau| gmadhyAdyaujmau trilono'STau bhavantyatra gnnaastrikaaH|| (vRttaralAkara, 1.7) ina gaNoM ke dvArA pAdagata varNa-saMkhyA tathA mAtrA-saMkhyA kA bodha sahajarUpa meM ho jAtA hai| chandoM meM gaNa-prayoga ke do rUpa milate haiN| kucha chanda aise hote haiM, jinameM nizcita saMkhyA meM gaNa-vyavasthA rahatI hai aura unameM Age-pIche koI bhI laghu yA guru varNa nahIM rakhA jA sktaa| jaise savaiyA chanda meM ATha sagaNa rahate haiN| inake dvArA chanda meM laya evaM pravAha kA nizcita krama rahatA hai| yadi isameM kucha bhI jor3a diyA jAya, to chanda ke laya meM antara A jaaygaa| gaNa-prayoga kA eka dUsarA rUpa yaha hai jisameM kisI eka hI gaNa kI AvRtti nahIM kI jAtI, varan bhinna-bhinna gaNoM ko vizeSa laya aura pravAha ke AdhAra para sunizcita kiyA jAtA hai / jaise drutavilambita meM nagaNa, bhagaNa, bhagaNa aura ragaNa kA krama rahatA hai| isameM bhinna bhinna gaNoM ko nizcita saMkhyA meM eka vizeSa krama ke sAtha vyavasthita kiyA

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prAkRta-apabhraMza chanda : paramparA evaM vikAsa 143 gayA hai| ina gaNoM ke mahattva kA anumAna isI se kiyA jA sakatA hai ki chandaHzAstra ke AcAryoM ne isakI utpatti brahma se mAnI hai aura 'vRttaratnAkara' ke anusAra ina gaNoM se sampUrNa vAGmaya usI prakAra vyApta hai, jisa prakAra viSNu se trailoky| saMskRta varNavRttoM meM vaidika RSiyoM kI svAtantryapriyatA kA sthAna niyamoM kI kaThoratA ne le liyA, jisakA svAbhAvika pariNAma yaha huA ki ye chanda-prayoga zikSita logoM kI hI sampatti banakara raha gaye aura jana-sAmAnya inase dUra hotA gyaa| jana-sAmAnya ne apanI bhAvayitrI pratibhA kI santuSTi ke lie bhinna mArga kA Azraya liyA, jisakI svAbhAvika pariNati prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke chandoM ke rUpa meM huii| prArambha meM prAkRta janasAmAnya kI bolI thI aura usameM kAvya-praNayana janasAmAnya ke dvArA hI hotA thaa| bhagavAn buddha evaM mahAvIra ne apanA divya upadeza prAkRta meM hI diyA thaa| bAda meM isake lAlitya se prabhAvita hokara paNDita-samudAya bhI isakI ora AkRSTa huA aura isameM abAdha rUpa se zreNya sAhitya kI sRSTi hone lgii| AcAryoM ne bhI janasAmAnya meM lokapriya chandoM ko zAstrIya jAmA pahanAne kI ceSTA kI / gAthA, jise saMskRta meM AryA kahA gayA, prAkRta kA sabase purAnA chanda hai| bharata ne apane nATyazAstra (16.151-163) meM gAthA aura isake bhedopabhedoM kA vistRta varNana prastuta kiyA hai| saMskRta ke AcAryoM ne AryA ke rUpa meM gAthA evaM anya chandoM ko apanA avazya liyA, kintu inakI prakRti vArNika nahIM, balki mAtrika hai / DA. velaMkara kI mAnyatA hai ki saMskRta ke ardhasamavRttoM kA pracalana prAkRta ke anukaraNa para hI huA hai aura kucha naye mAtrAvRtta jo saMskRta meM Aye, ve prAkRta-chandoM ke asaphala anukaraNa-mAtra haiN| tAlavRtta saMskRta-chandoM se bhinna loka meM chanda kI jo praNAlI vikasita ho rahI thI, vaha tAla para Azrita thii| ina chandoM meM gItAtmakatA adhika hotI thI aura lokaraMjana ke lie ye lokakaviyoM yA lokanaToM ke dvArA gAye jAte the| ye chanda tAla-pradhAna the| saMgIta meM do tattva pradhAna hote haiM-svara aura taal| saMgItazAstrI svara ko adhika mahattva dete haiM aura jana-sAmAnya tAla ko / svara meM sUkSmatA hotI hai aura tAla meM apekSAkRta sthuultaa| Aja bhI jana-jAtiyA~ nRtya-gItAdi meM tAla ko AdhAra banAkara hI apane hRdaya kI AnandAnubhUti ko abhivyakta karatI haiN| tAlavRttoM meM tAla kI balAghAtapUrNa niyamita AvRtti hotI hai, svaroM ke Aroha-avaroha ko nyUna mahattva diyA jAtA hai / isake atirikta akSaroM, varNoM yA laghu-guru kI niyamita AvRtti kA bhI, jaisA ki saMskRta varNavRttoM meM hotA hai, isameM koI sthAna nahIM hotaa| varNa-saMgIta aura svara-saMgIta zikSita varga kI cIja hai aura tAlasaMgIta loka-sAmAnya kii| lokanRtya meM jisa prakAra tAla ke AdhAra para

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144 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 aMga-saMcAlana hotA hai, isI prakAra tAlavRtta meM dhvani kI tAlabaddhatA hotI hai| isakA AdhAra kAlamAtrA hai| eka laghuvarNa ke uccAraNa meM laganevAle samaya ko kAlamAtrA kahate haiN| tAla samaya yA kAla kI nizcita ikAI kA sUcaka hotA hai| isIse DA. velaMkara ne tAla kI paribhASA dI hai : "saMgIta, nRtya yA chandoracanA meM samAna kAla-parimANa ke antara se bAra-bAra AnevAlI yati ke balAghAta dvArA niyantraNa ko tAla kahate haiN|"19 varNamAtrA meM vargoM kA zuddha uccAraNa apekSita hotA hai, kintu tAlamAtrA meM vargoM kA zuddha uccAraNa anivArya nahIM hai / isameM tAla ke AghAta ke hisAba se varNoM kA uccAraNa hotA hai| kabhI-kabhI tAla ke Agrahavaza varNoM kA uccAraNa nahIM bhI hotA hai| tAlavRtta ko eka prakAra kA muktachanda kaha sakate haiM, jisameM sabhI caraNoM kI lambAI eka samAna nahIM hotii| kisI caraNa meM do tAla hote haiM to kisI meM adhika yA kama, kintu niyama yaha hai ki eka hI tAla kI AvRtti bAra-bAra honI cAhie, jisase tAla evaM laya meM vyavadhAna na ho| prAkRta-apabhraMza meM aise chandoM kI bharamAra thI, jo mUlataH tAlavRtta the, kintu AcAryoM ne unakA saMskAra kara unheM varNavRtta yA mAtrAvRtta kA rUpa de diyaa| dohA, pajjhaTikA, pAdAkulaka Adi chanda tAlavRtta hI the, jo mAtrAvRtta ke rUpa meM pariNata ho gye| isa prakAra tAlavRtta jo prArambha meM janasamudAya kI cIja thI, AcAryoM ke hAthoM meM par3akara kramazaH mAtrika vRtta kA rUpa dhAraNa karane lgaa| mAtrAvRtta kisI dhvani ke uccAraNa meM samaya kI jo mAtrA lagatI hai, use mAtrA yA mAtrAkAla kahate haiN| kisI dhvani ke uccAraNa meM kama samaya lagatA hai, kisI meM bahuta kama, kisI meM adhika aura kisI meM bahuta adhika / kama samayavAlI mAtrA hrasva, adhika samayavAlI dIrgha aura usase bhI adhika samayavAlI pluta kahI jAtI hai| isI AdhAra para moTe rUpa meM mAtrA ke pA~ca bheda kiye gaye hai : hrasvArdha, hrasva, ISat dIrgha, dIrgha aura pluta / ye vibhAga moTe rUpa meM haiM, mazInoM ke AdhAra para to isake pacAsoM bheda kiye jA sakate haiN| nAradazikSA, Rk-prAtizAkhya aura vyAkaraNa-granthoM meM inakA sUkSma adhyayana kiyA gayA hai / chandaHzAstra meM isake do hI bheda kiye gaye haiM : hrasva aura dIrgha / dIrgha kA uccAraNakAla hrasva kI apekSA dUnA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra hrasva (1) arthAt laghuvarNa meM eka mAtrA aura dIrgha (5) arthAt guru varNa meM do mAtrAe~ ginI jAtI haiN| mAtrA-gaNanA para AdhArita chanda mAtrika kahe jAte haiN| inameM vargoM kI saMkhyA bhinna ho sakatI hai, kintu mAtrAoM kI saMkhyA nizcita hotI hai| prAkRta-apabhraMza meM mAtrA chandoM kA hI prAdhAnya rahA hai|

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prAkRta-apabhraMza chanda : paramparA evaM vikAsa 145 mAtrika chandoM kI prakRti vaidika aura laukika saMskRta ke chandoM kI prakRti se sarvathA bhinna hai| chandogata sAMgItika saundarya kI sRSTi ke lie yaha na to vaidika chandoM kI taraha svaroM ke utAra-car3hAva para nirbhara hai aura na vArNika vRttoM ke samAna laghu-guru vargoM kI nizcita AvRtti para, balki isakA AdhAra gati yA laya hai| laya kA anusaraNa hI mAtrika chanda meM pradhAna rahatA hai| ataH saMskRta varNavRttoM kI taraha gaNa isakI ikAI nahIM hai, balki isakI ikAI mAtrA hai| isalie isameM gaNoM kA mahattva nyUna ho jAtA hai| saMskRta ke AcAryoM ne tIna prakAra ke mAtrika chandoM kI carcA kI hai--dvipadI, catuSpadI aura ardhsmctusspdii| dvipadI kA pratinidhitva gAthA chanda karatA hai| catuSpadI mAtrAvRtta ke antargata mAtrAsamaka varga meM AnevAle chandoM kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| jaise upacitrA, vizloka, citrA, vAnavAsikA aadi| ardhasamacatuSpadI chandoM kA pratinidhitva vaitAlIya varga ke chanda karate haiN| kucha aise bhI chanda haiM, jo catuSpadI haiM, kintu mizrita varga ke haiM; jaise naTacaraNa, nRttagati, acaladhRti, zikhA, khaMja Adi / saMskRta AcAryoM ne ina mAtrika chandoM ke parimApana ke lie caturmAtrika gaNoM ('', |' / , 5 // , // s, // // ) kA prayoga kiyA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne anyamAtrika gaNoM ke mApana ke lie do se chaha mAtrAoM taka ke gaNa svIkAra kiye haiM : dvitricatuH paJcaSaTkalA datacapaSA dvitripaJcASTatrayodazabhedamAtrAgaNAH // (chando'nu. 1.3) da gaNa-do bheda (s, // ) ta gaNa-tIna bheda (15, / ) ca gaNa-pA~ca bheda (55, 15, 151, 5 // , I) pa gaNa-ATha bheda ( 15 1, 5 15, 5, 55 / , ||' / , 15 1, 5 , ) Sa gaNa-teraha bheda (''', ||'' |' 15, 55, ms, I'' / , 5 15 / , IIIS I, '' // , 15 / / , 5 , ) hemacandra ne dvipadI, catuSpadI aura SaTpadI kA ullekha kiyA hai| kavidarpaNakAra ne inase vistRta phalaka ko svIkAra karate hue isake gyAraha bheda kiye haiM : dvipadI, catuSpadI, paMcapadI, SaTpadI, saptapadI, aSTapadI, navapadI, dazapadI, ekAdazapadI, dvAdazapadI aura ssoddshpdii| inameM kucha aise bhI bheda haiM, jinheM mizra yA pragAtha chanda kahate haiM / prAkRta-apabhraMza meM varNavRtta : prAkRta-apabhraMza ke chanda mukhya rUpa meM mAtrAvRtta hI haiM, kintu inake kaviyoM ne saMskRta ke varNavRttoM ko bhI apane kAvyoM meM sthAna diyA hai| varNavRttoM meM bRhtU samudAya meM se

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146 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 ina kaviyoM ne unhIM ko svIkAra kiyA hai, jo tAlavRtta yA mAtrAvRtta ke rUpa meM parivartita kiye jA sakate hoN| varNavRtta ko ina kaviyoM ne mAtrAvRtta ke rUpa meM hI vyavahRta kiyA hai| udAharaNa ke lie bhujaMgaprayAta chanda ko liyA jA sakatA hai| isa prasiddha varNavRtta meM cAra yagaNa ( I'') hote haiN| apabhraMza kaviyoM ne eka guru ke sthAna para do laghu rakhane kI svatantratA sarvatra lI hai| eka yagaNa meM pA~ca mAtrAe~ hotI haiN| ataH isake eka caraNa ko pA~ca mAtrAoM ke tAla meM gAyA jAtA hai aura pA~ca mAtrA ke bAda tAla par3atA hai| isa taraha kA prayoga kaDavaka-zailI meM racita prabandha-kAvyoM meM bahuta huA hai| apabhraMza-kAvyoM meM varNavRtta-prayoga kI eka viziSTatA yaha hai ki unameM yamaka yA antyAnuprAsa kI yojanA sAmAnyataH hotI hai / svayambhU ne saMskRta ke varNavRttoM ko mAtrika mAnakara hI unakA vivecana kiyA hai, varNavRtta mAnakara nhiiN| vaidika RSiyoM kI taraha prAkRta-apabhraMza ke kavi bhI chanda ke kSetra meM unmuktatA ke premI hI rahe / apane avikasita rUpa meM ye chanda loka meM pracalita rahe hoMge, kintu jaba paNDitoM ne inheM apanA liyA, taba inheM vyavasthita karane evaM cirasthAyI rUpa dene ke lie niyamoM-upaniyamoM dvArA inheM niyantrita karane kI ceSTA kI / itanA hote hue bhI ina chandoM ko dekhane se aisA lagatA hai ki inakI mUla prakRti svatantratA kI hai| niyantraNa-rekhA ke bhItara rahate hue bhI inakI racanAvidhi meM kaviyoM ne kucha-na-kucha svatantratA avazya rakhI hai| udAharaNa ke lie, prAkRta-apabhraMza meM laya ko akSuNNa rakhane ke lie laghu ko dIrgha aura dIrgha ko laghu mAnakara par3hane kI svatantratA hai| harigItikA 28 mAtrAoM kA mAtrika chanda hai, jisameM 16-12 mAtrAoM para yati rakhI jAtI hai| kahIM-kahIM 14-14 mAtrAoM para bhI yati mAnI gaI hai| eka vicAra to yaha bhI hai ki 7-7 mAtrAoM ke cAra samUha se bhI isakA nirmANa ho jA sakatA hai| jaise : harigItikA harigItikA harigItikA harigItikA / / apabhraMza-kaviyoM kI chandoracanAgata svatantratA kA eka rUpa hai do vibhinna chandoM ko milAkara navIna chandoM kI sRSTi / chappaya, raDDA, vastu, kuNDaliyA, adhikAkSara, sopAna, kAvya, candrAyaNa, rAsaka Adi chanda isI prakAra ke haiM / inheM dvibhaMgI (Stropic Couplets) bhI kahate haiN| prAkRta-apabhraMza-sAhitya viSaya evaM parimANa, donoM hI dRSTiyoM se vizAla hai| Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM, vizeSataH hindI para isakA kitanA prabhAva par3A hai, yaha batAnA vyartha hai| inake prabhAva kA anumAna hama isI se lagA sakate haiM ki adhikAMza aise chanda, jo hindI meM bahuta lokapriya rahe haiM, sIdhe apabhraMza se hindI meM Aye haiM, saMskRta se nhiiN| dohA, soraThA, caupAI, chappaya, kuNDaliyA, paddhari Adi chandoM kA mUla utsa

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prAkRta-apabhraMza chanda : paramparA evaM vikAsa 147 apabhraMza rahA hai| saMskRta meM inakI koI paramparA nahIM miltii| apabhraMza-sAhitya meM tIna prakAra ke bandha pAye jAte haiM--dohAbandha, paddhar3iyAbandha aura geya padabandha / inake atirikta chappayabandha aura kuDaliyAbandha bhI mila jAte haiN| inakI sabakI pUrI paramparA hindI-sAhitya meM jIvanta rUpa meM upalabdha hotI hai| isI se DA. hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne likhA hai: isa prakAra hindI-sAhitya meM prAyaH pUrI paramparAe~ jyoM kI tyoM surakSita haiM / zAyada hI kisI prAntIya sAhitya meM ye sArI-kI-sArI vizeSatAe~ itanI mAtrA meM aura isa rUpa meM surakSita hoM / "20 prAkRta-apabhraMza meM nihita chanda- sambandhI jJAna-bhANDAra hamArI saMskRti evaM hamAre sAhitya kI amUlya nidhi haiN| isakA saMrakSaNa evaM saMvardhana hamArA rASTrIya naitika uttaradAyitva hai| isake lie Avazyaka hai ki vizvavidyAlayoM kI ucca kakSAoM ke pAThyakrama meM chandaHzAstra ko bhI sthAna diyA jAya tathA zikSaNa-saMsthAe~ isake adhyayana-adhyApana kI samyak vyavasthA kareM / samyak adhyayana-adhyApana ke abhAva ke kAraNa ucca kakSAoM se nikalanevAle chAtra isa viSaya se sarvathA anabhijJa raha jAte haiN| muktachanda ke Andolana ne bhI aisI manovRtti ko utpanna karane meM sahAyatA dI hai| ___ Aja hindI meM zatAdhika zodhagrantha prativarSa prastuta ho rahe haiM, kintu inameM se bahuta kama aise haiM, jo chandaHzAstra se sambandhita hoN| chandoviSayaka vivecanAtmaka grantha-praNayana kI ora se hamAre vidvAn ekadama udAsIna haiM aura yaha udAsInatA hamAre sAhitya ke vikAsa ke lie vAMchanIya nahIM hai| kozavijJAna bhASAvijJAna kI eka mahattvapUrNa ikAI hone ke sAtha-sAtha uttarAdhikAra ke rUpa meM prApta pUrvajoM kI jJAna-sampatti ko surakSita rakhane evaM pronnata-pracArita karane kA mahattvapUrNa mAdhyama bhI hai| bhAratavarSa meM kozagranthoM ke praNayana kA itihAsa IsA ke eka hajAra varSa pUrva se hI prApta hone lagatA hai / nighaNTuoM kA racanAkAla lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa IsA-pUrva hai| isake bAda yahA~ saikar3oM kozagranthoM kA nirmANa huA, jinameM amarakoza, medinIkoza Adi Aja bhI mahattvapUrNa haiN| Ajakala pratyeka viSaya ke alaga-alaga kozagrantha prakAzita ho rahe haiM, jaise itihAsa koza, alaMkAra-koza, bhASAvijJAna koza, nATaka koza, upanyAsakoza aadi| ina kozagranthoM meM tadviSayaka pAribhASika zabdoM, ghaTanAoM evaM tathyoM kA vivaraNAtmaka evaM vizleSaNAtmaka adhyayana prastuta kiyA gayA rahatA hai| prAkRta-apabhraMza-sAhitya ke saMrakSaNa, saMvarddhana evaM zrIvRddhi ke lie Avazyaka hai ki jahA~ eka ora sAhitya kI vibhinna zAkhAoM ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI samyak

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148 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 vyavasthA kI jAya, vahIM jJAna kI mahattvapUrNa zAkhA chandaHzAstra-viSayaka granthoM ke praNayana evaM prakAzana ko bhI protsAhita kiyA jaay| chandaHkoza kI nirmiti isa dizA meM eka mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi siddha ho sakatI hai| sandarbha-srota : 1. vAcaspati gairolA : saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR. 110 2. yudhiSThira mImAMsaka : vaidika chandomImAMsA, pR. 43 3. da yUnivarsiTI mainuskripTsa lAibrerI, trivendram, 1949 I. 4. vahI, bhUmikA VII. 5. DaoN. velaMkara dvArA sampAdita evaM rAjasthAna prAcyavidyA-pratiSThAna, jodhapura se prakAzita 6. bhUmikA, pR. xxv 7. DaoN. velaMkara dvArA sampAdita tathA kavidarpaNa meM saMkalita 8. DaoN. velaMkara dvArA sampAdita evaM rAjasthAna prAcyavidyA-pratiSThAna, jodhapura se san 1962 I. meM prakAzita / 9. hindI-kAvyadhArA, pR. 22 10. DA. hIrAlAla jaina : svayambhU eNDa hija TU poemsa ina apabhraMza, nAgapura yUnivarsiTI jarnala naM.1, disambara 1935I., pR. 75 11. DA. velaMkara dvArA sampAdita tathA svayambhUcchanda meM saMkalita 12. DaoN. velaMkara dvArA sampAdita aura prAcya vi. pra, jodhapura se prakAzita / 13. DaoN. eca. DI. velaMkara dvArA sampAdita aura bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI dvArA prakAzita, 1961 I. 14. DaoN. velaMkara dvArA sampAdita aura kavidarpaNa meM saMkalita 15. prAkRta-grantha-pariSad, vArANasI se bholAzaMkara vyAsa kI TIkA ke sAtha prakAzita 16. piMgalachandaHsUtram, 4.8 tathA nAradapurANa, pUrvabhAga 2.57.9 17. sarvAnukramaNI, maikaDonala-sampAdita, bhAga 1 18. suvRttatilakam kI prabhATIkA, caukhambhA prakAzana, prathama saMskaraNa 19. chando'nuzAsana kI bhUmikA 20. hajArIprasAda dvivedI : hindI sAhitya : udbhava aura vikAsa, vi. saM. 2009, pR. 15

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AdhyAtmika rUpaka-kAvya aura hindI ke jainakavi zrI anilakumAra zarmA * AcAryoM ne bahuta soca-samajhakara yaha siddhAntavAkya prastuta kiyA--'kAvyeSu nATakaM rmym|' vastutaH nATaka arUpa para rUpa kI tathA nirguNa para saguNa kI vijayaghoSaNA hai| dRzya-kAvya ko rUpaka kahate haiN| kAraNa spaSTa hai| sampUrNa dRzyamAna jagat rUpa kA viSaya hai| raMgamaMca para nirmita sRSTi bhI rUpa ko AdhAra banAkara khar3I hotI hai| isa sRSTi kA Ananda uThAnevAlI cakSurindriya kA viSayarUpa hI hai| isalie isa kAvya ko rUpaka kahanA sarvathA sAbhiprAya hai| __ yoM to rUpakoM ke bhAga, Dima, vyAyoga Adi dasa bheda batAye gaye haiM tathA 'rUpaka' zabda kA viziSTa arthoM meM viniyoga kiyA gayA hai, kintu merA tAtparya ina sabase na hokara rUpaka kAvya kI usa viziSTa vidhA se hai, jisameM amUrta bhAvoM ko nATakIya pAtra ke rUpa meM upasthita kiyA jAtA hai| isa sAhitya ko rUpaka-kathA ke nAma se bhI abhihita kiyA gayA hai| saMskRta kA 'prabodhacandrodaya', banArasIdAsa kA 'moha-viveka-yuddha', pantajI kI 'jyotsnA' Adi isI koTi kI racanAe~ haiN| isa zailI kI racanA ko sAMketika aura anyokti-zailI kI racanA bhI kahA gayA hai| DaoN. dazaratha ojhA ise pratIka nATaka (Allegorical Drama) kahate haiN| rUpaka-zailI kA vikAsAtmaka rUpa : racanA kI prakriyA meM racanAkAra kA anubhUta satya kabhI-kabhI itanA asIma ho jAtA hai ki bhASA kI sasImatA use apane meM samAhita karane meM asamartha ho jAtI hai| aisI paristhiti meM kalAkAra usa bhASA kA prayoga karane lagatA hai, jo rahasyAtmaka hotI hai aura UparI artha se bhinna abhiprAya ko dyotita karanevAlI hotI hai| isa prakAra kI bhASA rUpakAtmaka, dhvanyAtmaka aura sAMketika hotI hai| apanI eka kavitA meM kisI maraNAsanna mahilA ke varNana ke prasaMga meM yITsa likhate haiM : __ * grAma va po. gauDAr3ha, jilA : bhojapura (bihAra)

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150 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 __"jaba usa ramaNI kI AtmA apane nirdiSTa nRtya-pradeza ko ur3a calatI hai, taba apanI vANI dvArA nahIM, apitu yuvAkAla ke svapnoM ke bIca banI asaMskRta bhASA yA saMketa, jisake dvArA maiM prakaTa kara sakatA hU~, use pratyakSa hone do|" ___ isa prakAra kI bhASA hI nigUDha satya ko kAvya kA rUpa pradAna karatI hai / isa prakAra kI zilpa-vidhi bhAratIya-sAhitya ke lie koI navIna bAta nahIM hai| vaidika laukika saMskRta, pAli, prAkRta, apabhraMza tathA Adhunika AryabhASAoM ke sAhitya meM isa prakAra kI rUpaka-zailI kA kramika vikAsa dekhA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya-paramparA kisI bhI zAstra ke pravartana kA mUla utsa vedoM meM khojatI hai| bhAratIya cintaka itanA vinamra hotA hai ki apane ko kisI bhI jJAna kA pravartaka nahIM maantaa| isake viparIta usakA Astika hRdaya yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki jJAna kA bIja mUla rUpa meM vedoM meM surakSita hai| jo utane adhika Astika nahIM haiM, ve bhI mAnava kI prathama sAhityika kRti hone ke kAraNa vedoM ke mahattva ko svIkAra karate haiN| vedoM meM aneka rUpaka-kathAe~ nibaddha haiM, jinameM adhikAMza alaMkArika rUpa meM AI haiN| udAharaNa ke lie, Rgveda ke prasiddha yama-yamI-saMvAda (R. 10.10), purUravA-urvazI-saMvAda (10.95), saramA-paNi-saMvAda (10.108), vizvAmitra aura nadiyoM ke saMvAda (3.33) ko liyA jA sakatA hai| svAmI dayAnanda sarasvatI ne zunaHzepa kI kathA (ka k. 1.24.1) ko bhI eka AlaMkArika rUpaka hI mAnA hai / vedoM ke mantrabhAga aura brAhmaNabhAga meM amUrta bhAvanAoM ko mUrta rUpa meM vyakta karanevAlI aneka rUpaka-kathAe~ AI haiN| ye kathAe~ kisI sUkSma bhAvasattA ko vyakta karanA cAhatI haiN| zatapathabrAhmaNa meM ullikhita indra-vRtrAsura-saMgharSa, ahalyA-indra-prasaMga, manu-iDA-zraddhAprasaMga, devAsura-saMgrAma Adi kathAe~ rUpakAtmaka zailI meM hI abhivyakta haiN| upaniSadoM meM bhI brahma evaM jIva kI jijJAsA se udbhUta AkAMkSAoM kI rahasyAtmaka abhivyakti AdhyAtmika rUpakoM ke mAdhyama se huI hai| kaThopaniSad (3.34) meM zarIra ko ratha, AtmA ko rathI, buddhi ko sArathI, mana ko rAsa tathA indriyoM ko ghor3A kahA gayA hai| bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad (6.14) meM yajJa kA rUpaka bA~dhakara strI kA mahattva pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| upaniSadoM meM akSara, zabda aura vAkya-tInoM kI pratIka-yojanA hI hai aura ye pratIka-kathA ko abhinava artha se maNDita kara dete haiN| vedoM ke bAda yadi kisI grantha kI pratiSThA hai to vaha AdikAvya rAmAyaNa kI hI hai| use vedAnta-bhAga kA upabRMhaNa-rUpa kahA gayA hai-vedopabRMhaNArthAya tAvagrAhyataH prabhuH / vAlmIkirAmAyaNa meM rUpaka-tattva kA samAveza kitanA huA hai, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| bevara rAmAyaNa ko eka aisA rUpaka-kAvya mAnate haiM, jo jAtIya jIvana ke zAzvata siddhAntoM

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AdhyAtmika rUpaka-kAvya aura hindI ke jainakavi 151 para AdhArita hai| AdyazaMkarAcArya ne apane 'Atmabodha' nAmaka choTe grantha meM rAmakathA kA AdhyAtmika artha kiyA hai| mahAbhArata bhAratIya-jIvana meM ghulI-milI aisI ananta kathAoM kA akSaya srota hai, jinake saMketa bar3e gahare haiM aura jo mAnava-jIvana kI gaharI samasyAoM ko apane meM chipAye hue haiN| bhISma, yudhiSThira, bhIma, duryodhana-ye kucha nAma aise haiM, jo pratIkAtmaka se lagate haiM aura ina nAmoM meM hI vyaktitva kI samasta rekhAe~ ubhara AtI haiN| kurukSetra kI dharmabhUmi meM lar3e jAnevAle mahAbhArata ko gA~dhIjI ne rUpaka hI mAnA hai| ___"kurukSetra kA yuddha to nimitta mAtra hai| saccA kurukSetra hamArA zarIra hai| yaha kurukSetra hai aura dharmakSetra kA yuddha to nimitta mAtra hai| yadi ise hama Izvara kA nivAsasthAna samajheM aura banAyeM to yaha dharmakSetra hai"| (gItAmAtA) mahAbhArata ke Adiparva meM dharma kI dasa paliyA~ mAnI gaI haiM--kIrti, lakSmI, dhRti, medhA, puSTi, zraddhA, kriyA, buddhi, lajjA, mati / use tIna putra haiM-zama, kAma aura harSa / putra-vadhuoM ke nAma haiM-prApti, rati aura nndaa| yaha varNana AlaMkArika aura rUpakAtmaka hai| ___ kAlidAsa ke 'kumArasambhavam' kA kAma-dahana-prasaMga eka aisA rUpaka hai, jisameM dharma, darzana evaM kalA kA adbhuta sammizraNa huA hai| 'meghadUta' kavi ke jIvana kA rUpaka hai| kavi ke vyaktigata jIvana kA viraha hI 'meghadUta' ke yakSa kA viraha bana gayA hai| isI prakAra 'zAkuntalam' kI kathA ke AvaraNa meM eka sAMketikatA hai aura usakI prakRti kI pratyeka siharana meM manuSya ke vicAroM evaM kartavyoM kA spaSTa samarthana yA virodha hai| bhavabhUti ke 'uttararAmacarita' meM tamasA, muralI Adi nadiyA~ tathA pRthvI, vanadevatA, vanadevI Adi prAkRtika upakaraNa mAnava ke rUpa meM upasthita haiM aura ve mAnavI sukha-duHkha se dravita hote dikhAye gaye haiN| saMskRta-sAhitya meM rUpaka-nATaka kI paramparA ko pUrNatayA vikasita karane kA zreya yadi ekamAtra kisI grantha ko hai, to vaha hai kRSNamizra racita 'prabodhacandrodaya' / vastutaH 'prabodhacandrodaya' vaha parvatazrRMga hai, jahA~ se rUpaka-nATakoM ke car3hAva aura utAra, donoM ko AsAnI se dekhA jA sakatA hai| yaha eka aisI maulika kRti hai, jisane saMskRta-sAhitya kI nATaka-paramparA meM abhUtapUrva krAnti upasthita kara dI, jisase prabhAvita hokara bAda meM rUpaka-nATakoM kI eka paramparA hI vikasita ho gii| 'prabodhacandrodaya' ke pAtra haiM--viveka, santoSa, vairAgya, saMkalpa, kAma, krodha, lobha, mana, zraddhA, zAnti, karuNA, maitrI, kSamA, hiMsA, tRSNA Adi /

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152 . Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 - 'prabodhacandrodaya' ke pazcAt kI dUsarI mahattvapUrNa kRti hai yazapAla-racita 'mohpraajy'| isakA AdhAra jaina dharma evaM darzana hai| ___ mahAkavi veMkaTanAtha kA 'saMkalpa-sUryodaya' kalAtmakatA kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| isameM kavi ne viziSTAdvaita ke siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana bar3I mArmikatA se kiyA mahAprabhu caitanya ke jIvana-vRttAnta ko AdhAra banAkara san 1579 I. meM kavikarNapUra ne 'caitanyacandrodaya' kI racanA kii| yadyapi nATaka ke gAyaka mahAprabhu caitanya haiM, tathApi isameM vairAgya, bhakti, adharma Adi amUrta bhAvanAoM kA pAtrIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| 16vIM zatAbdI meM bhUdeva zukla ne 'dharmavijaya' nATaka kI racanA kii| isake nAyaka dharmarAja evaM pratinAyaka adharmarAja haiN| dharmarAja ke sainika haiM-ahiMsA, satya, dAna, tapa, dayA, zAnti aadi| adharma kA putra varNasaMkara aura putravadhU nIcasaMgati hai| 18vIM zatAbdI meM zrIkRSNadatta maithila ne 'puraMjanacaritam' nAmaka rUpaka zailI kA nATaka likhaa| isa nATaka kA AdhAra zrImadbhAgavata aura pratipAdya viSNubhakti hai| 18vIM zatAbdI meM hI AnandarAya bharavI ne 'vidyA-pariNaya' tathA 'jIvAnandanam' nAmaka do rUpaka nATaka likhe| prathama meM jaina, cArvAka Adi mRta pAtra ke rUpa meM upasthita haiN| dvitIya grantha meM Ayurveda ke siddhAntoM kA sAhityika pratipAdana huA hai / grantha ke nAyaka vijJAnazarmA aura pratinAyaka rAjayakSmA haiN| sannipAta, gulma, kuSTha Adi roga pAtra ke rUpa meM Aye haiN| DaoN. dazaratha ojhA ne apane 'hindI nATaka udbhava aura vikAsa' meM 'amRtodaya', 'zrIdAmAcarita' tathA 'yatirAja' nATakoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| hindI meM rUpaka-zailI ke kAvyoM kA vikAsa : hindI meM do prakAra ke rUpaka-kAvyoM kA vikAsa huA-anuvAda tathA svatantra / inake atirikta kucha aisI bhI racanAe~ haiM, jo saMskRta ke granthoM se prabhAvita to avazya haiM, kintu unameM kavi kI apanI pratibhA kA bhI yogadAna hai| saMskRta ke jina granthoM kA anuvAda huA, unameM do racanAe~ pramukha haiMprabodhacandrodaya aura jnyaansuuryody| inameM prathama ajaina hai tathA dUsarI jain| yoM 'prabodhacandrodaya' ke bIsa se adhika anuvAda hue haiM, kintu sabase prAcIna chAyAnuvAda (san 1544 I) malhakavi kI hai, jo brajabhASA-padya meM hai tathA jisameM dohA aura caupAI kA prayoga hai| yadyapi sampUrNa anuvAda padya meM hai, kintu padya meM hI nATakIyatA bhara dene kI ceSTA kavi ne kI hai|

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AdhyAtmika rUpaka-kAvya aura hindI ke jainakavi 'prabodhacandrodaya' kA dUsarA mahattvapUrNa anuvAda mahArAja yazavantasiMhajI kA hai / yaha anuvAda gadya-padya mizrita vrajabhASA meM hai / ina donoM anuvAdoM ke atirikta anAthadAsa, suratimizra, vrajavAsIdAsa, ghAsIrAma Adi ke anuvAda bhI prasiddha haiN| 'prabodhacandrodaya' ke anuvAdoM kI yaha paramparA bIsavIM zatI taka calI AyI hai| bIsavIM zatAbdI meM paM. vijayAnanda tripAThI ne isakA anuvAda prastuta kiyA / 'jJAnasUryodaya' jaina sampradAya ke siddhAntoM para AdhArita hai / ataH isake mukhya anuvAda jainoM dvArA hue / 153 hindI meM kucha aisI bhI racanAe~ haiM, jo mUla grantha para AdhArita haiM, kintu unake nirmANa meM kavi kI pratibhA kA bhI yogadAna hai| aisI racanAoM meM kavi kezavadAsa racita 'vijJAnagItA', janagopAladAsa kRta 'moha-viveka-yuddha', kavi lAladAsa kI racanA 'moha-viveka-yuddha', devakavi racita 'devamAyA - prapaMca' Adi kI gaNanA kI jA sakatI hai / AdhyAtmika rUpaka aura jainakavi : AdhyAtmika rUpakoM ke nirmANa-kSetra meM hindI ke jaina racanAkAroM kA yoga apratima hai| isa kSetra meM mahAkavi banArasIdAsa, bhaiyA bhagavatIdAsa, pANDe jinadAsa, kumudacandra, ajayarAja, sundaradAsa, pANDe rUpacanda, harSakIrtti Adi kI gaNanA kI jA sakatI hai| hindI - jaina-sAhitya ke itihAsa meM mahAkavi banArasIdAsa kA sthAna mUrddhanya hai / inhoMne mohavivekayuddha', paramArtha - hiMDolanA, adhyAtmaphAga e, teraha kAThiyA, bhavasindhu caturdazI', nATaka samayasAra' jaise AdhyAtmika rUpaka-kAvyoM kI racanA kI hai| 'mohavivekayuddha' meM moha aura viveka nAmaka do prakRtiyoM ke saMgharSa ke mAdhyama se asat para sat kI vijaya dikhAnA racanAkAra kA lakSya hai| isa racanA ke AdhAra - grantha kA ullekha karate hue svayaM kavi ne svIkAra kiyA hai ki usane apane pUrvavartI kaviyoM malha, lAladAsa tathA gopAla kI racanAoM kA sAra lekara isa grantha kI racanA kI hai| pUraba bhae su kavi malha lAladAsa gopAla / mohaviveka kie tInhi vANI vacana rasAla // tini tInahu graMthAni mahA, sulapa sulapa saMdhi dekha / sArabhUta saMkSepa aru sodhi leta hauM seSa // ( mohavivekayuddha pR. 2-3) 'paramArtha-hiMDolanA' meM kavi ne cetana rAjA ko harSa ke hiMDole para jhUlane aura aparimita AtmazAnti kA anubhava karane kI zikSA dI hai|

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154 : Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 'adhyAtma-phAga' meM kavi ne AdhyAtmika vasanta meM suruci kI sugandha para mana-madhukara ke ma~DarAne, sumati-kokila ke gAne, jar3atA-jAr3a ke niHzeSa ho jAne, mAyA-rAtri ke laghu ho jAne, saMzaya-zizira ke samrATa ho jAne Adi kI bAteM kI haiN| 'teraha kAliyA' meM teraha aise ThagoM kA varNana hai, jo AtmarAjya kI sukha-zAnti meM vyavadhAna utpanna karane meM sakriya rahate haiM aura ratnatraya kA apaharaNa kara jIvAtmA ko tIna teraha kara dete haiN| ve Thaga haiM : jUA Alasa zoka bhaya, kukathA kautuka koh| kRpaNa buddhi ajAnatA, bhrama, nidrA, bhaya, moha // (terahakAThiyA, chanda 3) 'nATaka samayasAra' AcArya kundakunda kI prAkRta-racanA 'samayasAra' para AdhArita hokara bhI sarvathA svatantra grantha hai| anAdikAla se isa hRdaya meM bhramarUpa mahA ajJAna kI vistRta nATyazAlA sthApita hai / ekamAtra pudgala vahA~ satata nRtya karatA rahatA hai / samyak AtmA isa nATaka kA prekSaka hai| aadi-aadi| ___ 'khaTolanAgIta" meM kavi rUpacanda ne khaTole ke rUpaka dvArA jIvAtmA ko apanI nidrA tyAga ziva-deza ke lie prasthAna karane kI zikSA dI hai| 'cUnar3I bhagavatIdAsa-racita 35 padoM kA laghurUpaka kAvya hai / jaina-sAhitya meM cUnarI bahuta lokapriya vidhA rahI hai aura isapara aneka kaviyoM ne racanAe~ kI haiN| cUnarI kA artha hotA hai vibhinna raMgoM se nirmita striyoM ke or3hane kA dupaTTA / paM. bhagavatIdAsa racita 'cUnar3I' meM ziva-sundarI (muktibaddha) bhagavAn jinendra se aisI cUnar3I ma~gA dene kI prArthanA karatI hai, jo samyaktva ke sUta se nirmita ho, jJAna ke jala meM ra~gI gaI ho tathA paccIsa prakAra ke maloM ko dUra kara, ahiMsA kI bhUmi para rakhakara niyama aura saMyama kI jisapara iztirI kI gaI ho| 'cetanakarmacarita bhaiyA bhagavatIdAsa kI utkRSTatama racanA hai| isameM nAyaka cetana aura pratinAyaka moha ke saMgharSa kI kathA bar3e sundara rUpa meM prastuta kI gaI hai : sUra balavaMta madamatta mahAmoha ke, nikasi saba saina Age ju aaye| mAri ghamAsAna mahAjuddha bahukruddha kari, ekateM eka sAto savAye // vIra suviveka ne dhanuSa le dhyAna kA, mArike subhaTa sAtoM giraaye| kumuka jo jJAna kI saina saba saMga dhasI, moha ke subhaTa mUrchA savAye // (cetanakarmacarita, chanda 124) //

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AdhyAtmika rUpaka-kAvya aura hindI ke jainakavi bhaiyA bhagavatIdAsa kRta 'paMcendriya-saMvAda 10 eka sundara rUpaka-kAvya hai / isameM kavi ne rAga-dveSa Adi vikAroM kI abhivyakti ke lie paMcendriya-saMvAda ko aMkita kiyA hai / bhaiyA bhagavatIdAsa-racita 'madhubinduka caupai', 'sUA battIsI', 'zaMtaaSTottarI' Adi racanAe~ rUpaka-kAvya meM parigaNita haiM / 155 'manakarahArAsa " brahmadIpa kI racanA hai| isakI hastalikhita prati - saM. 1771 kI likhI huI hai| isameM kavi ne mana kI upamA U~Ta ke bacce (karabha) se dI hai tathA saMsArarUpI vana meM ugI viSaya - vallariyoM ke carane se use manA kiyA hai| jainakaviyoM dvArA racita aneka rUpaka-kAvya vibhinna jaina granthAgAroM ke veSTanoM meM ba~dhe par3e haiM / yaha Azcarya kA viSaya hai ki itanI vyApaka sAmagrI ke hote hue bhI abhI taka isa viSaya kA prAmANika evaM sarvAMgapUrNa vivecana sambhava nahIM ho sakA hai| ataH AvazyakatA aise sudhI anusandhitsuoM kI hai, jo ina asUryampazyA pothiyoM ko prakAza meM lAkara inakA sahI mUlyAMkana prastuta kara sakeM / sandarbha-srota : 1. prakAzaka : vIra pustaka bhaNDAra, manihAroM kA rAstA, jayapura, bI. ni. saM. 2481 2- 5. saMkalita : banArasI vilAsa, prakAzaka nAthUrAma smAraka granthamAlA, jayapura saM. 2010 6. prakAzaka : hindI jaina grantharatnAkara kAryAlaya, bambaI 7. AmerazAstra bhaNDAra, jayapura kI hastalikhita prati 8. hastalikhita prati, AmerazAstra bhaNDAra, jayapura 9. brahmavilAsa (prakAzaka- jaina grantha ratnAkara kAryAlaya, bambaI) meM saMkalita 10. vahI 11. AmerazAstra bhaNDAra, jayapura kI hastalikhita prati, guTakA naM. 292.54

