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No. 16.]
SOME RASHTRAKUTA RECORDS.
in another branch of the Rashtrakuta stock, in the case of Gunâvaloka-Nanna and his grandson Dharmavaloka-Tunga, whose names are disclosed by an inscription at Bôdh-Gayâ. The birudas ending in tunga start, like those ending in varsha, with Krishna I., who, accordingly, seems to have set the fashion in both respects. Both the birudas ending in tunga and those ending in avalôka appear to be, originally, exclusive appellations of the Rashtrakutas of Malkhêd, since, as in the case of the birudas ending in varsha, we cannot trace the conception of them to any other source. But any similarity between them and the birudas ending in varsha ceased there. The birudas ending in avalôka appear to have soon gone out of fashion. Of the birudas ending in tunga, we have only one instance in the feudatory Gujarât branch, in the case of Akalavarsha-Subhatunga (proper name not yet disclosed) between A.D. 834-35 and 866-67. In the main line, we have not as yet obtained any such birudas in the cases of Govinda II., Dhruva, Indra III., Amôghavarsha II., AmôghavarshaVaddiga, Krishna III., Khoṭṭiga, and Indra IV. And, except in the single case of the use of Jagattunga, in the Kanheri inscription of A.D. 851, to denote Govinda III. as the predecessor of Amôghavarsha I., there is no evidence that the birudas ending in tunga could be used for official purposes in the particular manner in which the birudas ending in varsha were constantly used, namely as substitutes taking entirely the places of proper names.3 That was the special characteristic of the birudas ending in varsha.
189
Of these, there is
The remaining leading birudas are those ending in vallabha. apparently only one, Śrivallabha, which could be used, like the varsha-appellations, to take entirely the place of proper names. And there is another feature in which they differ from the birudas ending in avalóka and tunga as well as those ending in varsha; namely that, together with the appellations Vallabha and Vallabharâja, they were not first devised by the Rashtrakutas of Malkhed, but the idea of them was taken over by the Rashtrakutas from their predecessors.
We will examine first the appellations Vallabha and Vallabharaja, which were taken over by the Rashtrakutas from their predecessors, the Western Chalukyas of Bådâmi. In the Western Chalukya records themselves, we find the plain appellation Vallabha used, as a substitute for their proper names, to denote both Pulakêśin I. and his grandson Pulakêsin II.; we find it attached after the names of the original ancestor Jayasimha I., and of Pulakêsin I., Kirtivarman I., and Pulakêsin II.; and it is given as an appellation of Ranavikrânta-Buddhavarmaraja of the first Gujarat branch of the Western Chalukyas. With the honorific ending indra, that is, in the form Vallabhendra, we find it once, in the same series of records, attached after the name of
1 See Prof. Kielhorn's List of the Inscriptions of Northern India, Vol. V. above, Appendix, p. 85, No. 630. But, the fashion having once been set, birudas ending in tunga were, like varsha-appellations, adopted by other families; again probably as the result of intermarriages. Thus, we have Mugdhatunga as a biruda of the Kalachuri king Prasiddhadhavala, father of the Kêyaravarsha-Yuvaraja I. who has been mentioned in note 5 on page 188 above (see Prof. Kielhorn's List of the Inscriptions of Northern India, Vol. V. above, Appendix, p. 58, No. 407, and p. 61, No. 429); and elsewhere we have the name of Jayatungasimha of the Kama country (ibid. p. 79, No. 575), and, doubtfully, the name of Sidhitunga with the date of A.D. 1347 (ibid. p. 38, No. 267). And for these reasons, I think, the words Tungd iti kahitibhujah prathitd babhdeuḥ, "the kings became known in the world as Tungas," which occur first in the Dêôli grant of A.D. 940 (above, Vol. V. p. 192, text line 10 f.; and see Vol. IV. p. 279), are to be taken, not as implying- (at any rate, correctly)- that the familyname was Tunga, but simply as seeking to draw attention to one of the leading appellations of some of the members of the family. The family-name was Rashtrakuta in its Sanskrit form, and Ratta in Prakrit; we have, for instance, Rashtrakut-davaya in verse in the Wani grant of A.D. 807 (Ind. Ant. Vol. XI. p. 158, text line 17), and Raṭṭa-vamia in prose in the Nilgund inscription of A.D. 866 (page 103 above, text line 16).
See Lyn. Kan. Distrs. p. 342 . The exact references may be given in full on some future occasion, in a separate note on the appellations of the Western Chalukya kings; here it is only necessary to give a few of them in special cases.
Respectively, in the Nerûr grant of Mangalêsa (Ind. Ant. Vol. VII. p. 161, text line 5), and in the Nertr grant of Pulakesin II. himself (id. Vol. VIII. p. 48, text line 3).
It is also attached after the naine of Vijayaditya in the Gudigere inscription of A.D. 1076-77 (Ind. Ant Vol. XVIII. p. 39, text line 20).