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khaNDa : 3 jainadharma evaM darzana Jain Religion & Philosophy

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Pali Sakkaya and Prakrit Atthikaya: A Comparative Study Dr. Nathmal Tatia* There has been much speculation on the meanings of Sakkaya and Atthikaya. We shall give a brief summary of the speculations on the meaning of the Pali word Sakkaya, and also of the Prakrit word Atthikaya. On Sakkaya R.C. Childers has derived the word Sakkaya as sva plus kaya, own body or person, in his A Dictionary of the Pali Language. Franklin Edgerton, in his Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary, commenting on the Childers' vicw and the opinions of other scholars on the subject remarks: There seems little doubt of the etymology and fundamental meaning of this word (probably no one now agrees with Childers that it was sva-kaya); and the scholastic fantasics of various schools listed by LaV-P, i.. Abhidh K. V. 15-17 nccd not be recorded here, though they cvidently influenced Tibetan and Chinesc intcrprctations. Let us now go to the ancient Pali texts to sce what they actually mean by the word Sakkaya. In the Majjhimanikaya (Nalanda) Edition, Vol. I, pp. 36917, it is said that the five groups of grasping are called Sakkaya by the Lord (panca upadanakkhandha sakkayo vutto bhagavata), that is to say, the group of grasping alter material shape, the group of grasping after feeling, the group of grasping after pcrccption, the group of grasping after the habitual tendencies, the group of grasping after consciousness. These five groups of grasping are called Sakkaya.' In this connection the words sakkayasamudaya, sakkayanirodha, and sakkayaniraodhagamini patipada are also explained. The sakkayasamudaya (arising of Sakkaya) is explained as the craving (taria) leading to rebirth, accompanied by delight and attachment. The sakkayanirodha (the stopping of Sakkaya) is explained as stopping of the craving with no attachment remaining. The sakkayaniroda-gumini patipuda (thc .course leading to the stopping of Sakkaya) is the cightsold noblc path, that is to say, perfect vicw, perfect * Director, Jain Vishva-Bharati, Ladnun-341 306 (Rajasthan)

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160 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 thought, perfect speech, perfect action, perfect way of living, perfect endeavour and perfect mindfulness perfect concentration. In the above explanation of the Sakkaya, the word kaya' has been ined as khandha (group). The mention of material shape (rupa), feeling (vedana), etc., which are reals according to the Therevada Buddhism, indicates that the word Sakkaya stood for "reals etymologically and ontologically, stood for reals that were separate factors, and not parts of a single independent eternal entity. In the same place of the Majhimanikaya, the word sakkayaditthi is explained as the view of the unenlightened persons who 'regard the material shape as self (rupam attato samanupassati), or self as having material shape (rupavantam va attanam), or material shape in self (attani va rupam), or self in material shape (rupasmim va attanam); and so on, about vedana, sanna, sarikhara and vinnana.' The above-mentioned explanations of the words Sakkaya and sakkayaditthi clearly demonstrate that the Buddha did not reject the concept of Sakkaya, but refuted sakkayaditthi as a wrong doctrine. The self or soul as an eternal substance was not endorsed by the Buddha. Buddhaghosa in his Atthasalini (Bapat's Edition), V.13, explains the word sakkayaditthi as the view referring to the five Khandhas that are real existents. Such view, however, is only an imaginary concept that is not based on anything real. sakkayaditthi ti vijjamanatthena satikhandhapancakasarikhate kaye; sayam va sati tasmin kaye ditthi ti sakkayaditthi. In the Abhidharmakosa-bhasya, V7, of Vasubandhu, the satkayadrsti is explained as the view about the self and what belongs to the self. The word sat means what is decaying (sidat di sat), the word kaya' means group, assemblage (caya), mass (sa mghata), conglomarate (skandha). The word satkaya stands for the five groups that are objects of clinging. The word sat and kaya are used for refuting the ideas of 'eternity' and 'extended whole respectively. The wrong notion of eternal self or soul is produced by the concept of eternity and the concept of an extended whole. The view attached to what is sat (eternal) and kaya (extended whole) is satkayadrsti. All views attached to the polluted objects are grounded on the Satkaya. The satkayadrsti has been propounded as the wrong view about the soul and what belongs to the soul, in order to show that the satkayadrsti is in fact not in respect of the soul or what belongs to the soul. It has been said by the Lord that the mendicants, the sramanas and brahmanas who imagine that they perceive the soul do in fact perceive the five grasping groups:

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Pali Sakkaya Prakrit Atthikaya : A Comparative Study . 161 atamadsstir atmiyadrstir va satkayadrstih. sidatii sat. cayah kayah sa mghatah, skandha ity artha) saccayam kayas ceti satkayah panacopa danaskandhah nityasamjnam pindasamjnam ca tyajayitum evam dyotita. etatpurvako hi tesv atamagrahah satkaye drstih satkayadrstih. sarvaiva sasravalambana drstih satkaye. atmatmiyadrstir eva tu satkayadystir ukta, yatha gamyeta satkayadrstir iyam natmani natmiye veti. yathoktam ye kecid bhiksavah sramana va brahmana va atmeti samanupasayantah samanupa sayanti sarve ta iman eva panacopa danaskandhan'iti On Atthikaya Very closely similar to the Buddhist concept of Sakkaya is the Jaina concept of Atthikaya. In the Bhagavat istitra (Ladnun Edition), VII.10, we find mentioned an assembly of heretical teachers who express their curiosity to know the concept of the five Atthikayas propounded by Samana Nayaputta (Lord Mahavira). The commentator Abhayadevasuri has here explained the meaning of atthikaya (Sanskrit Astikaya) as follows: astisabdena pradesa uicyante, atas lesam kaya ra sayali astikaya). atha va astity ayam nipatah kalatrayabhidhayi tato 'stiti santy asan bhavisyanti ca ye kayah pradesara suyus te astikaya iti. (Bhagavati II. 124) Here the word asti is explained as pradesa, space-point; kayal is explained as raa, a heap or a number; thus astikaya stands for a number of space-points, constituting an extended entity. Alternatively, asti is explained as an endeclinable standing for three periods of time, viz. present, past and future; and Kaya' is explained as a body of space-points. The word astikaya thus stands for a group of space-points constituting a body that persists through the three periods of time. In the Panca stikaya of Kundakunda the atthikaya is explained as those entities which have their self-nature (svabhava) together with various qualities and modes. They constitute the three worlds. The atthikuyas continue through the three periods of time, are eternal, and continue as substances, signified by their being subject to change: jesim atthi sahao gunehim saha pajjaehim vivihchi ml te homti atthikaya nippanna m jehim tailukkam/ (5) te ceva atthikaya tekaliyabhavaparinadanicca/ gaccha mti daviyabhavam pariyattanali mgasa mutta /l (6)

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162 Vaishali Institutc Research Bulletin No. 8 The word kaya in atthikaya stands for an cntity that has parts. The Tatvaprad ipika-vrtti of Amitacandra on Pamcastikava (Kariku, 5) says: Kayatvakhyam savayavatvam avascyam Siddhascnagani in his (ka on Umasva'i's Talvarthasutra-Bha sva, V.1 (p. 317), has explained astikava as follows: kaya sabdena pattir abhidhitsita' stisubdena dhrouvyam. apadanam apattiki, avirbhavatirobhavau, vastuna utpudavina sav iti yaval. A comparative look at thc cxplanations given of the words sakkava in Pali and athikaya in Prakrit shows a very close affinity between the two concepts represented by them. The concept of atthikaya must have been prevalent in the days of the Buddha. It was therefore not impossible that the Buddha should adapt the concept of athikaya through the word sakkaya to suit his philosophy of aniccata and analtata. Linguisticaly it was but plausible to frame a new word like sakkaya as a Buddhist counterpart of the Jaina atthikaya. Asti and sat are derived from the same root and have identical mcaning. The Buddha's concept of sat was of course quite different from Mahavira's concept of sal. As an upholder of the doctrine of anityata, the Buddha conceived the sal as what is changing, whereas Mahavira as an upholder of nityanityata conceived sat as possessed of both permanence and change. If this fundamental difference is kept in vicw, there should be no difficulty in accepting that atthikaya and sakkuya where etymologically identical, though ontologically possessed of different connotations. Note : 1. For the ancient connotation of the word kuva, vide Panuini, 111.3.41 and III.3.42. Also Siddhantakaumudi kayah sarire. chate'sminn asthyadikum iti kayah

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jainadarzana kA vaiziSTya DaoN. rAmajI siMha kisI bhI dArzanika vicAra kA mahattva isa bAta meM honA cAhie ki vaha prakRta vAstavika samasyAoM para binA kisI pUrvAgraha ke vicAra kare / bhAratIya dArzanika paramparA meM zabda-pramANa kA prAmukhya isa prakAra ke dArzanika mahattva ko kucha kama hI kara detA hai| lagatA hai ki kisI vicAradhArA kI rUparekhA to zabda-pramANa prastuta kara detI hai aura tattvadarzana kevala use vikasita karatA hai| lekina isake viparIta jaina dArzanika paramparA meM aisA pratIta hotA hai ki sApha sleTa para likha rahA ho| dArzanika dRSTi ke vikAsa ke lie paramparA-nirmita pUrvAgrahoM se mukta svatantra vicAradhArA kA nirmANa eka mahattva rakhatA hai| jaina dRSTi meM bhI zabda-pramANa hai, lekina yaha jaina dRSTi kA anugAmI hai, purogAmI nhiiN| isa prakAra jaina darzana kI svAyattA parilakSita hotI hai| isIlie 'lokatattva-nirNaya' meM haribhadra ne kahA hai : pakSapAto na me vIre na dveSaH kapilAdiSu / yuktimadvavacanaM yasya tasya kAryaH parigrahaH / / zruti yA Agama kA jitanA hI adhika bojha hogA, darzana kI tejasvitA utanI hI kama hogii| jainadarzana kA vaiziSTya eka dUsare artha meM bhI hai, vaha hai darzana ke artha meM / darzana kA artha hai dRSTa-dRzyate anena iti drshnm| kisI bhI tattva ke parIkSaNa meM hamArI dRSTi yA hamArI ruci, paristhiti yA adhikAritA para nirbhara karatI hai| isa artha meM darzana vyakti ke dRSTibheda se prabhAvita hogaa| dRSTibheda se darzana-bheda hotA hI hai| kisI bhI tattva ke viSaya meM koI bhI tAttvika dRSTi aikAntika honA ucita nahIM hai; kyoMki tattva anaikAntika hai-'anantadharmAtmakaM vstu'| pratyeka tattva anekarUpAtmaka hai| isIlie koI eka aura aikAntika dRSTi se una sabakA eka sAtha tAttvika pratipAdana nahIM kara sktaa| bhAratIya vaidika darzana meM advaita-dRSTi, bauddha darzana meM vibhajyavAdI dRSTi aura lokAyata-darzana meM maulika dRSTi hai| ye sabhI dRSTiyA~ * kulapati, jainavizvabhAratI saMsthAna, lADanUM--341 306 (rAjasthAna)

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164 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 aikAntika haiN| kintu jaina dRSTi anaikAntika hai| isI satya ko Rgveda meM bhI mukharita kiyA gayA hai : _ 'ekaM sat viprA bahudhA vdnti|' yoM, eka prakAra se bauddha evaM advaita darzana ne sattA ke stara para prakArAntara se anekAnta dRSTi ko svIkAra kiyA hai| jaise mAdhyamika bauddhoM ne paramArtha, loka-saMvRti aura aloka-saMvRti ye tIna avasthAe~ mAnI haiN| jisa zaMkarAcArya ne brahmasUtra ke 'naikasmin asambhavAt' sUtra ke bhASya meM anekAntavAda-syAdvAda para prakhara prahAra kiyA hai, vahIM vaha svayaM tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM paramArtha, vyavahAra evaM pratibhAsa-satya kI tIna avasthAe~ mAnakara syAdvAda-dRSTi kA adhika se adhika prayoga karanevAle cintaka siddha hue| Adhunika yuga meM AinsTIna kA sApekSavAda aura DelarepI jaise dArzanikoM kA dvAdazabhaMgI dRSTikoNa hamAre sAmane hai| isa dRSTi se jainoM kI anekAnta-dRSTi darzana kI sabase nirdoSa vidhA hai, jo kisI aikAntika dRSTi-vizeSa se Abaddha nahIM hai| isa anekAntavAda kI bhUmikA sAmya-dRSTi meM hai| sAmya-dRSTi kA jaina-paramparA meM vahI mahattva hai, jo brAhmaNa-paramparA meM brahma kaa| zramaNa-dharma kI prANabhUta sAmyabhAvanA (sAmAiya= sAmayika) kA prathama sthAna hai, jo AcArAMga-sUtra kahalAtA hai aura jisameM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke AcAra-vicAra kA sIdhA evaM spaSTa pratibimba dikhAI par3atA hai| yaha dhArmika jIvana svIkAra karane kI gAyatrI hai, jaba gRhastha yA tyAgI kahatA hai- 'karemi bhaMte saamaaiyN'| isake dUsare sUtra meM sAvadhayoga hai, jisameM pApa-vyApAra ke tyAga kA saMkalpa hai| yaha sAmya-dRSTi vicAra evaM AcAra donoM meM prakaTa huI hai / vicAra meM sAmyadRSTi se hI anekAntavAda kA AvirbhAva huaa| kevala apanI dRSTi ko pUrNa evaM antima satya mAnakara usapara Agraha rakhanA sAmyadRSTi ke lie ghAtaka hai| isalie yaha mAnA gayA hai ki dUsaroM kI dRSTi kA utanA hI Adara karanA cAhie, jitanA apanI dRSTi kaa| yahI sAmyadRSTi anekAnta kI bhUmikA hai| isI se bhASApradhAna syAdvAda evaM vicArapradhAna nayavAda kA kramazaH vikAsa huA hai| jainetara dArzanika bhI anekAnta-bhAvanA ko svIkAra karate haiM, lekina jaina darzana kI yahI vizeSatA hai ki usane anekAnta kA svatantra zAsana hI raca ddaalaa| jaina darzana kA bAhya-Abhyantara, sthUla-sUkSma saba AcAra sAmyadRSTimUlaka ahiMsA ke AsapAsa hI nirmita huA hai| jisa AcAra ke dvArA ahiMsA kI rakSA yA puSTi na hotI ho, aise kisI bhI AcAra ko jaina paramparA mAnyatA nahIM detii| isalie ahiMsA ko yahA~ itanA vyApaka evaM gambhIra batAyA gyaa| ahiMsA kevala mAnava-dharma ke rUpa meM nahIM, balki mAnavatera yAnI pazu-pakSI,kITa-pataMga aura vanaspati tathA jaivIya Adi sUkSmAtisUkSma jIvoM kI hiMsA se Atmaupamya kI bhAvanA dvArA nivRtta hone ke lie kahA gayA hai|

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z2ainadarzana kA vaiziSTya vicAra-jagat kA anekAnta hI naitika jagat meM ahiMsA ko pratiSThita karatA hai / ataH, jahA~ anya darzanoM meM dUsaroM ke matoM ke khaNDana para jyAdA jora diyA gayA hai, vahA~ jaina darzana ke mukhya dhyeya anekAnta - siddhAnta ke AdhAra para vastusthitimUlaka vibhinna matoM kA samanvaya karatA rahA hai| asala meM bauddhika stara para isa siddhAnta ko mAna lene se manuSya 'ke naitika aura laukika vyavahAra meM eka mahattvapUrNa parivartana honA avazyambhAvI hai| vicAra meM anekAnta kI pratiSThA se jIvana meM saMkIrNatA yA zAstrArtha meM apanI vijaya ke lie chala, jalpa aura vitaNDA kI pravRttiyA~ na hone se samanvaya evaM sAdhya kI pavitratA ke sAtha sAdhana kI pavitratA kA bhAva AyegA / Aja vizva meM jAti, dharma, sampradAyoM evaM vicAradhArAoM kA itanA vaividhya hai ki yadi eka vyApaka mAnavIya dRSTi se anekAnta-mUlaka samanvaya kI dRSTi nahIM rakhI jAyegI, to phira sAmAjika jIvana duHkhamaya ho jAyegA / anekAnta-dRSTi AcAra - sAdhanA meM ahiMsA, samAja- sAdhanA meM samanvaya aura dharma - sAdhanA sarva-dharma-samabhAva ke jIvana-mUlya ko sthApita karegI aura anekAnta korA darzana nahIM hai, vaha sAdhanA hai / ekAMgI Agraha rAga-dveSa se prerita hote haiM / jaise-jaise rAga-dveSa kSINa hotA hai, vaise-vaise anekAntadRSTi vikasita hotI hai, aura jaise-jaise anekAnta-dRSTi vikasita hotI hai, vaise-vaise rAga-dveSa kSINa hotA hai| darzana satya kA sAkSAtkAra hai / rAga-dveSa meM phailA vyakti satya kA sAkSAtkAra kara hI nahIM sktaa| darzana satya kI upalabdhi ke lie evaM satya kI upalabdhi zAnti kI upalabdhi ke lie hai| manuSya apanI rAgAtmaka pravRttiyoM ke kAraNa satya se kama AkarSita huA aura usake AkarSaNa kA kendra satya ke badale satya kA saMsthAna, yAnI sampradAya bana gayA / sampradAya ne satya para itane AvaraNa DAle ki dharma kI surakSA ke lie adharma, ahiMsA kI surakSA ke liye hiMsA, aura satya kI surakSA ke liye asatya kA AcaraNa varjita nahIM rhaa| lekina jaina darzana satya ko jAnane ke lie anekAnta - dRSTi aura anekAnta-dRSTi pAne ke lie rAga-dveSa-rahita AdhyAtmika jIvana para jora detA hai / 1 isIlie tattva kI sthApanA ke lie tarka ko eka sApekSa Alambana mAnA gayA hai 1 svakIya abhyupagama kI sthApanA aura parakIya abhyupagama ke lie tarka usI sImA taka ho, jisase parapakSa ko mAnasika AghAta na lge| apane vicAra kI puSTi apane lie nahIM, balki ahiMsA kI puSTi ke lie hai| ahiMsA kA khaNDana kara dUsare ke abhyupagama kA khaNDana karanA vAstava meM apane abhyupagama kA khaNDana karanA hai / ataH jainadarzana koI eka darzana nahIM, darzanoM kA samuccaya hai / ananta dRSTiyoM se saha-astitva ko mAnyatA denevAlA koI eka darzana nahIM ho sakatA / 165 jaina darzana ko bahudhA nAstika kaha diyA jAtA hai; kyoMki manu ke 'nAstiko vedanindakaH' nyAya tathA kartA- saMhartA rUpa se Izvara jaisI svatantra sattA ko asvIkAra

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166 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 karanA donoM jaina darzana meM lAgU hotA hai / kintu pANini ke 'asti - nAsti diSTaM matiH' ke anusAra jaina darzana ko haragija nAstika nahIM kahA jA sakatA; kyoMki yaha indriyAtIta tathya, yAnI paraloka kI sattA ko mAnanevAlA hai| jaina darzana kartA-dhartA hartA rUpI Izvara ko to svIkAra nahIM karatA hai, lekina isake anusAra pratyeka jIva apanI sRSTi kA hI kartA hai| tAttvika dRSTi se pratyeka jIva meM Izvara bhAva hai, jo mukti ke samaya prakaTa hotA hai| yogazAstra sammata Izvara bhI mAtra upAsya hai, kartA- saMhartA nahIM hai / AstikatA ko yadi vizva kI zAzvata naitika vyavasthA ke rUpa meM liyA jAya, to jainadarzana kI AstikatA para koI u~galI nahIM uThA sakatA; kyoMki isa zAzvata naitika vyavasthA meM ise dRr3ha vizvAsa hai / jainadarzana meM isa jagat ko anAdi mAnA gayA hai| ananta sattA anAdi kAla se anantakAla taka kSaNa-kSaNa viparivartamAna hokara apanI mUladhArA meM pravAhita hotA hai; kyoMki usake pazcAt saMyoga evaM viyoga se yaha sRSTicakra svayaM saMcAlita hai / kisI eka buddhimAn ne baiThakara asaMkhya kAryakAraNa bhAva aura ananta svarUpoM kI kalpanA kI ho aura vaha apanI icchA se jagat kA niyantraNa karatA to ho, yaha vastuHsthiti ke pratikUla to hai hI, anubhavagamya bhI nahIM hai / vizva apane pArasparika kAryakAraNabhAvoM se svayaM suvyavasthita aura sunizcita hai / Agama, jaina dArzanika vAGmaya ke vikAsa krama ko cAra yugoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA haianekAnta-sthApanA, pramANazAstra - vyavasthA evaM navIna nyAyayuga / yugoM ke lakSaNa nAma se hI suspaSTa haiM / kAla maryAdA kA nirdhAraNa isa samaya hamArA abhISTa nahIM hai, yoM isameM matabheda bhI haiM / jainatattva - vicAra kI prAcInatA meM sandeha to nahIM hI hai, isakI svatantratA bhI isa bAta se siddha hai ki jaba upaniSadoM meM anya zAstroM ke bIja milate haiM, lekina jainatattva ke vicAra ke bIja nahIM milte| itanA hI nahIM, bhagavAn mahAvIra-pratipAdita AgamoM meM jo karmavicAra hai, mArgaNA aura guNasthAna, jIvoM kI gati evaM agati, loka-vyavasthA evaM racanA, jar3a-paramANu pugaloM kI vargaNA aura pudgala-skandha, chaha dravya evaM nava tattva kA jo vyavasthita vicAra hai, una sabako dekhate hue yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jainatattva - vicAradhArA bhagavAn mahAvIra se bhI pUrva kaI pIr3hiyoM kI adhyAtmonmukha sArasvata sAdhanA kA pratiphala hai aura isa dhArA kA upaniSad - pratipAdita aneka matoM se pArthakya hai, ataH isakA svAtantrya svayaMsiddha hai / jaina darzana ko anekAntavAda bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vizeSa dena hai| isI ke bAda honevAle jaina dArzanikoM jaitattva - vicAra ko hI anekAntavAda ke nAma se pratipAdita karate hue bhagavAn mahAvIra ko usakA upadezaka btaayaa| yoM, vicAra ke vikAsakrama aura purAtana itihAsa ke cintana

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jainadarzana kA vaiziSTya spaSTa dikhatA hai ki anekAnta dRSTi kA mUla bhagavAn se bhI purAnA hai, hA~ vaha anekAnta kA vyavasthita rUpa mahAvIra se pUrvavartI jainetara sAhitya meM nahIM milatA hai, bhale hI usake vaidika bauddha evaM jaina sabhI paramparAoM meM nyUnAdhika upalabdha hoM / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne anekAnta - dRSTi ko apane jIvana meM utArA thA aura usake bAda hI dUsaroM ko isakA upadeza diyA thA / usameM anubhava evaM tapa kA bala hai, bhale hI tarkavAda yA khaNDana - maNDana kA jaTila jAla nahIM ho / bhagavan mahAvIra ke anagAmI AcAryoM meM prajJA evaM tyAga to thA, lekina spaSTa jIvana kA utanA anubhava aura tapa nahIM thA / isIlie vAda, jalpa evaM vitaNDA kA bhI sahArA liyaa| isa khaNDana, maNDana, sthApana aura pracAra ke do hajAra varSoM meM mahAvIra ke ziSyoM ne anekAnta- dRSTiviSayaka itanA granthasamUha banA DAlA / isa krama meM samantabhadra aura siddhasena, haribhadra aura akalaMka, vidyAnandI aura prabhAcandra, abhayadeva aura vAdirAja, hemacandra evaM yazovijaya jI jaise prakANDa vicArakoM ne anekAnta - dRSTi ke bAre meM jo likhA, vaha bhAratIya dArzanika sAhitya kI amUlya nidhi hai / sabase mahattvapUrNa tathya to yaha hai ki anekAnta - dRSTi kA prabhAmaNDala asAdhAraNa hai / bAdarAyaNa jaise sUtrakAroM ne usakA khaNDana karane ke lie sUtra raca DAle aura bAda meM usa sUtra ke bhASyakAroM ne bhASyoM kI racanA kI / vasubandhu, diGnAga, dharmakIrti aura zAntarakSita jaise prabhAvazAlI bauddha vidvAnoM ne anekAntavAda kI pUrI AlocanA kI, phira jaina vidvAnoM neuna AkSepoM ke uttara diye| isa pracaNDa saMgharSa ke pariNAmasvarUpa anekAnta - dRSTi kA tarkabaddha vikAsa huA aura usakA prabhAva bhI anya sampradAya ke vidvAnoM para par3A / rAmAnuja ne anekAnta-dRSTi se viziSTAdvaitavAda kI aura vallabha ne zuddhAdvaitavAda kA khaNDana kiyA / anekAnta-yuga ke pazcAt pramANa- zAsana-vyavasthA - yuga AtA hai / jisa prakAra asaMga basubandhu ne bauddha vijJAnavAda kI sthApanA kI, kintu pramANazAstra kI racanA evaM sthApanA kA kArya to diGnAga kiyA, jisake uttara meM prazastapAda, udyotakara, kumArila, siddhasena, mallavAdI, siMhagaNI, pUjyapAda, samantabhadra, Izvarasena, aviddhakarNa Adi ne apane-apane darzana meM pramANazAstra kA samarthana kiyA tathA diGnAga ke TIkAkAra dharmakIrti aura unake ziSya arca, dharmottara, zAntarakSita, prajJAkara Adi hue aura dUsarI ora bauddhetara dArzanikoM meM prabhAkara, umbeka, vyomaziva, jayanta, sumati, pAtrasvAmI, maNDana Adi hue, jinhoMne bauddhapakSa kA khaNDana kiyA / isI vicAra-saMgharSa kI cAra zatAbdI ke kAla meM haribhadra, akaMlaka, vidyAnandI, amitakIrti, zAkaTAyana, mANikyanandI, siddharSi, abhayadeva, prabhAcandra, vAdirAja, jinezvara, candraputra, anantavIrya, vAdidevasUri, hemacandra, malliSeNa, jJAnAcArya, ratnaputra, siMha - vyAghrazizu, rAmacandrasUri dharmabhUSaNa, rAjazekhara, somatilaka Adi aneka jaina naiyAyika hue| phira vi. terahavIM sadI meM gaMgeza upAdhyAya kI pratibhA navyanyAya kA yuga prArambha kiyaa| yaha itanA mahattvapUrNa huA ki binA isa navyanyAya kI 167

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168 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 zailI meM pravINa hue koI dArzanika sabhI darzanoM ke vikAsa kA pAragAmI nahIM ho sktaa| kintu jainadarzana ina pA~ca zatAbdiyoM meM dArzanika vikAsa se vaMcita rahA aura isa zailI ko na apanAne ke kAraNa apariSkRta raha gyaa| 16vIM zatAbdI meM yazovijaya (saMvat 1699) ne isa abhAva ko pUrNa kiyA aura 'anekAnta-vyavasthA' nAmaka svatantra grantha likhakara navyanyAya kI zailI meM jaina darzana ko praveza dilaayaa| phira yazasvat sAgara (saM. 1656), vimaladAsa, AcArya vijayanemi evaM unake ziSyagaNa hue / lekina jainadarzana ke vikAsa-krama meM koI naye vicAra kA sRjana nahIM ho skaa| yaha bhAratIya cintanadhArA kI durbalatA hai ki hamameM atIta ke prati atyanta moha rahatA hai| vaidika darzana meM veda-vedAnta se lekara vivekAnanda, bauddha darzana meM bhagavAn buddha se lekara nava bauddha cintana aura jainadarzana meM bhagavAn mahAvIra se lekara Ajataka dArzanika kSetra meM koI navIna cintana khar3A nahIM ho sakA hai| paM. sukhalAla saMghavI ne saM. 1949-51 I. taka 'jaina sAhitya kI pragati kI samIkSA karate hue likhA hai ki hamArI cirakAlIna saMghazakti isalie kAryakSama sAbita nahIM hotI ki usameM navadRSTi kA prANa-spandana nahIM hai

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guNasthAna-siddhAnta kA udbhava evaM vikAsa (tattvArthasUtra aura kasAyapAhuDasutta ke sandarbha meM) pro. sAgaramala jaina vyakti kI AdhyAtmika zuddhi ke vibhinna staroM kA nirdhAraNa karane ke lie jaina darzana meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai| usameM vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA mUlyAMkana isI avadhAraNA ke AdhAra para hotA hai| yadyapi guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA jaina dharma kI eka pramukha avadhAraNA hai, tathApi prAcIna stara ke jaina AgamoM, yathA-AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, RSibhASita, dazavaikAlika, bhagavatI Adi meM isakA koI ullekha upalabdha nahIM hotA hai / zvetAmbara-paramparA meM sarvaprathama 'samavAyAMga' meM jIvasthAna ke nAma se isakA ullekha huA hai| samavAyAMga meM yadyapi 14 guNasthAnoM ke nAmoM kA nirdeza huA hai, tathApi unheM guNasthAna na kahakara jIvasthAna (jIvaThANa) kahA gayA hai| samavAyAMga ke pazcAt zvetAmbara-paramparA meM guNasthAnoM ke 14 nAmoM kA nirdeza Avazyakaniyukti meM upalabdha hai, kintu vahA~ bhI nAmoM kA nirdeza hote hue bhI unheM guNasthAna (guNaThANa) nahIM kahA gayA hai| yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNIya hai ki mUla Avazyaka sUtra, jisakI niyukti meM ye gAthAe~ AI haiM- mAtra 14 bhUtagrAma haiM,-itanA batAtI hai, niyukti una 14 bhUtagrAma kA vivaraNa detI hai| phira usameM ina 14 guNasthAnoM kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| kintu ye gAthAe~ prakSipta lagatI haiM; kyoMki haribhadra (8vIM zatI) ne Avazyakaniyukti kI TIkA meM "adhunAmumaiva guNasthAnadvAreNa darzayannAha saMgrahaNikAra" kahakara ina donoM gAthAoM ko udhRta kiyA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki prAcIna niyuktiyoM ke racanAkAla meM bhI guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA nahIM thii| niyuktiyoM ke gAthA-krama meM bhI inakI gaNanA nahIM kI jAtI hai| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki niyukti meM ye gAthAe~ saMgrahaNI-sUtra se lekara prakSipta kI gaI hai| prAcIna prakIrNakoM meM bhI guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA kA abhAva hai / zvetAmbara-paramparA meM ina 14 avasthAoM ke lie 'guNasthAna' zabda kA sarvaprathama prayoga hameM AvazyakacUrNi (7vIM zatI) meM milatA hai, usameM lagabhaga tIna pRSThoM meM inakA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| jahA~taka digambara-paramparA kA prazna hai, usameM kasAyapAhuDa ko chor3akara tiloyapaNNatti (4. 2935-43), SaTkhaNDAgama', mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA jaise adhyAtmapradhAna granthoM meM tathA tattvArthasUtra kI pUjyapAda * nidezaka, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama-zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI-221 005 (uttara pradeza)

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170 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 devanandI kI savArthasiddhi, bhaTTa akalaMka kI rAjavArtika, vidyAnandI kI zlokavArtika' Adi digambara AcAryoM kI TIkAoM meM 14 guNasthAnoM ke isa siddhAnta kA vistRta vivecana huA hai| uparyukta granthoM ke mUla sandarbho se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki SaTakhaNDAgama ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI ise guNasthAna ke nAma se abhihita karate haiN| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM bhI AvazyakacUrNi11, tattvArthabhASya kI siddhasenagaNi kI vRtti, haribhadra kI tattvArthasUtra kI TIkA 2 Adi meM isa siddhAnta kA vistRta ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| hamAre lie Azcarya kA viSaya to yaha hai ki AcArya umAsvAti ne jahA~ apane tattvArthasUtra meM jainadharma evaM darzana ke lagabhaga sabhI pakSoM para prakAza DAlA hai, vahA~ unhoMne 14 guNasthAnoM kA spaSTa rUpa se kahIM bhI nirdeza nahIM kiyA hai / tattvArthabhASya, jo tattvArthasUtra para umAsvAti kI svopajJa TIkA mAnI jAtI hai, usameM bhI kahIM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA kA ullekha nahIM hai / ataH yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se upasthita hotA hai ki kyA tattvArthasUtra ke racanAkAla taka jainadharma meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa nahIM huA thA? aura yadi usa kAla taka guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA vikasita ho cukI thI to phira umAsvAti ne apane mUla grantha tattvArthasUtra meM athavA usakI svopajJa TIkA tattvArthabhASya meM usakA ullekha kyoM nahIM kiyA? jabaki ve guNasthAna-siddhAnta ke antargata vyavahRta kucha pAribhASika zabdoM kA, yathA-bAdara-samparAya, sUkSma-samparAya, upazAntamoha, kSINa-moha Adi kA spaSTa rUpa se prayoga karate haiM / yahA~ yaha tarka bhI yuktisaMgata nahIM hai ki unhoMne grantha ko saMkSipta rakhane ke kAraNa usakA ullekha nahIM kiyA ho; kyoMki tattvArthasUtra naveM adhyAya meM unhoMne AdhyAtmikavizuddhi (nirjarA) kI dasa avasthAoM ko sUcita karate hue eka lambA sUtra banAyA hai|" punaH tattvArthabhASya to unakA eka vyAkhyAtmaka grantha hai, yadi unake sAmane guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA hotI, to usakA ve usameM avazya pratipAdana karate / tattvArthabhASya meM bhI guNasthAna-siddhAnta kI anupasthiti se yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki tattvArthabhASya umAsvAti kI hI svopajJa TIkA hai / kyoMki, yadi tattvArthabhASya umAsvAti kI svopajJa TIkA na hotI, to tattvArthasUtra kI anya zvetAmbara-digambara sabhI TIkAoM kI bhA~ti, usameM bhI kahIM na kahIM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA kA pratipAdana avazya hotA / isa AdhAra para punaH hameM yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki tattvArthabhASya, tattvArthasUtra kI sabhI zvetAmbara-digambara TIkAoM kI apekSA prAcIna aura tattvArthasUtra kI samakAlika racanA hai| kyoMki yadi vaha paravartI hotA aura anya digambara-zvetAmbara TIkAkAroM se prabhAvita hotA, to usameM kahIM na kahIM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA athavA guNasthAna zabda kA prayoga avazya hI hotA / kyoMki, tattvArthabhASya ko chor3akara tattvArthasUtra kI eka bhI zvetAmbara yA digambara TIkA aisI nahIM hai, jisameM kahIM na kahIM guNasthAna kI carcA na huI ho|

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guNasthAna-siddhAnta kA udbhava evaM vikAsa ___171 yadyapi paM. nAthUrAmajI premI dvArA tattvArthabhASya kI svopajJatA svIkAra kI gaI hai / 15 kintu unake atirikta anya digambara vidvAnoM kI jo yaha avadhAraNA hai ki tattvArthabhASya tattvArthasUtra para svayaM umAsvAti kI TIkA nahIM hai aura paravartI kisI zvetAmbara AcArya kI racanA hai15-vaha ina tathyoM se bhrAnta siddha ho jAtI hai| guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA kA aitihAsika vikAsa-krama : guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA ke aitihAsika vikAsa-krama ko samajhane kI dRSTi se yaha tathya mahattvapUrNa hai, na kevala pracIna stara ke zvetAmbara AgamoM meM, apitu digambara-paramparA meM AgamarUpa meM mAnya kasAyapAhuDasutta meM tathA tattvArthasUtra aura usake svopajJa tattvArthabhASya meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA kA kahIM bhI suvyavasthita nirdeza upalabdha nahIM hotA hai / yadyapi ina tInoM granthoM meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA se sambandhita kucha pAribhASika zabdoM, jaise--darzanamohopazamaka, darzanamohakSapaka, caritramohopazamaka, (cAritramoha) kSapaka, upazAntamoha, kSINamoha, kevalI (jina) Adi ke prayoga upalabdha haiM / mAtra yahI nahIM, ye tInoM hI grantha karma-vizuddhi ke AdhAra para AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI sthitiyoM kA citraNa bhI karate haiN| isase aisA lagatA hai ki ina granthoM ke racanAkAla taka jaina paramparA meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa nahIM ho pAyA thaa| aitihAsika dRSTi se yaha bAta bhI mahattvapUrNa hai ki samavAyAMga aura SaTkhaNDAgama meM 14 guNasthAnoM ke nAmoM kA spaSTa nirdeza hokara bhI unheM guNasthAna nAma se abhihita nahIM kiyA gayA hai| jahA~ samavAyAMgasUtra unheM jIvasthAna (jIvaThANa) kahatA hai, vahIM SaTkhaNDAgama meM unheM jIvasamAsa kahA gayA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki ye donoM grantha prAcIna stara ke zvetAmbara AgamoM, kasAyapAhuDasutta, tattvArthasUtra aura tattvArthabhASya se kiMcit paravartI aura ina 14 avasthAoM ke lie guNasthAna zabda kA spaSTa ullekha karanevAlI zvetAmbara-digambara racanAoM se pUrvavartI hai| sAtha hI ye donoM grantha samakAlika bhI avazya haiM kyoMki hama dekhate haiM ki chaThI zatAbdI aura usake pazcAt ke zvetAmbara-digambara granthoM meM vizeSarUpa se karmasiddhAnta-sambandhI tathA tattvArthasUtra kI TIkAoM meM guNasthAna zabda kA prayoga bahulatA se kiyA jAne lagA thaa| isase yaha bhI pratiphalita hotA hai ki jaina paramparA meM lagabhaga tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI taka guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA anupasthita thI, cauthI zatAbdI ke anta se lekara pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke bIca yaha siddhAnta astitva meM AyA, kintu ise guNasthAna na kahakara jIvasthAna yA jIvasamAsa kahA gayA hai / SaTkhaNDAgama, samavAyAMga donoM hI isake lie guNasthAna zabda kA prayoga na kara kramazaH jIvasthAna aura jIvasamAsa zabda kA prayoga karate haiM--yaha bAta hama pUrva meM bhI batA cuke haiN| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM sabase pahale guNasthAna zabda kA prayoga AvazyakacUrNi meM kiyA gayA

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172 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 hai| usake pazcAt siddhasenagaNi kI tattvArthabhASyavRtti aura haribhadra kI Avazyakaniyukti kI TIkA arthAt 8vIM zatI ke pahale usa paramparA meM isa siddhAnta ko guNasthAna ke nAma se abhihita kiyA jAne lagA thaa| jaisA ki hama dekha cuke haiM, digambara-paramparA, meM sarvaprathama SaTkhaNDAgama, mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA (sabhI lagabhaga pA~cavI-chaThI zatI) meM guNasthAnoM kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai| kasAyapAhuDa meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA se sambandhita kucha pAribhASika zabdoM kI upasthiti to dekhI jAtI hai, phira bhI usameM 14 guNasthAMna kA ullekha hai, kintu inheM jIvasamAsa kahA gyaa| mUlAcAra meM inake lie 'guNa' nAma bhI hai aura 14 avasthAoM kA ullekha bhI hai / bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM yadyapi eka sAtha 14 guNasthAnoM kA ullekha nahIM hai, tathApi dhyAna ke prasaMga meM 7veM se 14veM guNasthAna taka kI , mUlAcAra kI apekSA bhI, vistRta carcA huI hai| usake pazcAt pUjyapAda devanandI kI sarvArthasiddhi TIkA meM guNasthAna (guNaTThANa) kA vistRta vivaraNa milatA hai| ina sabhI kI sasandarbha ullekha hamAre dvArA nibandha ke prArambha meM kiyA jA cukA hai| pUjyapAda devanandI ne to sarvArthasiddhi meM satprarUpaNA Adi meM mArgaNAoM kI carcA karate hue pratyeka mArgaNA ke sandarbha meM guNasthAnoM kA vistRta vivaraNa diyA hai|17 AcArya kundakunda kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki unhoMne niyamasAra, samayasAra Adi meM maggaNAgaNa, guNaThANa aura jIvaThANa kA bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM prayoga kiyA haiN| isa prakAra jo jIvaThANa yA jIvasamAsa zabda kramazaH samavAyAMga evaM SaTkhaNDAgama taka guNasthAna ke lie prayukta hotA thA, vaha aba jIva kI vibhinna yoniyoM ke sandarbha meM prayukta hone lgaa| kundakunda ke granthoM meM jIvasthAna (jIvaThANa) kA tAtparya jIvoM ke janmagrahaNa karane kI vividha yoniyoM se hai| isakA eka phalitArtha yaha hai ki bhagavatI ArAdhanA, mUlAcAra tathA kundakunda ke kAla taka jIvasthAna aura guNasthAna donoM kI alaga-alaga aura spaSTa dhAraNAe~ bana cukI thIM aura donoM ke vivecya viSaya bhI alaga ho gaye haiN| jIvasthAna yA jIvasamAsa kA sambandha-jIva-yoniyoM/jIva-jAtiyoM se aura guNasthAna kA sambandha Atmavizuddhi/karmavizuddhi se mAnA jAne lagA thaa| jJAtavya hai, AcArAMga Adi prAcIna granthoM meM guNazabda kA prayoga karma/bandhaka tattva ke rUpa meM huA hai| isa prakAra yadi guNasthAna siddhAnta ke aitihAsika vikAsa-krama kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM, to mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA, sarvArthasiddhi evaM kundakunda ke samayasAra, niyamasAra Adi sabhI grantha pA~cavIM zatI ke pazcAt ke siddha hote haiN| Avazyakaniyukti meM bhI saMgrahaNI se lekara jo guNasthAna-sambandhI do gAthAe~ prakSipta kI gaI haiM, ve bhI usameM pA~cavIM zatI ke bAda hI kabhI DAlI gaI hogI, kyoMki AThavIM zatI meM haribhadra bhI unheM saMgrahaNI gAthA ke rUpa meM hI apanI TIkA meM unheM uddhRta karate haiN| haribhadra isa sambandha

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guNasthAna-siddhAnta kA udbhava evaM vikAsa 173 meM spaSTa haiM ki ye gAthAe~ niyukti kI mUla gAthAe~ nahIM haiM (dekheM : Avazyaka niyukti : TIkA, haribhadra, bhAga 2, pR. 106-107) / isa samasta carcA se aisA lagatA hai ki lagabhaga pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke anta meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA suvyavasthita huI aura isI kAla meM guNasthAnoM ke karma-prakRtiyoM ke bandha, udaya, udIraNA, vipAka Adi se sambandha nizcita kiye gye| samavAyAMga meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA ko 'jIvasthAna' ke rUpa meM prastuta karate hue kahA gayA hai ki "karmoM kI vizuddhi kI mArgaNA kI upekSA se pratyuta 14 jIvasthAna pratipAdita kiye gaye haiN"| samavAyAMga kI isa carcA kI yadi hama tattvArthasUtra se tulanA karate haiM, hama pAte haiM ki usameM bhI karmanirjarA kI apekSA se 10 avasthAoM kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| 'kammavisohi magaNaM' (samavAyAMga) aura 'asaMkhyeyaguNanirjarA' (tattvArthasUtra) zabda tulanAtmaka dRSTi se atyadhika mahattvapUrNa kahe jA sakate haiM / isI prakAra samavAyAMga meM 'suhaM samparAya' ke pazcAt 'uvasAmae vA khavae vA' kA prayoga tattvArtha ke upazamaka, upazAnta aura kSapaka zabdoM ko smRtipaTala para ujAgara kara detA hai| isase yaha bhI phalita hai ki samavAyAMga ke kAla taka zreNI-vicAra A gayA thaa| upazamaka, upazAnta aura kSapaka zabdoM ke prayoga ke sAtha-sAtha kasAyapAhu aura tattvArthasUtra meM vyavahata samyak, mizra, asamyak evaM saMyata, saMyatAsaMyata (mizra) aura asaMyata zabdoM ke prayoga hameM yaha spaSTa kara dete haiM ki kasAyapAhuDasutta aura tattvArthasUtra kI karmavizuddhi kI avasthAoM ke AdhAra para hI guNasthAna-siddhAnta ko vikasita kiyA gayA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM guNasthAna-siddhAnta ke bIja : tattvArthasUtra meM guNasthAna-siddhAnta ke bIja usake naveM adhyAya meM milate haiN| naveM adhyAya meM sarvaprathama pariSahoM ke sambandha meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI carcA huI hai, usameM batAyA gayA hai ki "bAdara samparAya kI sthiti meM 22 pariSaha sambhava hote haiN| sUkSma samparAya aura chadmastha vItarAga (kSINamoha) meM 14 pariSaha sambhava hote haiN| jina bhagavAn meM 11 pariSaha sambhava hote haiN|"19 isa prakAra yahA~ bAdara samparAya, sUkSma samparAya, chadmastha vItarAga aura jina-ina cAra avasthAoM kA ullekha huA hai| punaH dhyAna ke prasaMga meM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki avirata, dezavirata aura pramatta saMyata-ina tIna avasthAoM meM ArtadhyAna kA sadbhAva hotA hai| avirata aura dezavirata meM raudradhyAna kI upasthiti pAyI jAtI hai| apramattasaMyata ko dharmadhyAna hotA hai| sAtha hI yaha upazAntakaSAya evaM kSINakaSAya ko bhI hotA hai| zukladhyAna, upazAntakaSAya, kSINakaSAya aura kevalI meM sambhava hotA hai"|deg isa prakAra yahA~ avirata, dezavirata, pramattasaMyata, apramattasaMyata, upazAntakaSAya (upazAnta-moha), kSINakaSAya (kSINa-moha) aura

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174 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 kevalI aisI sAta avasthAoM kA ullekha huA hai, punaH karma-nirjarA (karma-vizuddhi) ke prasaMga meM samyakdRSTi, zrAvaka, virata, anantaviyojaka, darzanamohakSapaka, (caritramoha) upazamaka, upazAnta (caritra) moha, (caritamoha) kSapaka, kSINa-moha aura jina aisI dasa, kramazaH vikAsamAna sthitiyoM kA citraNa huA hai / 21 yadi hama ananta viyojaka ko apramatta-saMyata, darzanamoha kSapaka ko apUrvakaraNa (nivRttibAdara samparAya) aura upazamaka (caritra moha-upazamaka) ko anivRttikaraNa aura kSapaka ko sUkSma samparAya mAneM, to isa sthiti meM vahA~ dasa guNasthAnoM ke nAma prakArAntara se mila jAte haiN| yadyapi anantaviyojaka, darzanamohakSapaka, upazamaka, upazAnta-moha tathA kSapaka Adi avasthAoM ko unake mUla bhAvoM kI dRSTi se to AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI isa avadhAraNA se jor3A jA sakatA hai, kintu unheM sIdhA-sAdA guNasthAna ke caukhaTe meM samayojita karanA kaThina hai| kyoMki, guNasthAna-siddhAnta meM to cauthe guNasthAna meM hI anantAnubandhI kaSAyoM kA kSayopazana ho jAtA hai| punaH upazama-zreNI se vikAsa karanevAlA to sAtaveM apramattasaMyata guNasthAna meM bhI darzanamoha aura anantAnubandhI kaSAya kA upazama hI karatA hai, kSaya nhiiN| ataH anantaviyojaka kA artha anantAnubandhI kaSAya kA kSaya mAnane se upazama-zreNI kI dRSTi se bAdhA AtI hai| samyak-dRSTi, zrAvaka evaM virati ke pazcAt anantaviyojaka kA krama AcArya ne kisa dRSTi se rakhA, yaha spaSTa nahIM ho pA rahA hai| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se darzanamohakSapaka ko apUrvakaraNa nAmaka AThaveM guNasthAna ke sAtha yojita kiyA jAnA caahie| kSapaka-zreNI se vicAra karane para yaha bAta kisI sImA taka samajha meM A jAtI hai; kyoMki AThaveM guNasthAna se hI kSapaka-zreNI prArambha hotI hai aura AThaveM guNasthAna ke pUrvadarzanamoha kA pUrNa kSaya mAnanA Avazyaka hai| isI prakAra cAritramoha kI dRSTi se apUrvakaraNa (nivRtti bAdara samparAya) ko cAritramoha upazamaka kahA jA sakatA hai / kSapaka ko sUkSma samparAya se bhI yojita kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu umAsvAti ne upazAntamoha aura kSINamoha ke bIca jo kSapaka kI sthiti rakhI hai usakA yuktisaMgata samIkaraNa kara pAnA kaThina hai| kyoMki aisI sthiti meM upazAntamoha nAmaka gyArahaveM aura kSINamoha nAmaka bArahaveM guNasthAna ke bIca hI use rakhA jA sakatA hai, kintu guNasthAna-siddhAnta meM aisI bIca kI koI avasthA nahIM hai| sambhavataH umAsvAti darzanamoha aura cAritramoha donoM kA prathama upazama aura kSaya mAnate hoNge| kSINamoha aura jina donoM avadhAraNAoM meM samAna haiN| sayogI kevalI ko 'jina' kahA jA sakatA hai / isa prakAra kvacit matabhedoM ke sAtha dasa avasthAe~ to mila jAtI haiM, kintu mithyAdRSTi, sAsvAdana, samyak-mithyAdRSTi aura ayogI kevalI kI yahA~ koI carcA nahIM hai| upazama aura kSapaka zreNI kI alaga-alaga koI carcA bhI yahA~ nahIM hai / tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke lie Age kI tAlikA upayogI hogI :

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AdhyAtmika vizuddhi kA krama krama- | umAsvAti ke anusAra saMkhyA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 10 11. 12 13. 14. pariSahoM ke sandarbha meM guNasthAna- siddhAnta kA udbhava evaM vikAsa bAdara samparAya sUkSmasamparAya chadmastha vItarAga jina dhyAna ke sandarbha meM avatarita (samyak dRSTi) dezavirata pramattasaMyata apramattasaMyata upazAnta kaSAya karmanirjarA ke sandarbha meM samyaka dRSTi (darzana moha upa zamaka) zrAvaka virata anantaviyojaka ( upazAnta darzanamoha) darzanamohakSapaka upazamaka (cAritramoha) kSINakaSAya kSINamoha (kSINamoha) kevalI (jina) jina guNasthAna- siddhAnta ke anusAra mithyAdRSTi sAsvAdana samyak mithyAdRSTi samyak dRSTi (avatarita dRSTi) sUkSmasamparAya upazAntamohakSapaka upazAnta moha dezavirata sarvavirata (pramattasaMyata) apramattasaMyata apUrvakaraNa (nivRtti bAdara samparAya anivRttikaraNa 175 kSINamoha sayogI kevalI ayogI kevalI tattvArthasUtra meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA jo krama hai, usakI guNasthAna - siddhAnta se isa artha meM bhinnatA hai ki jahA~ guNasthAna - siddhAnta meM AThaveM guNasthAna se upazama-zreNI

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176 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 aura kSapaka-zreNI se ArohaNa kI vibhinnatA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI yaha mAnA hai ki upasama-zreNIvAlA kramazaH 83, 9veM evaM 10veM guNasthAna se hokara 11veM guNasthAna meM jAtA hai, jabaki kSapaka zreNI vAlA kramazaH 8veM, 9veM evaM 10veM guNasthAna se sIdhA 12veM guNasthAna meM jAtA hai jabaki umAsvAti yaha mAnate pratIta hote haiM ki cAhe darzana-moha ke upazama aura kSaya kA prazna ho yA cAritra-moha ke upazama yA kSaya kA prazna ho--pahale upazama hotA hai aura phira kSaya hotA hai / darzana-moha ke samAna cAritra-moha ke bhI kramazaH upazama, upazAnta, kSapaka aura kSaya hotA hai| unhoMne upazama aura kSaya ko mAnate hue unakI alaga-alaga zreNI kA vicAra nahIM kiyA hai| umAsvAti kI karma-vizuddhi kI dasa avasthAoM meM prathama pA~ca kA sambandha darzanamoha ke upazamana aura kSapaNa se hai tathA antima pA~ca kA sambandha cAritra-moha ke upazamana, upazAnta, kSapaNa aura kSaya se hai| prathama bhUmikA meM samyak dRSTi upazama se samyak darzana prApta karatA hai- aise upazama samyak dRSTi kA kramazaH 2 zrAvaka aura 3 virata ke rUpa meM cAritrikaM vikAsa to hotA hai kintu usakA samyak darzana aupazAmika hotA hai, ataH vaha upazAnta darzanamoha hotA hai| aisA sAdhaka cauthI avasthA meM anantAnubandhI kaSAya kA kSapaNa (viyojana) karatA hai, ataH vaha kSapaka hotA hai, isa pA~cavIM sthiti ke anta meM darzanamoha kA kSaya ho jAtA hai| chaThI avasthA meM cAritra-moha kA upazama hotA hai ataH vaha upazamaka (cAritra-moha) kahA jAtA hai| sAtavIM avasthA meM cAritra-moha upazAnta hotA hai| AThavIM meM usa upazAnta cAritra-moha kA kSapaNa kiyA jAtA hai, ataH vaha kSapaka hotA hai| navI avasthA meM cAritra-moha kSINa ho jAtA hai, ataH kSINa-moha kahA jAtA hai, aura dasavIM avasthA meM 'jina' avasthA prApta hotI hai| . isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki umAsvAti ke samakSa karmoM ke upazama aura kSaya kI avadhAraNA upasthiti rahI hogI, kintu cAritra-moha kI vizuddhi ke prasaMga meM upazama-zreNI aura kSAyika-zreNI se alaga-alaga ArohaNa kI avadhAraNA vikasita nahIM ho pAI hogii| isI prakAra upazama-zreNI se kiye gaye AdhyAtmika vikAsa se punaH patana ke bIca kI avasthAoM kI kalpanA bhI nahIM rahI hogii| jaba hama umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra aura tattvArthabhASya se kasAyapAhuDa kI ora Ate haiM, taba darzanamoha kI apekSA se mithyAdRSTi samyak mithyAdRSTi (mizra-moha) aura samyak dRSTi tathA cAritramoha kI apekSA se avirata, viratAvirata aura virata kI avadhAraNAoM ke sAtha upazama aura kSaya kI avadhAraNAoM kI upasthiti bhI pAte haiM / 22 isa prakAra, kasAyapAhuDa meM samyak mithyAdRSTi kI avadhAraNA adhika pAte haiN| isI krama meM Age mithyAdRSTi sAsvAdana aura ayogI kevalI kI avadhAraNAe~ jur3I hoMgI aura upazama evaM

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guNasthAna-siddhAnta kA udbhava evaM vikAsa 177 kSapaka zreNI ke vicAra ke sAtha guNasthAna kA eka suvyavasthita siddhAnta sAmane AyA hogaa| ina tathyoM ko nimnAMkita tulanAtmaka tAlikA se samajhA jA sakatA hai : guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA kA kramika vikAsa tattvArtha sUtra evaM tattvArthabhASya kasAyapAhuDa samavAyAMga/ zvetAmbara-digambara SaTakhaNDAgama | tattvArtha kI TIkAe~ evaM bhagavatI ArAdhanA, mUlAcAra, samayasAra, niyamasAra aadi| | 3rI - 4thI zatI |3rI - 4thI zatI 5vIM zatI |6ThI zatI yA usake pazcAt guNasthAna, guNasthAna, jIvasthAna, guNasthAna zabda guNasthAna kI spaSTa jIvasamAsa, | jIvasamAsa, Adi zabdoM kA abhAva, upasthiti jIva-sthAna Adi| kA abhAva, kintu mArgaNA kintu jIva, zabdoM kA pUrNa abhAva zabda pAyA jAtA hai| ThANa yA java samAsa ke nAma avasthAoM kA citraNa karmavizuddhi yA karmavizuddhi yA| 14 / / 14 avasthAoM kA AdhyAtmika vikAsa AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI avasthAoM kA ullekha hai kI dasa avasthAoM dRSTi se mithyAdRSTi kI ullekha haiM kA citraNa, mithyAtva gaNanA karane para kula kA antarbhAva karane avasthAoM kA ullekha para 11 avasthAoM kA ullekha

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178 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 ullekha hai samyak sAsvAdana, samyak | sAsvAdana (sAsAdana) sAsvAdana, mithyAdRSTi aura | aura ayogI kevalI ayogI kevalI dazA avasthA kA pUrNa abhAva, mithyAdRSTi kA pUrNa abhAva | kintu samyak mithyA- | (mitra dRSTi) upasthiti aura ayogI kevalI Adi ullekha hai apramattasaMyata,apUrva- | apramattasaMyata, karaNa (nivRttibAdara) | apUrvakaraNa (nivRtti anivRttikaraNa bAdara) anivRttikaraNa (anivRttibAdara) jaise | (anivRtti bAdara) jaise nAmoM kA abhAva | nAmoM kA abhAva upazama aura kSaya kA upazama aura kSapaka kA vicAra hai kintu 8 veM | vicAra hai, kintu 8veM guNasthAna se upazama guNasthAna se upazamaaura kSAyika-zreNI zreNI aura kSapaka-zreNI alaga-alaga alaga-alaga zreNI zreNI-vicAra vicAra upasthita | upasthita se alaga alaga ArohaNa hotA hai, ArohaNa hotA hai, aisA aisA vicAra nahIM hai | vicAra nahIM hai| patana kI avasthA kA patana kI avasthA kA koI citraNa nahIM koI citraNa nahIM patana Adi | kA mUla pATha | meM citraNa nahIM patana Adi kA / vyAkhyA meM citraNa hai| mithyAtva mithyAdRSTi micchAdiTThI (mithyAdRSTi) | micchAdiTThI (mithyAdRSTi)

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guNasthAna-siddhAnta kA udbhava evaM vikAsa 179 meseemmu zrAvaka sAsvAdana sAsvAdana samyakdRSTi (sAsAyaNa sammAdi sammA-micchAiTThI sammA-micchA- | samyak-mithyAdRSTi (missagaM) diTThI (mizradRSTi) (samyaka mithyA-dRSTi) samyak dRSTi sammAiTThI (samyak dRSTi aviraya | samyak dRSTi aviradIe) sammAdiTThI viradAvirade virayArie (virata-avirata) (virata-avirata) desaviradI (sAgAra) saMjamAsaMjama pamantasaMjae virata virada (saMjama) apamattasaMjae | pramattasaMyata anantaviyojaka daMsaNamoha uvasAmaNe apramattasaMyata (darzana moha-upazAmaka) niaTTibAyare darzanamoha-kSapaka daMsaNamoha khavaga (darzana apUrvakaraNa moha-kSapaka) . aniaTTi(cAritramoha)upazamaka carittamohassa upasAmage | bAyare | anivRttikaraNa (uvasAmaNA) suhuma saMparAe suhumarAgo (suhumamhi sUkSmasamparAya saMparAye) uvasaMtamohe upazAnta (cAritra)moha | uvasaMta kasAyaM | upazAnta-moha (cAritramoha)-kSapaka khavage

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180 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 kSINamoha khINamoha (chadumattho vedago) khINamohe kSINamoha jina sajogI kevalI sayogI kevalI jiNakevalI savvaNhU-savvadarisI (jJAtavya hai kiM cUrNi meM 'sajogijiNo' zabda hai mUla meM nahIM hai|) cUrNi meM yoganirodha kA | ullekha hai - isa tulanAtmaka vivaraNa se hama pAte haiM ki tattvArthasUtra ke samAna hI kasAyapAhuDasutta meM na to guNasthAna zabda hI hai aura na guNasthAna-sambandhI 14 avasthAoM kA suvyavasthita vivaraNa hI hai, kintu donoM meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA se sambandhita kucha pAribhASika zabda pAye jAte haiN| kasAyapAhuDa meM guNasthAna se sambandhita pAribhASika zabda haiM-mithyAdRSTi; samyakmithyAdRSTi mizra, avirata samyakdRSTi, dezavirata viratAvirata, saMyamAsaMyata, viratasaMyata, upazAntakaSAya, kSINamoha / tulanA kI dRSTi se tattvArthasUtra meM samyak mithyAdRSTi kI avadhAraNA anupasthita hai, jabaki kasAyapAhuDasutta meM isapara vistRta carcA upalabdha hai| kintu tattvArthasUtra kI 'anantaviyojaka' kI avadhAraNA kasAyapAhuDa meM upalabdha nahIM hai / usake sthAna para usameM darzanamoha-upazamaka kI avadhAraNA pAI jAtI hai| tattvArthasUtra kI upazamaka, upazAnta, kSapaka aura kSINamoha kI avadhAraNAe~ spaSTa rUpa se kasAyapAhuDasutta meM cAritramoha-upazamaka, upazAntakaSAya aura cAritra-moha kSapaka tathA kSINa-moha ke rUpa meM yathAvat pAI jAtI haiN| yahA~ 'cAritra-moha' zabda kA spaSTa prayoga inheM tattvArtha kI apekSA adhika spaSTa banA detA hai| punaH kasAyapAhuDA sutta mUla meM bhI tattvArthasUtra ke samAna hI pramattasaMyata, apramattasaMyata, apUrvakaraNa, anivRttikaraNa--ye cAroM nAma anupasthita haiM, kintu tattvArthasUtra kI apekSA isameM samyak mithyAdRSTi (mizra = misaga) aura sUkSma-samparAya (suhumarAga, suhamasaMparAya) ye do vizeSa rUpa se upalabdha hote haiN| punaH upazAntamoha aura kSINamoha ke bIca donoM ne kSapaka (khavaga) kI upasthiti mAnI hai, kintu guNasthAna-siddhAnta meM aisI koI avasthA nahIM hai| isase hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki kasAyapAhuDa aura tattvArthasUtra meM karma-vizuddhi kI avasthAoM ke prazna para bahuta adhika samAnatA hai| mAtra mizra aura sUkSmasamparAya kI upasthiti ke AdhAra para

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guNasthAna-siddhAnta kA udbhava evaM vikAsa 181 use tattvArtha kI apekSA kiJcit vikasita mAnA jA sakatA hai| donoM kI zabdAvalI, krama aura nAmoM kI ekarUpatA se yahI pratiphalita hotA hai ki donoM eka hI kAla kI racanAe~ mujhe lagatA hai ki kasAyapAhuDa, tattvArthasUtra evaM usake bhASya ke kAla meM AdhyAtmika-vizuddhi yA karma-vizuddhi kA jo krama nirdhArita ho cukA thA, vahI Age calakara guNasthAna-siddhAnta ke rUpa meM astitva meM aayaa| yadi kasAyapAhuDa aura tattvArtha cauthI zatI yA usake pUrva kI racanAe~ haiM, to hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki guNasthAna kI, suvyavasthita avadhAraNA cauthI aura pA~cavIM zatI ke bIca hI kabhI nirmita huI hai; kyoMki lagabhaga chaThI zatI se sabhI jaina vicAraka guNasthAna-siddhAnta kI carcA karate pratIta hote haiM, isakA eka phalitArtha yaha bhI hai ki jo kRtiyA~ guNasthAna kI carcA karatI haiM, ve sabhI lagabhaga pA~cavIM sadI ke pazcAt kI haiN| yaha bAta bhinna hai ki tattvArthasUtra aura kasAyapAhuDa ko prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI kA mAnakara ina granthoM kA kAla tIsarI-cauthI zatI mAnA jA sakatA hai| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki SaTkhaNDAgama, bhagavatI ArAdhanA evaM mUlAcAra ke kartA tathA AcArya kundakunda kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne apane pUrvavartI ina jaina cintakoM, mAdhyamikoM evaM prAcIna vedAntiyoM, vizeSa rUpa se gauDapAda ke vicAroM kA lAbha uThAkara jaina adhyAtma ko eka naI U~cAI para pahu~cAyA / mAtra yahI nahIM, unhoMne apane pUrvavartI AcAryoM kI guNasthAna, jIvasthAna, mArgaNAsthAna Adi avadhAraNAoM se pUrNatayA avagata hokara bhI zuddhanaya kI apekSA se AtmA ke sambandha meM ina avadhAraNAoM kA spaSTa rUpa se khaNDana kiyA hai| yaha pratiSedha tabhI sambhava thA, jaba unake sAmane ye avadhAraNAe~ susthira hotiiN| hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke ina vibhinna vargoM kI saMkhyA ke nirdhAraNa meM umAsvAti para bauddha paramparA aura yoga-paramparA kA bhI prabhAva ho sakatA hai| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki umAsvAti ne AdhyAtmika vizuddhi kI caturvidha, saptavidha aura dasavidha vargIkaraNa kI yaha zailI sambhavataH bauddha aura yoga-paramparAoM se grahaNa kI hogI / sthaviravAdI bauddhoM meM sotApana, sakRdAgAmI, anAgAmI aura arhat aisI jina cAra avasthAoM kA varNana hai, ve pariSaha ke prasaMga meM umAsvAti kI bAdara-samparAya, sUkSma-samparAya, chadmastha vItarAga aura jina se tulanIya mAnI jA sakatI haiN| yogavAsiSTha meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI, jJAna kI dRSTi se jina sAta avasthAoM kA ullekha hai, unheM dhyAna ke sandarbha meM pratipAdita tattvArthasUtra kI sAta avasthAoM se tulanIya mAnA jA sakatA hai| isI prakAra mahAyAna-sampradAya meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI jina dasa avasthAoM kA citraNa hai, unheM nirjarA kI carcA ke prasaMga se umAsvAti dvArA pratipAdita dasa avasthAoM

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182 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 se tulanIya mAnA jA sakatA hai / 23 isI prakAra AjIvikoM dvArA prastuta ATha avasthAoM se bhI inakI tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| yadyapi isa tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke sambandha meM abhI gahana cintana kI apekSA hai, isa sandarbha meM vistRta carcA agale kisI lekha meM kreNge| sandarbha-srota : 1. kammavisohimaggaNaM paDucca cauchasa jIvaThThANa paNNattA, taM jahA-gicchAdiTThI, sAsAyaNasammadiTchI, sammAmiccAdiTchI, avirayasammodiTThI, virayAvirae, pamattasaMjae, appamattasaMjae, niaTTibAyare, aniaTTibAyare, suhamasaMparAeupasAmae vA khavae vA, uvasaMtamohe, khINamohe, sajogIkevalI, ayogI kevalI / __-samavAyAMga (sampA. madhukara muni), 14.95 2. micchAdiTThI sAsAyaNe ya taha sammamicchAdiTThI y| avirayasammadiTThI virayAvirae pamatte y|| tatto ya appamatto niyaTTianiyaTTibAyare suhume| uvasaMtakhINamohe hoI sajogI ajogI ya // --niyuktisaMgraha (Avazyakaniyukti), pR. 149 3. coddasahiM bhUyagAmeri...bIsAe asamAhiThANehi // . -Avazyakaniyukti (haribhadra), bhAga 2, prakA. zrIbherUlAla kanhaiyAlAla koThArI dhArmika TrasTa, mumbaI, vIra saM. 2508; pRSTha 106-107. 4. tattha imAtiM coddasa guNaTThANANi....ajogikevalI nAma salesIpaDivannao, so ya tIhiM jogehiM virahito jAva kakhagaghaGa iccetAI paMcahassakkharAIM uccarijjati evatiyaM kAlamajogikevalI bhavitUNa tAhe savvakammaviNimukko siddha bhavati / -AvazyakacUrNi (jinadAsagaNi), uttara bhAga, pR. 133-136, ratalAma, sa. 1929 I. edesi ceva coddasaNhaM jIvasamAsANa parUvaNaTThadAe tattha imANi aTTha aNi-yogaddhArANi NAyavvANi bhavaMti micchAdiTThi sajogakevalI ajogakevalI siddhA cedi| -SaTakhaNDAgama (satprarUpaNA), pR. 134-201 prakA. jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, solApura (pustaka 1, dvi. saM., san 1973 I.)

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guNasthAna-siddhAnta kA udbhava evaM vikAsa 183 6. micchAdiTThI sAsadaNo ya misso asaMjado ceva / desavirado pamatto Apamatto taha ya NAyavvo // 154 / / eto apuvvakaraNo ANiyaTTI suhumasaMparAo y| uvasaMtakhINamoho sajogikevalijiNe ajogI ya // 155 // suraNArayesu cattAri hoti tiriyesu jANa pNcev| maNusagadIevi tahA coddasaguNaNAmadheyANi // 159 / / -mUlAcAra (paryAptyadhiMkAra), pR. 273-279; mANikacanda digambara granthamAlA (23), bambaI, vi.saM. 1980 7. adha khavayase Thimadhigamma kuNai sAdhU apuvvakaraNaM so| hoi tamapuvvakaraNaM kayAi appattapuvvaMti // 2087 / / aNivittikaraNaNAma NevamaM guNaThANayaM ca adhigmm|| NichANichA payalApayalA tadha thINagiddhiM ca // 2088 // -bhagavatI ArAdhanA, bhAga 2 (sampA. kailAzacandra siddhAntazAstrI, pR. 890 , vizeSa vivaraNa hetu dekheM gAthA 2072 se 2126 taka / ) 8. sarvAthasiddhi (pUjyavAda devanandI) sUtra 1.8 kI TIkA, pR. 30-40, 9.12 kI TIkA, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1955. 9. rAjavArtika (bhaTTa akalaMka) 9.10-1pR.11.588 10. tattvArthazlokavArtikam (vidyAnandI), nirNayasAgara presa, san 1998 I. dekheM--guNasthAnApekSa...10 : 3...guNasthAnabhedena..9.36.4 pR. 503, apUrvakaraNAdInAM... 9.37.2 11. AvazyakacUrNi, vizeSa vivaraNa hetu dekheM 9.34-44 taka kI sampUrNa vyAkhyA (jinadAsagaNi), uttara bhAga, pR. 133-136 12. etasya trayaH svAminascaturtha-paJcama SaSTha guNasthAnavartina... / tattvArthadhigamasUtra, (siddhasena gaNi-kRta bhASyAnusAriyekA samalaGkataM -saM. hIrAlAla rasikalAla kApaDiyA, 9.35 kI TIkA 13. zrItattvArthasUtram (TIkA-haribhadra) RSabhadeva ke zarImala saMsthA saM. 1992 pR. 465-496 14. samyagdRSTizrAvakaviratAnataviyojakadarzanamohakSapakopazamakopazAntamohakSapakakSINamohajinAH kramazo saMkhyeyaguNanirjarA : 9.47 -tattvArthasUtra, navama adhyAya, pR. 136; pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha, saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1985 I.

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184 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 15. jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa (paM. nAthUrAmajI prema) pR. 524-529 16. dekheM : (a) jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa dvitIya bhAga, (paM. kailAzacandajI) caturtha adhyAya pR. 294-299 (ba) jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa para vizada prakAza (paM. jugalakizorajI mukhtAra), pR. saM. 125-149 (sa) tIrthakara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya-paramparA, bhAga 2, (DaoN. nemicandajI zAstrI) (da) sarvArthasiddha-bhUmikA, paM. phUlacandajI siddhAntazAstrI, pR. 31-46, (ya) (paM. darabArIlAla koThiyA) 17. dekheM : sarvArthasiddhi, saM. paM. phUlacanda siddhAntazAstrI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha (1255, 9.8; pR. 31-33, 34, 46, 55-56, 95-67, 84-85, 88, 18. (a) NAhaM maggaNaThANo NAhaM guNaThANa jIvaThANo nn| kattA Na hi kAraidA aNumaMtA Neva kattINaM / / --niyamasAra gAthA 77, prakAzaka-paMDita ajita prasAda, di seNTrala __jaina pabliziMga hAusa, lakhanaU, 1931. (ba) Neva ya jIvaTThANA Na guNaTThANA ya asthi jiivss| jeNa Tu ede savve puggaladavvassa pariNAmA / / -samayasAra, gA. 55, prakA. zrI ma.hI. pATanI di. jaina pAra. TrasTa mAroTha (mAravAr3a) ,1953 19. sUkSmasamparAyacchadmasthavItarAgayozcaturdaza // 10 / / ekAdaza jine // 11 // bAdarasamparAye sarve // 12 // -tattvArthasUtra, adhyAya 9, vivecaka paMsukhalAlajI. 20. tadavirata dezavirata pramattasaMyatAnAm // 35 ||hiNsaa'nRtsteyvissysNrkssnnebhyo raudramaviratadezaviratayoH // 36 ||aajnyaa'paayvipaaksNsthaanvicyaaye / dharmamapramattasaMyatasya // 37 // upazAntakSINakaSAyayozca // 38 // zukle cAdye pUrvavidaH // 39 // pare kevalinaH // 40 //

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guNasthAna-siddhAnta kA udbhava evaM vikAsa 185 21. samyagdRSTizrAvakaviratAnantaviyojakadarzanamohakSapakopazamakopazAntamohakSapakakSINamohajinAH kramazo'saMkhyeguNanirjarAH // 47 // -tattvArthasUtra, adhyAya 9 22. kasAyapAhuDasutta, saM. paM. hIrAlAla jaina-vIrazAsana saMgha kalakattA 1955 dekheM : sammattadesavirayIsaMjama uvasAmaNAcaravavaNA ca daMsaNa-caritta mohe zraddhAparimANaNiddeso // 14 / / sammate micchatte ya missage ceva boddhavyA // 82 // viradIya aviradIya aviradIe viradAvirade tahA ANagAre // 83 // dasaNamohassa uvasAmagassa pariNAmokerisobhave // 91 // daMsaNamohaskhayaNA paTuvago kammabhUmi jAdo tu / / 90 / / suhame ca samparAe bAdararAge ca boddhavvA // 121 / / uvasAmaNA kharANadu paDivadi do hoi suhuma rAgamina // 122 // khINesu kasAesu ya sesANa ke va hoMgI vicArA // 232 / / saMkAmaneNayoghaTTa Na kihI khalaNArA khINa mohte| . khavaNA ya ANupuvvI boddhavvA mohaNIyassa // 233 // 23. vistRta vivaraNa hetu dekheM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura, pR. 471478 evaM 287-488.

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anekAntavAda aura ahiMsA : eka zAstrIya _parizIlana DaoN. yogendra prasAda siMha sabhI bhAratIya Astika dharmoM kA antima lakSya mokSa hI hai| dharma ko vicAra aura AcAra kA samanvaya samajhA jAnA caahie| dharma kI paribhASA AcAryoM ne apanI-apanI samajha, vizvAsa, AsthA aura tarka ke AdhAra para nirmita kI hai| kisI ne 'yato'bhyudayaniHzreyasasiddhiH sa dharmaH', kahA hai, arthAt jisase ihalaukika abhyudaya (unnati) aura pAralaukika kalyANa, arthAt sAMsArika unnati aura mukti prApta ho, use dharma kahate haiN| to dUsare ne 'codanAlakSaNo dharmaH' arthAt jisakA lakSaNa yaha hai ki vaha vyakti ko satkarma kI ora prerita kare / aura anya 'dhRtiH (dhIraja) kSamA, dama (apanI vAsanAoM ko unmArga kI ora jAne se rokanA) asteya, zauca (bAhya aura Antarika pavitratA), indriya-nigraha, mana-sahita karmendriyoM aura vANI ke dvArA satya-vyavahAra aura akrodha ye dasa lakSaNa dharma ke kahe gaye haiN| jaina-cAritra meM purAne karmoM ke nAza aura naye karmoM ko rokane ke lie jina dasa dharmoM ke pAlana para jora diyA gayA hai, ve Upara ke hI dasa dharma haiN| phira vaidika AcArya kI mAnyatA hai ki "zrutiH smRtiH sadAcAraH svasya ca priyamAtmanaH / etaccaturvidhaM prAhuH sAkSAd dharmasya lakSaNam // " arthAt veda, smRti, sadAcAra aura apanI AtmA ko priya laganevAlI vastu ko dharma kA lakSaNa kahAM jA sakatA hai| dharma kI vivecanA karate hue bhI kahA gayA hai ki 'dhAraNAddharmamityAhurdharmo dhArayati prjaaH|' jise dhAraNa kiyA jAya athavA jo dhAraNa kare, vahI dharma hai| dharma hI prajA (loka) ko dhAraNa karatA hai| arthAt dharma para hI prajA (loka) kA astitva nirbhara karatA hai| ___jainadharma ke mokSamArga ke upAyoM ke rUpa meM jaina dArzanika hamAsvAmI ne 'tattvArthasUtra' meM 'samyagdarzana-jJAna-cAritrANi mokSamArgaH' kahA hai| arthAt samyag darzana, samyag jJAna aura samyak cAritra hI mokSamArga haiN| jaba kisI vyakti meM ye tInoM tattva ekatra hote haiM, arthAt sammilita hote haiM, taba use mokSa milatA hai| vaidika darzana meM kisI vyakti ke lie cAra puruSArtha kahe gaye haiM, jinameM dharma, artha, kAma, mokSa ina cAroM ko kisI puruSa ke jIvana ko kramika unnati ke dvArA sArthaka banAyA jA sakatA hai / jaina darzana ke samyak darzana, samyak jJAna aura samyak cAritra kI ginatI triratna meM kI gaI hai| * morasaNDa, runnI saidapura, sItAmar3hI (bihAra)

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anekAntavAda aura ahiMsA : eka zAstrIya parizIlana (1) samyak darzana : yathArtha jJAna ke prati zraddhA kA honA samyak darzana hai| yaha svabhAvasiddha bhI hotA hai, aura ise vidyopArjana aura abhyAsa ke dvArA bhI sIkhA jA sakatA hai| zraddhA ke udaya hone ke lie azraddhA kA udaya karanevAle karmoM kA saMvara yA nirjarA kiyA jAnA Avazyaka hai I samyak darzana meM andhavizvAsa nahIM hai| tIrthaMkaroM ke upadeza ko A~kha mU~dakara nahIM, kintu unheM yuktipUrNa siddha karake mAnanA cAhie / ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki jainamata yukti-hIna nahIM hai, pratyuta yukti-pradhAna hai / 'SaDdarzanasamuccaya' meM kahA gayA hai ki 'merA mahAvIra ke prati koI pakSapAta nahIM hai aura na kapila Adi anya darzanikoM ke prati dveSa hI hai| maiM yuktisaMgata vacana ko hI mAnatA hU~, vaha cAhe kisI kA ho : 187 na me jine pakSapAto na doSaH kapilAdiSu / yuktimadvacanaM yasya tad grAhyaM vacanaM mama / / jaina dArzanikoM kA kathana hai ki loga hamAre upadezoM kA adhikAdhika manana karate hue hI usakA adhyayana kreN| taba unapara vizvAsa jama jAtA hai aura vaha kramazaH bar3hatA jAtA hai / (2) samyak jJAna : samyak darzana meM jaina upadezoM ke kevala sArAMza kA jJAna prApta rahatA hai, kintu samyak jJAna meM jIva aura ajIva ke mUla tattvoM kA vizeSa jJAna hotA hai| sAtha hI samyak jJAna asandigdha aura doSarahita hotA hai / jisa prakAra samyak darzana ke pratibandhaka karma hI hote haiM, usI prakAra samyak jJAna ke pratibandhaka karma hI hote haiM / ataH isake lie karmoM kA nAza honA Avazyaka hai| karmoM ke pUrNa vinAza ke bAda hI kevalajJAna prApta hotA hai / (3) samyak cAritra : ahita kAryoM kA varjana aura hitakAryoM kA AcaraNa hI samyak cAritra hai / samyak cAritra ke dvArA jIva apane karma se mukta ho sakatA hai; kyoMki karmoM ke kAraNa hI bandhana aura duHkha hote haiM / ye karmoM ko rokane tathA purAne karmoM ko naSTa karane ke lie nimnAMkita kriyAe~ Avazyaka haiM : ka. 'paMcamahAvrata kA pAlana karanA caahie| kha. calane, bolane, bhikSAdi grahaNa karane tathA purISa aura mUtra kA tyAga karane meM samiti yA satarkatA kA avalambana karanA cAhie /

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188 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 ga. mana, vacana tathA karma meM gupti yA saMyama kA abhyAsa karanA cAhie / gha dasa prakAra ke dharmoM kA AcaraNa karanA cAhie, jo ye haiM-- kSamA, mArdava (komalatA), Arjava (saralatA), satya, zauca, saMyama, tapa (mAnasa tathA bAhya) tyAga, AkiMcanya ( kisI padArtha se mamatA na rakhanA) aura brahmacarya / ye dharma dhRti, kSamA Adi hI haiN| Ga. jIva aura saMsAra ke yathArtha tattva ke sanbandha meM bhAvanA karanI cAhie / arthAt use bAra-bAra smaraNa karanA cAhie / 1 ca. bhUkha, pyAsa, zItoSNa Adi ke kAraNa jo kaSTa yA udvega ho use, sahana karanA cAhie / cha. samatA, nirmalatA, nirlobhatA aura saccaritratA prApta karanI cAhie / katipaya jaina AcArya uparikathita sabhI AdezoM ko Avazyaka nahIM samajhate; kyoMki paMcamahAvrata meM hI unakA kisI-na-kisI taraha se samAveza ho jAtA hai / paMcamahAvrata ye haiM- (1) ahiMsA; (2) satya, (3) asteya; (4) brahmacarya; aura (5) aparigraha | yogadarzana (pAtaMjala) meM 'ahiMsAsatyAsteyabrahmacaryAparigrahA yamAH' kahA hai / yahA~ ina mahAvratoM meM se mAtra ahiMsA kA hI vivecana kiyA jaayegaa| jainadharma ke katipaya vizeSa lakSaNa ye haiM / jaina darzana anIzvaravAdI hai : : bauddha dharma kI bhA~ti jaina dharma (darzana) bhI Izvara ko nahIM mAnatA, isake lie vaha aneka yuktiyoM ko prastuta karatA hai / (1) pratyakSa ke dvArA Izvara kA jJAna nahIM milatA / usakA astitva yuktiyoM ke dvArA pramANita hotA hai / nyAyadarzana ke anusAra pratyeka kArya ke lie eka kartA kI AvazyakatA hai / nirmita vastu hone ke kAraNa gRha ko hama eka kArya ke rUpa meM dekhate haiM, usakA nirmANa kisI ne kiyaa| usI prakAra saMsAra bhI eka kArya hai, jisakA nirmANa karanevAlA Izvara nAma se kahA gayA hai / saMsAra kArya hai, yaha nizcaya ke sAtha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| isake avayava haiM, to AkAza ke bhI avayava haiM / kintu naiyAyika to saMsAra ko kArya mAnate haiM, kintu AkAza ko kArya nahIM mAnate, use nitya mAnate haiN| kArya kA nirmAtA use apane vibhinna zArIrika avayavoM ke dvArA nirmANa meM sahayoga karatA hai, kintu Izvara ko zarIra nahIM hai, isalie usake avayava bhI nahIM haiM, to vaha kisa prakAra upAdAnoM ke sAtha saMsAra kA nirmANa kara sakatA hai|

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anekAntavAda aura ahiMsA : eka zAstrIya parizIlana 189 (2) Izvara ke astitva kI taraha usake guNoM ke sambandha meM bhI pUrA sandeha ho sakatA hai / Izvara eka, sarvazaktimAn, nitya tathA pUrNa samajhA jAtA hai / sarvazaktimAn hone ke kAraNa se bhI vastuoM kA mUla kAraNa samajhA jAtA hai / bhAratIya Astika darzana ke katipaya AcArya yaha nahIM mAnate ki Izvara sarvazaktimAn hone hI ke kAraNa vizva-prapaMca meM upAdAna-kAraNa, nimittakAraNa aura sAdhAraNa kAraNa tInoM ke mUla meM ho| vizva ke nirmANa meM paMcabhUta upAdAnakAraNa haiM, aura jIvoM ke nimitta vizva kA nirmANa hotA hai| hA~, Izvara vizva-prapaMca kA sAdhAraNa kartA hai| yadi hama Izvara ko karanevAlA, nahIM karanevAlA aura dUsare prakAra se karane-vAlA samajhate hoM to yaha una AcAryoM ke vicAra meM yuktiyukta nahIM hotA / ise dArzanika zabdoM meM kartum anyathA kartuM samarthaH' kahate haiM / yadi Izvara sarvazaktimAn hai, to kyA vaha apane samAna dUsare Izvara kA nirmANa kara sakatA hai, athavA vaha eka aisA patthara banA sakatA hai, jise vaha svayaM nahIM uThA sake / isakA uttara hama 'nahIM' meM deMge, to Izvara sarvazaktimAn kaise huA? vizva kI sRSTi meM prakRti, jIva aura Izvara tInoM kI AvazyakatA hai / ye tInoM nitya haiN| ye na sAdi aura na sAnta haiN| kintu yaha satya nahIM hai; kyoMki hama pratidina dekhate haiM ki ghara, baratana Adi aneka vastue~ haiM, jinheM Izvara nahIM banAtA / Izvara ko eka mAnA jAtA hai aura kahA jAtA hai ki aneka IzvaroM ko mAnane se unameM matoM evaM uddezyoM meM saMgharSa ho sakatA hai, jisakA phala yaha hogA ki saMsAra meM sAmaMjasya nahIM hogA, kintu hama dekhate haiM ki saMsAra meM sAmaMjasya hai| isalie yaha siddha hai ki Izvara eka hai| lekina yaha yukti ThIka nahIM hai / kaI gRhazilpI milakara bhavana banAte haiM aura madhumakkhiyoM kA samudAya madhukoSa kA nirmANa karatA hai / Izvara ko nityamukta aura nityapUrNa mAnA jAtA hai, kintu mukti kI prApti to bandhana ke nAza se hI hotI hai / jaba Izvara meM bandhana nahIM hotA, taba mukti kaisI? jaina dharmAvalambI Izvara ko to nahIM mAnate, kintu ve siddhoM kI ArAdhanA karate haiM / unakI dRSTi meM Izvara ke lie Avazyaka guNa siddhoM meM hote haiM / ata:, jaina sAdhaka tIrthaMkaroM kI pUjA-ArAdhanA karate haiM / isake atirikta jaina paMca parameSThI ko mAnate haiM, jo ye haiM-arhat, siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya aura sAdhu / anIzvaravAdI hone para bhI jainoM meM dharmotsAha hotA hai| dhArmika kriyA-kalApa kI zithilatA nahIM hotii| jainadharmAvalambI svAvalambI hote haiM / ve pUtacarita tIrthaMkaroM kA dhyAna aura cintana karate rahate haiM / ve karuNA ke lie pUjA-vandanA nahIM karate, pratyuta pUjA-vandanA meM unakA lakSya Atmonnati aura pUrvajanma ke karmoM ke nAza kA hI hotA hai / tIrthaMkara unake mArga-pradarzana ke lie Adarza hote haiN| jainadharma hindUdharma kI hI eka zAkhA hai : sva. paM. javAharalAla neharU (bhArata ke prathama pradhAnamantrI) kahate haiM ki jainadharma aura bauddhadharma vaidika dharma aura usakI zAkhAoM se haTakara the, yadyapi eka artha meM ye svayaM usI se

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190 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 nikale the / ye vedoM ko pramANa mAnane se inakAra karate the, aura jo bAta sabase buniyAdI hai, vaha yaha hai ki ve Adi kAraNa ke bAre meM yA to mauna haiM yA usase inakAra karate haiN| donoM hI ahiMsA para jora dete haiM aura brahmacArI, bhikSuoM aura purohitoM ke saMgha banAte haiN| unakA dRSTikoNa eka hada taka yathArthavAdI aura buniyAdI dRSTikoNa hai, hAlA~ki jaba anadekhI duniyA para vicAra karanA ho, to lAjimI taura para yaha dRSTikoNa hameM bahuta Age taka nahIM le jA sakatA / jaina dharma kA eka buniyAdI siddhAnta hai ki satya hamAre vicAroM se sApekSa hai| yaha eka kaThora nItivAdI aura aparokSavAdI vicAra-paddhati hai aura isa artha meM jIvana aura vicAra meM tapasyA ke pahalU para jora diyA gayA hai / jainadharma tatkAlika sthApita dharma se vidroha karake uThA thA aura bahuta taraha se usase bhinna thA, jAti kI ora sahiSNutA dikhAtA thA aura svayaM usase mila-jula gayA thA / yahI kAraNa hai ki vaha Aja bhI jIvita hai aura hindustAna meM jArI hai| vaha hindU dharma kI karIba-karIba eka zAkhA bana gayA hai / ' sva. DaoN. maMgaladeva zAstrI, DI. phil. (landana) pUrva prAcArya, kvIMsa kaoNleja, vArANasI kI mAnyatA hai ki jaina darzana nAstika nahIM hai / jaina darzana kA mahattva usakI prAcIna paramparA ko chor3akara anya mahattvoM ke AdhAra para bhI hai| kisI bhI tAttvika vimarza kA vizeSataH dArzanika vicAra kA mahattva isa bAta meM honA cAhie ki vaha prakRta vAstavika samasyAoM para vastutaH unhIM kI dRSTi se kisI prakAra ke pUrvAgraha ke binA vicAra kare / bhAratIya anya darzanoM meM zabdapramANa para jo prAmukhya hai, vaha eka -prakAra se unake mahattva ko kucha kama hI kara detA hai| una darzanoM meM aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vicAradhArA kI sthUla rUpa-rekhA kA aMkana to zabda-pramANa kara detA hai aura tattva-darzana kevala apane-apane raMgoM ko hI bharanA cAhate haiN| isake viparIta jaina darzana meM aisA pratIta hotA hai, jaise koI bilakula sApha sleTa para likhanA zurU karatA hai| vizuddha dArzanika dRSTi se isa bAta kA bar3A mahattva hai| kisI bhI vyakti meM dArzanika dRSTi ke vikAsa ke lie yaha atyanta Avazyaka hai ki vaha svatantra vicAradhArA kI bhitti para apane vicAroM kA nirmANa kare aura paramparA-nirmita pUrvAgrahoM se apane ko bacA sake / uparyukta dRSTi se isa dRSTi meM maulika bheda hai| pUrvokta dRSTi meM dArzanika dRSTi zabda- pramANa ke pIche-pIche calatI hai aura jaina dRSTi meM zabda-pramANa ko dArzanika dRSTi kA anugAmI honA par3atA hai 1 isI prasaMga meM bhAratIya darzana ke viSaya meM paramparAgata mithyA bhrama kA ullekha karanA bhI Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai / kucha kAla se loga samajhane lage haiM ki bhAratIya darzana kI Astika aura nAstika nAma se do zAkhAe~ haiM / tathAkathita vaidika darzanoM ko

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anekAntavAda aura ahiMsA : eka zAstrIya parizIlana 191 Astika darzana aura jaina-bauddha darzanoM ko nAstika darzana kahA jAtA hai| vastutaH, yaha vargIkaraNa nirAdhAra hI nahIM, nitAnta mithyA bhI hai| Astika aura nAstika zabda 'asti nAsti diSTaM mati: / isa pANini-sUtra ke anusAra bane haiM / maulika artha unakA yahI thA ki paraloka (jisako hama dUsare zabdoM meM indriyAtIta tattva bhI kaha sakate hai) kI sattA ko nahIM mAnanevAle ko nAstika kahA jAtA hai| spaSTataH isa artha meM jaina aura bauddha jaise darzanoM ko nAstika kahA hI nahIM jA sktaa| isake viparIta hama to yaha samajhate haiM ki zabdoM ke pramANa ko nirapekSatA se vastuta para vicAra karane ke kAraNa dUsare darzanoM kI apekSA unakA apanA eka AdaraNIya vaiziSTya hI hai| jaina darzana kI dena : bhAratIya darzana ke itihAsa meM jaina darzana kI apanI anokhI dena hai| bhAratIya darzanoM ke lie darzana zabda kA prayoga mUla meM isI artha meM huA hogA ki kisI bhI indriyAtIta tattva ke parIkSaNa meM tattadvyakti kI svAbhAvika ruci, paristhiti yA AkArikatA ke bheda se jo tAttvika dRSTi-bheda hotA hai, usI ko darzana zabda se vyakta kiyA jAtA hai| aisI avasthA meM yaha spaSTa hai ki kisI tattva ke viSaya meM koI bhI tAttvika vastu aikAntika nahIM ho sktii| pratyeka tattva meM anekarUpatA svabhAvataH honI cAhie aura koI bhI dRSTi una sabakA eka sAtha tAttvika pratipAdana nahIM kara sktii| isI siddhAnta ko jaina darzana kI paribhASA meM 'anekAntadarzana' kahA gayA hai| jaina darzana kA to yaha AdhAra-stambha hai hI, parantu vAstava meM pratyeka dArzanika vicAradhArA ke lie bhI isako Avazyaka mAnanA caahie| _ vicAra-jagat meM anekAntadarzana hI naitika jagat meM Akara ahiMsA ke vyApaka siddhAnta kA rUpa dhAraNa kara letA hai| isalie jahA~ anya darzanoM meM paramata-khaNDana para bar3A bala diyA jAtA hai, vahA~ jaina darzana kA mukhya dhyeya anekAnta-siddhAnta ke AdhAra para vastu-sthiti-mUlaka vibhinna matoM kA samanvaya rahA hai| anekAntavAda: jaina dharma kI apanI svatantra vicAradhArA hai, jise 'syAdvAda' yA 'anekAntavAda' kahakara abhihita kiyA jAtA hai| isa vicAradhArA meM eka hI vastu meM satya-asatya, nityatva-anityatva, sAdRzya-virUpatva Adi ubhaya dharmoM kA Aropa kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra jainamatAnusAra 'sat' yA 'dravya' ko anekAnta yA pariNAmI yA vibhajyavAda mAnA gayA hai| arthAt use vibhinna dharmoM ko aMgIkAra karanevAlA yA anantadharmI batAyA gayA hai| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra tattva kA vicAra karate samaya usameM nihita 'drabya', 'kSetra', 'kAla' aura 'bhAva'-viSayaka avasthAoM kI samasta sambhAvanAoM kA lekhA-jokhA lenA

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192 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 Avazyaka hai| isa darzana kA mUla mantra 'syAt asti', 'syAt nAsti' (arthAtt vastu kI sattA ho bhI sakatI hai aura nahIM bhI) isa sUtravAkya se prakaTa hai| anekAnta ke binA vastu kI siddhi nahIM ho sktii| yadi vastu sarvathA nitya ho to usameM pariNamana nahIM ho sakatA aura pariNamana ke abhAva meM kriyA-kArakabhAva nahIM bana sktaa| yadi sarvathA asat hai, to usakI utpatti nahIM ho sakatI aura yadi sarvathA sat hai, to usakA kabhI nAza nahIM ho sktaa| anekAnta kI dRSTi se dIpaka ke bujha jAne para bhI usakA nAza nahIM hotA, kintu vaha andhakAra rUpa paryAya ko dhAraNa kara apanA astitva rakhatA hai| __isameM yaha zaMkA kI jA sakatI hai ki anekAntavAda saMzaya kA hetu hai; kyoMki eka hI AdhAra meM virodhI dharmoM kA rahanA sambhava nahIM hai| isakA samAdhAna yaha hogA ki sAmAnya dharma kA smaraNa hone se saMzaya hotA hai| jaise dhuMdhalI rAta meM sAmane kisI U~cI vastu kA pratyakSa hone para yaha sandeha hotA hai ki yaha dU~Tha hai, yA puruSa / yahA~ DhU~Tha aura puruSa meM pAye jAnevAle sAmAnya dharma U~cAI kA pratyakSa to hotA hai, kintu donoM ke vizeSa dharmoM kA pratyakSa nahIM hotA, usakA smaraNa ho jAne para yaha saMzaya hotA hai ki yaha dUMTha hai yA puruSa / kintu anekAnta meM aisA nahIM hai| vahA~ to pratyeka dharma kI sattA kI apekSA sat aura para-rUpa se asat hai Adi pakSoM kA bhI bodha hotA hai| isameM yaha saMzaya hotA hai ki yadi eka hI vastu ko sat-asat donoM mAne to ise aisA mAnanevAlI kyA yuktiyA~ hoNgii| yadi isake lie yuktiyA~ haiM, to eka hI yukti se eka vastu se 'sat' tathA isake viparIta dUsarI se 'asat' siddha karane se sunanevAle ko sandeha utpanna hotA hai| isakA samAdhAna yoM kiyA jA sakatA hai ki yadi 'sata-asat' Adi meM virodha ho, to saMzaya hogA; kintu apekSA-bheda se mAne gaye sat-asat Adi dharmoM meM koI virodha na hone se saMzaya nahIM hai| jaise pitA, putra Adi sambandha-bahutva kA eka hI devadatta ke sAtha koI virodha nahIM hai| usI prakAra eka hI vastu meM astitva, nAstitva Adi dharmoM meM koI virodha nahIM ho sktaa| eka hI devadatta kisI kA putra, kisI kA pitA, kisI kA bhAI, kisI kA sAlA, kisI kA pati, kisI kA guru, kisI kA ziSya Adi aneka sambandhoM kA nirvAhaka hotA hai, aura una sambandhoM meM koI virodha nahIM hai| ___jisa prakAra vastu ke 'svarUpa' se astitva hai, usI prakAra 'pararUpa' se astitva na ho jAya, isalie 'syAt' zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| jisa prakAra dravya svarUpa se nitya hai, usI prakAra vaha paryAyarUpa se bhI nitya na ho jAe, isalie 'syAt' zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai|

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anekAntavAda aura ahiMsA : eka zAstrIya parizIlana 193 'syAt' arthAt 'kathaMcit' yA vivakSita prakAra se anekAnta rUpa se vAda, arthAt kathana 'syAdvAda' hai, arthAt jisa anekAntavAda kA vAcaka 'syAt' Adi zabda se prayukta hotA hai, vaha 'syAdvAda' hai / 'syAt' zabda do haiM, eka kriyAvAcaka aura dUsarA anekAntavAcaka / svAmI samantabhadra ne AptamImAMsA meM kahA hai ki vAkyoM meM prayukta 'syAt' zabda anekAnta kA dyotaka hotA hai| yahA~ 'syAt' kriyApada nahIM hai, 'liMG lakAra kA kriyApada nahIM hai| kintu nipAta rUpa hai| nipAta rUpa 'syAt' zabda ke saMzaya Adi aneka artha haiM / ve saba yahA~ gRhIta nahIM haiM / nipAta vAcaka bhI hote haiM aura dyotaka bhii| ataH 'syAt' zabda yahA~ anekAnta kA vAcaka bhI hai aura dyotaka bhii| use anekAnta kA dyotaka mAnane meM koI doSa nahIM hai| vaha anekAnta kA sUcaka hai| usake binA anekAnta rUpa kI pratipatti nahIM ho sktii| aba 'syAt' zabda ke paryAya zabda 'kathaMcit' Adi haiN| unase bhI anekAnta rUpa artha kI pratipatti hotI hai / isa prakAra 'syAdvAda' anekAnta ko viSaya karake sAta bhaMgoM aura nayoM kI apekSA vastusvarUpa se 'sat' aura para rUpa se 'asat' hai, ityAdi vyavasthA karatA hai| __ jaise 'jIva hai hI', isa vAkya meM 'syAt' kA prayoga isalie Avazyaka hai ki usake abhAva meM pudgala kI apekSA bhI jIva kA astitva prApta hotA hai| isameM yaha zaMkA hogI kI jIva to astitva-sAmAnya se vyApta hai, pudgala Adi astitva-vizeSa se vyApta nahIM hai| ataH usakI nivRtti ke lie 'syAt' pada kA prayoga nirarthaka hai| isake lie kahA jA sakatA hai ki 'syAd jIva hai hI', isa vAkya meM 'hI' hai| vaha batalAtA hai ki jIva saba prakAra se hai, isalie pudgala kI apekSA bhI usakA astitva prApta hotA hai, yadi 'syAt' pada na lagAyA jaay| isapara kahA jA sakatA hai ki 'svarUpa kI apekSA jIva hai hI' yaha usa 'hI' kA abhiprAya hai| taba hama kaheMge ki svarUpa kI apekSA jIva hai hii| isakA matalaba huA ki para ke astitva kI apekSA jIva nahIM hai| taba jIva hai hI, isa vAkya meM 'hI' kA prayoga vyartha ho jAtA hai / 'hI' kA prayoga to tabhI sArthaka hotA hai, jaba saba prakAra se jIva kA astitva mAnA jAya aura nAstitva ko na mAnA jAya / ataH jIva astitva-sAmAnya kI apekSA hai, pudgalAdigata ke astitva-vizeSa kI apekSA nahIM hai| yaha bodha karAne ke lie 'syAt' kA prayoga karanA ucita hai; kyoMki 'syAt' pada isa prakAra ke artha kA dyotaka hai| isake lie yaha zaMkA ho sakatI hai ki jo bhI vastu sat hai, vaha svadravya-kSetra-kAla-bhAva se hI sat hai| paradravyAdi kI apekSA sat nahIM hai, ataH paradravyAdi kA prasaMga lAnA vyartha hai| yaha zaMkA kucha artha meM sahI ho sakatI hai| parantu vicAraNIya yaha hai ki usa prakAra ke artha kA bodha to 'syAt' zabda se hI prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai / yadyapi 'syAt' zabda anekAnta kA dyotaka yA vAcaka hai, yaha mAna liyA jAya, kintu loka meM pratyeka vAkya meM isakA prayoga nahIM dekhA jaataa|

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194 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8. ... saba anekAntAtmaka hai, aisA vyavasthApana hone para usake bala se ekAnta kA nirAsa karane ke lie 'syAt' pada kA prayoga nahIM hone para bhI usake jJAtA kA bodha ho jAtA hai| kisI pada yA vAkya kA artha ekAnta rUpa nahIM hai| kathaMcit ekAnta to 'sunaya' kI apekSA anekAnta rUpa hI hai| ataH sAta prakAra ke vAkyoM meM 'syAt' pada kA bodha hotA hI hai| Azaya yaha hai ki 'syAt' zabda ke prayoga kA abhiprAya rakhanevAlA vyakti yadi "syAt' zabda kA prayoga na bhI kare, to bhI usake artha kA jJAna ho jAtA hai / ataH 'syAt' zabda kA prayoga nahIM karane para bhI koI doSa nahIM hai / parantu pratyeka vastu ke anekAntAtmaka hone se 'syAdvAda' ke binA kisI bhI vastu kA yathArtha grahaNa sambhava nahIM hai| ___yadi saba anekAntAtmaka hai, to anekAnta bhI anekAntAtmaka honA caahie| aisI sthiti meM 'syAt' anekAnta hai aura 'syAt' anekAnta nahIM hai, aisA karane para anekAnta kA niSedha hokara ekAnta kI bhI vidhi prApta hotI hai| isake lie hama yaha samAdhAna upasthita kara sakate haiM ki anekAnta bhI ekAntasApekSa hotA hai aura ekAnta anekAntasApekSa / ekAnta ke do bheda haiM-'samyak ekAnta' aura 'mithyA ekaant'| isI taraha anekAnta ke bhI do bheda haiM-'samyaka anekAnta' evaM 'mithyA anekAnta' / hetu-vizeSa kI apekSA se pramANa se jAnI huI vastu ke eka deza ko jo kahatA hai, vaha samyak ekAnta hai aura jo eka hI dharma ko pakar3akara doSa-dharma kA nirAkaraNa karatA hai, vaha mithyA ekAnta hai| jo eka vastu meM pratipakSa-sahita aneka dharmoM kA yukti aura Agama se aviruddha kathana karatA hai, vaha samyak anekAnta hai aura jo kAlpanika aneka dharmoM kA nirUpaNa karatA hai, vaha mithyA anekAnta hai / samyak ekAnta ko naya kahate haiM aura samyak anekAnta ko pramANa kahate haiN| naya kI apekSA se ekAnta hotA hai aura pramANa kI apekSA se anekaant| yadi kevala anekAnta hI ho aura ekAnta na ho, to ekAntoM ke samUha-rUpa anekAnta kA bhI abhAva ho jAtA hai, jaise zAkhA-puSpa-patra ke abhAva meM vRkSa kA abhAva hotA hai| nirapekSa naya mithyA hote haiN| ataH unakA samUha bhI mithyA hotA hai| sApekSa naya sunaya hote haiN| ataH unakA viSaya artha-kriyAkArI hone se unakA samUha mithyA nahIM hotaa| virodhI dharma kA nirAkaraNa karane kA nAma nirapekSatA hai| aura vicAra ke samaya virodhI dharma kI apekSA na hone se upekSA honA sApekSatA hai| yadi aisA na mAnA jAya to pramANa aura naya meM koI bheda na rahe; kyoMki anekAnta rUpa vastu ke jJAna ko pramANa kahate haiM aura dharmAntara kI apekSA rakhate hue anekAnta rUpa vastu ke eka dharma ke jAnane "]

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anekAntavAda aura ahiMsA : eka zAstrIya parizIlana ko naya kahate haiM / dharmAntara kA nirAkaraNa karake eka hI dharma ko svIkAra karanA durnaya hai| prasiddha jaina vidvAn DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ne 'bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna' meM 'anekAnta' kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI hai : 195 nyAyadarzana meM pramANa cAra prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai-- pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna aura zabda / ye bheda uttarakAlIna jainanyAya meM bhI svIkAra kiye gaye haiM, kintu inakA jaina darzana ke pA~ca jJAnoM kA ullekha isa prakAra huA hai-- matijJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna, manaH paryAyajJAna aura kevalajJAna / pramANa aura naya-padArthoM ke jJAna kI utpatti do prakAra se hotI hai-- pramANoM se aura nayoM se: 'pramANanayairadhigama / 3 Upara jina pA~ca prakAra ke jJAnoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, vaha saba pramANoM kI apekSA se hI / ina pramANabhUta jJAnoM ke dvArA dravyoM kA unake samagra rUpa meM bodha hotA hai| kintu pratyeka padArtha apanI ekAtmaka sattA rakhatA huA bhI anantaguNAtmaka aura anantaparyAyAtmaka huA karatA hai / ina ananta guNa-paryAyoM meM se vyavahAra meM prAyaH kisI eka vizeSa guNadharma ke ullekha kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, jaba hama kahate haiM ki usa moTI pustaka ko le Ao, to isase hamArA kAma cala jAtA hai, aura hamArI abhISTa pustaka hamAre sammukha A jAtI hai| kintu isakA yaha artha kadApi nahIM hai ki usa pustaka meM moTAI ke atirikta anya koI guNa dharma nahIM hai / ataeva jJAna kI dRSTi se yaha sAvadhAnI rakhane kI AvazyakatA hai ki hamArA vacanAlApa, jisake dvArA hama dUsaroM ko jJAna pradAna karate haiM, aisA na ho ki jisase dUsare ke hRdaya meM vastu kI anekaguNAtmakatA ke sthAna para ekAntikatA kI chApa baiTha jaay| isalie ekAnta ko mithyAtva kahA gayA hai, aura siddhAnta ke pratipAdana meM aisI vacana - zailI ke upayoga kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, jisase vaktA kA eka guNollekhAtmaka abhiprAya aura sAtha hI yaha bhI spaSTa banA rahe ki vaha guNa anyaguNasApekSa hai| jainadarzana meM yahI vicAra aura vacana - zailI anekAnta vA syAdvAda kahalAtI hai / vaktA ke abhiprAyAnusAra eka hI vastu hai bhI kahI jA sakatI hai, aura nahIM bhI / donoM abhiprAyoM ke mela se 'hA~-nA' eka mizrita vacana bhaMga bhI ho sakatA hai; aura isI kAraNa use 'avaktavya' bhI kaha sakate haiN| vahA~ yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki prastuta vastu-svarUpa hai bhI, aura phira bhI avaktavya hai; nahIM hai, aura phira bhI avaktavya hai; athavA hai bhI nahIM bhI hai, aura phira bhI avaktavya hai inhIM sAta sambhAvanAtmaka vicAroM ke anusAra sAta pramANa-bhaMgiyA~ mAnI gaI haiM / ve isa prakAra rakhI 1

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196 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 jA sakatI hai syAd asti; syAd nAsti; syAd asti-nAsti; syAd avaktavyamaH syAd asti avaktavyam, syAdnAsti avaktavyam aura syAd asti nAsti avktvym| nayavAda : jaina darzana kI jaise eka viziSTa dena 'syAdvAda' hai, vaise hI eka dUsarI dena nayavAda hai| pramANa ke dvArA gRhIta vastu ke ekadeza ko jo jAnatA hai, vaha naya hai / naya ke dvArA gRhIta ekadeza na to vastu hai aura na avastu / yadi ekadeza ko hI vastu svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai to usake anya deza avastu khlaayeNge| DaoN. jaina kA vicAra draSTavya hai-padArthoM ke ananta guNa aura paryAyoM meM se prayojanAnusAra kisI eka guNadharma-sambandhI jJAtA ke abhiprAya kA nAma naya hai; aura nayoM dvArA hI vastu ke nAnA guNAMzoM kA vivecana sambhava hai| vANI meM bhI eka samaya meM kisI eka hI guNa-dharma kA ullekha sambhava hai, jisakA yathocita prasaMga naya-vicAra ke dvArA hI sambhava ho sakatA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki jitane prakAra ke vacana sambhava haiM, utane prakAra ke naya kahe jA sakate haiN| tathApi vargIkaraNa kI suvidhA ke lie nayoM kI saMkhyA sAta sthira kI gaI haiM, jinake nAma ye haiM--naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha, aura evNbhuut| isa kahI gaI vastu meM vastu-bahutva kA prasaMga AtA hai| yadi eka deza ko avastu mAnA jAtA hai to zeSa dezoM ko bhI avastu hone se vastu kI vyavasthA nahIM bana skegii| isalie naya kA viSaya eka aMza yA dharma hI hai| jaba saba aMza meM saba aMza gauNa hote haiM, to unakA jJAna naya hai aura jaba saba aMza meM saba aMza pradhAna hote haiM taba unakA jJAna pramANa mAnA jAtA hai| ataH pramANa se naya milA hai| aba mahAvIra dvArA kathita dharma para vicAra kiyA jaay| mahAvIra ke dharma kA vaisA koI artha nahIM hai, jaisA ki adhikAMza dharmoM ke loga mAnate haiN| pUjA-pATha, zAstra-carcA Adi se mahAvIra kA koI sambandha nahIM hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki mahAvIra-pratipAdita dharma loka-kalyANa se otaprota hai / mahAvIra ke dharma kA sAra tattva isa prAkRta zloka meM dekhA jA sakatA hai : kSammo maMgalamuttiTuM ahiMsA saMjamo tavo devA vi taM namaMsanti jassa dhamme sayA mnno|| dharma arthAt dharma sarvazreSTha maMgala hai, vaha ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapasyA dharma hai / jisa manuSya kA mana ukta dharma meM saMlagna rahatA hai, use devatA bhI namaskAra karate haiN|

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anekAntavAda aura ahiMsA : eka zAstrIya parizIlana ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa hI mahAvIra kA jIvana hai| yadi unake jIvana para dRSTipAta kiyA jAya to use hama eka sapATa zUnya hI pAte haiN| unake jIvana meM koI kahAnI nahIM hai| bure jIvana kI hI kahAnI hotI hai| acche AdamI kI jindagI agara saca meM hI acchI hai to vaha zUnya ho jAtI hai, usameM koI kahAnI nahIM bacatI, koI kahAnI nahIM bntii| yadi hama mahAvIra ke jIvana meM bhI khojeM to kisa bAta kA patA hai ? mahAvIra ne jIvana kI ghaTanAoM kA koI mahattva nahIM diyaa| mahAvIra kI sampUrNa jIvanadhArA AtmajJAna se saMlagna hai| mahAvIra kA mata hai ki vyakti ke caritra kA eka bhI pahalU ThIka ho jAya to zeSa apane-Apa ThIka hone lagatA hai| eka-eka vyakti agara ThIka hone lage to samUcA samAja ThIka ho jAyagA, svayaM sahI ho jAyagA / dharma sarvazreSTha maMgala hai 1: mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM dharma kA artha hai 'jo maiM hU~ - usI meM jInA, isase jarA bhI vicalita nahIM honA dharma hai / jaba bhI vyakti usa sImA se nikalane kA prayAsa karatA hai, duHkhI hotA hai / svayaM meM honA hI mukti hai, zreyaskara hai| mahAvIra kahate nahIM, karate nahIM, anubhava karate haiM / vAstava meM svayaM ke anubhava se dharma jAnA jA sakatA hai / jo AdamI Age hI dekhatA calA jAtA hai, vaha dhArmika nahIM ho sakatA / 197 vaidika vicAraka kahate haiM 'parIkSApriyA hi devAH pratyakSadviSaH' arthAt deva (devatA-vidvAn) vartamAna se santuSTa nahIM hokara bhaviSya kA nirmANa kiyA karate the, usake lie kiye jA rahe prayatna ko vighnoM se surakSita rakhane kA prayAsa karate the / kyA yaha vaidika vicAra ke pratikriyArUpa vicAra nahIM thA ? mahAvIra ghara se jAne lage to jo loga mahAvIra ke pIche gA~va ke bAhara Aye, ve unheM samajhAte rahe ki itanA sukha chor3akara kahA~ jA rahe ho, pAgala ho gaye ho / para mahAvIra apane meM lIna hokara cale gye| mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM apane (saMsAra) se bAhara jAnA hI naraka hai| dUsare kI taraha dekhanA hI duHkha hai / apane anubhava se jo sukha mile, vahI sukha hai / mahAvIra ne anubhava kiyA ki vairAgya hI sukha hai aura Ananda kI khoja meM cale gaye / sAtha meM Aye logoM ke dvArA pradarzita sukha ko sukha nahIM samajhA; kyoMki mahAvIra kI dhAraNA thI, dUsarI tarapha jAnA hI naraka hai| mahAvIra ne koI sImA nahIM banAI ki yaha dharma hai, yaha adharma hai| unhoMne apane svabhAva (dharma) meM Thahara jAne ko hI dharma kahA, 'vatthu-sahAvo dhammo' apane bhItara daur3anA hI svarga hai, maMgalamaya hai / vyakti yadi adharma chor3a de, to dharma svayaM A jAtA hai| yadi dveSa ko chor3anA hai, rAga ko chor3anA hogA / vyakti meM yadi ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa A jAya, tabhI svayaM meM Thahara sakatA hai, nahIM to vaha dUsarI tarapha bhAgegA /

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198 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8. ahiMsA : 1 ahiMsA para mahAvIra ne adhika jora diyaa| unhoMne kahA ki ahiMsA paramadharma hai| mahAvIra kA ahiMsA se kevala itanA artha nahIM rahA ki dUsaroM ko duHkha denA, satAnA, mAranA hI hiMsA hai / ve to kahate haiM ki dUsaroM ko na koI sukha de sakatA hai aura na koI duHkha / mahAvIra ne kahA ki apane prati jo hiMsA hai, usake prati svayaM ko sahaja rakhanA caahie| apanI ora se kisI ke bIca meM na AnA, jo jaisA hai, use vaisA hI svIkAra karanA caahie| vahI ahiMsA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM mahAvIra kI ahiMsA kA artha hai, maiM aisA ho jAU~, jaisA hU~ hI nahIM, arthAt gahanatama anupasthiti, mahAvIra ke jIvana meM yaha eka adabhuta ghaTanA hai 1 mahAvIra saMnyAsa lenA cAhate the, to unhoMne apanI mA~ se kahA, "maiM jAU~, saMnyAsa le lU~?" mA~ ne kahA, "mere sAmane dubArA yaha bAta mata kahanA, "maiM jaba taka jindA hU~, tuma saMnyAsa nahIM le sakate, mujhe duHkha hogaa|" mahAvIra cupacApa ruka ge| yadi unameM hiMsaka vRtti hotI, to kahate "maiM saMnyAsa lekara rahU~gA, kauna apanA, kauna praayaa| mA~ bhI hairAna huI, yaha kaisA saMnyAsa? kaha diyA, duHkha hogA, mata jaao| ruka gayA / phira dubArA nahIM khaa| - jaba mA~ mara gaI, to mahAvIra ne zmazAna se lauTate samaya bhAI se kahA, "aba to maiM saMnyAsa le sakatA hU~; mA~ thIM, mara giiN| bhAI ne bigar3akara kahA, 'tU bhI kaisA AdamI hai ? mA~ mara gaI hai aura tU saMnyAsa lekara calA jAyagA / jAoge, to mujhe duHkha hogA / " mahAvIra ruka gaye / bhAI ne socA, "yaha kaisA saMnyAsa hogA, kisI ko duHkha hogA, to ruka gaye / " mahAvIra aise rahane lage, mAno ghara meM haiM hI nahIM / bhAI ne mahAvIra ko aisA dekhA, to socA, mahAvIra ghara meM aisA rahatA hai, mAno ghara meM hai hI nahIM / usakI upasthiti - anupasthiti eka hI hai| ghara meM ho rahA hai, ho rahA hai, koI dakhala nahIM / bhAI ne vicAra kiyA, "mahAvIra to mana se jA hI cuke haiM, bhautika zarIra ko rokanA vyartha hai / " bhAI ne anta meM kahA, "hama tumhAre mArga meM bAdhaka nahIM bneNge| tuma agara jAnA cAhate ho to jA sakate ho|" aura mahAvIra cale gaye / I yahI mahAvIra kI ahiMsA kA artha hai / yadi mere kisI kArya se kisI ko duHkha hotA hai, to vaha hiMsA ho jAtI hai| mahAvIra ne isIlie kahA hai ki svayaM ke acche-se-acche jIvana kI daur3a, hor3a hI hiMsA hai| dUsare yA apane ko satAnA donoM hI hiMsA hai; kyoMki jo dUsaroM ko satAneM meM asamartha hotA hai, vaha apane ko satAne lagatA hai / Agraha hI hiMsA hai, anAgraha hI ahiMsA hai| mahAvIra ke sabhI upadeza anAgrahapUrNa / unase yadi koI viparIta bAta bhI kahatA, to ve kahate yaha bhI ThIka ho sakatA hai /

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anekAntavAda aura ahiMsA : eka zAstrIya parizIlana 199 unakI vicAradhArA itanI udAra thI ki ve sabhI meM satya kA aMza mAnate the| vAstava meM satya bahuta bar3A hotA hai aura asatya choTA hotA hai| unhoMne apane virodhI gozAla ke viSaya meM kahA, zAyada yaha bhI sahI ho sakatA hai| mahAvIra kI ahiMsA bar3I sUkSma hai| de cIMTI se bacakara isalie calate haiM, ki usake calane meM bAdhA na Ave / mara jAyagI to hiNsaa| yaha to bahuta bar3I hiMsA ho jaaygii| cIMTI ke calane meM bAdhA A gaI, to bhI hiMsA ho jaaygii| mahAvIra sampUrNa jagat ke jar3a-cetana ko cIva mAnate the| eka bAra unakI cAdara jhAr3I se ulajha gyii| jhAr3I ke phUla na gira jAyeM aura kA~Te na TUTa jaayeN| ataH cAdara phAr3akara, ulajhe bhAga ko phAr3akara chor3a diyA / AdhI apanI deha para raha gyii| phira kahIM vaha bhI gira gyii| mahAvIra ko patA na calA aura ve naMge ho gye| sarvaprathama unhoMne jIvana meM ahiMsA ko utArA, anubhava kiyA aura phira kahA 'ahiMsA paramadharma hai'| apanI upasthiti dUsare ke sAmane rakhanA hama haiM, yahI hiMsA hai, unake artha meN| mahAvIra yadi eka zabda meM kahate ki ahiMsA kyA hai, to ve kahate-'AtmajJAna' / mahAvIra ne AtmajJAna para bahuta bala diyaa| vAstava meM apane ko bhUlakara dUsare ko dekhanA hI 'hiMsA' hai| jaba vyakti AtmajJAna ko upalabdha ho jAtA hai| mahAvIra ne kahA ki yadi ahiMsA phaila jAe, vistRta ho jAe to samAnatA saMbhava ho sakatI hai| Aja jo samAjavAda kI bAteM uTha rahI haiM, ve tabhI sambhava hai, jaba ahiMsA phaila jaay| samAjavAdI ahiMsA jAnate nahIM, aura samAjavAda kI kalpanA karate haiM-samAjavAda kI, lokahita kI, loka kalyANa kI bAteM tabhI kI jA sakatI haiM, jaba ahiMsA phaila jaay| mahAvIra kI ahiMsA svIkArAtmaka hai, niSedhAtmaka nhiiN| vaha hiMsA kA viparIta bhAva nahIM hai, balki hiMsA hI viparIta bhAva hai ahiMsA kii| ataH hama dekhate haiM ki mahAvIra kI ahiMsA anya sabhI dharmoM, darzanoM kI ahiMsA se alaga hai, vizeSa hai, zreSTha hai aura jIvana meM utArane meM adhika sugama aura vyavahArya hai| isa ahiMsAtmaka vivecana kI prastuti sarvaprathama 'AcArAMgasUtra' meM hI kI gaI tathA yaha sthApanA kI gaI ki hiMsA aura mamatva hI karmabandhana ke mukhya kAraNa haiN| ataH karmabandhana se mukta hone kI abhilASA rakhanevAle mumukSuoM ko hiMsA aura mamatva se dUra rahanA caahie| pRthvI, apa (pAnI), tejasa, vAyu, vanaspati aura trasa meM bhI avyakta cetanAvAlI AtmAe~ haiM, yaha satya sarvaprathama jaina dharma ne hI jagat ke samakSa rakhA aura avyakta AtmAoM ke prati bhI ahiMsaka rahane kA na kevala upadeza hI diyA, apitu vaisA AcaraNa karake btlaayaa| yaha jaina dharma kI ahiMsA kI lAkSaNikatA hai| jo vyakti ina sUkSmoM ke prati ahiMsaka raha sakatA hai, vaha sthUla jIvoM ke prati to ahiMsaka rahegA hii|

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200 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 AcArAMgasUtra meM isa 'ahiMsA' viSaya ko vistRta rUpa se vivecita kiyA gayA hai / sAdhAraNa rUpa se hiMsA kA artha kisI jIva kA hanana karanA hI samajhA jAtA hai, lekina aisA hai nahIM / ahiMsA kI vyAkhyA ati vyApaka tathA udAra hai| kevala prANoM se rahita karanA hI hiMsA nahIM hai, lekina daNDAdi se prahAra karanA, kisI ko gulAma banAnA, dUsaroM para abhimAna se hukUmata calAnA, dUsaroM ko bandhana meM bA~dhanA, naukara-cAkaroM ke prati durvyavahAra karanA, zArIrika evaM mAnasika santApa denA ye sabhI hiMsA hai| phUla kI pa~khur3I ko kaSTa pahu~cAnA bhI hiMsA hai, to ahiMsaka vyakti kisa taraha kisI ke mana ko yA zarIra ko pIr3A pahu~cA sakatA hai ? ahiMsA kA upAsaka mana se bhI kisI ko kaSTa pahu~cAne kI bhAvanA nahIM kara sakatA / apane Azraya meM rahate hue naukara-cAkara yA pazuoM para atyAcAra nahIM kara sktaa| vaha samajhatA hai ki saba jIva mere samAna hI sukha cAhate haiM, unameM cetanA-tattva hai, ve bhI manaH zaktivAn haiM, aura ve bhI jIvana kI icchA rakhate haiM / jainadharma kA prANa hI ahiMsA hai| jinendra-vacana ahiMsAmaya hI hai / ahiMsA hI vizvazAnti kA mUla hai / ahiMsA se hI saba prANI surakSita aura nirbhaya raha sakate haiN| ahiMsA hI saMsAra meM sukha aura kalyANa kI jananI hai / I F cU~ki ahiMsA dharma zuddha, nitya aura zAzvata hai, ataeva vaha kisI sampradAya, samAja yA majahaba ke lie nahIM hai, parantu prANImAtra ke lie hai| jisa prakAra sUrya kI kiraNeM kisI khAsa vyakti yA samUha ke lie nahIM hai, parantu prANI mAtra ke lie hai, usI prakAra tIrthaMkaroM ne yaha upadeza kisI khAsa vyakti, majahaba yA pakSa ke lie nahIM diyA, balki prANImAtra ke lie diyA hai / saMsAra meM pratyeka prANI ko dharma-tattva kI anivArya AvazyakatA rahatI hai / koI bhI prANI dharma se pRthak nahIM raha sakatA, jisameM vikAsa kA tAratamya pAyA jAtA hai I ahiMsA ke binA dharma nahIM, aura dharma ke binA ahiMsA nahIM / jaina zabda kisI kula, jAti yA samAja kI saMjJA nahIM hai, kintu yaha guNavAcaka hai| jaina dharma kA dvAra saMsAra ke pratyeka manuSya to kyA, pazuoM ke lie bhI khulA hai jaina dharma ne ahiMsA kI jaisI vyApaka vyAkhyA kI hai, vaisI aura kahIM bhI dekhane ko nahIM AtI / jaina dharmAvalambI arhat Adi paMcaparameSThiyoM ne ahiMsA kA hI jIvana jiyA / ahiMsA se bhinna unakA koI dharma athavA jIvana nahIM thA / vaidika vicAra-dhArA meM ahiMsA kA pravAha : vizva - sAhitya meM Adi vyavasthita sAhityika saMgraha Rgveda AdimAnava ke lie dharma, darzana, vijJAna, AcaraNa, sAmAjika vyavahAra Adi kA eka vizvakoSa hai / usameM tathA

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anekAntavAda aura ahiMsA : eka zAstrIya parizIlana 201 yajurveda Adi anya vedoM meM bhI sarvatra hI ahiMsA ke AcaraNa kA hI vyavadhAna-rahita upadezapUrNa vidhAna nihita hai| kintu madhyakAla meM kucha svArthiyoM ne veda kI vyAkhyA (bhASya-sahita) meM bhI pazuhiMsA ke viSaya ko ghuser3a diyaa| prAcIna vedabhASyoM meM kahIM bhI hiMsA kA jikra taka nahIM hai| vedoM ke viSaya meM kahA gayA ki ve yajJa ke lie race ge| veda-brAhmaNoM ke bhASyakAra sAyaNa ne yadyapi apane grantha 'RgvedabhASyabhUmikA' meM veda ko Izvara ke nirAkAratva-pratipAdaka aura ahiMsAdi satkarmoM kA grantha mAnA hai, kintu bhASya karate samaya ve apanI isa pratijJA aura sthApanA se haTa gaye haiN| sAyaNa ne pUrvavartI bhASyakAra uvvaTa-mahIdhara ko Adarza mAnakara yajurveda kI kANvasaMhitA ke bhASya meM yajJa ke antargata pazuhiMsA aura azlIlatA kA bhI vidhAna kara diyaa| Rgveda ke Arambha ke agnisUkta meM 'yajJa' ko adhvara kahA gayA hai / 'dhvara' hiMsArthaka dhAtu hai aura jahA~ hiMsA nahIM kI jAe, vaha 'adhvara' yajJa huaa| 'yaj' deva-pUjA-saMgatikaraNadAneSu dhAtu se 'yajJa' zabda banA hai| isa zabda kA koI bhI artha hiMsA kA pratipAdana nahIM karatA / vaidika kAla ke 'yajJa' meM kisI prakAra kI hiMsA nahIM hotI thii| balki pIche yajJa meM pazu-bali denevAle ke lie AkSepa rUpa meM aisA bhI kahA jAtA thA ki yadi yajJa meM mArA gayA pazu sIdhe svarga meM jAtA hai, to yajamAna apane pitA ko mArakara svarga kyoM nahIM bheja detaa| upaniSad-kAla meM bhI hiMsA kA koI sthAna nahIM thaa| mahAbhArata ke pazcAt samAja kA adhaH patana hone lagA aura aneka prakAra kI vicAradhArAe~ pravAhita hone lagI tathA kathita yajJoM meM pazu bali kI prathA pracalita ho gii| pratikriyAsvarUpa bauddha, jaina tathA anya mata prakAza meM aaye| mahAvIra aura buddha ke pratidvandI kaI sampradAya-pravartaka usa samaya the| kintu ve Tika nahIM ske| yajJa meM prANihiMsA kI bAta kisI bhI zAstra se anumodita nahIM ho sktii| zAstrakAroM ne to "adhvara iti yajJanAma-dhvarati hiMsAkarma tatpratiSedhaH" adhvara yajJa kA nAma hai, jisakA artha hiMsArahita karma hai / Rgveda ke agnisUkti meM kahA gayA hai: "agne yaM yajJamadhvaraM vizvataH paribhUrasi sa id deveSu gacchati" / tathA usI sUkta meM ullekha hai ki 'rAjantamadhvarANAM, gopAmRtasya dIdivam vardhamAnaM svedme| do yA adhika arthoMvAle zabdoM ko dekhakara pUrvAparaprasaMga, prakaraNa, vaktavya ke bolane ke mantavya Adi ko bhalI bhA~ti samajha lenA cAhie / aise katitapaya zabda medhA, Alambhana, saMjJapana, bali Adi haiN| unameM se kucha para yahA~ vicAra kiye jAte haiN|

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202 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 paM. zrIpAda dAmodara sAtavalekara ne yajurveda, adhyAya 30, meM Aye 'medha' kA artha milanA, paraspara mitratA karanA, aikya karanA, eka dUsare ko jAnanA, jor3anA prema karanA, dhAraNa-buddhi kA bala aura teja bar3hAnA, pavitra karanA, sattva-bala aura utsAha bar3hAnA likhA hai| 'meghR' dhAtu kA artha 'medhU-medhA-saMgamanayoH hiMsAyAM ca' arthAt 'medhR' dhAtu se niSpanna 'medha' zabda ke medhA, logoM meM ekatA evaM prema bar3hAnA tathA hiMsA ye tIna artha hote haiN| jaba medha-medhA ke anya artha bhI haiM, to hiMsAvAle artha ke prati itanA durAgraha kyoM kiyA jAye, jaba ki una-una sthaloM meM unakA hiMsA se bhinna tAtparya hI abhISTa hai| 'Alabhate' kA artha sparza karanA, prApta karanA aura vadha karanA hai| isakA artha, vizeSataH vaidika sandarbha meM 'vadha' kA nahIM karanA cAhie / 'upanayana' meM 'hRdayAlambha' kA artha hRdaya-sparza hai, hRdaya kA vadha nahIM / brahmaNe brAhmaNam Alabhate-jJAna ke lie jJAnI ko prApta karatA hai| kSatrAya rAjanyam Alabhate- zaurya ke lie zUra ko prApta karatA hai| nRtyAya sUtaM Alabhate-nAcane ke lie sUta ko bulAtA hai| dharmAya sabhAcaraM Alabhate--dharma jJAna ke lie dharma-sabhA ke sadasya ko bulAtA hai| 'agni' zabda ke sAtha 'ukSAnna' aura 'vazAnna' zabda Aye haiM / yUropIya vidvAnoM kA mAnanA hai ki 'ukSAna' kA tAtparya baila kA mAMsa aura 'vazAna' kA artha gomAMsa hai / jisa kAraNa ye nAma agni ke sAtha veda meM Aye haiM, usa kAraNa agni meM mAMsa DAle jAte the aura khAye bhI jAte the| agni kA eka nAma 'vizvAT' hai, usakA artha sarvabhakSaka hai| Rgveda meM agni ko vizvAT kahA hai| agni sarvabhakSaka hai| usameM jitanI cIjeM DAlI jAyeM, vaha sabhI ko khA jAtI hai--bhasma kara DAlatI hai| agni meM jitanI cIjeM DAlI jAyeM, unheM vaha to khA hI jAtI hai, to kyA manuSya bhI sabhI cIjeM khA jaaygaa| agnihotra meM agni meM Amra, khadira, bilva, palAza, vaTa, arka Adi kI lakar3iyA~ DAlI jAtI haiM, to kyA vaidika Arya inheM bhI khAte the| isalie 'ukSAna' aura 'vazAna' (baila aura gAya) ke mAMsa ko vaidika khAte the, aisA kahanA anucita hogaa| 'vazAnna' zabda kA artha gau se utpanna honevAle dUdha, ghI Adi padArtha haiM / veda ke bhASyakAra sAyaNAcArya 'gozritAH', 'gavAziraH' zabdoM ke viSaya meM nimna prakAra kA bhASya karate haiM-- "vikAre prakRti zabdaH / payobhiH mishritaaH| gobhiH kSIraiH Aziro mizritAH saMjAtAH arthAt yahA~ gau se dUdha liyA jAtA hai, usase mizrita soma yahA~ ina zabdoM se batAyA jAtA hai| griphitha ne gavAzira kA artha dUdha se mizrita kiyA hai|

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anekAntavAda aura ahiMsA : eka zAstrIya parizIlana yajurveda ke prathama adhyAya ke prathama mantra meM pazuoM kI rakSA kA Adeza diyA gayA hai| yaju 13 meM 'gAM mA hiMsIH ' tathA mA hiMsIH' kahA hai| isI prakAra atharvaveda meM gAya ko 'aghnyA' (ahantavyA ) kahA hai| parivAra tathA samAja meM pArasparika vyavahAra kisa prakAra kiyA jAya, isa prasaMga meM kahA gayA hai 'sahRdayaM sAmanasya avidveSaM kRNomi vaH / anyo anyamabhiharyata vatsaMjAtamivAghnyA / ' punaH aura svasA / mA bhrAtA bhrAtaraM dvin mA svasAramuta samyaJcaH savrato bhUtvA vAcaM vadatu bhadrayA // ' isI prakAra samAja meM sabhI paraspara eka samAna rahate hue vyavahAra kareM / hiMsA se virata hone aura ahiMsA ko vyavahAra meM lAne meM yaha sAmAjika rASTrIya vyavasthA kI jAya ki sabhI abhaya raheM aura punaH abhayaM mitrAdabhayam amitrAdabhayaM jJAtAdabhayaM parokSAt / abhayaM naktamabhayaM divAnaH sarvA AzA mama mitraM bhavantuH // 15 mitrasya cakSuSA sarvANi bhUtAni samIkSe, samIkSAmahe // mitrasya cakSuSA 14 saMgacchadhvaM saMvadadhvaM saM vo manAMsi jAnatAm / devAbhAgaM yathApUrve nAnAmupAsate / kisI goSThI ke anta meM zAntipATha karanA cAhie / zAnti kI bhAvanA lekara jaba sabhI loga apane-apane nivAsa meM jAyeMge, vahI bhAva kramazaH hamAre jIvana meM praviSTa hokara hameM hiMsA se virata rakhegA / 203 16 aisA saMkalpa aura tadanukUla vyavahAra vaidika samAja meM hotA thA / aba to loga candramA para jAte haiM, to vahA~ bhI jAne vAle abhaya raheM, zAnti se raheM, vaha huA / aba pRthvI kI parikramA karanevAle upagraha antarikSa meM jAte haiM / I zAntipATha meM sarvatra zAnti kA AhvAna kiyA gayA hai, vahI zAnti pATha karanevAle ke yahA~ Aye / aisI zAnti cAhanevAle kyA hiMsaka ho sakate haiM: " dyauH zAntirantarikSaM zAntiH pRthivI zAntirApaH zAntiroSadhayaH zAntiH vanaspatayaH zAntiH vizvedevAH zAntiH, brahma zAntiH sarvazAntiH zAntireva zAntiH sAmAzAntiredhi" / oM zAntiH zAntiH zAntiH // .17

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204 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 pazcAtkAla meM saMskRta ke kAvya tathA anya viSaya ke granthoM meM pazuhiMsA kA samAveza kara diyA gayA / veda ke arthoM meM unake padoM kI manamAnI vyutpatti ke dvArA hiMsAtmaka vivecana kiyA gayA aura yajJoM meM pazuoM kI hiMsA hone lgii| isI hiMsA vyavasthA ko dekha kara ahiMsaka matoM - jaina-bauddha Adi kA pravartana huA / yogadarzana meM to ahiMsA ko aSTAMgayoga ke prathama sopAna 'yama' ke prathama avayava ke rUpa meM gRhIta kara liyA gayA / pataMjali ke yogadarzana ke aSTAMga yoga meM citta vRtti ke nirodha tathA phala-svarUpa samAdhi aura mokSa kI prApti ke lie apane AcaraNa meM sAdhaka ke dvArA 'ahiMsA' kA hI sarvaprathama AzrayaNa kiyA jAtA hai / 'yogazcittavRttinirodhaH 18 cittavRtti ke nirodha ke lie Avazyaka aSTAMga yoga ke " yamaniyamAsanaprANAyAmapratyAhAradhAraNAdhyAnasamAdhayo." 20 jaina 'STAvaGgAni " 19 aura yama ke tattva hue " ahiMsAsatyAsteyabrahmacaryAparigrahA yamAH ' darzana meM bhI inhIM athavA anya nAmoM ko saMyukta karake ye hI paMca mahAvrata parigaNita, vyavahRta tathA anuSThita hue haiM / ina mahAvratoM (dharmoM-guNoM) ko siddha karane meM abhyAsa Avazyaka hai| isake lie pataMjali ne batalAyA hai ki yama aura niyama ke virodhI bhAvoM ke upasthita hone para unake pratipakSI vicAroM kA bAra-bAra cintana karanA caahie| sUtra yoM hai : 'vitarkabAdhane - pratipakSa bhAvanam / jaba mana meM hiMsA Adi karane ke lie krodha kI bar3I taraMga Aye, to use kaise vaza meM lAyA jAya ? usake viparIta eka taraMga uThAkara / usa samaya prema kI bAta mana meM lAyI jaay| kabhI-kabhI aisA hotA hai ki patnI apane pati para khUba nArAja ho jAtI hai, usI samaya usakA baccA vahA~ A jAtA hai aura vaha use goda meM uThAkara cUma letI hai, usase usake mana meM bacce ke prati prema- taraMga uThane lagatI hai aura pahale kI taraMga ko dabA detI hai| prema krodha ke viparIta hai / isI prakAra jaba mana meM corI kA bhAva uThe, to corI ke viparIta bhAva kA cintana karanA cAhie / jaba dAna grahaNa karane yA kisI kI vastu ko lene kA vicAra mana meM Aye, to usake viparIta bhAva kA cintana manameM kiyA jaay| usake zamana arthAt vitarka, usake prakAra, phala, usake zamana Adi kA vicAra nimnalikhita sUtra meM kiyA gayA hai / maiM arthAt maiM svayaM koI jhUTha kahU~, to usase jo pApa hotA hai, utanA hI pApa taba bhI hotA hai, jaba maiM dUsare se jhUTha bAta kahalavAtA hU~, athavA dUsare kI jhUTha bAta kA anumodana karatA hU~ / vitarka arthAt yoga ke virodhI haiM, hiMsA Adi bhAva; ve tIna prakAra ke hote haiM-- lobha, krodha, moha, aura inameM bhI koI thor3e parimANa kA, koI madhya parimANa kA aura koI bahuta bar3e parimANa kA hotA hai; inake ajJAna aura klezarUpa ananta phala

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anekAntavAda aura ahiMsA : eka zAstrIya parizIlana haiM-- isa prakAra vicAra karanA hI pratipakSa kI bhAvanA hai| 'bhAvanA' eka vizeSa zabda hai / bAra-bAra abhyAsa karane ko 'bhAvanA' yA 'bhAvanam' kahate haiN| Ayurveda meM kisI auSadhi ke nirmANa ke lie Avazyaka anya tarala dravya kI 'bhAvanA' dI jAtI hai; yathA - maNDUra ke lie gomUtra kI bhAvanA dI jAtI hai-- lohe ke ayaska meM gomUtra DAlakara kharala meM ghoTate haiM; punarnavA ke svarasa ko bhI maNDUra meM DAlate haiM | satya (amRSA) ke virodhI bhAva jhUTha kA vyavahAra karane para, vaha yadi jarA-sA bhI ho to bhI vaha jhUTha to hai hI / parvata kI kandarA meM bhI rahakara - baiThakara tuma pApa - cintana karo, kisI ke prati bhItara meM ghRNA ke bhAva kA poSaNa karo, vaha bhI saMcita rahegA, aura kAlAntara meM phira se vaha tumhAre pAsa Akara tumheM AghAta karegA, kisI-na-kisI dina eka na eka prakAra ke duHkha ke rUpa meM vaha prabala vega se tuma para AkramaNa karegA / yadi tuma apane hRdaya se IrSyA yA ghRNA kA bhAva cAroM ora bAhara bhejo, to vaha cakravRddhi vyAja sahita tuma para A giregaa| duniyA kI koI bhI tAkata use roka na skegii| yadi tuma ne eka bAra usa zakti ko bAhara bheja diyA, to phira nizcita jAno, tumheM usakA pratighAta sahana karanA hI pdd'egaa| yaha smaraNa rakhane para tuma kukarmoM se bace raha sakoge 22 I 205 zrImadbhagavadgItA ko zaMkarAcArya ne advaitavAda kI siddhi ke lie vedAntasUtra, upaniSad ke sAtha-sAtha prasthAnatrayI meM sthAna diyA / gItA, adhyAya 12 ke zloka 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 Adi meM sa me priyaH' ke yogya satpuruSoM meM sabhI prANI dveSabhAvarahita, mitra, karuNApUrNa, svArtha-rahita, nirahaMkAra, sukha-duHkha meM eka rasa, kSamAzIla, svayaM meM santuSTa, mana, indriyoM aura zarIra ko vaza meM kara lenevAlA, harSa, dveSa, kAmanA, zoca se rahita tathA zubhAzubha karma ke phala ko tyAga denevAlA, merI bhakti meM lIna, zatru-mitra meM samabhAva, mAnApamAna meM samAna, sardI-garmI Adi dvandvoM se aspRSTa, nindA - stuti meM tulyamati, zarIra kI rakSA ke lie ghara kI paravAha nahIM karanevAlA Adi guNoMvAle puruSa bhagavAn ke priya hote / ye sabhI guNa jaina arhat Adi paMca parameSThI bhagavAn mahAvIra se prApta karane ke lie satata prayatnazIla rahate the| isI prakAra adhyAya 13 ke adhikAMza zlokoM meM vaise sAttvika guNoM kA kathana hI kiyA gayA hai, jo eka Adarza jaina sAdhu meM hone cAhie / punaH adhyAya 16 ke Adi ke kitane hI zloka sAttvika guNoM kI gaNanA karate haiM, jo kisI Adarza sAttvika vyakti meM hone cAhie / adhyAya 18 meM sAttvika karmoM aura sukhoM kI ginatI kI gaI hai| ye sabhI ahiMsA, saMyama (Antarika aura bAhya) aura tapa ko apane meM lapeTakara calate haiM, jo jainadharma ke prANa-svarUpa haiM /

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206 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 sandarbha : 1. rASTradharma, aprila, 1973, pR. 27 2. pANini : aSTAdhyAyI 4. 4.60 3. tattvArthasUtra, 1,6 4. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna : DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, pR. 249 5. AcArAMgasUtra: munizrI saubhAgyamalajI mahArAja, vi.saM. 2000, jaina sAhitya samiti, nayApurA, ujjaina, prAkkathana, pR. 7 6. nirukta, 2.7 7. akhaNDajyoti, varSa 55, aMka 11, navambara, 1992I. 8. agnisUtra 1. 1. 4 9. vahIM. 1. 1.8 10. yajurvedaH zrIpAda dAmodara sAtavalekara, pR. 31 11. Rgveda 44. 26 12. vahI, 1. 137. 1-2 13. yajurveda, 13. 42 13. 49 14. saMskAra-vidhi : svAmI dayAnanda, samAja meM pArasparika vyavahAra prakaraNa / 15. uparyukta, svastivAcana 16. uparyukta 17. uparyukta, zAntipATha prakaraNa 18. yogadarzana, 1. 12 19. vahI, 2. 29 20. vahI, 2.30 21. vahI, 2. 33 22. rAjayoga, pataMjali yogadarzana : svAmI vivekAnanda, pR. 191-93

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jainadharma ke paMcamahAvrata : Aja ke sandarbha meM DaoN. avadhezvara aruNa 'ji' kA artha hotA hai-- vijaya / ataH jina kA artha hogA -- vijaya prApta karanevAlA | vijaya do taraha kI hotI hai - (1) dUsaroM para vijaya, (2) apanoM para vijaya / dUsaroM para vijaya yuddha aura hiMsA se prApta hotI hai, jabaki apane para vijaya saMyama se / jaina darzana Atmavijaya kA darzana hai| isakI pariNati mukti yA mokSa meM hotI hai / koI bhI darzana apane siddhAnta meM vicAra-pradhAna hotA hai aura vyavahAra meM mAnava - mAtra kI kalyANa - kAmanA se prerit| mAnava kI kalyANa-kAmanA se prerita AcAra-vicAra kI saraNa para calanevAlA dharma-cintana kisI bhI deza yA kAla meM na to aprAsaMgika hotA hai aura na hI upekSita / jaina dharma ke sAtha bhI yahI sthiti hai / vaha na to Aja ke yuga ke lie aprAsaMgika hai aura na hI upekSaNIya / yaha ThIka hai ki dharma ke rUpa meM jaina dharma ko mAnane vAle kI saMkhyA kama hai, lekina jina mUlyoM para yaha dharma AdhArita hai, ve mUlya kisI bhI deza aura kAla meM manuSya mAtra ke lie grAhya aura lAbhakArI haiM / Aja kA yuga do dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai / prathama vijJAnavAda kI dRSTi se aura dvitIya arthavAda kI dRSTi se / vijJAnavAda ne sAre vizva kI cintana- dRSTi ko vyApaka taura para prabhAvita kiyA hai / andha AsthA aura bhAvukatA se prerita jIvana-dRSTi bahuta dUra taka kuNThita huI hai aura usakI jagaha socane-samajhane kI tarkapUrNa vastuvAdI dRSTi vikasita huI hai / jIvana-jagat ke sambandha meM pUrvavartI aneka dhAraNAe~ parivartita huI haiM aura saba milAkara eka yathArthaparaka buddhivAdI dRSTikoNa bahuta hadataka sthApita huA hai| isake kAraNa Adhunika yuga meM jIvana jIne kI kalA bhI bahuta hada taka badala gaI hai / adhikAMza loga aisA mAnate haiM ki vaijJAnika pragati se utpanna buddhivAdI dRSTi ne Adhunika jIvana ko arthapriya banA diyA hai aura Aja ke jIvana meM hAhAkAra, ApAdhApI, hiMsA, asantoSa aura becainI kA mUla kAraNa vijJAna - poSita arthavAda hai / lekina jaba vijJAna nahIM thA, taba bhI isa deza meM 'khAo, piyo, mauja karo' kA cArvAkI darzana udita huA thA / isake atirikta 'sarve guNAH kAMcanamAzrayanti' jaisI uktiyA~ bhI pracalita thIM aura jIvana ko cAra puruSArthoM meM sameTanevAlA ArSa darzana bhI artha ko eka mahattvapUrNa puruSArtha mAnatA thA / ataH Adhunika arthavAda ko vijJAnavAda kI upaja mAnanA saMgata nahIM hai / arthavAda eka zAzvata satya hai / merI dRSTi meM saMsAra meM Aja jitanI kSudratA, lolupatA,

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208 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 vilAsitA aura saMgrahI vRtti hai, utanI hI pichale yugoM meM bhI thI / zoSaNa, atyAcAra, hiMsA, gulAmI Adi bhI pichale kisI yuga meM kama nahIM the / sarvasukhasampanna svarNayuga kevala kalpanA hai / yathArtha to yahI hai ki sRSTi ke prArambha se hI manuSya AhAra, nidrA, bhaya aura maithuna jaise pazu-karmoM se pIr3ita rahA hai / kintu ina mUla vRttiyoM ke parimArjana ke lie hara yuga meM janmajAta ucca saMskAravAle kucha mahApuruSa prayAsa karate rahe haiM aura unhIM ke prayAsoM se pazutA ke USara meM mAnavatA ke kucha phUla samaya-samaya khilate rahe / rAma, kRSNa, mahAvIra, buddha, IsA, gA~dhI Adi isI pazutA ke USara meM manuSyatA ke phUla khilAnevAle mahAtmA haiM, jinhoMne apane AtmajJAna, anubhava, cintana aura vicAroM se manuSya kI pazutA ko parimArjita kara use sa~vArane aura unnata banAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| I merI dRSTi meM jaina darzana kI vistRta aura gambhIra saraNi meM kucha bindu aise haiM, jo Aja ke vaijJAnika cintana kI dRSTi se bhI sahI hai aura kucha AcAra aise haiM, jo Aja ke kisI bhI dharmAvalambI manuSya ke lie pUrNatayA grAhya haiM / ataH jaina darzana kI AdhunikayugIna prAsaMgikatA asandigdha hai / yahA~ kevala jainadarzana ke paMcamahAvratoM kI prAsaMgikatA para vicAra apekSita hai I jaina darzana meM pA~ca mahAvrata mAne gaye haiN| ina mahAvratoM kA anupAlana jainadharma kI AcAra sahiMtA hai / ye mahAvrata pichale yugoM meM jitane upayogI the, Aja bhI utane hI haiM aura Age bhI rheNge| ina mahAvratoM kA mAnava samAja kI sukha-zAnti ke lie utanA hI mahattva hai, jitanA kisI eka vyakti ke lie mokSa pAne hetu / ina pA~ca mahAvratoM meM sabase mahattvapUrNa hai-- ahiMsA / jaina dharma meM mAnya ahiMsA ke do pakSa haiM- (1) kisI jIva kI hiMsA na karanA (2) sabhI jIvoM se prema karanA / inameM pahalA niSedha-pakSa hai aura dUsarA vidheya-pakSa / jaba vidheya-pakSa kA pAlana hotA hogA, taba niSedha-pakSa svataH durbala hogaa| jaba mana ke bhItara kI hiMsA - vRtti ghaTegI, taba hiMsA - karma svataH chUTa jAyegA | hiMsA na karanA eka kaThora anuzAsana ke dAyare meM AtA hai, jisapara kabhI bhAvAveza meM niyantraNa chUTa bhI sakatA hai, lekina saba jIvoM se prema kiyA jAya, to prema ke mizraNa se hiMsA bhI tIvratA usI taraha ghaTatI calI jAyegI, jisa taraha adhika pAnI milAte jAne se namaka kA khArApana bhI dhIre-dhIre ghaTatA huA samApta ho jAtA hai / isa taraha hiMsA ke niSedha aura prema ke vidhAna dvArA ahiMsA kA pUrNa rUpa jaina darzana meM sthApita kiyA gayA hai / yaha aMhisA sabhI kAloM aura sabhI dezoM meM manuSya kI sattA banAye rakhane ke lie, sAmAjika sukha-zAnti ke lie aura mAnavIya utkRSTa guNoM, yathAprema dayA, mamatA, sahAnubhUti sahayoga Adi kI vRddhi ke lie Avazyaka hai| Aja ke sandarbha meM 'kurukSetra' ke bhISma yudhiSThira se kahate haiM :

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jainadharma ke paMcamahAvrata : Aja ke sandarbha meM 209 maiM bhI hU~ socatA jagata se kaise uThe jidhiMsA kisa prakAra phaile dharatI para karuNA, prema, ahiMsA jiye manuja kisa bhA~ti paraspara hokara bhAI bhAI? kaise ruke pravAha droha kA kaise ruke ldd'aaii| (dinakara) jainadharma isakA eka hI uttara detA hai--ahiMsA ko apanA kara : hiMsaka vRtti ko / samApta kr| jainadharma kA dUsarA mahAvata hai satya / satya bolane se tAtparya hai-anRta, arthAt priya aura hitakara satya bolnaa| isa sambandha meM saMskRta kA yaha subhASita mAnoM pukAra-pukAra kara jainadharma ke isa mahAvrata ke pAlana kI preraNA de rahA hai: satyaM brUyAt priyaM brUyAt na brUyAt satyam apriym| priya satya bolanA yA kaTu satya ko bhI manorama banAkara bolanA vyAvahArika jIvana meM kitanA upayogI hai, yaha sabhI jAnate haiN| yadi priya satya bolane ke vrata ko manuSya apane jIvana meM utAra le to vaha ugratA, krodha, virodha, kaTutA aura inase honevAle sAre duSpariNAmoM se mukti pA jaaye| vyAvahArika jIvana meM adhikatara jhagar3e aura unakI hiMsAtmaka pariNati kaTu bhASaNa se hI hotI hai| yadi hama vANI para saMyama rakha sakeM aura vANI meM mAdhurya gholakara usakI kar3avAhaTa kama kara sakeM, to svataH bhI zItala raheM aura dUsaroM ko bhI zItala kara deN| ataH yaha mahAvrata pUrNataH lokopayogI aura vyAvahArika hai| jaina darzana kA tIsarA mahAvrata hai--astey| isakA artha hai-corI na krnaa| Aja ke yuga meM corI kI purAnI rItiyoM ke atirikta eka naI rIti vikasita huI hai-bhraSTAcAra / isa deza ke adhikAMza kSetra meM, jo kahIM para adhikArI haiM yA karmacArI haiM; ve yA to kAmacorI kara rahe haiM athavA apane pada kA durupayoga kara rASTrIya sampadA se apanA ghara bhara rahe haiN| yaha sIdhI corI hai| patA nahIM, isa naye prakAra kI corI se bhagavAn mahAvIra kA prayojana thA yA nhiiN| lekina Aja videzoM se AnevAle karja kI corI isI zailI meM ho rahI hai| vikAsa kAryoM para vyaya honevAlI rAzi kA adhikAMza kamIzana ke rUpa meM bhraSTa adhikAriyoM kI jeba meM calA jA rahA hai| abhI kucha mahInoM se hamAre deza kA Arthika jagat jina baiMka ghoTAloM se udvelita rahA hai, vaha corI kA hI eka bauddhika namUnA hai| taskarI, ghoTAlA, kamIzana, ghUsa, pada kA durupayoga Adi tarIkoM se dhanI bana

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210 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 jA rahe loga sattA aura sammAna ke zikhara para AsIna hokara pUjya bana rahe haiN| aisI dazA meM yadi asteya ko pratyeka vyakti apane jIvana meM utAra le, to nitya naye rUpoM meM vikasita ho rahI corI se honevAlI rASTrIya kSati se mukti prApta ho sakatI hai| Aja hamArI sabase bar3I AvazyakatA caritravAn logoM kI haiM, jo isa vikAra ko apane AcaraNa kI pavitratA se mAra skeN| cauthA mahAvrata brahmacarya isI kA pUrvapakSa hai| jainadharma meM brahmacarya kA artha hai-vAsanAoM kA tyaag| yadi hama lobha, moha mada Adi vAsanAoM ko tyAga kara brahmacarya ko apane jIvana meM utAra leM, to svataH hamArA AcAra pavitra ho jAyegA aura hamase asteya jaise kArya hoMge hI nhiiN| ataH brahmacarya Aja ke yuga meM unnata AcAra-nirmANa ke lie Avazyaka hai| jainadharma kA pA~cavA~ mahAvrata hai-viSayoM ke prati Asakti kA tyAga, arthAt aparigraha / jainadharma kI dRSTi meM Asakti hI bandhana kA kAraNa hai / ataH Asakti se mukti Avazyaka hai| jo indriyoM ke viSaya haiM, ve hI sAMsArika AsaktiyA~ haiM, inake kAraNa hI hama vAsanAoM se AkrAnta hote hai, vAsanAe~ hI hamase hiMsA, asteya, amRta jaise AcAra karAtI haiM / isI kAraNa hama vyaktigata jIvana meM mokSa se aura sAmAjika jIvana meM sadAcAra se dUra hote cale jA rahe haiN| prasaMga cAhe vyaktigata mokSa kA ho, cAhe sAmAjika jIvana meM cAritrika patana se mukti kA ho, aparigraha hamAre lie ekamAtra upAya hai| sArAMzataH, ina mahAvratoM kA anupAlana karane se na kevala AcAra-vicAra kA parimArjana hotA hai, apitu jala meM kamala kI taraha nirlipta rahakara sAMsArika kAryoM kA sampAdana bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| isase apanA hita to hogA hI, samAja, rASTra tathA mAnavatA kA bhI hita hogaa| caritra kI vizvasanIyatA mAnava kI sabase bar3I pU~jI hai aura isakA abhAva vinAza tathA patana kA mArga hai| yadi jainadharma meM svIkRta pA~ca mahAvratoM ko jIvana meM utAra liyA jAye, to vartamAna kalaha-kolAhalamaya mAnava-jIvana kI kAluSya-vRtti dUra ho jAye aura jAgatika lokajIvana amRta-kiraNoM kI ujjvalatA se jagamagA utthe|

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jainAcAra : eka mUlyAMkana DaoN. ajita zukadeva bhAratIya sAMskRtika pariprekSya meM, pAzcAtya nItizAstra ke sAmAna bhAratIya nItizAstra athavA vyAvahArika nItizAstra kA apanA koI astitva nahIM hai| dhyAtavya hai ki pAzcAtya paramparA meM nItizAstra apanA eka alaga sthAna rakhatA hai, jisakA carama lakSya sukha, Ananda, mAnavIya pUrNatA athavA anya dUsare lakSyoM kA vidhAna hai, jo yukti, tarka evaM buddhi se sambandhita hai aura zubha ke amUrta pratyaya para vimarza karatA hai| dUsarI ora bhAratIya nItizAstra AdhyAtmikatA kI nIMva para pratiSThita dharma evaM AcAra ke paryAyavAcI hokara vyApaka arthabodha karAtA hai / ataH nItizAstra yahA~ dharmAdharma-vivecanazAstra, karttavya-mImAMsA, hitAhita- vivecana athavA mUlya-mImAMsA ke rUpa meM sambodhita huA hai / svAbhAvika hai ki nItizAstra kA AdhAra yahA~ darzana evaM dharma hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki bhAratIya cintaka nItizAstra zabda ke sthAna para kevala 'nIti' athavA 'AcAra' zabda kA prayoga karate haiM / isa sandarbha meM pro. rAjabalI pANDeya kA kathana ucita lagatA hai / unhoMne svIkAra kiyA hai ki bhArata meM naitika vicAranA ke AdhArabhUta praznoM ke uttara darzana evaM dharma dete Aye haiN| nIti ko dharma se kevala svIkRti aura anujJA hI nahIM apane astitva kA maulika AdhAra bhI milA hai| darzana ne dharma aura nIti ke isa sambandha kI yauktika vyAkhyA kI hai / bhAratIya nIti mImAMsA ke isa viziSTa svarUpa kA kAraNa bhAratIya saMskRti kA mUlataH dharmadArzanika honA hai; kyoMki dharma, adhyAtma evaM nIti eka dUsare se kabhI alaga nahIM ho pAye haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki darzanazAstra bhAratIya saMskRti ke jJAnAtmaka pakSa, dharma evaM kalA Adi usake bhAvanAtmaka pakSa aura nIti usake kriyAtmaka pakSa kI abhivyakti hai / 1 bhAratIya nIti-mImAMsA ke prANatattva dArzanika evaM dhArmika pUrva mAnyatAe~ haiM, jo satata nItizAstra ko vikasita evaM saMvarddhita karatI AI haiM / ataH ina dArzanika evaM dhArmika pUrvamAnyatAoM ke AdhAra para hI nIti athavA AcAra kI vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai / ve pUrva mAnyatAe~ haiM-- AtmA kA astitva, usakA vikAsa aura usakI amaratA, deha, mana, prANa Adi ke atirikta AdhyAtmikatA kI svIkRti; karma - siddhAnta evaM usake phala meM vizvAsa; pUrvajanma evaM janma-maraNa se vimukti, svarga-naraka kA vidhAna evaM karmAnusAra AtmA. kI gati, sRSTi, sRSTikartA, pAlanakartA, saMhArakartA Adi; inake atirikta nirvANa athavA * vizvabhAratI, zAntiniketana (pa. baM)

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212 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 mokSa kI avadhAraNA, usake sAdhanapatha sAMsArika duHkha evaM usase mukti evaM antataH Atma-sAkSAtkAra athavA IzvarAnubhUti aadi| Aptavacana, veda kI prAmANikatA isI zreNI meM parigaNita haiN| inake atirikta santoM, mahAtmAoM eva siddhoM ke vacana bhI prAmANika mAna kara bhI nItizAstroM kA gaThana hotA rahA hai| isa sandarbha meM mahAbhArata ne kahA hai-"zrutayo vibhinnA smRtayo vibhinnatA naiko muniryasya vacaH pramANam dharmasya tattvaM nihitaM guhAyAM mahAjano yena gataH sa panthAH // " dhyAtavya hai ki paramparA se samarthita jahA~ sAdhAraNa dharma aura nIti-niyamoM kA varNana huA hai, vahA~ dUsarI ora parivartanazIla niyamoM kA bhI pratipAdana huA hai| smRtikAroM ne yugadharma, yugahrAsa, Apaddharma kA vidhAna adhikAra evaM zaktibheda ke AdhAra para kiyA hai, jo parivartanazIla siddhAntoM kA svIkaraNa hI kahA jA sakatA hai| - inake atirikta mAnava-jIvana ke pramukha cAra lakSya mAne gaye haiM, jinheM puruSArtha kahate haiN| ve kramazaH dharma, kAma, artha aura mokSa haiN| kAma evaM artha yadyapi ye donoM laukika jIvana ke unnayana ke lie haiM, tathApi ve donoM sarvadA dharma kI paridhi meM rahakara hI kAmya haiN| dharma evaM mokSa AdhyAtmika unnayana ke lie haiM aura jIvana ke antima puruSArtha haiN| bhAratIya nItizAstra ina cAroM puruSArthoM ko lakSya meM rakhakara hI saMcAlita hotA haiN| isI dRSTikoNa kA prabhAva hai ki rAjya kI rAjanIti, vidhizAstra, arthazAstra, kAmazAstra, vaiyaktika sAmAjika karttavya Adi ke antargata nItizAstra prANatattva kI taraha vyApta hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki bhAratIya sandarbha meM koI bhI karttavya yA adhikAra nItitattva kI paridhi meM hI saMcAlita hote rahe haiM aura ve adhyAtma, dharma evaM nIti ke sAtha aise ghula-mila gaye haiM, jo pRthak-pRthak nahIM raha sakate / isa sandarbha meM jainadharma kA nItizAstra bhI vikasita evaM pallavita huA hai| svAbhAvika hai ki usake nItizAstra bhI jainadharmadarzana kI pUrva mAnyatAoM se alaga nahIM hai, balki unakA bhI AdhAra yahI pUrva mAnyatAe~ haiM / yadyapi jainadharma evaM darzana meM sRSTikartA, pAlanakartA evaM saMhArakartA Izvara kA astitva nahIM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura na veda kI pramANikatA hii| ina pUrvamAnyatAoM ke antargata yahA~ AtmA, arthAt jIva, karma evaM karmaphala kI prApti, jJAna Adi kucha viziSTa mAnyatAe~ apanA eka viziSTa sthAna rakhatI haiN| batAyA gayA hai ki AtmA svarUpataH jJAnamaya hai aura ananta hai / lekina jaba yaha AtmA, arthAt jIva saMsAra meM rahatA hai to karma-pudgaloM ke AvaraNa ke kAraNa mithyA jJAna meM bhramaNa karatA hai| use mithyAjJAna hI vAstavika jJAna ke samAna lagatA hai| vaha kartA evaM bhoktA donoM hai| aura vaha apane prayatnoM se mukta hokara arhatva kI prApti kara sakatA hai, jahA~ ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, ananta Ananda aura ananta vIrya hai|

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jainAcAra : eka mUlyAMkana vastutaH yaha arhattva, buddhatva athavA Izvaratva ke samakSa kI sthiti hI hai / jahA~ brAhmaNa-saMskRti meM mukti ke lie jIva ko Izvara kRpA kI apekSA hotI hai, vahA~ zramaNa saMskRti meM nahIM / jIva jo kucha bhI karatA hai, usakA karmaphala use hI bhoganA par3atA hai, vaha karma pApamaya ho athavA puNyamaya / punaH aisA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai ki karma-bandhanoM pIr3ita AtmA yadi mukti kI kAmanA kare, to vaha kramazaH karma-bandhanoM ko kATate-kATate AdhyAtmika unnati dvArA mokSa kI prApti kara sakatA hai| isa prayatna meM use samyak darzana, samyak jJAna aura samyak cAritra kA sammilita patha apanAnA par3atA hai| isa sandarbha meM prayatnazIla jIva athavA sAdhaka ko aneka niyamoM, upa-niyamoM kA pAlana mAnasika, vAcika evaM kAyika kriyAoM dvArA karanA hotA hai| isa prakAra, hama kaha sakate haiM ki ina pUrvamAnyatAoM ke kAraNa jaina nItizAstra ne bahuta gaharAI aura vibhinna vistRta phalaka para vistAra pAyA hai 1 punaH aisA kahA jAtA hai ki jaina dharma evaM darzana nivRttiparaka hai aura nivRttiparaka hone ke kAraNa usake nItizAstra bhI pravRtti kA virodha karate haiM / lekina merI samajha meM yaha kahanA ucita nahIM lagatA / gaharAI se vicAra karane para yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki yaha Aropa sarvathA nirAdhAra hai / vastutaH nivRtti evaM pravRtti eka dUsare ke pUraka haiM aura donoM ke samyak santulana se hI jIvana kI sArthakatA siddha hotI hai / nivRttimArgI jIvana-dRSTi ekAntataH palAyanavAdI dRSTi hotI hai aura jainadharma-darzana palAyanavAdI, jIvana-dRSTi kA samarthaka kabhI nahIM rahA hai| usake mUla meM hI anekAntavAdI jIvana-dRSTi kA udghoSa hai, jo sarvathA ekAntadRSTi kA virodha karatA hai / sAmAjika vyavasthA ko banAye rakhane ke lie munidharma evaM zrAvaka-dharma kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, jise hama eka ko nivRttimArga evaM dUsare ko pravRttimArga kA prastotA kaha sakate haiM / 213 jaina darzana meM nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya kA vistRta varNana milatA hai / usakA ekamAtra uddezya nivRtti evaM pravRttidharma kI jIvana-kalyANa ke lie upayogitA kA varNana karanA hai / arthAt, hama eka taraha se nivRtti-dharma ko nizcayanaya evaM pravRtti-dharma ko vyavahAranaya kI upamA de sakate haiM, jo eka dUsare ke Azrita haiM / AcArya kundakunda ke zabdoM meM 'vavahAreNa viNA paramatthuvadesaNamasakka', arthAt nizcayanaya ko jAnane ke lie vyavahAranaya ko jAnanA Avazyaka hai / 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA' meM eka sthAna para likhA hai| ki AtmA ke hita ko jAnate hue hI manuSya ke ahita kI nivRtti aura hita kI pravRtti hotI hai, isalie Atmahita kI ora pravRtta honA caahie| jaina dharma kI AcArasaMhitA meM vyAvahArika evaM adhyAtmika donoM hI dizAoM ko nirdezana milatA hai| vahA~ na kisI eka ke prati Agraha hai aura na dUsare ke prati durAgraha / balki sampUrNa jainAcArya meM nivRtti

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214 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 meM pravRtti aura pravRtti meM nivRtti kA samarthana milatA hai / hiMsA kI nivRtti ke sAtha ahiMsA kI pravRtti Avazyaka hai, nahIM to dayA, karuNA, vAtsalya Adi pravRttiyoM kI ora kaise AkRSTa huA jA sakatA hai| usI prakAra asatya ke parityAga kA artha hai satya meM pravRtti; adhika saMgraha karane kI nivRtti kA tAtparya hai aparigraha kI ora pravRtti / vyavahAra aura nizcaya kA vidhAna yaha siddha karate haiM ki jaina nItizAstra laukika evaM pAralaukika donoM ke unnayana ke sAdhaka haiM, jo artha, dharma, kAma ke vRtta meM hI Ate haiN| vastutaH artha evaM kAma aihika unnayana ke lakSya haiM aura dharma evaM mokSa AdhyAtmika ke| artha jahA~ kAma kI santuSTi ke sAdhana haiM, vahA~ dharma mokSaprApti ke / yadyapi yaha satya hai ki jaina nItizAstra kI dizA dharma evaM mokSa sAdhanA kI ora jAtI hai, lekina usakA Antarika prabhAva laukikatA kI ora bhI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina nItizAstra kI saMracanA zramaNoM evaM zrAvakoM ke lie bhI huI hai| yadyapi AgamoM meM spaSTataH kAma evaM artha kI prApti kA vyAmoha nahIM pAyA jAtA, tathApi zrAvakoM kA aNuvrata saMyata kAma evaM artha kI ora dRSTipAta karatA hai| somadevasUri apane nItivAkyAmRta meM--"samaMgaM yA trivarga seveta" kahakara dharma, artha evaM kAma ke samabhAva se sevana kA samarthana karate haiN| dazavaikAlikasUtra bhI kahatA hai ki dharma, artha aura kAma ko cAhe koI paraspara virodhI mAnatA ho, parantu jinavANI ke anusAra ve jIvana-anuSThAna meM paraspara avirodhI haiM : dhammo atyo kAmo bhinnate piMDitA pddisktaa| jiNavayaNaM uttinnA asavantA hoMti nAyavyA / / " punaH AcArAMga meM ullikhita arthalAbha kI dazA meM garva nahIM karanA cAhie : 'lAbhutti na majjijjA, alAbhutti na sojjA' uttarAdhyana (14.39) ke anusAra, agara sAre saMsAra para tumhArA adhikAra ho jAya, duniyA kA sArA dhana tumheM hI mila jAya, taba bhI tumheM vaha aparyApta hI pratIta hogA, aura vaha anta samaya meM tumhArI rakSA bhI nahIM kara sktaa|' punaH (uttarAdhyayana, 19.17) kheta, vastue~, sonA, putra, patnI, bandhu-bAndhava aura isa deha ko bhI tyAga kara hameM avazya hI jAnA pdd'egaa|' isI taraha dazavaikAlika ke anusAra 'thor3A prApta hone para manuSya ko jhuMjhalAnA nahIM caahie|' Adi uddharaNoM se yahI pratIta hotA hai ki jaina nItizAstra aparigraha-pradhAna rahA hai, isalie spaSTataH artha ko jIvana kA lakSya nahIM svIkAra kiyA hai| isI prakAra, brahmacarya ko vizeSa sthAna denevAle jainazAstra meM viSayoM se virakti kA bhAva darazAyA gayA hai| isa sandarbha meM uttarAdhyayana (20.40, 16.6, 16.14, 32.19), sUyagaDaMga (4.2.19) Adi granthoM meM ullikhita viSaya-virakti evaM kAmarahita cintana kA Adeza diyA gayA hai, jisase dhvanita hotA hai ki viSaya-vAsanA kA saMyamana hI manuSya-jIvana kA lakSya hai| kAma-virodhI hote hue bhI nArI jAti kA

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jainAcAra : : eka mUlyAMkana virodha jaina nItizAstra meM nahIM hai| jJAnArNava (15.57 ) ke anusAra nArI ko mokSAdhikAriNI mAnA gayA hai aura kevala vAsanA - pUrti kA yantra na kahakara use sammAnya aura pUjya sthAna diyA gayA hai / punaH jJAnArNava (12.53) meM hI kahA gayA hai ki "striyA~ apane satItva ke mahattva, AcaraNa kI pavitratA, vinayazIlatA aura viveka se dharAtala ko vibhUSita karatI haiM / " yadi aisA na hotA to brAhmaNI, sundarI, aMjanA, candanA, rAjamatI Adi nAriyA~ jainadharma meM pUjya nahIM hotIM / ataH kAmavAsanA ko maryAdita rakhane kA vidhAna kAma ko nakAranA nahIM / yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki laukika jIvana ko unnata banAne ke lie svacchanda kAma evaM artha kA Agraha jIvana ko vizrRMkhalita evaM pathabhraSTa banA detA hai / isIlie jaina nItizAstra ina donoM puruSArthoM ko samyak sthAna nahIM de pAtA hai aura ina donoM ke saMyamana meM hI apane niHzreyasa kA mArga pratiSThita karatA hai / 215 jaina nItizAstra meM Azrama evaM jAti-vyavasthA ke prati eka apanA alaga dRSTikoNa hai, jo brAhmaNa athavA vaidika paramparA se bhinna hai / vaidika paramparA jahA~ jIvanagata sukha ko sAdhya mAnakara abhyudaya ke lie saceSTa hotA hai aura isake lie Azrama kI vyavasthA karatA hai, vahIM jainadharma vyaktigAmI nivartaka dharma kA poSaka hai| usake anusAra vyakti ke lie mukhya kartavya eka hI hai AtmasAkSAtkAra aura usameM rukAvaTa DAlanevAlI icchA ke nAza kA prayatna / punaH paNDita sukhalAlajI ke zabdoM meM, 'jainadharma sarvaprathama vyaktivAdI hai, jo ekAnta cintana, dhyAna, tapa aura asaMgatApUrNa jIvana ko svIkAra karatA hai / " jainadharma yadyapi sarvaprathama vyakti ko pramukha sthAna detA hai, tathApi vaha Azrama - vyavasthA se aMzataH sahamata bhI hai / jaina nItizAstra kA mAtra virodha hai usa Azrama - vyavasthA se, jo bhogavilAsamaya jIvana ke uddezyoM ko chUTa detI hai, kintu jaina nItizAstra Azrama - vyavasthA ko apane aNuvratoM se saMyata rakhane ke lie apane zrAvakoM ke jIvana ko suvyavasthita aura taponiSTha banAne kA Agraha karatA hai| zrAvaka apanI sImA meM sarvadA ahiMsA, satya, aparigraha, acaurya evaM brahmacarya kA pAlana karate haiM aura pravRttiyoM meM rahakara bhI nivRttiparaka jIvana jIne kA prayAsa karate haiN| unheM vaidikoM kI taraha pitRRNa, devaRNa Adi RNoM se uRNa hone kI apekSA nahIM hotI aura na yajJoM kI paridhi meM devatAoM se kRpA kI AvazyakatA hotI / punaH kahA jAtA hai ki jaina nItizAstra mAtra vyaktiparaka mokSa-sAdhana kA Agraha karatA hai / lekina aisI bAteM bhI pUrNataH ThIka hI haiM; kyoMki svayaM tIrthaMkara bhI saMgha kI vandanA karate hai / sthAnAMga meM dasa dharmoM kA vivecana huA hai, jisake antargata grAmadharma, nagaradharma, rASTradharma, samAjadharma Adi kA samAveza ho sakA hai| samantabhadra ne samasta prANimAtra ko kalyANa kI kAmanA karane kI apanI zubha bhAvanA pradarzita karate hue batAyA hai ki he bhagavan, ApakA yaha tIrtha sarvodaya hai :

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216 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 sarvApadAmantakaraM niraMtaM sarvodayaM tIrthamidaM tavaiva / jAti-vyavasthA evaM Azrama-vyavasthA ke sambandha meM jaina nItizAstra kA udAra dRSTikoNa rahA hai| jaina nItizAstra ne sarvadA evaM sarvathA jAti-vyavasthA kA AdhAra karma ko svIkAra kiyA hai aura, Azrama-vyavasthA meM bhI vyaktigata abhiruci ko prazraya diyA hai; kyoMki jaina nIti-zAstra kA mukhya uddezya rahA hai AdhyAtmika unnayana athavA mAnava kI pUrNatva-prApti / yahI kAraNa hai ki vaha sadA manuSya kI Antarika vRttiyoM ko saMyata karane aura prANiyoM ke bIca samatA-bhAva ke pratiSThApana meM vizvAsa rakhatA naitika guNa ko sApekSika mAnA gayA hai aura naitika nirNaya ke sandarbha meM sAdhanasAdhya kI pavitratA para dhyAna rakhA gayA hai / isa dRSTi se jaina nItizAstra bhI apavAda nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| mAnava-vyavahAra meM anusyUta artha yA to lakSya rUpa hotA hai athavA lakSya kI ora le jAnevAlA sAdhana ruup| ina arthoM meM pAyA jAnAvAlA mUlya bhAvAtmaka bhI ho sakatA hai aura niSedhAtmaka bhii| niSedhAtmaka rUpa meM pAzcAtya nItizAstra kI vyAkhyA adhika huI hai| kANTa-naitikatA ke nirapekSa kAnUna ko mAnakara calane kI apekSA rakhatA hai| usake anusAra koI aisA kAma nahIM karanA cAhie, jo dUsaroM ke lie hitakara na ho| baTalara bhI manuSya ko Atmaprema tathA dUsaroM ke hita-sampAdana ke bIca sAmaMjasya rakhane kI salAha detA hai| puna: sijavika bhI buddhipUrvaka Atmahita tathA parahita kA samanvaya karate rahane kI zikSA detA hai| mahAbhArata meM bhI isa naitikatA ke nirapekSa kAnUna kA nirdezana huA hai : AtmanaH pratikUlAni pareSAM na smaacret| lekina, bhAratIya AcArazAstra ina nItiyoM kI apekSA aura adhika Age bar3hakara kahatA hai ki parivAra kI rakSA evaM unnayana ke lie vyakti ke svArthoM kA parityAga honA caahie| punaH samAja ke hitasAdhana athavA unnayana ke lie parivAra kA aura punaH rASTra ke hita athavA unnayana ke lie samAja kA tyAga apekSita hai| isa prakAra, mahAbhArata ke isa kathana meM nItizAstra kI vyApakatA parilakSita hotI hai| bhAvAtmaka arthoM meM jaina nItizAstra bhI bhAratIya nItizAstra kA anusaraNa karatA hai| yahA~ kahA gayA hai ki manuSya ko yathAzakti nirvaiyaktika DhaMga se svatantra, athavA arthavAn jIvanakSaNoM ke utpanna karane kI koziza karanI cAhie; kyoMki vIroM ke saMkalpa tathA nirNaya sadaiva surakSA tathA upayogitA kI paridhi meM nahIM raha skte| ve sammAnita paramparA evaM vyavahAroM ko bhI kuThArAghAta karane meM nahIM cuukte| isa sandarbha meM AcArya siddhasena divAkara kI paktiyA~ draSTavya haiM :

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jainAcAra : eka mUlyAMkana 217 purAtanairyA niyatA vyavasthitiryathaiva sA kiM paricintya setsyati / tatheti vaktuM mRtarUDhagauravA dahaM na jAta: prathayantu vidviSaH / / / punaH jinheM hama sAdhu puruSa kahate haiM, unakA vyavahAra svayaM unhIM ke vyaktitvoM ko pavitra nahIM karatA, balki vaha vyavahAra jahA~ vipanna manuSyoM ko sukhI banAtA hai, vahA~ darzakoM ko udAra, paropakAra-bhAvanA se anuprANita bhI karatA hai| isa artha meM 'mahAjano yena gataH sa panthAH' ukti saTIka baiThatI hai, jo jaina AcArazAstra ke rUpa meM jIvana-mUlyoM ko surakSita rakhatI huI syAdvAda kA vyAvahArika patha prazasta karatI hai| isa pariprekSya meM ravi bAbU kI eka ukti yAda ho AtI hai : "Apana haite bAhira hoe bAhire dArA, bukera mA~jhe vizva lokera pAvi sArA" (apane Apa se bAhara nikalo, tuma apane hRdaya meM sArA vizva pA jaaoge)|

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jaina evaM hindU dharma meM paramatattva kI avadhAraNA DaoN. prema sumana jaina* bhAratIya dharmoM kA pramukha lakSya jIvana ke duHkhoM se antima rUpa se chuTakArA pAnA hai| ataH ve jIvana meM parama zubha yA paramArtha (Summum Bonum) kI prApti kA prayala karate dekhe jAte haiN| sukha kI anubhUti pUrNa svatantratA meM hI ho sakatI hai, ajJAna ke kSetra se muktijJAna ke kSetra meM jAne se ho sakatI hai, ataH bhAratIya cintaka AtmajJAna ke dvArA usa paramatattva ko jAnane kI preraNA dete haiM, jo bandhanoM se sarvathA mukta hai aura jisameM sabhI prakAra ke duHkhoM kA abhAva hai| aisA paramatattva vibhinna nAmoM se jaina dharma evaM anya bhAratIya dharmoM meM varNita kiyA gayA hai| unameM mokSa, nirvANa, paramAtmA, brahma Adi nAma adhika pracalita haiN| parama tattva ke lie pracalita vibhinna pAribhASika zabdoM meM kyA samAnatAe~ haiM, yaha jAnane ke lie jaina dharma aura hindU dharma kI dRSTi se AtmA, mokSa aura paramAtmA ke svarUpa para cintana karanA Avazyaka hai| AtmA ke vivecana dvArA saba kucha jAnane kI kuMjI prAcIna granthoM meM dI gayI hai| AtmA ke eka tattva ko jAna lene se , sabakA jJAna ho jAtA hai| isa sabakA jJAna hI mokSa hai aura jo mukta AtmA hai, vahI paramatattva hai, paramAtmA hai, brahma hai| paramatattva kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa naitika aura AdhyAtmika jIvana ke Adarza ke rUpa meM huA hai| prAyaH sabhI bhAratIya dharmoM meM parama devatattva ke mahattva ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| bhale hI usake nAmoM meM bhinnatA dRSTigata hotI hai, kintu usake svarUpa meM prAyaH samAnatA hai| tabhI eka jaina kavi yaha kahatA hai ki "zaiva jise 'ziva' nAma se pUjate haiM, vedAntI jise 'brahma' kahate haiM, bauddhoM ne jise 'buddha' kahA hai, naiyAyika jise 'kartA' kahate haiM, jaina dharma ke anuyAyI jise 'arhat' kahate haiM aura mImAMsaka jise 'karma' kahate haiM, jise tInoM lokoM kA svAmI evaM 'hari' kahA jAtA hai, vaha hameM icchita phala pradAna kre|" yahIM bAta AcArya abhinavagupta ne bhI kahI hai ki dArzanikoM meM paramasattA ke nAmoM kA vivAda hai, mUla tattva kA nhiiN| hindU dharma ke anya granthoM meM bhI yahI bhAvanA vyakta kI gayI hai| isa paramasattA, paramAtmA yA brahma kA vAstavika jJAna mokSaprApti ke * saha-AcArya evaM vibhAgAdhyakSa. jainavidyA evaM prAkRta-vibhAga, sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura (rAjasthAna)-313001

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jaina evaM hindU dharma meM paramatattva kI avadhAraNA 219 uparAnta hI hotA hai, aisA adhikAMza bhAratIya dArzanika mAnate haiN| ataH paramasattA, mokSa aura nirvANa prAyaH eka hI lakSya ke vibhinna nAma haiN| mokSa-sambandhI samAnatAe~ : mokSa ke svarUpa kA vikAsa bhAratIya dharmoM meM kramazaH huA hai| cArvAka ne zarIra ke anta ko hI mokSa maanaa| nyAya-vaizeSika, pUrvamImAMsA aura vaibhASikoM ne AtmA ke Agantuka dharmoM-cetanA aura Ananda Adi kI mukti ko hI mokSa svIkAra kiyaa| sautrAntika bauddhoM ne sattA kI abhivyaktiyoM ke nirodha ko hI 'nirvANa' kahA hai| sAMkhya puruSa kI sattA aura cetana avasthA ke vAstavika svarUpa ko jAna lene ko hI kaivalya (mokSa) kahate haiN| ve usameM Ananda kI anubhUti nahIM maante| jaina dArzanika AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa kI prApti ko mokSa mAnate haiN| usameM mukta jIva ananta jJAna, darzana, sukha aura ananta vIrya kA svAmI hotA hai| aise mukta jIva ananta hote haiM / vedAnta darzana ke anusAra mukta AtmA Izvara ke samAna banakara usake zarIra meM praveza kara usase ekAkAratA kA anubhava karatI hai / jJAna aura Ananda ke upabhoga meM mukta AtmA Izvara ke samAna hotI hai| zaMkara ke vedAntadarzana meM mukta jIva paramatattva brahma se abhinna ho jAtA hai| ina sabhI darzanoM kI mukti prakriyA kA yadi sUkSma vivecana kiyA jAya, to jJAta hogA, ki prAyaH sabhI ne mukti kI prApti ke lie ajJAna ko dUra kara AtmajJAna ko prApta karanA Avazyaka mAnA hai aura muktiprApti ke bAda jIvana-maraNa ke cakra aura duHkhoM kA anta svIkAra kiyA hai| __ bhAratIya darzanoM meM mukti ke sambandha meM eka samAnatA yaha bhI milatI hai ki prAyaH sabhI ne jIvanmukti aura videhamukti ina do ko kisI na kisI rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| gItA aura vedAnta kI paramparA meM rAga-dveSa aura Asakti kI pUrNa rUpa se samApti para jIvanmukti aura aise sAdhaka ke zarIra chUTa jAne para videhamukti kI prApti mAnA gayA hai| bauddha darzana meM tRSNA ke kSaya ke bAda sopAdhizeSa nirmANa dhAtu kI prApti hotI hai aura zarIra chUTane ke bAda anupAdhizeSa nirvANa dhAtu kii| jaina darzana meM rAga-dveSa se mukti ko bhAvamokSa aura zarIra chUTane ke bAda kI mukti ko dravyamokSa kahA gayA hai| gItA meM jIvanmukta avasthA ke sAdhaka ko 'sthitaprajJa' kahA gayA hai aura vedAnta meM use 'jIvAtmA' nAma diyA gayA hai / bauddha darzana meM jIvanmukta sAdhaka 'arhat', kevalI, upazAnta Adi nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai| jaina darzana meM aise jIvanmukta sAdhaka ko 'arhat', vItarAga, kevalI Adi kahA gayA hai| ye sabhI sAdhaka rAga-dveSa se rahita, samatA-dhAraka evaM janma-maraNa ke cakra ko samApta karanevAle kahe gaye haiN| isa avasthA se Age kI mukta AtmAe~, jo sarvathA karmoM se mukta ho gaI haiM aura jinhoMne apane zarIra Adi sabhI

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220 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 sAMsArika sukha tyAga diye haiM, gItA meM 'paramAtmA', vedAnta meM 'brahma', bauddha darzana meM 'buddha' evaM jaina darzana meM 'siddha', 'paramAtmA' Adi nAmoM se jAnI jAtI haiN| aisI sthiti meM sAdhaka aura sAdhya kA abheda ho jAtA hai| isa avasthA meM jJAtA, jJeya aura jJAna meM koI antara nahIM raha jaataa| isa mukta avasthA ko prApta AtmA anya sAdhakoM ke lie upAsya, Izvara, paramAtmA bana jAtA hai| jaina grantha 'samAdhizataka' meM muktAtmA ko zuddha svatantra, paripUrNa, paramezvara, avinazvara, sarvocca, sarvottama, paramavizuddha aura niraMjana kahA gayA hai| sAmAnyatayA yahI aura isI taraha ke pada Izvara yA paramezvara ke sAtha vyavahRta kiye jAte haiN| isa prakAra, aisA pratIta hotA hai ki prArambha meM bhale hI bhAratIya manISA ne prAkRtika zaktiyoM, rAjA, vIra puruSa, dharmaguru Adi meM apane se adhika guNoM aura zakti kA anubhava kara unheM Izvara kI saMjJA pradAna kI thI, kintu bAda meM samAdhi aura jJAna ko mahattva denevAle cintakoM ne AtmA ke pUrNarUpa se vikasita svarUpa ko hI mokSa evaM paramAtmA, devAdhideva, brahma Adi nAma diye haiN| paramAtmA kA mahattva : hindU dharma ke vibhinna vicArakoM ne Izvara kI AvazyakatA ke aneka kAraNa pratipAdita kiye haiN| vaidika darzana meM paramezvara vedarUpI vRkSa kA phala hai| upaniSadoM meM Izvara samasta brahmANDa ke saMcAlaka ke rUpa meM svIkRta haiN| jagat ke prANa-svarUpa usI ko brahma kahA gayA hai| pUrvamImAMsA meM zabdamAtra hI devatA hai| ataH vahA~ vaidika mantroM ko hI devatva prApta hai| sAMkhya evaM yogadarzanoM meM karmaphala hI pradhAna hai| ataH, vahA~ Izvara upAsya ke rUpa meM to svIkRta hai, karmaphala-pradAtA ke rUpa meM nhiiN| nyAya-vaizeSika aura vedAnta darzanoM meM Izvara kI AvazyakatA saMsAra ke vyavasthApaka evaM karma-niyAmaka ke rUpa se svIkAra kI gaI hai| gItA meM Izvara ke donoM rUpa svIkRta haiN| vaha karma-niyama ke Upara hai aura bhaktoM ke lie kAruNika hai| kintu vahA~ yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki karma aura unake pratiphala ke saMyoga kA kartA Izvara nahIM hai| karmoM kI vyavasthA svayameva hotI rahatI hai|11jain darzana karma-niyantA ke rUpa meM Izvara ko svIkAra nahIM karatA; kyoMki isase karma-niyama aura Izvara donoM kA mahattva kama ho jAtA hai| ataH jaina darzana meM AtmA ko karmoM kA kartA aura bhoktA mAnA hai tathA vahI AtmA karmoM se mukta hokara paramAtmA ho jAtA hai / ataH karma-niyAmaka aura Izvara donoM hI eka hI AtmA kI do avasthAe~ haiN|12 gItA meM naitika Adarza aura upAsya ke rUpa meM bhI Izvara ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| pUrNa vItarAga, niSkAma, sarvajJa evaM sarvazaktimAn paramAtmA gItA kA naitika Adarza hai to vahI vItarAga evaM anantacatuSTaya se yukta paramAtmA jaina darzana kI naitika sAdhanA kA bhI Adarza hai|13 Izvara svayaM sarvocca sattA aura sarvocca mUlya hai / 14 gItA aura jaina darzana

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jaina evaM hindU dharma meM paramatattva kI avadhAraNA 221 donoM svIkAra karate haiM ki naitika jIvana kI pUrNatA Izvara ke samAna banane para hI prApta hotI hai| vizva-saMracanA evaM paramatattva : bhAratIya darzanoM meM paramatattva kA sambandha vizva-saMracanA ke siddhAnta se bhI jur3A huA hai| sRSTi-racanA aura Izvara ke sambandha meM jo vibhinna mAnyatAe~ pracalita haiM, unheM tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai--eka mAnyatA paramezvara yA brahma ko hI anAdi, ananta mAnatI hai| usI ne avastu se saMsAra kI sabhI vastue~ banA dI haiM, ataH paramezvara nirmAtA hai| dUsarI mAnyatAvAle vicAraka kahate haiM ki avastu se koI vastu bana nahIM sktii| ataH jIva aura ajIva vastue~ to sadA se haiN| unheM kisI ne nahIM bnaayaa| kintu ina vastuoM kI vibhinna avasthAoM ko banAnA, bigAr3anA paramezvara ke hAtha meM hai| ataH paramezvara eka vyavasthApaka ke rUpa meM hai| tIsarI mAnyatA ke vicArakoM kA kahanA hai ki saMsAra kI cetana aura acetana vastuoM ko na kisI ne banAyA hai aura na koI paramasattA unakI vyavasthA karatA hai| apitu, yaha saMsAra vastuoM ke guNa aura svabhAva meM jo svayameva pArasparika parivartana hotA hai, usI se saMsAra kI vyavasthA calatI rahatI hai, calatI rhegii| ataH vItarAga Izvara ko nirmAtA evaM vyavasthApaka mAnane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| isa tIsare vicAra kA samarthana karanevAloM meM jainadharma ke vicAraka pramukha haiN| jainadharma kI paramasattA sambandhI isa vicAradhArA ko kucha vistAra se usake mUla granthoM ke AdhAra para isa prakAra dekhA jA sakatA hai| ___ jainadharma meM saMsAra ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM vaijJAnika dRSTi se cintana kiyA gayA hai|5 yaha loka chaha dravyoM se banA hai- jIva, ajIva (pudgala), dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla / ye loka anAdi-ananta haiN| athavA ise banAne athavA miTAnevAlA koI Izvara Adi nahIM hai| dravyoM meM parivartana svataH hotA hai, ataH guNa kI apekSA se dravya nitya hai aura paryAya kI apekSA se vaha anitya hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne vastu ko utpAda-vyaya-dhauvyAtmaka kahA hai| ina chaha dravyoM meM se jIva dravya cetana hai aura zeSa pA~ca dravya acetana haiN| ataH, mUlataH vizva ke nirmANa aura saMcAlana meM jIva aura ajIva ye do dravya hI pramukha haiN| jIva aura ajIva ina do paraspara tattvoM meM jo samparka hotA hai, usase aise bandhanoM kA nirmANa hotA hai, jisase jIva ko kaI prakAra kI avasthAoM se gujaranA par3a jAtA hai| kaI anubhava karane par3ate haiN| yaha saMsAra hai| yadi jIva evaM ajIva ke samparka kI dhArA ko roka diyA jAya aura samparka se utpanna bandhanoM ko naSTa kara diyA jAya, to jIva

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22m Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 apanI zuddha evaM mukta avasthA ko prApta ho sakatA hai| yaha jIva kA mokSa hai| isa pUrI prakriyA kA saMcAlana karanevAle tattva sAta haiM--jIva, ajIva, Asrava, baMdha, saMvara, nirjarA, aura mokSa / 16 inameM pApa evaM puNya ina do tattvoM ko jor3akara kula nau tattva jaina darzana meM mAne jAte haiN| inameM se jIva kA sambandha jaina darzana kI tattvamImAMsA se hai| pApa, puNya, Asrava, evaM bandha karma-siddhAnta se sambandhita haiN| saMvara aura nirjarA ke antargata jaina dharma kI sampUrNa AcAra-saMhitA A jAtI hai| gRhastha aura munidharma kA vivecana inhIM ke antargata hotA hai| antima tattva 'mokSa' darzana kI dRSTi se jIvana kI vaha sarvottama avasthA hai, jise prApta karanA pratyeka dhArmika vyakti kA antima lakSya hai| isI ke lie AtmasAkSAtkAra evaM dhyAna Adi kI sAdhanA kI jAtI hai| __ jaina dRSTi se pratyeka vyakti apane dvArA kiye gaye acche-bure karmoM ke phala bhogane ke lie svayaM jimmedAra hai| prAkRtika aura vyAvahArika niyama bhI yahI hai ki jaisA bIja boyA jAtA hai, usakA phala bhI vaisA hI milatA hai| jaina darzana ne yahI dRSTi pradAna kI ki acche karma karane se sukha aura bure karma karane se duHkha milatA hai| ataH vyakti ko mana meM acchI bhAvanA rakhanI cahie, vANI se acche vacana bolane cAhie aura zarIra se acche karma karane caahie| AtmA aisA karane ke lie svatantra evaM samartha hai| AtmA hI duHkha evaM sukha kA kartA evaM vikartA hai| sumArga para calanevAlA AtmA apanA mitra hai aura kumArga para calane vAlA svayaM kA zatru hai / yathA : apyA kattA vikattA ya, duhANa ya suhANa y| . appA mittamamittaM ya duppaTThiya suptttthio||17 jaina karma-siddhAnta ke pratipAdana se spaSTa huA hai ki AtmA hI acche bure karmoM kA kendra hai| AtmA mUlataH ananta zaktiyoM kA kendra hai / jJAna aura caitanya usake pramukha guNa haiM, kintu karmoM ke AvaraNa se usakA zuddha svarUpa chipa jAtA hai / jaina AcAra-saMhitA pratipAdita karatI hai ki vyakti kA antima uddezya honA cAhie-AtmA ke isI zuddha svarUpa ko prApta karanA tabhI yaha AtmA paramAtmA ho jAtA hai / jaina darzana ne AtmA ko paramAtmA meM prakaTa karane kI zakti manuSya meM mAnI hai| kyoMki, manuSya meM icchA, saMkalpa aura vicArazakti hai, isalie vaha svatantra kriyA kara sakatA hai| ataH sAMsArika pragati aura AdhyAtmika unnati ina donoM kA mukhya sUtradhAra manuSya hI hai| jaina dRSTi se yadyapi sArI AtmAe~ samAna haiM, saba meM paramAtmA banane ke guNa vidyamAna haiM, tathApi una guNoM kI prApti manuSya-jIvana meM hI sambhava hai; kyoMki sadAcaraNa evaM saMyama kA jIvana manuSya-bhava meM hI ho sakatA hai, isa prakAra, jaina AcAra-saMhitA ne mAnava ko jo pratiSThA dI hai, vaha anupama hai|8

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jaina evaM hindU dharma meM paramatattva kI avadhAraNA manuSya kI isI zreSThatA ke kAraNa jainadharma meM daivIya zaktivAle Izvara kA koI mahattva nahIM rahA / jaina dRSTi meM aisA koI vyakti Izvara ho hI nahIM sakatA, jisameM saMsAra ko banAne yA naSTa karane kI koI icchA zeSa ho / yaha kisI bhI daivIya zakti ke sAmarthya ke bAhara kI vastu hai ki vaha kisI bhI dravya ko badala sake tathA kisI vyakti ko sukha-duHkha de ske| kyoMki hara guNa svatantra aura guNAtmaka hai / prakRti svayaM apane niyamoM se saMcAlita hai / vyakti ko sukha-duHkha usake karma aura puruSArtha ke anusAra milate haiM / ataH jaina AcAra-saMhitA meM Izvara kA vaha astitva nahIM hai, jo muslima dharma meM muhammada sAhaba kA tathA IsAI dharma meM IsAmasIha kA hai / hindU dharma kA sarvazaktimAn Izvara bhI jaina dharma meM svIkRta nahIM hai, kyoMki isase manuSya ko svatantratA aura puruSArtha bAdhita hote haiM / 19 20 vizva-saMracanA meM Izvara kI bhUmikA kA niSedha jainoM kI taraha sAMkhya-darzana meM bhI kiyA gayA hai| kumArila bhaTTa evaM prabhAkara mizra jaise mImAMsaka bhI Izvara ko nirmAtA ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM karate; kyoMki ve vizva ko anAdi mAnate haiM / jaina evaM mImAMsakoM ne nirmAtA Izvara ke astitva ke niSedha ke lie samAna tarkoM kA upayoga kiyA hai| vaizeSika darzana ke prAraMbhika granthoM meM bhI Izvara - svIkRti nahIM hai| pataMjali ke yogasUtra evaM gautama ke nyAyasUtra meM bhI Izvara ko eka yogI, Apta aura sarvajJa ke rUpa meM dekhA gayA hai / jaina darzana meM bhI mukta AtmA ko paramAtmA, Apta, sarvajJa Adi kahA gayA hai / ataH sUkSma dRSTi se vicAra karane para jJAta hotA hai ki Izvara ke sambandha meM jaina dharma evaM hindU dharma ke prAcIna granthoM meM prAyaH samAna cintana prastuta kiyA gayA hai / 223 jaina dharma meM yadyapi Izvara jaisI sattA ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai, jo saMsAra ko banAne athavA naSTa karane meM kAraNa hai, tathApi jaina AcAra-saMhitA AtmA ke usa zuddha svarUpa ke astitva ko svIkAra karatI hai, jo apane zreSThatama guNoM ke kAraNa paramAtmA ho cukI hai| aise aneka paramAtmA jaina dharma meM svIkRta haiM, jo ananta sukhoM kA anubhava karate haiM tathA isa saMsAra se mukta haiM / aise paramAtmAoM ko jaina AcArasaMhitA meM 'arhat' evaM 'siddha' kahA gayA hai / ye ve parama AtmAe~ haiM, jinhoMne indriyoM para vijaya prApta kara AtmA ke vAstavika svarUpa kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA hai| inheM 'Apta', 'sarvajJa' 'vItarAga', 'kevalI' Adi nAmoM se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| ina arhat evaM siddhoM kI bhakti tathA pUjA karane kA vidhAna bhI jaina AcAra saMhitA meM haiM, kintu inase koI sAMsArika lAbha kI apekSA nahIM kI jAtI / inakI bhakti unake AdhyAtmika guNoM ko prApta karane ke lie hI kI jAtI hai, jisake lie bhakta ko svayaM puruSArtha karanA par3atA hai| isa bhakti se vyakti kI bhAvanAe~ pavitra hotI haiM, jisase usakA AcaraNa nirantara zuddha hotA jAtA hai, .21 22

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224 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 tathA AtmA kramazaH vikAsa ko prApta hotI hai| jaina AcAra-saMhitA kI tIna koTiyA~ mAnI gaI haiN| -(1) bahirAtmA', jo zarIra ko hI AtmA samajhatA huA sAMsArika viSayoM meM lIna rahatA hai, (2) 'antarAtmA', jo zarIra aura AtmA ke bheda ko samajhatA hai tathA zarIra ke moha ko chor3akara AtmA ke svarUpa ko prApta karane kA prayatna karatA hai, tathA (3) 'paramAtmA' jisane AtmA ke sacce svarUpa ko jAna liyA hai aura jo ananta jJAna tathA sukha kA dhanI hai| yathA : akkhANi bAhirappA aMtarappA hu appsNkpyo| kammakalaMkavimukko paramapyA bhaNNae devo||2 AcArya kundakunda ne AtmA ke isa vikAsa-mArga kA pratipAdana kiyA thaa|24 jisakA anugamana anya jainAcAryoM ne kiyA hai| anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM bhI AtmA ke vikAsa ke ina svarUpoM ko vibhinna nAmoM se varNita kiyA gayA hai| upaniSadoM meM AtmA ke jJAnAtmA, mahadAtmA aura zuddhAtmA ye tIna bheda kiye gaye haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM zarIrAtmA; jIvAtmA aura paramAtmA bhI AtmA kI avasthAe~ batAI gaI haiN| paramatattva ke nAma evaM guNa : jaina dharma meM paramatattva mukta AtmA ko mAnA gayA hai| unakI avasthAoM aura guNoM ke kAraNa unheM arhanta, siddha, kevalI, jina, tIrthaMkara, Apta, sarvajJa, paramAtmA, vItarAga Adi nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai| ina sabameM pramukha guNa samAna haiM ki ve mukta avasthA meM hone ke kAraNa sabhI duHkhoM se rahita haiN| unameM 1008 lakSaNa zAstroM meM ginAye gaye haiN| kintu unake 4 pramukha guNa-ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, ananta cAritra evaM ananta vIrya prasiddha haiN| ina guNoM ke sAtha tulanA karane para jJAta hotA hai ki hindU dharma ke Izvara, brahma yA paramAtmA meM bhI jJAna, zakti, mAhAtmya, gaurava Adi guNa svIkAra kiye gaye haiN| kyoMki, Izvara kI upAsyatA binA guNoM ke ho nahIM sakatI hai| pAzcAtya darzanoM meM bhI Izvara ko vyaktitvapUrNa, sarvazaktimAn, sarvajJa, pUrNajJAna, icchajJa svAtantrya, nitya evaM zubhatva Adi guNoM se yukta mAnane kI bAta kahI gayI hai| yadyapi Izvara-sambandhI guNoM kA kathana asaMjJAnAtmaka hI hotA hai,8 tathApi bhAratIya darzanoM meM Izvara ko aparamita gaNoM kA bhANDAra mAnA gayA hai| jaina granthoM meM bhI tIrthaMkara ke kaI atizaya unakI viziSTatA ke rUpa meM varNita haiN|29 kucha jaina granthoM meM paramAtmA ke guNoM kA varNana abhAvAtmaka dRSTi se bhI kiyA gayA hai| muktAtmA na dIrgha hai, na hrasva hai, na kRSNa hai, na zveta hai, na guru hai, na laghu hai, na strI hai, na puruSa hai, na napuMsaka hai / 2deg ataH paramAtmA kA svarUpa anirvacanIya hai| zAMkara siddhAnta kA neti-neti aura pAzcAtya vicAraka akvAina kA nakArAtmaka siddhAnta1 jaina darzana ke abhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa se samAnatA rakhate haiM / inase yaha anubhava

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jaina evaM hindU dharma meM paramatattva kI avadhAraNA kiyA jA sakatA hai ki paramasattA ke guNoM evaM nAmoM kI sArthakatA unheM pratIkAtmaka rUpa meM svIkAra karane meM hai / isase cintana ke kSetra meM samanvaya ko bala milatA hai| jaina darzana kI mAnyatA hai ki nizcayanaya ke anusAra paramAtmA zuddha caitanyamaya hai / usake guNoM kA bakhAna karanA vyAvahArika naya se sambhava hai / usakI upAsanA hama vibhinna pratIkoM ke mAdhyama se karate haiM, jo usake guNoM kA svayaM sAkSAtkAra karane ke lie hote haiM / umAsvAmI ne ThIka hI kahA hai ki "maiM usa paramAtmA ko namana karatA hU~, jo mokSa mArga kA netA hai, karmarUpI parvatoM ko naSTa karanevAlA hai aura vizva ke samasta tattvoM kA jJAtA hai, tAki maiM usake guNoM kA sAkSAtkAra kara sakU~ / " yahI bAta pAzcAtya dArzanika pAla nIlikha svIkAra karate haiM ki paramasattA varNavihIna, zuddha ujalA pardA hai| ise lakhA jA sakatA hai, parantu isakA varNana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| 32 33 paramasattA ke lie prayukta nAmoM kA jaina evaM hindU dharmoM meM samAna rUpa se prayoga huA hai| hindU dharmoM meM prayukta jagasvAmI, jJAnI, hari, hara, brahmA, puruSottama Adi saikar3oM nAma jaina tIrthaMkaroM ke lie bhI prayukta hue haiM / kintu ina nAmoM ko pratIkoM ke rUpa meM liyA gayA hai / jisake smaraNa se guNoM kI vRddhi ho vaha 'brahma' hai, jisa AtmA kA brahmacarya akhaNDita rahA hai vaha 'paramabrahma' hai, kevala jJAna Adi guNoM ke aizvarya se yukta hone ke kAraNa AtmA 'Izvara' hai, vaha samasta karmoM ke mala se rahita hokara, ATha guNoM ke 'aizvarya' ko dhAraNa karatA hai isalie 'paramezvara' hai, AtmA svadeha meM vyApta hone ke kAraNa 'viSNu' hai, svayaM hI apane vikAsa kA kAraNa hai, isalie 'svayambhU' hai 1 AdipurANa meM prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ko 'hiraNyagarbha', 'brahmA', 'prajApati' Adi vizeSaNa pradAna kiye gaye haiM, jo unake vibhinna guNoM ke sUcaka haiN| isI taraha vaidika granthoM meM bhI jaina tIrthaMkaroM ke kaI nAmoM ko viSNusahasranAma Adi meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai / ataH paramasattA ke nirUpaNa meM samanvaya kI eka dhArA kA avalokana jaina evaM hindU dharmoM ke sAhitya meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| donoM dharmoM meM paramAtmA ke nAmoM meM uparyukta samAnatA hote hue kucha antara bhI hai| kintu yahA~ nAmoM kA mahattva nahIM hai, guNoM kA mahatva hai / isIlie eka jaina santa ne kahA hai ki maiM usa paramatattva ko sadA namana karatA hU~, jo rAga-dveSa jaise AtmA ko dUSita karanevAle viSa se rahita hai, anukampA se bharA huA hai aura samasta guNa-samUhoM se pUrNa hai, jAhe vaha viSNu ho, ziva ho, brahmA ho, surendra ho, sUrya ho, candra ho, bhagavAn ho, buddha ho yA siddha ho| 34 paramatattva kI prApti ke mArga : 225 jaina evaM hindU dharma meM kevala paramattva ke svarUpa, usake guNa evaM usake nAmoM meM hI samAnatA nahIM hai, apitu usa paramatattva ko prApta karane, anubhava karane ke mArgoM meM bhI

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226 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 prAyaH ekarUpatA dRSTigocara hotI hai| jainadharma meM tattva-nirUpaNa dvArA loka ke svarUpa kA vivecana karake tathA karma siddhAnta ke pratipAdana kA jo mArga batalAyA gayA hai, vahI jaina AcAra-saMhitA kA prathama sopAna hai| jainAcArya umAsvAmI ne samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna evaM samyakcAritra ina tInoM ko mokSa kA mArga kahA hai : samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSamArga: / I 36 mokSamArga meM ina tInoM kI pradhAnatA hone se inheM 'triratna' bhI kahA gayA hai / ina tInoM kA paraspara ghaniSTha sambandha hai / 35 samyagdarzana AtmasAdhanA kA prathama sopAna hai I jIva, ajIva Adi tattvoM ke svarUpa para zraddhAna karanA samyagdarzana hai| isase vyakti kA dRSTikoNa sahI banatA hai / samyagdarzana ke uparAnta sAdhaka samyagjJAna kI prApti karatA hai / jina tattvoM para usane zraddhAna kiyA thA, unhIM ko vaha pUrNa rUpa se jaba jAnatA hai, taba use samyagdarzana kI upalabdhi hotI hai / satya kI akhaNDatA ko Adara dete hue usake bahuAyAmoM ko jAnane kA prayatna karanA hI samyagjJAna kA viSaya hai / jaina granthoM meM samyakcAritra kA vivecana gRhasthoM aura sAdhuoM kI jIvanacaryA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kiyA gayA hai / sAdhu-jIvana ke AcaraNa kA pramukha uddezya AtmasAkSAtkAra hai, jabaki gRhasthoM ke cAritra - vidhAna meM vyakti evaM samAja ke utthAna kI bAta bhI sammilita hai / isa prakAra nivRtti evaM pravRti donoM kA samanvaya isa triratna - siddhAnta meM huA hai| jaina dharma ke samAna anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM bhI paramasattA kI prApti ke lie trividha-sAdhanA-mArga ko apanAyA gayA hai / bauddha darzana meM zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA kI sAdhanA se nirvANa kI prApti batAI gaI hai| gItA meM jJAnayoga, karmayoga aura bhaktiyoga ko pramukhatA dI gaI hai| vaidika paramparA meM varNita zravaNa, manana aura nididhyAsana-sAdhanA kA jo vidhAna hai, usakA jaina dharma ke darzana, jJAna cAritra se ghaniSTha sambandha hai / paramAtmA kI prApti ke isa trimArga se pAzcAtya vicAraka bhI sahamata haiM, jahA~ svayaM ko jAno, svayaM ko svIkAra karo aura svayaM hI bana jAo - ye tIna naitika Adarza kahe gaye haiM / sAdhanA ke ina mArgoM meM samAnatA khojane se paramasattA ke svarUpa evaM usakI anubhUti meM bhI samAnatA ke darzana ho sakate haiM; kyoMki anta meM jAkara sAdhaka, sAdhanA-mArga aura sAdhya inameM koI antara nahIM raha jAtA / jainAcArya kahate haiM AtmA hI jJAna, darzana aura cAritra hai| jaba vaha apane zuddha rUpa meM prakaTa hotI hai, taba vaha paramAtmA kahalAtI hai / vahA~ jJAtA, jJAna aura jJeya kA bheda miTa jAtA hai | 'brahmavid brahmaiva bhavati' kA Adarza sArthaka ho jAtA hai / ise DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan 'adhyAtmavAdI dharma' (rilijana oNpha da suprIma spiriTa ) kahate haiM / jaina dharma meM isa paramasattA kI sthiti ko pUjyapAda ne isa prakAra spaSTa kiyA hai ki jo paramAtmA hai, vaha maiM hU~, jo maiM hU~, vahI paramAtmA hai / maiM hI mere dvArA upAsya hU~, dUsarA koI nahIM / ' isa zuddha svarUpa kI sthiti ko zaMkara ne isa prakAra vyakta kiyA hai : 37 .38 39

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jaina evaM hindU dharma meM paramatattva kI avadhAraNA na bandhurna mitraM gururnaiva ziSyacidAnandarUpaH zivo'haM zivo'hama // isa prakAra jaina evaM hindU dharma meM Izvara kI avadhAraNA AtmA, mokSa aura paramAtmA se jur3I huI hai| ina tInoM ke vAstavika svarUpa kI jAnakArI se hI paramatattva kI prApti kA lakSya nirdhArita kiyA jAtA hai / paramatattva donoM dharmoM meM naitika mUlyoM kI pUrti hetu eka Adarza ke rUpa meM hai / vyAvahArika dRSTi se bhale hI Izvara saMsAra kA nirmAtA, vyavasthApaka evaM kAruNika dikhAI detA ho, kintu parama samAdhi kI dazA meM vaha zuddha caitanya, jJAna evaM AnandarUpa hai / usa paramatattva ke vibhinna nAma donoM dharmoM meM prAyaH samAna haiM aura jahA~ nAmoM kI bhinnatA, dRSTigata hotI hai, vahA~ ve nAma paramAtmA ke jina guNoM ke pratIka haiM, ve prAyaH samAna haiM ki vaha sarvathA duHkhoM se mukta hai, cetana, jJAna aura Anandamaya hai / vaha apanI paramasattA ko chor3akara punaH sAMsArika bandhanoM meM nahIM pha~satA / ina donoM dharmoM meM paramAtmA kI prApti ke sAdhanoM meM bhI samAnatA hai, kevala nAmoM kA antara hai / aise paramatattva kA upayoga saMsArI AtmA usakI upAsanA dvArA apane vikAsa ke lie karatA hai, tAki eka dina vaha bhI usI ke samAna bana jAya / 227 isa AtmavikAsa ke mArga meM jina naitika AdarzoM kA pAlana kiyA jAtA hai, ve mAnavatA kI rakSA evaM prANI mAtra ke kalyANa ke lie bhI upayogI hai / upAsanAmUlaka dharma se jaba hindU dharma kI koTi meM AtA hai, taba vaha jaina dharma ke nikaTa ho jAtA hai / paramAtmA kI avadhAraNA aura usakI prApti ke upAya donoM ko adhika najadIka lAte haiM / kintu AcAra- pakSa aura upAsanA-pakSa meM ye donoM dharma apanA svatantra astitva rakhate haiN| jIvana meM ahaMbhAva aura mamatva ko tyAga karane kA prayatna karanA, vicAroM meM udAratA rakhate hue Agraha nahIM karanA, vyaktigata jIvana ke lie adhika saMgraha nahIM karanA aura sAmAjika jIvana meM prANI-rakSA ko pramukhatA denA mAnava-jIvana ke ve mUlya haiM, jo vizva meM zAnti aura santulana banA sakate haiN| naitika jIvana-paddhati se hI paramatattva kI prApti kA mArga prazasta hotA hai / sandarbha-strota : 1. bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad 2.4.8; AcArAMgasUtra 4.4.74 2. hanumannATakam (dAmodara mizra) 1.3 3. gItA, 11.28; muNDakopaniSad 3.2.8 4. lADa, e.ke., bhAratIya darzanoM meM mokSa-cintana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhopAla, 1973 I., pR. 297-298

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228 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 5. itibuttaka, 2.7 6. samayasAra TIkA (amRtacandra) 305; yogazAstra (hemacandra) 4.5 7. samAdhizataka, zloka 6. 8. Rgveda 10.71.5, yAska vyAkhyA 9. zvetA. upa. 6.1 10. gItA, 5.15 12. zAstravArtAsamuccaya (haribhadra), 207 13. jaina, sAgaramala : jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, jayapura, 1982 I., pR. 446. 14. da AiDiyA oNpha immoTeMliTI, pR. 290; pazcimIdarzana, pR. 267. 15. jaina pI.esa. : da jaina pAtha oNpha pyoriphikezana, pR. 89-106. 16. tattvArthasUtra (a. 1 sUtra 4) : sa. saMghavI, sukhalAla, vArANasI, 1952 17. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, a. 20, gA. 37. 18. sogAnI, ke. sI. : ethikala DAkTrAinsa ina jainijma, pR. 74. 19. jaina, mahendra kumAra : jaina darzana, vArANasI 20. Tagare, G.V.; 'Concept of the Deity in Early Jainism A Compara tive View' article published in Tulsiprajna, Vol. XV, No.1 (June, 1989)P. 43. 21. bhArgava, dayAnanda : jaina ethiksa, pR. 26. 22. upAdhye, e.ena. : (sa.) paramAtmaprakAza, bambaI, bhUmikA, pR. 36. 23. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, bambaI, gA. 193-198. 24. mokkhapAhuDa (kundakunda), gA. 5. 25. jinasahasranAma (AzAdhara) jJAnapITha, vArANasI, jambUdvIpaNNatti, 13, 88-92. 26. niyamasAra. gA. 72, paMcAdhyAyI, uttarArdha, 604. 27. Dvivedi, A.N.; Essentials of Hinduism, Jainism & Buddhism. ____Books Today, New Delhi, 1979, p. 70. 28. masIha yAkUba : samakAlIna darzana, paTanA, 1984, pR. 109. 29. tiloyapaNNatti, 4, gA. 988-906; samavAyAMgasUtra || samavAya 30. AcArAMgasUtra, 1.5.6.171

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jaina evaM hindU dharma meM paramatattva kI avadhAraNA 31. dekheM : Thomas Aquinas; Selected Writings ed. Robert P. Goodwin, Indianapolis, 1965. 32. dekheM : Systematic Theology (Paul Tillich) in 3 vols, Chicago University Press, (1951, 1957, 1963). 33. dekheM : zAstrI, dAmodara, bhAratIya darzana paramparAyAM jaina darzanAbhimataM devatattvam, vArANasI, 1985, pR. 329 Adi / 34. tukola, TI.ke., kampeNDiyama oNpha jainijma, pR. 72. 35. sarvArthasiddhi : sa. paM. phUlacanda zAstrI, pR. 5. 36. jaina, prema sumana : jaina AcAra saMhitA aura mAnava-kalyANa, pR. 9. 37. (ka) bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad, 4.6, (kha) Murti, T.R.V.; 'The Hindu Conception of God' article published in God-The Contemparary Discussion (ed.) Frederick Sonta & M. Darrol Bryant, N.Y., 1982, p. 27. 38. heDaphIlDa, je. e. : sAikAlojI eNDa mAralsa, 1936, pR. 180. 39. yaH parAtmA sa evAhaM, yo'haM sa paramastataH / ahameva mayopAsyo nAnyaH kazciditi sthitiH // iSTopadeza 229

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'uttarAdhyayanasUtra' meM varNita saMnyAsa-dharma DaoN yugala kizora mizra saMnyAsa kA siddhAnta prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kA mahattvapUrNa dena hai| yaha brAhmaNa evaM zramaNa-paramparA meM samAna rUpa se vikasita hai / saMnyAsa-siddhAnta kA pravartana dhArmika kRtyoM, rIti-rivAjoM ke virodha-svarUpa huaa| vaidika yajJa evaM bali kI prathA ke pratikriyA-svarUpa hI tApasa yA vairAgI abhyAsoM kA udaya huaa| yaha nirvivAda tathya hai ki upaniSad-kAla meM saMnyAsa-sammata vicAra adhika prabala huA tathA cintana-manana aura nididhyAsana ke yuga kA sUtrapAta huaa| punaH bauddha evaM jaina sAhitya ke samakAlIna saMnyAsa-siddhAnta ke viziSTa rUpa kA prasAra huaa| jainAgama-sAhitya ke 'uttarAdhyayanasUtra' meM saMnyAsa-dharma kA vizeSa vivecana huA hai| jaikaoNbI' ne spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai ki uttarAdhyayana nausikhiyA saMnyAsI ke pramukha kartavyoM tathA saMnyAsI jIvana ke siddhAnta evaM usake vyavahAra-pakSa ko pramukhatA se udAhRta karatA hai| viNTaranitja' ne isa grantha ko saMnyAsa-kAvya kI sabase prAcIna nAbhi-kendra mAnA hai| maiM isa vivAda meM nahIM par3anA cAhatA ki uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM varNita saMnyAsiyoM ke sAmAnya dhArmika evaM naitika niyamoM ko jaina-vaiziSTya kahA jAya yA nahIM; kyoMki jArla zArapeNTiyara ne isa Azaya kI zaMkA prakaTa kI hai| parantu itanA satya hai ki uttarAdhyayana meM saMnyAsa-dharma ke uddezya evaM niyamoM ke vivecana ke sAtha-sAtha saMnyAsI jIvana kI zreSThatA darasAI gaI hai| uttarAdhyayana ke 'hariesijja' adhyayana meM brAhmaNoM dvArA yajJa-maNDapa meM pahu~ce bhikSATana hetu harikeza bala nAmaka zramaNa ko apamAnita karane ke duSpariNAmoM kA varNana hai tathA yaha bhI darasAyA gayA hai ki kaise usa zramaNa ne jAti-mada se garvita hiMsaka brAhmaNoM ko tyAga evaM tapa kI mahimA batAI tathA yajJa-vidhAna meM antarnihita saduddezyoM kI ora unheM prerita kiyaa| yahA~ yaha vizeSa rUpa se dhyAtavya hai ki isa adhyayana meM yadyapi brAhmaNa-yajJa-saMskAra kI truTiyoM kA nirdeza karate hue usakI nindA kI gaI hai, tathApi zramaNa-dharma kI mUla avadhAraNA ke anurUpa brAhmaNa jAti yA unake anuSThAnoM ke prati koI vidveSa kA bhAva nahIM vyakta kiyA gayA hai| kisI jAti yA sampradAya yA usake rIti-rivAja yA sAhitya meM burAI nahIM hotii| burAI to ajJAnatA yA dambha meM hotI hai| * nidezaka, prAkRta jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha-saMsthAna, vaizAlI (bihAra)

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'uttarAdhyayanasUtra' meM varNita saMnyAsa-dharma 231 zAstra ke kathanoM yA unameM nirdiSTa vidhAnoM ke nihitArtha ko binA samajhe hama nirarthaka AcaraNoM meM pravRtta hote haiM tathA pArasparika sAmpradAyika vidveSa ke zikAra banate haiM aura yahIM hama dharma se dUra haTa jAte haiN| ukta adhyayana meM brAhmaNoM ke doSapUrNa AcaraNa ko dekhakara zramaNa kahate haiM: tubmettha bho!bhaardhraagiraannN|| aTuM na jANAha ahijjvee| vedoM ko par3hakara bhI unakA artha nahIM jaante| isa saMsAra meM kevala vANI kA bhAra Dho rahe ho| ataH jAta-pA~ta kA bhedabhAva bhulAkara zAstroM meM vihita sadguNoM ko samajhane tathA unake anupAlana karane kI AvazyakatA hai| caritrabala hI manuSyatA kA AdhAra hai| usI se vyakti samAdRta hotA hai / jAti vahA~ vyavadhAna nahIM bntaa| sAmAjika samatA, samanvaya evaM sadbhAva sthApita karane kI bAta isa adhyayana meM prakRSTa rUpa se vyakta hai| ye saba zrAmaNya se hI udbhUta evaM vikasita darasAye gaye haiN| zrAmaNya kI mahimA tyAga meM hai, saMyama meM hai, na ki andha-sampradAyAnurAga meM / saMnyAsa kA hI dUsarA nAma tyAga hai| isa prakAra uttarAdhyayanasUtra saMnyAsa ke mUlAdhAra 'tyAga' kI mahimA ko pratiSThApita karatA hai| kAma-bhAva, icchA, AkAMkSA, Asakti, jo paryAyavAcI zabda haiM, kA tyAga hI saMnyAsa kA mUlAdhAra hai, jisakA parizIlana uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM prabhUta rUpa se huA hai| tRSNA yA icchA sAre duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa hai aura vaha AkAza ke samAna ananta hotI hai : icchA u AgAsasamA annntiyaa|' saMsAra kA sArA sukha sulabha ho jAne para bhI lobhI puruSa kI icchA zAnta nahIM hotii| icchA kI pUrti vastuoM kI upalabdhi se nahIM hotI; kyoMki vizeSa vastu kI upalabdhi hone para dUsarI vastu kI icchA utpanna ho jAtI hai tathA yaha zrRMkhalA abAdha gati se calatI rahatI hai| yadi kisI vyakti ko dhana-dhAnya se paripUrNa yaha sArA saMsAra bhI de diyA jAya, to bhI use santoSa nahIM hogA; kyoMki icchAe~ kabhI pUrNataH tRpta nahIM hotiiN| kasiNaM pi jo imaM loyaM paDipuNNaM dalejja ikkss| teNAvi se na saMtusse ii duppUrae ime aayaa| vastutaH tRSNA yA icchA kI pUrti anAkAMkSA se, tyAga se hotI hai| tyAga se hI isa adhruva, azAzvata evaM duHkhabahula saMsAra meM durgati se bacA jA sakatA hai| AkAMkSA yA Asakti, cAhe vaha jIvana ke prati ho yA sAMsArika bhogoM ke prati, yA mana, vacana, kAya ke stara para hI hoM, sAre duHkhoM kI jar3a hai| kAmabhoga kSaNika sukha evaM cirantana duHkha

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232 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 denevAle hote haiM / ataH kAmanAoM se jo vyakti mukta nahIM hai, vaha sarvadA atRpta rahakara saMsAra-cakra meM paribhramaNa karatA rahatA hai tathA janma-janmAntara duHkha jhelatA 1 'cittasaMbhUijja' adhyayana meM sabhI prakAra ke kAma-bhogoM ko duHkhada mAnakara unake prati Asakti ke tyAga kA AhvAna kiyA gayA hai / savvaM vilaviyaM gIyaM, savvaM naTTaM viDambiyaM / savve AbharaNA bhArA, savve kAmA duhAvahA / " citta nAmaka muni ne kAma - guNoM meM Asakta sambhUta nAmaka rAjA ko upadeza dete hue kahA ki jo sukha virakti meM hai, zIla meM hai, sadguNoM meM hai, vaha kAma - guNoM meM nahIM hai / na taM suhaM kAmaguNesu rAyaM, virattakAmANa tavodhaNANaM / ' kAmabhoga to zalya ke samAna haiM, viSatulya haiM, AzIviSa sarpa ke sadRza haiM / savvaM kAmA viSaM kAmA, kAmA AsIvisovamA / 9 punaH kAmabhoga kuzAgra para sthita jalabindu ke samAna haiM, arthAt kSaNabhaMgura haiM / kusaggamettA ime kAmA / ' ataH mAnavIya kAmabhoga meM Asakta vyakti zAzvata sukhoM se vaMcita rahatA hai / ataeva, inheM sAvadya mAnakara unameM lipta nahIM honA hI zreyaSkara hai| I savve kAmajAsu pAsamANo na lippaI tAI / 11 uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke 'usuyArijjaM' adhyayana meM kAmabhogoM se usI prakAra zaMkita rahane kA nirdeza hai, jisa prakAra garur3a ke samakSa sarpa zaMkita hokara calatA hai 1 urago suvaNNapAse va saMkamANo taNuM care / 12 saMnyAsa kA pramukha zarta kAmavAsanA kA tyAga hai / uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke 'sabhikkhuyaM' adhyayana meM vAsanA ke saMkalpa kA chedana karanevAle ( niyANachinne), kAmabhogoM kI abhilASA kA parityAga karanevAle (akAmakAme) ko hI sacce saMnyAsI kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| tyAga hI mAnava-jIvana ko saccA sukha pradAna kara sakatA hai / uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke 'namipavvajjA' adhyayana kI yaha spaSTokti hai : suhaM vasAmo jIvAmo jesi mo natthi kiMcaNa / 13 ve loga jinake pAsa apanA kucha bhI nahIM hai / sukhapUrvaka rahate haiM tathA sukhapUrvaka jIte haiM / 'urabbhijjaM' adhyayana kA bhI uddezya kAmabhogoM se Asakti ke tyAga kA saMdeza denA hI hai / ataeva saMnyAsa kA AdhAra anAsakti hai / jo viSaya-vAsanA meM Asakta hotA hai, vaha kabhI duHkhoM se mukta nahIM hotA / mAnavIya kAmabhogoM meM Asakta vyakti alaukika

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'uttarAdhyayanasUtra' meM varNita saMnyAsa - dharma sukhoM se virata rahatA hai| vaha manuSyatva rUpI mUladhana ko bhI ga~vA baiThatA hai; kyoMki vivekazIla hokara bhI bhAvanA se saMyukta, prerita evaM niyantrita vyakti adhogati ko prApta hotA hai / isa tathya kA vizada vivecana ukta adhyayana meM prabhAvakArI lalita dRSTAntoM ke mAdhyama se kiyA gayA hai| mAnava-jIvana ke lie nirdiSTa carama utkarSa para pahu~cane ke lie icchA kA tyAga anivArya hai / icchA kI pUrti hone se lAbha hotA hai tathA lAbha lobha kA janaka hotA hai / jyoM-jyoM lAbha bar3hatA jAtA hai, tyoM-tyoM lobha bhI bar3hatA jAtA hai| 'kApiliyaM' adhyayana meM isa sandarbha kI vizada vyAkhyA milatI hai / jahA lAho tahA loho, lAhAloho pavaDDhaI / 14 tRSNA se moha yA rAga-dveSa utpanna hotA hai aura rAga-dveSa se 'pramattayoga' sampAdita hotA hai, jo AtmA meM bandhana utpanna karatA hai / ataH tRSNA hI sAre duHkhoM kA mUla hai I koI viSaya apane-Apa meM bhalA yA burA nahIM hotaa| vaha rAga-dveSa se sammizrita hokara hI acchA-burA banatA hai / rAga-dveSa se grasta vyakti ke lie viSaya duHkha utpanna karate haiM tathA vItarAgatA hI duHkha se mukti kA mArga prazasta karatA hai / 15 rAgassa dosassa saMkhaeNaM, eganta sokkhaM samuvei mokkhaM / jise tRSNA nahIM hai, vaha rAga-dveSa, moha kA nAza kara detA hai tathA jo rAga-dveSa se rahita hai, vaha karmoM kA kSaya kara naisargika sukha prApta karatA hai / 233 tRSNA ajJAna se utpanna hotI hai / ataH zramaNa dharma-tattvoM kA jJAna indriya-viSayoM se virakti pradAnakara sakatA hai| kAma - guNoM se virakti utanA AsAna nahIM hai 1 nAgo jahA paMkajalAvasanno daTTu thalaM nAbhi samei tIraM / evaM vayaM kAmaguNesu giddhA na bhikkhuNo maggamaNuvvayAmo // .16 puruSArtha se hI Asakti kA tyAga kiyA jA sakatA hai| hama apane bhAgya ke vidhAtA svayaM haiM / hama svayaM apane lie sukha-duHkha arjita karate haiM / yadi satpravRtti hamameM hotI hai to hama sukhI hote haiM tathA duSpravRtti ke vaza meM hokara hama duHkha bhogate haiM : appA kattA vikattA ya... duhANa ya suhANa y| appA mittamamittaM ya.... dupaTThiya suTThiyo / 17

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234 pravRtti hI sukha-duHkha kA pramukha kAraka hai| jaba taka pravRtti zuddha nahIM rahatI, tabataka saMyama aura tapa se koI lAbha nahIM hotA / ataH rAga-dveSa kI duSpravRtti kA tyAgakara saMnyAsa-dharma ke avalambana se hI sadbhAgya kA nirmANa sambhava hai / saMyama evaM tapa meM pravRtta hone ke lie saMkalpa-zakti, dhairya, santoSa, citta- sthairya Adi satpravRttiyA~ Avazyaka haiN| saMyama ke prati zraddhA hone para bhI binA satpravRttiyoM ke vyakti usameM parAkrama nahIM kara pAtA / satpravRttiyoM ke bAda hI samyagjJAna kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai aura vyakti kI niSThA puruSArtha meM hotI hai / vaha saMyama aura tapa meM agrasara hotA hai / saMyama aura tapa ke dvArA AtmA ko niyantrita kiye binA sacce sukha kI upalabdhi asambhava hai / zreya ko prApta karane kA isake atirikta aura koI vikalpa bhI nahIM hai / varaM me appA danto, saMjameNa taveNa ya / 18 yadyapi Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 .19 appA hu khalu du Atmavijaya hI parama vijaya hai / / 20 egaM jiNejja appANaM esa se paramo jao / mirAjA ko jaba satya kA bodha ho gayA, taba ve indra ke lAkha prayAsoM evaM pralobhanoM ke bAvajUda pathabhraSTa nahIM hue tathA AtmasaMyama evaM tapa meM rata hokara unhoMne mokSa prApta kiyA / saMyama evaM tapa ke AcaraNa se deha tathA saMsAra se mamatva kA tyAga sampanna hotA / Asakti ke abhAva meM karmoM kA kSaya niSpanna hotA hai tathA karmAnugata duHkhoM se mukti prApta hotI hai| tyAga evaM tapa, jo zrAmaNya ke lakSaNa haiM, ke anupAlana se mukti kI bAta uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke kaI adhyayanoM - yathA 'saMjaijjaM, miyAputijjaM' Adi meM spaSTa rUpa udghoSita hai| yaha dhyAtavya hai ki tyAga yA virakti kA tAtparya kadApi saMsAra yA sAMsArika vastuoM kA pUrNa nirAkaraNa yA bahiSkaraNa nahIM hotA / yadi hama apanI AvazyakatA ke anusAra mAtra sAMsArika jIvana-nirvAha ke hetu hI sAMsArika vastuoM kA upayoga yA upabhoga kareM, to vaha bhI tyAga hI kahalAyagA / javaNaTThA nisevae / 21 ataH tyAga kA tAtparya saMsAra yA sAMsArika jIvana se palAyana nahIM hai| yaha kabhI akarmaNyatA ko bhI nimantraNa nahIM detA / tyAgI kI agni parIkSA to samAja aura sAmAjika jIvana ke sandarbha meM hI ho sakatI hai| tyAga yA vairAgya eka bhAva hai, jo hameM. saMsAra meM rahate hue bhI sAMsArikatA se pRthak karatA hai| tyAgI kA uddiSTa hai : saMyogAviSNamukkasa | 22

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'uttarAdhyayanasUtra' meM varNita saMnyAsa-dharma uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM varNita saMnyAsI ke nirdiSTa AcaraNa tyAga-bhAvanA se hI abhipreta batAye gaye haiM / isa tyAga ke bhAva ko vikasita karane tathA jIvana meM caritArtha karane kI paramAvazyakatA hai / isI se samAja meM zAnti, samatA tathA nyAya kI sthApanA ho sakatI hai / tyAga hI saMnyAsI meM Antarika pavitratA utpanna karatI hai| kevala saMnyAsI kI veza-bhUSA yA bAhya liMgoM se sampanna hokara saMnyAsa kA pravartana nahIM ho sktaa| bAhya upakaraNa, vezAdi saMnyAsI ke mAtra sampradAyAnugata astitva ke dyotaka haiM / ve dhArmika jIvana ke sAdhana to bana sakate haiM, para dhArmika lakSya kI prApti meM unakA mahattva sImita hotA hai / vAstavika dhArmikatA to tyAga meM, anAsakti meM hotI hai / dhArmika upakaraNoM yA rIti-rivAjoM kA apanA koI mUlya nahIM hotaa| unakA mUlya jIvana ke saduddezyoM ke vAhaka ke rUpa meM hI hotA hai / ve sadA sAdhana-svarUpa haiM, kadApi sAdhya nahIM / jaba unameM antarnihita mUla bhAva kI upekSA kara hama bAhyADambaroM ko hI pramukhatA pradAna karane lagate haiM, taba dharma kA mUla svarUpa khaNDita ho jAtA hai tathA samAja meM zAnti aura samabhAva kA vighAta ho jAtA hai / 1 23 na vi muNDieNa samaNo na oMkAreNa bambhaNo / na muNI raNNavAseNaM kusacIreNa na tAvaso / ' tathA - pacca yatthaM ca logassa nANAvihavigappaNaM / jattatthaM gahaNatthaM ca loge liMgappaoyaNaM // .24 mokSa kI vAstavika sAdhanA to tyAga meM hotI hai / saMnyAsa dharma kA sAratattva tyAga hI hai, jo 'uttarAdhyayanasUtra' grantha meM apanI viziSTa maulikatA ke sAtha vivecita huA hai 1 sandarbha - strota : 1.Uttaradhyayanasutra, H. Jacobi (Trans.) SBE Vol. XLV 2. History of Indian Literature, M. Winternitz, p. 466 3. Uttaradhyayanasutra, J. Charpentier (Ed.), p. 32 5. vahI 9.48, 6. vahI 8.16, 8. vahI 13.16, 9. vahI 9.53, 11. vahI 8.4, 14. vahI 8.17, 17. vahI 20.37, 20. vahI 9.34, 23. vahI 25.29, 4. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 12.15, 7. vahI 13.16, 10. vahI 7.24, 13. vahI 9.14, 16. vahI 13.30, 19. vahI 1.15, 22. vahI 1.1, 235 12. vahI 14.47, 15. vahI 32.2, 18. vahI 1.16, 29. vahI 8.12, 24. vahI 23.32

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mahAvIra kA paMcasUtrI mahAvrata aura bRhadAraNyaka ke tIna 'da' DaoN. avadheza upAdhyAya* karmaNo hApi boddhavyaM boddhavyaM ca vikarmaNaH / akarmaNaca boddhavyaM gahanA karmaNo gatiH // nirAzIryatacittAtmA tyaktasarvaparigrahaH / zArIraM kevalaM karma kurvannApnoti kilviSam // * (zrImadbhagavadgItA, 4.16) cecca vittaM ca putte ya NAyao ya pariggahaM / ceccANa aMtagaM soyaM niravekkho parivvae / (sUtrakRtAMga, 1.9.7) vizva ke sabhI dharma mAnava mAtra ke kalyANa kI AdhArazilA para hI nirmita hote haiN| sabhI dharmoM kA mUlatattva eka hI hai / kathana-zailI, mAdhyama aura sAdhana meM vibhinnatAoM ke hote hue bhI vAstava meM sabhI dharmoM kA lakSya eka hI hai--cinmaya zAnti, parama AnandasvarUpa parama tattva kI prApti tathA vyavahAra meM sarvasukhazAnti / (zrImadbhagavadgItA, 4.21) pAramArthika dRSTi se parama tattva advitIya sat, cit AnandasvarUpa hai / lekina ajJAnavaza vyAvahArika dRSTi se usameM nAnAtva kI kalpanA kara lI gaI hai| jaba vyavahAra meM atikramaNa yA vyabhicAra hotA hai, taba avatAravAdiyoM ke yahA~ satya, dharma, jJAna, upadeza kI sthApanA ke lie avatAra yA paigambara kA Agamana hotA hai / vaidika karmakANDa meM ihaloka aura isase bar3hakara paraloka meM sukha-prApti ke lie vibhinna karmakANDoM kA vidhAna hai| jaimini ne apanI 'pUrvamImAMsA' meM isI vicAra kA dRr3ha rUpa se pratipAdana kiyA hai aura dhArmika yajJIya karmakANDoM para hamArA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA hai | bAibila, arthAt 'Old Testament' meM bhI sadAcAra aura tattvajJAna ke bahuta 'jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha-saMsthAna, vaizAlI (bihAra) / prAkRta

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mahAvIra kA paMcasUtrI mahAvata aura bRhadAraNyaka ke tIna 'da' 237 upakArI varNana kiye gaye haiN| lekina jaba-jaba manuSya svecchAcArI huA hai, taba-taba aneka duHkhadAyI sthitiyA~ AI haiM aura usa durvyavasthA ko samApta kara naI vyavasthA ke lie bhagavAn yA avatArI vyaktiyoM ke avatAra kI AvazyakatA par3I hai| isI sthiti se zatapathabrAhmaNa ke manu yA prajApati, bAibila aura kurAna ke 'nUha' ko bhI sAmanA karanA par3A thA, taba phira mAnava-saMskAroM kA nirmANa huA thaa| caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara vardhamAna mahAvIrasvAmI ke pahale teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kAzI meM prakaTa ho cuke the| unhoMne apane samaya meM sAdhakoM ke lie jo niyama banAye the, unakA bahuta Adara huA thaa| phira bhI sAdhakoM kI adharmAcaraNa vRtti ke kAraNa mahAvIrasvAmI ko usakA saMzodhana kara niyamoM ko kaThora banAnA par3A, jisakA ullekha 'uttarAdhyayanasUtra' meM prApta pArzvanAtha-ziSya ke aura mahAvIra-ziSya gautama ke saMvAda meM milatA hai| vardhamAna mahAvIra ke paMcasUtroM para vicAra karane para usakI mahattA para svabhAvataH hamArA dhyAna AkRSTa ho jAtA hai| unake paMcasUtra haiM1. ahiMsA 2. ayAcanA 3. satya-bhASaNa 4 Ajanma brahmacarya aura 5. aparigraha / ina pA~coM sUtroM meM se koI bhI aisA sUtra nahIM hai, jisakA kisI deza yA kAla ke kisI dharmavizeSa se kisI prakAra kA antara ho jaay| hA~, saMsAra calAne ke lie 'brahmacarya' kA kucha vizeSa artha karanA par3atA hai| isIlie dharmapracArakoM ko muni aura Arya, tathA unake upadezoM ko mAnanevAloM ko zrAvaka aura zrAvikA kahA gayA hai| ye gRhastha hote hue dharmapAlana meM saMlagna huA karate haiN| sadAcArayukta jJAnI dharmopadezaka Avazyaka haiM, to unake ucita AcaraNa karanevAle zrotA gRhastha bhI Avazyaka haiN| cAhe pArzvanAtha kI catuHsUtrI AcArasaMhitA ho, yA usI ko Age bar3hAkara bhagavAn mahAvIra kI paMcasUtrI AcAra-saMhitA, ye saba vyavahAra ko hI lekara upadiSTa haiN| usa samaya kI paristhiti para dhyAna dete haiM, to hama pAte haiM ki usa samaya makkhaligozAla kA AjIvaka-siddhAnta (svAtantryavAda), pUraNakazyapa kA akriyAvAda, ajitakezakambalI kA ucchedavAda, pakudhakAccAyana kA azAzvatavAda, saMjayavelaTThiputta kA vikSepavAda-ye kucha aise vAda A gaye the, jinakI Takkara tatkAlIna dharmoM se thii| jainadharma meM uparyukta sampradAyoM ke kAraNa aneka vyAvahArika kaThinAiyA~ A gaI thIM aura jainadharmAnuyAyI vyavahAra-sambandhI kaThinAiyoM kA anubhava kara rahe the| jaimini ke samAna vardhamAna mahAvIra bhI eka prakAra se kriyAvAda ke hI samarthaka the| lekina isa kriyAvAda se mahattvapUrNa unakA anekAntavAda thA, jisane uparyukta pA~coM vAdoM yA anya aneka aprasiddha siddhAntoM

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238 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 ke samAna isa jaina dharma ko astitvavAn banAye rkhaa| vardhamAna ne apane AtmajJAna evaM mukti-sambandhI vicAroM se apane kriyAvAda ko Upara uThAyA, usameM jIvanI-zakti DAla dii| yahI kAma vaidika vedAntiyoM-zaMkarAcArya jaise vidvAnoM ne kiyA thA aura yahI bAta bahuta kucha buddhadeva ne bhI kI thii| bhale hI buddhadeva ne AtmA ke viSaya meM mauna svIkAra kiyA thA aura sarvajJatA ko asambhava batAyA thA; para buddha kI buddhatva-prApti meM duHkhapratigAminI pratipadA kA mahattva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yadi paraloka-tattva aura punarjanma ko chor3a diyA jAya, to bhI isa loka meM duHkharahita Anandamaya jIvana bitAne ke lie bauddha, jaina, vaidika, vedAntika, isAI, islAma Adi vibhinna dharmoM meM mAnava-jIvana ko sukhamaya banAne ke prAyaH sabhI vicAra samAna rUpa se milate haiN| yahA~ bRhadAraNyakopaniSad ke eka prasaMga para dhyAna AkRSTa karanA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai, jo jJAnakANDa kA hote hue bhI vyavahAra ke lie vizvaprasiddha prakaraNa hai| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad ke paMcama adhyAya ke dUsare brAhmaNa meM eka rocaka upadeza-kathA AI hai| niyamita rUpa se brahmacarya-upAsanA karate hue deva, manuSya aura asura ko bArI-bArI se jisa eka hI akSara kA upadeza diyA gayA, vaha hai--'da' / ise hama 'da-da-da' bhI kaha sakate haiN| lekina ukta tIna prakAra ke pAtroM ke lie isakA tIna prakAra kA artha kiyA gayA hai| vaidika dharma meM devoM ko bhogI batAyA gayA hai| yaha bhoga aisA nahIM honA cAhie ki usameM atyadhika Asakti ho jAya / isalie prajApati ne unake lie 'da' kA artha 'dAmyata' smjhaayaa| indriyoM kA damana karanA, saMyama-yaha yogiyoM ke lie Avazyaka hai| yaha damana-vatti devoM ke samAna upabhoga-premI vyaktiyoM meM A jAya to kisI bhI deza aura kAla meM unake lie zreyaskara hogaa| yahI bAta pArzvanAtha ke catuHsUtrI yA mahAvIra svAmI ke paMcasUtrI ke brahmacarya yA anAsakti; vibhinna dharmoM ke indriya-nigraha, saMyama aura brahmacarya ke dvArA pratipAdita hai| isase kisI kA virodha nahIM ho sktaa| yaha Aja bhI mAnava-jIvana ke lie atizaya zreyaskara prAsaMgika patha hai| prajApati ne manuSyoM ke lie 'da' kA artha 'datta', arthAt 'dAna karo' smjhaayaa| sAmAnya manuSya sukha ke sAdhanoM kA-sukhAtmaka vastuoM kA bhaviSya ke lie saMgraha karanA cAhatA hai, jisase usake bhItara kRpaNatA AtI hai| yadi manuSya kRpaNa ho jAya, kucha dAna hI na kare, to svayaM vaha kaise jI sakegA? isIlie denevAle ko 'deva' kahA jAtA hai, jo manuSya kA eka ucca Adarza hai / yadyapi jaina dharma meM 'aparigraha' eka mahattvapUrNa tattva hai, lekina ucita pAtra ke lie dAna ko bahuta mahattvapUrNa batalAyA gayA hai| yadi

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mahAvIra kA paMcasUtrI mahAvrata aura bRhadAraNyaka ke tIna 'da' 239 koI diyA huA dAna na le, to phira dAna-kriyA hI samApta ho jaayegii| abhimAnarahita zraddhA-prema se diyA huA dAna mAnava-jIvana ke lie kalyANakArI hotA hai| Aja bahuta se upekSita pAtra dAna kI apekSA rakhate haiN| yadi unheM sAdara dAna diyA jAya, to mAnava-jIvana kI aneka viSamatAe~, ulajhaneM, kaThinAiyA~, parezAniyA~ dUra ho jaayeNgii| ___ sAmAnya manuSya ke lie prajApati ne 'da' kA artha 'datta' jo batalAyA hai, vaha kisI bhI dharma ke viparIta nahIM, apitu anukUla hI hai| isameM mahAvIrasvAmI kA pahalA sUtra 'ahiMsA' kA eka aMza A jAtA hai| 'ahiMsA' aura 'ayAcakatva' meM ucita pAtra ko dene kI bAta kahI gaI hai| kucha isI prakAra kI bAta IzAvAsyopaniSad ke prathama mantra meM bhI kahI gaI hai: OM IzAvAsyamidaM sarvaM yatkica jagatyAM jgt| tena tyaktena bhuJjIthA mA gRdhaH ksysviddhnm|| arthAt, jagat meM jo kucha sthAvara-jaMgama saMsAra hai, vaha saba Izvara ke dvArA AcchAdanIya hai| usake tyAga-bhAva se tU apanA pAlana kara; kisI ke dhana kI icchA na kara / isa taraha mAnava-samAja kI sundara vyavasthA meM ucita pAtra ko dAna sabhI dharmoM kA mahattvapUrNa aMza hai| asuroM ke lie kahe gaye 'da' akSara kA artha 'dayadhvam' arthAt 'dayA karo' hai| hamAre samAja meM bahuta se aise loga haiM, jo indriyAsakti ke kAraNa kaSAya-catuSTaya se pIr3ita hokara viSayAsakti vaza kucha bhI karane ke lie taiyAra rahate haiN| ve bar3I se bar3I hiMsA kara DAlate haiN| zakti aura aizvarya se madonmatta vyakti apane tAmasika ahaMkAra se kisI ko kucha bhI nahIM samajhate aura vyartha hI sabako pIr3A dete hue apanI zakti aura aizvarya kA durupayoga karate haiN| phalasvarUpa, aneka ugravAdI nirdaya hiMsaka-vRttiyoM kA udaya hotA hai| aisI vRttiyoM para niyantraNa ke lie 'dayadhvam' kA 'da' mahattvapUrNa hai| isameM mahAvIra svAmI kI ahiMsA, buddha kI ahiMsA, gA~dhI kI ahiMsA, IsA, hajaratamuhammata, nAnaka Adi dvArA pratipAdita dayA, ina sabakI zikSAoM kA darzana kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi Aja ke samAja ko vizRMkhala karanevAle zaktizAlI, vaibhavazAlI vyaktiyoM, samUhoM, dezoM meM yaha dayA kI bhAvanA A jAya, to na kevala unakA, balki unake sAtha-sAtha vizva kA kalyANa hogaa| pArzvanAtha kI catuHsUtrI, mahAvIrasvAmI kI paMcasUtrI aura bRhadAraNyaka(paMcama adhyAya, dUsare brAhmaNa) kI tInasUtrI 'dAmyata, datta, dayadhvam' yA ekAkSarI 'da' meM vartamAna sandarbha ke lie mahattvapUrNa upadeza nihita hai| yadyapi ye sArI bAteM vyAvahArika sukha ke lie haiM, jise 'satyam' bhI kahA gayA hai; yaha satyam, zivam, sundaram bhI hai| isameM AtmasaMyamapUrvaka vyAvahArika sAmaMjasya

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240 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 dvArA sukhAtmaka jIvana kA vidhAna hai, phira bhI mahAvIrasvAmI ne 'satyam' para vizeSa bala diyA hai| advaita vedAntI zaMkarAcArya ne isI 'satyam' meM tIna akSaroM kA vidhAna kiyA hai-- sat + ti + yam = satyam / 'sat' amRta hai, 'ti' martya hai aura 'yam' donoM kA sambandha hai| amRta aura mRta ke sambandha se hI duniyA calatI hai| phira bhI advaita vedAnta meM satya ko brahma kahA gayA hai-- satyaM brahma / yahA~taka ki Age bar3hakara kahA gayA hai-- satyaM hyeva brahma (bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad, 5. 4. 1), arthAt satya hI brahma hai / mahAvIrasvAmI kI paMcasUtrI meM tIsarA sUtra 'satya' se sambandha rakhatA 1 yadi vedAnta kI dRSTi se dekhA jAya, to vyAvahArika satya meM satya - bhASaNa kA atyadhika mahattva hai / pAramArthika satya meM AtmA yA brahma A jAtA hai, jisakA bodha hone para vyakti kA ajJAnAndhakAra dUra ho jAtA hai / vaha sarvavid, sarvajJa ho jAtA hai / mahAvIrasvAmI ke lie aise vizeSaNa diye gaye haiM; kyoMki ve mahAn jJAnI the / isakA mahattva unake anekAntavAda ko jAtA hai, jo mahattvapUrNa tattvajJAna viSayaka siddhAnta hai / isI ke viSaya meM vedAnta meM prazna kiyA gayA hai-- 'kena vijJAtena idaM sarvaM vijJAtaM bhavati !' phira uttara bhI diyA gayA hai-- 'yena vijJAtena idaM sarvaM vijJAtaM bhavati tad brahma sa AtmA / ' Atmabodha ke bAda vyakti sAre kaSAyoM aura maloM se Upara uTha jAtA hai, vaha mukta ho jAtA hai / AtmasvarUpa meM vicaraNa karane lagatA hai / usakI gati apratihata ho jAtI hai / 'satyaM jJAnaM anantaM brahma' tathA 'brahmavidApnoti param' ( taittirIya upaniSad, brahmAnanda vallI, prathama anuvAka) kI ghoSaNA advaita vedAnta bhI karatA hai / isa prakAra, vardhamAna mahAvIrasvAmI kI paMcasUtrI meM unake dvArA kathita ahiMsA, satya, ayAcakatva, brahmacarya, aparigraha --- ye aise mahattvapUrNa sUtra haiM, jo zAzvata haiM aura brAhmaNa, bauddha, isAI, islAma, sikha Adi vibhinna tathAkathita dharmoM yA sampradAyoM se anumodita haiN| cAhe vardhamAna mahAvIra kA paMcasUtrI ho yA bRhadAraNyakopaniSad kA ekasUtrI 'da', matA kI dRSTi se ye prANI mAtra ke kalyANa kA udghoSa karate pratIta hote haiM / unake upadeza deza-kAla kI sImA se pare sArvadezika- sArvakAlika satya haiN| Aja kI paristhiti meM unake upadezoM ko grahaNa karane, amala karane kI aura bhI adhika AvazyakatA hai / vartamAna sandarbha meM unake upadezoM se hamArA jIvana Adarza, saMyamapUrNa, sukhAtmaka, ataeva samAja evaM saMsAra ke lie anukaraNIya bana sakatA hai| sAtha hI, anekAntavAda yA paramatattva ke darzana se hama satya, jJAna aura caitanyAnanda ke ananta loka meM bhI vihAra kara sakate haiN|

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jaina darzana meM Atmatattva : eka vizleSaNa DaoN. zailendra kumAra rAya saMsAra meM nAnA prakAra kI vastuoM aura unakI avasthAoM ke darzana hote haiN| dRzyamAna jagat ko do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai-cetana aura acetana / padArthoM kI cetanatA kA kAraNa unameM vyApta, kintu indriyoM ke agocara vaha tattva hai, jise jIva yA AtmA kahate haiN| prANiyoM ke acetana-tattva se nirmita zarIra ke bhItara usase svatantra isa 'Atmatattva' ke astitva kI mAnyatA yathArthataH bhAratIya tattvajJAna kI atyanta prAcIna evaM maulika zodha hai| yaha prAyaH samasta vaidika evaM avaidika darzanoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai| cArvAka darzana : cArvAka darzana kevala ekamAtra aisA darzana hai, jinameM jIva yA AtmA kI sattA zArIrika-bhautika tattvoM se pRthak anya sattA nahIM mAnI gaI hai| ina darzanoM ke anusAra pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu aura AkAza jaise jar3a padArthoM ke saMyoga-vizeSa se isa mAnava-zarIra kA nirmANa huA hai aura jo svayaM eka dUsare bhautika tattva ke sahayoga se yantravat calatA rahatA hai| isa darzana kA vizvAsa hai ki isa mAnava yA anya prANiyoM ke zarIra meM jar3a tattvoM ke sivA anya koI abhautika padArtha nahIM hai, jo prANiyoM kI utpatti ke samaya isameM sthAna pAtI ho aura maraNoparAnta ise tyAgakara anyatra calI jAtI ho| isa darzana ke anusAra jagat meM kevala ekamAtra ajIva tattva hI hai, kintu bhAratavarSa meM yaha jar3abhAva kI paramparA panapa nahIM skii| vaidika evaM IzvaravAdI darzana : vaidika evaM IzvaravAdI darzanoM meM AtmA kI amaratA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| sAMkhya aura vedAntadarzana, AtmA ko kUTastha nitya mAnate haiM tathA vaizeSika, naiyAyika evaM navya-mImAMsaka AtmA ko ekAntanitya mAnate haiN| zrImadbhagavadgItA meM AtmA ke svarUpa kA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai : na jAyate priyate vA kadAcinnAyaM bhUtvA bhavitA vA na bhUyaH / ajo nityaH zAzvato'yaM purANo na hanyate hanyamAne zarIre // * adhyakSa,prAkRta vibhAga,esa.bI.e.ena. kAleja,darahehA-lArI,jahAnAbAda (magadha vizvavidyAlaya, bodhagayA),bihAra

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242 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 arthAt yaha AtmA kisI kAla meM bhI na janamatA hai aura na maratA hai| athavA na yaha ho karake phira honevAlA hai, kyoMki yaha ajanmA, nitya, zAzvata aura purAtana hai, zarIra ke nAza hone para bhI yaha nAza nahIM hotaa| vAsAMsi jIrNAni yathA vihAya, navAni gRhNAti nro'praanni| tathA zarIrANi vihAya jIrNAnyanyAni saMyAti navAni dehii||" __ arthAt, jisa prakAra koI manuSya purAne vastroM ko tyAgakara dUsare naye vastroM ko grahaNa karatA hai, vaise hI jIvAtmA purAne zarIroM ko tyAgakara dUsare naye zarIroM ko prApta hotA hai| nainaM chindanti zastrANi, nainaM dahati pAvakaH / na cainaM kledayantyApo, na zoSayati mArutaH // 5 arthAt AtmA ko zastrAdi nahIM kATa sakate haiM aura isako Aga nahIM jalA sakatI hai, tathA isako jala nahIM gIlA kara sakatA hai, aura vAyu nahIM sukhA sakatA hai| acchedyo'yamadAhyo'yamakledyo'zoSya eva c| nityaH sarvagataH sthANuracalo'yaM sanAtanaH // arthAt yaha AtmA acchedya hai, adAhya, akledya aura azoSya hai, tathA yaha niHsandeha nitya sarvavyApaka, acala, sthira rahanevAlA aura sanAtana hai| kaThopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai--"yadidaM kiMca jagatsarvam prANa ejati nissRtam / " arthAt jo kucha bhI isa sampUrNa saMsAra meM hai, vaha prANoM ke hI kampanoM kI abhivyakti hai| taittirIya upaniSad kahatI hai--'prANA hi bhUtAnAmAyuH' / arthAt, prANa hI prANiyoM kI Ayu hai| ataH vaidika evaM IzvaravAdI darzana, sRSTikartA ke rUpa meM Izvara athavA paramAtmA kI sattA ko svIkArate hue punarjanma evaM AtmA kI avinazvaratA meM vizvAsa vyakta karatA hai| bauddha darzana : bauddha darzana AtmavAdI hai yA anAtmavAdI? isameM eka ora jahA~ AtmavAda yA jIva kI sattA ko mithyAdRSTi kahA gayA hai, jIvana ke prakAza ko nadI kI dhArA ke samAna ghaTanA-pravAha-rUpa batalAyA gayA hai evaM nirvANa ko dIpaka kI usa lau se upamA dI gaI hai, jo AkAza, pAtAla tathA anya dizA-vidizA meM na jAkara kevala bujhakara samApta ho jAtA hai| dUsarI ora yaha bhI svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai ki jIvana meM aisA bhI koI tattva hai, jo janmajanmAntaroM se hotA huA calA A rahA hai, jo zarIra-rUpI ghara kA nirmANa

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jaina darzana meM Atmatattva : eka vizleSaNa karatA hai, zarIra-dhAraNa ko duHkhamaya pAtA hai aura chUTane kA upAya socatA hai aura prayatna karatA hai / citta ko saMskAra - rahita banAtA hai aura tRSNA kA kSaya kara nirvANa prApta karatA hai / isase jJAta hai ki bauddha darzana ne bhI 'Atmatattva' kI sattA ko pratyakSa yA apratyakSa rUpa se svIkArA hai / jaina darzana meM Atmatattva : jainadarzana meM Atmatattva (jIvatattva) para vizeSa rUpa se vicAra kiyA gayA hai / AcArya umAsvAti ne tattvArthasUtra meM sAta tattvoM kA varNana kiyA hai : : jIvAjIvAsravabandhasaMvaranirjarAmokSAstattvam / arthAt jIva, ajIva, Asrava, bandha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa ye sAta tattva haiM / jainadarzana meM inhIM sAta tattvoM kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai / isameM puNya evaM pApa ko milAkara nau padArtha kahe jAte haiM / ' kahane kA tAtparya hai ki tattvArtha (tAttvika artha ) sAta hai / jIva evaM ajIva svatantra tathA anAdi-ananta tattva hai| para, anya pA~ca na jIvAjIva kI taraha svatantra hai aura na ananta evaM anAdi, to phira inheM tattva kI saMjJA kyoM dI jAtI hai ? 243 vastutaH yahA~ tattva zabda kA artha anAdi, ananta aura svatantra bhAva nahIM hai, balki mokSa prApti meM upayogI honevAlA jJeya bhAva hai| jIvana kA carama uddezya mokSa hone se, mokSa jijJAsuoM ke lie jina vastuoM kA jJAna atyanta Avazyaka hai, ve hI vastue~ yahA~ tattva rUpa meM varNita haiM / mokSa to mukhya sAdhya hI hai / isalie usako tathA usake kAraNa ko jAne binA mumukSa kI pravRtti ho hI nahIM sakatI / mumukSu ko yaha jAna lenA jarUrI hai ki agara vaha mokSa kA adhikArI hai, to usameM pAyA jAnevAlA sAmAnya svarUpa kisa -kisameM hai aura kisameM nahIM hai, isI jJAna kI pUrti ke lie sAta tattvoM kA nirdeza hai : (1) jIva - jisameM cetanA ho, vaha jIva hai, arthAt jo cetanA-guNa se yukta ho athavA jo jJAna aura darzana - rUpa upayoga ko dhAraNa karanevAlA hai, usako jIva kahate haiM / cetanA ke tIna guNa haiM : jJAna-cetanA, karma-cetanA, karmaphala- cetanA / (2) ajIva - acetana ko ajIva kahate haiM, arthAt jisameM cetanA yA jJAtRtva nahIM hai, vaha ajIva hai| ajIva tattva pA~ca prakAra ke haiM-- dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala aura kAla / (3) Asrava - zubha yA azubha karmoM ke Agamana ko Asrava kahate haiM / (4) bandha-- AtmA kA ajJAna, rAga, dveSa, puNya aura tApa ke bhAva meM ruka jAnA hI bhAvabandha hai / (5) saMvarapuNya-pApa ke vikArI bhAva ko AtmA ke zuddha bhAva dvArA rokanA bhAvasaMvara 1

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244 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.8 (6) nirjarA- nirjarA kA artha hai jhar3anA, arthAt ba~dhe hue karmoM ke kSaya ho jAne para AtmA vizuddhAvasthA (svarUpAvasthA) ko prApta karatA hai| (7) mokSa-samasta karmoM kA kSaya hone ko mokSa kahA gayA hai| uparyukta sAta tattvoM meM do tattva jIva aura ajIva dravya haiM tathA zeSa pA~ca tattva unakI sayogI tathA viyogI haiN| ina tattvoM ko samajhane se jIva mokSopAya meM yukta ho jAtA hai| jo sacce sukha ke mArga meM praveza karanA cAhatA hai, use ina tattvoM kI yathArthatA jAnanA jarUrI hai| ataH jIva-tattva kA artha hai mokSa kA adhikArI, ajIva tattva aisA tattva hai, jo jar3a hone se mokSa kA adhikArI nahIM hai / bandha tattva se mokSa kA virodhI bhAva aura Asrava tatva ke usa virodhI bhAva kA kAraNa nirdiSTa kiyA gayA hai / saMvara-tattva se mokSa kA kAraNa aura nirjarA tattva se mokSa kA krama sUcita kiyA gayA hai| bahuta se grathoM meM puNya aura pApa milAkara nau tattva yA padArtha mAne gaye haiN| parantu 'tattvArthasUtra' meM puNya tathA pApa kA Astrava yA bandha tattva meM samAveza karake sAta tattva hI mAne gaye haiN| puNya aura pApa donoM, dravya tathA bhAva rUpa se do prakAra ke haiN| zubha karma pudgala dravya puNya aura azubha karma pugala dravya pApa hai| isalie dravya rUpa puNya tathA pApa, bandha tattva meM antarbhUta hai; kyoMki AtmA aura karma-pudgala kA sambandha-vizeSa hI dravya bandha tattva hai| dravya puNya kA kAraNa zubha adhyavasAya jo bhAva-puNya hai, dravya pApa kA kAraNa azubha adhyavasAya jo bhAva-pApa hai-donoM hI bandha tattva meM antarbhUta hai; kyoMki bandha kA kAraNabhUta kaSAyika pariNAma hI bhAvabandha hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki Atmatattva, arthAt jIvatatva ko sarvaprathama evaM mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta hai| AtmA kA svarUpa (bhAva): kundakundAcArya ne "samayasAra' ke jIvAjIvAdhikAra meM AtmA para vizada prakAza DAlA hai| AtmA ke svarUpa kA varNana karate hue vaha kahate haiM : ahamiko khalu suddho daMsaNaNANa maio sdaaruvii| Naviasthi maccha kiMci vi aNNaM prmaannumittNpi|| arasamaruvamagaMdhaM avvantaM cedaNAguNamasadaM / jANa aMliggahaNaM jIvamaNihiTu saMThANaM // arthAt, AtmA eka, zuddha, darzanopayoga aura jJAnopayogavAlA, arUpI hai, usakA para dravyoM se bilakula bhI sambandha nahIM hai / AtmA sabhI anya bhAvoM se rahita, cetanA-zakti se sampanna hai| rasa, rUpa, gandha, sparza, zabda, liMga tathA saMsthAna-AkAra ye sabhI pudgala ke dharma haiN| isake viparIta AtmA rasa, rUpa, gandha, sparza, zabda aura liMga se rahita aura

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jaina darzana meM Atmatattva : eka vizleSaNa kisI bhI prakAra ke AkAra- vizeSa se rahita hai / ataH AtmA pudgala dravya se sarvathA bhinna hai / ina vizeSatAoM ke atirikta AtmA meM cetanA-guNa adhika hai| yahI cetanA jIva (AtmA) kA svarUpAdhAyaka tattva hai / AcArya umAsvAti ne AtmA ke svarUpa (bhAva) kA varNana karate aupazamika kSAyikau bhAvau mizra jIvasya svatattva .10 maudayikapAriNAmikau ca / 245 arthAt aupazamika, kSAyika aura mizra ( kSAyopazamika) tathA audayika aura pAriNAmika kula pA~ca jIva ke bhAva (svarUpa) haiM | AtmA ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM jainadarzana kA anya darzanoM ke sAtha kaisA mantavya - bheda hai, yahI batalAnA prastuta sUtra kA uddezya hai / sAMkhya aura vedAnta - darzana, AtmA ko kUTastha nitya mAnate haiM tathA usameM koI pariNAma nahIM mAnate / ve jJAna, sukha-duHkhAdi pariNAmoM ko prakRti yA avidyA ke hI mAnate haiM, AtmA ke nahIM / vaizeSika aura naiyAyika jJAna Adi ko AtmA kA guNa mAnate haiM, phira bhI ve AtmA ko ekAntanitya (apariNAmI ) mAnate hai / navya-mImAMsaka - mata vaizeSika aura naiyAyika jaisA hI hai| bauddhadarzana ke anusAra, AtmA ekAnta kSaNika, arthAt niranvaya pariNAmoM kA pravAha mAtra mAnate haiM / vibhinna kSaNoM meM honevAlA sukha-duHkha jJAnAdi pariNAma hI satya hai / unake bIca akhaNDa sthira tattva kI sattA nahIM hai| jaina darzana kA kathana hai ki jaise prAkRtika jar3a padArthoM meM na to kUTastha nityatA hai aura na ekAnta kSaNikatA, kintu pariNAminityatA hai, vaise hI AtmA ke svarUpa (bhAva) hai / ye paryAya bhinna-bhinna avasthAoM meM lakSita hote hai / ataH AtmA kA svarUpa pA~ca prakAra kA batalAyA gayA hai : hue kahA hai : (1) aupazamika bhAva- yaha upazama se utpanna hotA hai / upazama eka prakAra kI Atma zuddhi hai, jo sattAgata karma kA udaya bilakula ruka jAne para hotI hai; jaise mala tala meM baiTha jAne para jala svaccha ho jAtA hai I (2) kSAyika bhAva-kSaya se utpanna hotA hai / kSaya AtmA kI vaha paramavizuddhi hai, jo karma kA sambandha bilakula chUTa jAne para prakaTa hotI haiM jaise sarvathA mala ke nikala jAne para jala nitAnta svaccha ho jAtA hai / (3) kSAyopazamika bhAva--yaha kSaya aura upazama se utpanna hotA hai / yaha eka prakAra kI Atmika zuddhi hai, jo karma ke eka aMza kA udaya sarvathA ruka jAne para aura dUsare aMza kA pradezodaya dvArA kSaya hone para prakaTa hotA hai| jaise--kodo ke dhone para kucha mAdaka dravya kSINa ho jAtA hai aura kucha raha jAtA hai /

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246 Vaishali Institutc Research Bullctin No. 8 (4) audayika bhAva- yaha udaya se paidA hotA hai| udaya eka prakAra kA Atmika mAlinya hai, jo karma ke vipAkAnubhava se hotA hai| jaise--maila ke mila jAne para jala malina ho jAtA hai| (5) pAriNAmika bhAva- pAriNAmika bhAva, dravya yA pariNAma hai, jo dravya ke astitva se apane-Apa hotA hai| kisI bhI dravya kA svabhAvika svarUpa pariNamana hI pAriNAmika bhAva hai| uparyukta pA~coM bhAva hI AtmA ke svarUpa haiN| ye bhAva ajIva meM nahIM hote haiN| ye pA~coM bhAva jIva meM eka sAtha bhI nahIM hote haiN| saMsArI yA mukta koI bhI AtmA ho, usake sabhI paryAya ina pA~ca bhAvoM meM se kisI na kisI bhAvavAle hI hogeM / mukta jIvoM meM do bhAva hote haiM--kSAyika aura pAriNAmika / saMsArI jIvoM meM koI tIna bhAvoMvAlA, koI cAra bhAvoMvAlA, koI pA~ca bhAvoMvAlA hotA hai, para do bhAvoMvAlA koI nahIM hotaa| arthAt mukta AtmA ke paryAya do bhAvoM taka aura saMsArI AtmA ke paryAya tIna se lekara pA~ca bhA~voM taka pAye jAte haiN| ataeva pA~ca bhAvoM ko jIva kA svarUpa jIvarAzi kI apekSA se yA kisI jIva-vizeSa meM sambhAvanA kI apekSA se kahA gayA hai| audayika bhAvavAle paryAya vaibhAvika aura zeSa cAroM bhAvavAle paryAya svAbhAvika haiN| ukta pA~coM bhAva ke kula 53 bhedoM kA ullekha hai| aupazamika bhAva jIva ke svarUpa haiM, para ve na to sabhI AtmAoM meM pAye jAte haiM aura na trikAlavartI haiN| trikAlavartI evaM saba AtmAoM meM pAyA jAnevAlA eka hI bhAva hai-pAriNAmika bhAva, jisakA phalita artha upayoga hai / dUsare sabhI bhAva kabhI honevAle kabhI nahIM honevAle, katipaya lakSyavartI evaM karmasApekSa hone se jIva ke upalakSaNa kahalA sakate haiN| sAdhAraNa jijJAsuoM ke lie eka aisA lakSaNa umAsvAti ne apane tattvArthasUtra meM batAyA hai, jisase AtmA kI sahI pahacAna ho jAtI hai / Atmatattva (jIvatattva) kA lakSaNa yA guNa : ___ 'upayogo lakSaNam11, arthAt jIva kA lakSaNa upayoga hai| AtmA lakSya hai aura upayoga lakSaNa / saMsAra meM upayoga dvArA cetana yAnI jIva kI pahacAna hotI hai| upayoga kyA hai? bodha-rUpa vyApAra ko upayoga kahate haiN| bodha kA kAraNa cetana-zakti hai| cetana-zakti AtmA meM hI hotI hai, jar3a meM nhiiN| AtmA meM ananta guNa-paryAya haiN| unameM mukhya upayoga hI hai| jAnane kI zakti samAna hone para bhI jAnane kI kriyA saba AtmAoM meM samAna nahIM hotii| yahA~ jIva ke vibhedaka guNa para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| jaise--manuSya kA vibhedaka guNa viveka hai, usI prakAra jIva kA vibhedaka guNa upayoga hai|

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jaina darzana meM Atmatattva : eka vizleSaNa upayoga kA artha cetanatA hai, ataH jIva kA vibhedaka guNa cetanatA hai / sUtrakAra, * upayoga aura cetanatA meM kucha antara batAnA cAhate haiM / cetanatA ko hama dekha nahIM sakate haiM / isake guNa ko nahIM dekha sakate haiM, lekina isakI abhivyakti ko dekhate haiM / cihna ke AdhAra para hama kisI jIva meM cetanatA ko jAnate haiN| cetanatA kA cihna hai vicAranA, saMcetanA, arthAt yahI cetanA kA cihna upayoga hai / vastutaH, cetanA kA pratIka hI upayoga hai| cetanA kA jo kriyAnvita rUpa hai, vaha upayoga hai, aura yahI upayoga jIva kA lakSaNa hai| upayoga jIva kA AtmabhUta lakSaNa hai, yaha jIva ko chor3akara anya dravyoM meM nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| jisameM upayoga nahIM pAyA jAtA hai, vaha acetana (jar3a) hai| isalie yahA~ upayoga ko jIva kA lakSaNa kahA hai I gayA ataH, jIva kA jo bhAva vastu ko grahaNa karane ke lie pravRtta hotA hai, use upayoga kahate haiM yA cetanA kI pariNati vizeSa kA nAma upayoga hai / cetanA sAmAnya guNa hai aura jJAna, darzana ye do isakI paryAya yA avasthAe~ haiM, inhIM ko upayoga kahate haiM / 247 sadvividho'STacaturbhedaH / 12 upayoga do prakAra kA hai, ATha prakAra kA hai tathA cAra prakAra kA hai / kundakundAcArya ne upayoga kA bheda karate hue kahA hai: - saogo khalu duviho NANeNa ya daMsaNeNa saMjutto / jIvassa savvakAlaM aNaNNabhUtaM viyANIhi // 13 upayoga ke do mUla vibhAga haiM-- jJAnopayoga aura drshnopyog| aisI cetanakriyA jo jJAna ko prApta karA de, vaha jJAnopayoga hai tathA aisI cetanakriyA, jo darzana ko prApta karA de, vaha darzanopayoga hai| jJAnopayoga ke ATha bheda haiM, arthAt sUtrakAra jo upayoga ke ATha bheda batAye haiM vaha jJAnopayoga kA hai, darzanopayoga kA nahIM / mati, zruta, avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevalajJAna, ye yathArtha pA~ca prakAra ke jJAna aura tIna ayathArtha -- kumati, kuzruta aura kuavadhi milakara upayoga ke ATha bheda hote haiM / jaisA ki AcArya kundakunda ne kahA hai: AbhiNisudodhimaNakevalANi NANANi paMcabhayANi / . 14 kumadi sudavibhagANi ya tiNNa vi NANehiM saMjutte // ' darzanopayoga ke cAra bheda haiM / arthAt upayoga ke jo cAra prakAra kahe gaye haiM, vaha darzanopayoga ke hI bheda haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM- (1) cakSudarzana, (2) acakSudarzana (3) avadhidarzana aura (4) kevaladarzana /

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248 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 cakSu-indriya se jo darzana hotA hai, vaha cakSudarzana hai| cakSu ke sivAya anya indriyoM se jo darzana hotA hai, vaha acakSudarzana hai| avadhijJAna ke pahale jo darzana hotA hai, vaha avadhidarzana hai aura kevalajJAna ke sAtha jo darzana hotA hai, vaha kevaladarzana hai| AcArya kundakunda ne darzanopayoga ke bheda karate hue kahA hai: daMsaNabhavi cakkhujudaM acakkhujudamavi ya ohiNA sahiyaM / aNidhaNamaNaMta visayaM kevaliyaM cAvi paNNattaM // 15 Atmatattva (jIvatattva) ke bheda : AcArya umAsvAti ne batAyA hai ki jIva mukhyataH do prakAra ke hote haiM--- saMsArI jIva aura mukta jIva 'saMsAriNo muktAzca' / 16 jo saMsAra meM bhramaNa karatA hai, jIvana-maraNa ke cakra meM hai tathA jo karma se ba~dhA hai, vaha saMsArI jIva hai| jo jIva karmabandha se mukta hai, jIvana-maraNa ke cakra rahita hai arthAt jo saMsAra meM bhramaNa nahIM karatA hai aura na janma letA hai, vaha mukta jIva hai / 17 samanaska aura amanaska, saMsArI jIva kA do bheda kahA gayA hai 'samanaskA'manaskAH ' jisameM ucita - anucita bheda karane kI zakti yA kSamatA ho, vaha samanaska hai, arthAt jisameM jJAna prApta karane kI kSamatA ho aura upadeza dene kI zakti ho athavA jo mana se yukta ho vaha samanaska hai, vaha vivekI hai tathA jo acche-bure ko samajhane meM sakSama nahIM hai, jo mana se rahita hai, vaha amanaska kahalAtA hai / trasa saMsArI jIva dUsare dRSTi se do prakAra ke hote hai : 'saMsAriNastrasasthAvarA: 18 aura sthAvara ye saMsArI jIvoM ke do bheda haiM / (1) trasa : jisameM gati ho, vaha trasa hai / yaha aneka indriyoM se yukta hai / yaha aisA jIva hai, jo gati karatA hai aura eka se adhika indriyoM se yukta hotA hai| trasa jIva kA bheda karate hue sUtrakAra ne kahA hai: 'tejovAyU dvIndriyAdayazca trasAH / 9 arthAt teja, vAyu tathA do se pA~ca indriya taka / 19 (2) sthAvara : yaha jIva sthAyI rahatA hai / cala-phira nahIM sakatA hai / yaha ekendriya se yukta hotA hai / vaha ekendriya, arthAt sparzendriya se yukta hotA hai| yaha jIva gatihIna hotA hai| jaba koI jIva ekendriya se yukta hogA, to vaha sparzendriya se hI yukta hogA / yaha eka siddhAnta bhI hai| sthAvara jIva kA bheda karate hue sUtrakAra ne kahA hai 0 ' pRthivyAmbuvanaspatayaH sthAvarAH' / arthAt sthAvara jIva ke pRthvIkAya, jalakAya aura vanaspatikAya, ye tIna bheda haiN| jo pRthvI se banA hai, vaha pRthvI sthAvara hai / jo jala se banA hai, vaha jala sthAvara jIva hai aura isI prakAra jo vanaspati se banA hai, vaha vanaspati sthAvara jIva hai / 20

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jaina darzana meM Atmatattva : eka vizleSaNa 249 paMcendriya jIvoM ke cAra varga haiM--deva, nAraka, manuSya aura tiryaJca / pahale do vargoM meM to sabhI ke mana hotA hai aura zeSa do vargoM meM se unhIM ko hotA hai, jo garbhotpanna hoN| sArAMza yaha hai ki paMcendriya meM saba devoM, saba nArakoM, garbhaja manuSyoM tathA garbhaja tiryaMcoM ke hI mana hotA hai| jIvoM ke zarIra kA prakAra : 'audArika vaikriyA''hArakataijasakArmaNAni zarIrANi'21 arthAt zarIra ke pA~ca prakAra hai-audArika, vaikriyika, AhAraka, taijasa aura kaarmnn| (ka) audArika zarIra : usa zarIra ko kahate haiM, jo zarIra jalAyA jA sakatA hai yA jisako chedA-bhedA jA sakatA hai| sabhI manuSyoM tathA pazuoM kA bhautika zarIra isI prakAra kA zarIra hai| (kha) vaikriyika zarIra : vaha zarIra hai, jo apanA rUpa badalatA rahatA hai| kabhI choTA, kabhI bar3A, kabhI patalA, kabhI moTA to kabhI bRhad rUpa dhAraNa kara letA hai| kabhI eka ke rUpa meM dIkhatA hai, to kabhI aneka meN| isa prakAra kA icchAnusAra parivartana zarIra, nAraka tathA devoM ko hotA hai| (ga) AhAraka zarIra : muniyoM ke zarIra haiM, jo caudaha pUrvo ko bhalI bhA~ti jAnate haiN| spaSTa hai ki isa zreNI ke zarIra, yogiyoM yA adhyAtmika puruSoM ko hI prApta hote haiN| (gha) taijasa zarIra : sAMsArika jIvoM ke una zarIroM kA bodha karAte haiM, jo taijasa vargaNA (pudgala kI zakti) se nirmita hote haiM, tathA bhojana Adi ko pacAne tathA dIpti ke hetu hote haiN| (Ga) kArmaNa zarIra : yaha karmasamUha hI hai| saMsArI jIvoM kA kArmaNa zarIra kArmaNa vargaNA se nirmita hotA hai| jIva aura gati : jainadarzana, punarjanma meM vizvAsa karatA hai| isa siddhAnta meM vizvAsa karanavAloM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki koI bhI jIva apane pUrva zarIra ko chor3akara jaba nayA zarIra dhAraNa karatA hai, taba vaha isa krama meM sadA gatimAna rahatA hai / gati kI hI badaulata jIva, eka zarIra se dUsare zarIra meM praviSTa hotA hai| gati do prakAra kI batAyI gayI hai--eka sarala aura dUsarA vakra / sarala (sIdhI) gati meM jIva ko eka zarIra se dUsare zarIra meM jAne meM prayatna nahIM karanA par3atA hai / sIdhI gati hI jIva kI svabhAvika gati hai| eka zarIra ko

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250 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 chor3akara dUsare zarIra meM jAnevAle jIva ke do bheda mAne gaye hai| eka vaha jIva, jo punarjanma kI avasthA meM sthUla yA sUkSma zarIra ko sadA ke lie chor3a detA hai / isa jIva ko mukta jIva bhI kahate haiN| dUsare vaha jIva jo pahalevAle sthUla zarIra ko chor3akara dUsare naye sthUla zarIra meM praviSTa karatA hai, jise hama saMsArI jIva kahate haiN| ____ 'avigrahA jIvasya 22isa sUtra meM mukta jIva kI bAta kahI gaI hai| mukta jIva kI gati sadA sIdhI rekhA meM hotI hai, lekina saMsArI jIvoM ke sAtha koI isa taraha kA niyama nahIM hai| vaha apane karma kI bhinnatA ke anusAra kabhI Ter3hI to kabhI sIdhI gati se calAyamAna hotI hai| Atmatattva kI vizeSatA : AcArya kundakunda ne AtmA ko eka astikAya dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| isake guNoM kA vivecana karate hue nimnAMkita vizeSatAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai: jIvotti havadi cedA uvaogavisesido pahU kttaa|| bhottA ca dehametto Na hi mutto kmmsNjutto||23 (1) AtmA kA astitva hai : jo loga jIva ke astitva meM vizvAsa karate haiM, unake mata ke nirAkaraNa karane ke lie kahA gayA hai ki jIva kA astitva hai| kyoMki, jIva, dravya aura bhAvaprANoM ke dvArA jIvita rahatA thA aura jIvita rhegaa| ye prANa dasa prakAra ke hote haiM: manobala, vacanabala, kAyabala, pA~ca indriyA~, Ayu aura ucchvaas| ye dazoM prANamukta jIva ke bhI hote haiN| lekina unake sirpha bhAvaprANa hI hote haiN| isI kAraNa ve bhI jIva kahe gaye haiN| (2) AtmA cetanA-svarUpa hai : cetanA, AtmA kA eka vizeSa guNa hai| koI bhI jIva aisA nahIM hai, jo cetana-svarUpa na ho| karma ke anusAra yaha cetanA tIna prakAra kI hotI hai-karma-cetanA, karmaphala-cetanA aura jnyaan-cetnaa| jo jIva sirpha karmaphaloM kA anubhava karatA hai, aise sthAvara kAya ko jIvoM ke karma-cetanA hotI hai| dUsarI rAzi meM ve jIva Ate haiM, jo karma ke phaloM kA anubhava karate hue iSTa-aniSTa kArya ko bhI karate haiM, vehI karmaphala-cetanA kahalAte haiM / dvIndriya se lekara samasta saMsArI jIvoM meM yaha cetanA vizeSa rUpa se pAI jAtI hai| jJAna cetanA, mukta jIvoM meM pAye jAte haiM, kyoMki ve sirpha jJAna kA hI anubhava karate haiM / cetanA guNa ke dvArA kundakundAcArya ne batAyA hai ki AtmA jar3a-svarUpa nahIM hai aura na acetana hai, balki AtmA kA bhinna guNa hai| (3) AtmA upayoga-yukta hai : AtmA upayoga-svarUpa kahA gayA hai / upayoga, cetanA se isa artha meM bhinna hai ki cetanA kA vaha anuyAyI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM upayoga cetanA

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jaina darzana meM Atmatattva : eka vizleSaNa ne ko jAnane rUpa paryAya hai / upayoga svarUpa AtmA ko kahakara ko AcArya kundakunda yaha batAyA hai ki jJAna se bhinna jIva nahIM hotA / AtmA aura jJAna, donoM alaga-alaga nahIM hai, jaisA ki jaina darzana kA yaha niyama hai ki dravya aura guNa sarvathA bhinna nahIM hai / yadi AtmA ko jJAna se sarvathA bhinna mAnA jAya to jJAna, guNa se rahita hone ke kAraNa ajJAnI mAnanA pdd'egaa| isakA matalaba yaha hogA ki donoM acetana ho jAyeMge / isalie kahA gayA hai. : daMsaNaNANANi tahA jIvaNibaddhANi NaNNabhUdANi / .24 vavadesado pudyattaM kuvvaMti hi No sabhAvAdo // (4) AtmA prabhu hai : AtmA ko jaina darzana meM prabhu kahA gayA hai| prabhu kA artha hai ki AtmA nizcaya naya se Asrava, savara, bandha aura nirjarA karane meM svayaM samartha hai / vyavahAranaya se AtmA, apane dravyakarmoM kA svAmI hai| yaha vizeSatA prakaTa karatA hai ki AtmA apane sukha-duHkha aura zubha-azubha karmoM ko prApta karane ke lie svayaM uttaradAyI hai / yaha kathana ThIka nahIM hai ki Izvara, AtmA ko sukha-duHkha detA hai / 251 (5) AtmA karttA hai : paMcAstikAya meM jIva ko kartA batAyA gayA hai / isa vizeSaNa ke dvArA unalogoM ke mata kA nirAkaraNa ho jAtA hai, jo AtmA ko kartA nahIM mAnate haiM / yahA~ AtmA ko kartA kahane kA tAtparya hai ki AtmA vyavahAranaya kI apekSA se jJAnAvaraNAdi karmoM aura pudgala padArthoM kA kartA hai| lekina azuddha nizcayanaya kI apekSA se AtmA rAga-dveSa rUpa azuddha bhAvoM kA kartA hai, aura zuddha nizcayanaya kI apekSA se zuddha cetana bhAva kAkartA hai| isa prakAra, jaina darzana meM AtmA ko naya kI apekSA se kartA kahA gayA hai / AcArya kundakunda ne paMcAstikAya meM isakA sUkSma vivecana lagabhaga 20 (bIsa) gAthAoM dvArA kiyA hai| eka prazna ke uttara meM AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM ki yadyapi AtmA aura pula donoM apane-apane bhAvoM kA kartA hai, tathApi donoM eka dUsare ke nimitta se parabhAva ke kartA mAne jAte haiM / yahA~ unake isa kathana ko bhI likha denA Avazyaka hai ki jaba donoM (jIva aura pudgala) apane-apane bhAvoM ke kartA nizcayanaya se hai, taba jIva karma ko kaise bhogatA hai ? isakA uttara yaha hai ki isa saMsAra meM sUkSma aura sthUla aneka prakAra ke pudgala paramANu, kAjala kI DibiyA meM rakhe hue kAjala kI taraha atyadhika rUpa se bhare hue haiM / jaba AtmA, rAga-dveSapUrvaka kriyA karatI hai, taba ve pudgala paramANu svayaM AkRSTa hokara karmarUpa ho jAte haiM / isa prakAra yaha nizcaya huA ki AtmA, vyavahAranaya kI apekSA se hI pudgala karmoM kA kartA hai, nizcayanaya se to vaha apane bhAvoM kA kartA hai. / (6) AtmA bhoktA hai : AtmA kA yaha bhI eka vizeSatA hai ki vaha bhoktA hai / isa vizeSaNa ke dvArA AcArya kundakunda ne una logoM ke mata kA nirAkaraNa kiyA hai, jo

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252 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 8 AtmA ko bhoktA nahIM mAnate haiN| AtmA ko bhoktA kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki vyavahAranaya se AtmA karmajanya, sukha-duHkharUpa, indriyoM ke viSaya ko bhogatA hai, aura nizcaya naya se vaha apane cetana kA bhoktA hai, arthAt zuddha bhAvoM kA bhoktA hai / (7) AtmA zarIra - pramANa hai: yaha bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa AtmA kA vizeSaNa hai ki AtmA asaMkhyAta-pradezI hone para bhI karma ke anusAra prApta zarIra ke barAbara hI pratyeka saMsArI jIva kI AtmA hotI hai| vaha nahIM to usase choTI hotI hai aura nahIM usase bar3I / eka udAharaNa dvArA isa bAta ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai; jaise kisI dUdha ke baratana meM nIlamaNi ko DAlane para usakI prabhA se usa baratana kA sampUrNa dUdha nIlA ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra karmajanya zarIra meM AtmA bhI prApta ho jAtA hai| lekina mukta jIva jisa zarIra se yukta huA hai, usase usakA AkAra kucha kama hotA hai / (8) AtmA amUrtika hai : AtmA amUrtika hai; kyoMki AtmA meM nizcaya naya kI dRSTi se rUpa- rasa, varNa, gandha nahIM pAye jAte haiM / jinameM ye guNa nahIM pAye jAte haiM, ve amUrtika hote haiM aura jinameM ye guNa pAye jAte hai, ve mUrtika hote haiM / vyavahAranaya kI dRSTi se AtmA amUrtika hote hue bhI mUrtika hai; kyoMki usakA sambandha mUrtika karmoM ke sAtha rahatA hai | isalie yahA~ zuddha svarUpa kI apekSA se use amUrtika batalAyA gayA hai | AcArya kundakunda ne kahA hai : I jIvo sayaM amutto muttigado teNa muttiNA muttaM / .15 ogeNhitA joggaM jArAdi vA tA jANAdi // (9) AtmA karma se yukta hai : saMsArI AtmA anAdikAla se karmamala-kalaMka se yukta hai / dravya aura bhAvakarmoM ke kAraNa yaha sadaiva naye-naye karmoM ko banda karatA rahatA hai | vAstava meM AtmA karma se yukta nahIM hai; kyoMki karma parapadArtha hai aura parapadArtha kA eka dUsare ke sAtha sambandha nahIM ho sakatA / isalie vyavahAranaya kI apekSA se AtmA ko karma se yukta kahA gayA hai| jaba yaha AtmA apane karmabandhanoM kA vinAza kara detI hai, taba vaha apane svabhAvika svarUpa ko prApta kara letI hai| isa avasthA ko hI mukta avasthA kahA gayA hai| AtmA mukta hokara svabhAva se Urdhva-gamana karatI hai aura lokAkAza ke antima bhAga meM jAkara Thahara jAtI hai / isI antima bhAga ko siddhazilA ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai / isa mukta AtmA kA punaH janma-maraNa nahIM hotA hai, isalie ise kRta-kRtya kahA gayA hai / (10) AtmA jJAna pramANa hai : AcArya kundakunda ne 'pravacanasAra' ke jJAnAdhikAra meM vizeSa rUpa se vicAra kiyA hai| jaise :

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jaina darzana meM Atmatattva : eka vizleSaNa AdA NANapamANaM gANaM poyappamANa muddi | soyaM loyAloyaM tamhA NArAM tu savva gayaM // 26 arthAt, AtmA jJAna- pramANa hai tathA jJAna jJeya-pramANa kahA gayA hai / jJeya loka aura aloka hai / isa kAraNa se jJAna bhI sarvagata hai / isa tathya ko spaSTa karate hue vaha Age kahate haiM : appatti madaM vaTTadi NaANaM viNA Na appANaM / tamhA NANaM appA- appA NANaM vA aNNaM vA // .27 arthAt jJAna AtmA hai, aisA mAnA gayA hai, cU~ki jJAna AtmA ke binA nahIM rahatA hai, isalie jJAna AtmA hai aura AtmA ke sivAya anya guNoM kA bhI Azraya hai / ataH jJAna rUpa bhI hai aura anya rUpa bhI hai / arthAt, 253 niSkarSataH, hama kaha sakate haiM ki 'Atmatattva' para bhAratIya darzana meM gahana vicAra-vimarza huA hai / bhAratIya darzanoM meM 'Atmatattva' kI svatantra sattA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| AtmA evaM jIva kA samAnArthaka vivecana huA hai| AtmA kI alaukika sattA ke sambandha meM gosvAmI tulasIdAsajI ne zrIrAmacaritamAnasa meM kahA hai : Izvara aMsa jIva avinAsI / cetana amala sahaja sukha rAsI // (uttarakANDa, dohA naM. 116, cau. naM. 2 ) // Adi zaMkarAcArya ne kahA hai-ki jo kucha karor3oM granthoM meM kahA gayA hai, use maiM Adhe zloka meM kahatA hU~ : 'brahma satyaM jaganmithyA, jIvo brahmaiva nApara: / ' brahma satya hai, jagat mithyA hai / jIva bhI brahma hI hai, dUsarA nahIM / parantu, jainadarzana meM jitanA 'Atmatattva' para vizada varNana milatA hai, utanA anya kisI darzana meM nahIM / Atmatattva, jainadarzana meM sarvaprathama evaM pramukha tattva ke rUpa meM pratiSThita hai tathA anya tattvoM kA vivecana bhI isI kI mahattA ke kAraNa vizeSa rUpa se pratIta hotA hai / Atmatattva ke binA anya tattvoM kA koI astitva nahIM dIkha par3atA hai I yahI kAraNa hai ki prAyaH samasta vaidika evaM avaidika darzanoM ne 'Atmatattva' kI sattA ko svIkAra kiyA hai aura mokSaprApti kA hI lakSya mAnA hai| mokSa ko nirvANa evaM kaivalya kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| mokSa vaha sthiti hai, jisameM AtmA apanI vizuddhAvasthA ko prApta kara janma aura mRtyu ke cakra se chUTa jAtI hai aura usakA punarjanma nahIM hotA hai / punarjanma

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254 Vaishali Institute Rescarch Bulletin No. 8 kA anta mokSaprApta karane para hI hotA hai| mokSaprApti ke pahale taka saMsArI AtmA, karmaphalAnusAra vibhinna paryAyoM meM janma letI hai| ataH punarjanma AtmA kI saMsArI avasthA kA pratIka hai aura mokSa usakI muktAvasthA kaa| vastutaH, bhAratIya darzana meM 'Atmatattva' kI svatantra sattA svIkAra karanA hI samIcIna hai| yaha mAnyatA samasta bhAratIya saMskRti meM pratyakSa evaM parokSa rUpa se pratiSThita hai| sandarbha- srota : 1. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, prathama adhyAya ke prathama uddezaka, gAthA-saMkhyA 7 2. vahI, gAthA saM. 8 3. zrImadbhagavadgItA, dvi. a, 20 4. zrImadbhagavadgItA, adhyAya 2, kA zloka 22 5. vahI, zloka 23 6. vahI, zloka 24 7. tattvArthasUtra : (umAsvAti), sUtra-saMkhyA 1. 4, vivecaka : sukhalAla sNghvii| 8. paMcAstikAya : AcArya kundakunda, gAthA-saM. 108, prathama zrutaskandha / 9. samayasAra : jIvAjIvAdhikAra, gAthA-saM.38 aura 48 10. tattvArtha sUtra, dvitIya adhyAya kA prathama sUtra 11. tattvArthasUtra, sUtrasaMkhyA 2. 8 12. tattvArthasUtra, adhyAya 2. 9 13. paMcAstikAya, prathama zrutaskandha, gAthA-saMkhyA 40 14. paMcAstikAya, prathama zrutaskandha, gAthA-saMkhyA 41 15. vahI, gAthA-saM. 42 16. tattvArthasUtra, 2.10 17. tatvArthasUtra, 2.11 18. vahI, 2.12 19. vahI, 2.14 20. vahI, 2.13 21. vahI, 2.37

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jaina darzana meM Atmatattva : eka vizleSaNa 255 255 22. tattvArthasUtra, 2. 27 23. paMcAstikAya, prathamazrutaskandha, gAthA-saMkhyA 27 24. paMcAstikAya, prathamazrutaskandha, gAthA-saMkhyA 52 25. pravacanasAra, jJAnAdhikAra, gAthA-saMkhyA 55 26. vahI, gAthA-saMkhyA 23 27. pravacanasAra, jJAnAdhikAra, gAthA-saMkhyA 27

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