Prakrit Katha Sahitya Parishilan

Author(s): Prem Suman Jain
Publisher: Sanghi Prakashan Jaipur
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/003809/1

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prAkatakathAsAhitya parizIlana DaoN.prema-sumana jaina jayaNapatra BADMERA KAICH ga

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Agama granthoM ke, dharma-darzana ke zAsvata satyoM ko vibhinna rUpakoM, dRSTAntoM evaM kathAoM ke mAdhyama jana-jIvana taka pahu~cAnA, prAkRta sAhityakAroM kA pramukha lakSya rahA hai| prAkRta kI vibhinna kathAeM pAThaka ko Anandita to karatI hI haiM, usake jIvana ko Alokita bhI karatI haiN| use bhArata kI sAMskRtika sampadA se paricita karAtI haiN| prAkRta kathA-sAhitya ke svarUpa, usake pratipAdya evaM AdhUnika jIvana meM tAratamya ko zodhapUrNa kintu lalita zailI meM upasthita kiyA gayA hai prastuta pustaka meM / 'prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana' nAmaka prastuta kRti DaoN. prema sumana jaina dvArA praNIta vibhinna zodhapUrNa evaM cintanapradhAna sAhityika lekhoM kA eka guladastA hai, jisakI mahaka pAThaka ko prAkRta sAhitya kI sarasa kathAoM ke pramukha abhiprAyoM se paricita karAtI hai| yaha pustaka dvitIya puSpa hai lekhaka ke prastAvita grantha catuSTaya gucchaka kA, jo zIghra prakAzya hai| mUlya : 95.00 For Personal and Private Use Only

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prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana DaoN. prema sumana jaina saha-AcArya evaM vibhAgAdhyakSa jainavidyA evaM prAkRta vibhAga sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura saMghI prakAzana jayapura udayapura

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prakAzaka: vijendrakumAra saMdhI saMghI prakAzana sI-177, mahAvIra mArga, mAlavIya nagara, jayapura- 302 017 255, bApU bAjAra udayapura- 313 001 zAkhA 255 mUlya : picAnave rupaye saMghI prakAzana, jayapura-udayapura dvArA prakAzita/prathama saMskaraNa 1993 sarvAdhikAra - lekhakAdhIna/ grAphika oNphaseTa prinTarsa jayapura meM mudrita / Prakrit Katha-Sahitya Parisheelana By Dr. Prem Suman Jain Rs. 95.00

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prAthamikI bhAratIya sAhitya vibhinna bhASAoM meM samRddha huA hai| prAkRta sAhitya kA isa samRddhi meM apUrva yogadAna hai| prAkRta sAhitya apanI kathAoM ke lie vizva meM prasiddha hai| Agama granthoM ke dharma-darzana ke zAsvata satyoM ko vibhinna rUpako, dRSTAntoM evaM kathAoM ke mAdhyama jana-jIvana taka pahu~canA prAkRta sAhityakAroM kA pramukha lakSya rahA hai| ye prAkRta kathAeM kevala mAnava pAtroM ke sahAre nahIM, apitu, pazu-pakSI pAtroM ke mAdhyama bhI apane vikAsa ko prApta huI haiN| Agama kI saMkSipta kathAeM, vyAkhyA sAhitya kI loka kathAeM aura svatantra kathA-granthoM kI sarasa aura manorama kathAeM pAThaka ko AnaMdita to karatI hI haiM, usake jIvana ko Alokita bhI karatI haiN| use bhArata kI sAMskRtika sampadA se paricita karAtI haiN| dharma, artha, kAma evaM mokSa ina cAroM puruSArthoM kA sahI artha ina kathAoM ke mAdhyama se jAnA jA sakatA hai| prAkRta kathA-sAhitya kA dharAtala ahiMsA-maya jIvana aura bheda-bhAva rahita dRSTikoNa rahA hai| isalie yaha sAhitya hiMsA, AtaMka aura anAcAra jaise vyasanoM kI utpatti ke mUla kAraNoM para prakAza bhI DAlatA hai aura isa ora bhI iMgita karatA hai ki sadAcAra, ahiMsA, abhaya kI pratiSThA kiye binA saMskRti kA koI vikAsa sthAyI nahIM ho sktaa| aise cintanapradhAna prAkRta kathA-sAhitya para hamane jo vigata varSoM meM likhA thA, prakAzita kiyA thA usa sabako vyavasthita rUpa meM ina lalita nibandhoM meM bahu-jana hitAya punaH saMyojita kiyA hai| pustaka rUpa meM pahalI bAra prakAzita zodhapUrNa lekhoM kA yaha guladastA prAkRta kathAoM kI sadAcAra aura sarasatA kI sugandha ko vizva-vyApI banAyegA, aisA vizvAsa hai| pustaka ke prakAzaka zrI vijendra saMghI aura prakAzana-sahayogI zrI TAyA ceriTebala TrasTa, udayapura ke isa sAhityika aura sAMskRtika prakAzana sahayoga ke lie aabhaar| akSaya tRtIyA, 1991 - prema sumana jaina

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sAdara samarpita sva. mAtA zrImatI bhAgavatI devI jaina ___evam sva. sasura zrImAn gulAbacanda jaina ko jinase kathAeM sunane, par3hane, likhane kI prArambhika preraNA milI thii| - prema sumana jaina

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prakAzana-sahayogI saMsthA zrI zivalAla mohanalAla TAyA ceriTebala TrasTa 50, azokanagara, TAyA bhavana, udayapura- 313 001 sthApanAH ___ isa TrasTa kI sthApanA 9 aprela 1980 meM zrI kanhaiyAlAla TAyA evaM unake parivAra ne kI thii| zikSA, cikitsA evaM sAhitya prakAzana meM sahayogI yaha TrasTa devasthAna vibhAga meM rajisTarDa evaM Aya hetu karamukta hai| uddezya evaM pravRttiyAM: ___ * honahAra, medhAvI evaM jarUratamaMda vidyArthiyoM ko unakI zikSA meM chAtravRtti Adi pradAna kara sahayoga krnaa| * zikSA, sAhitya evaM saMskRti ke saMrakSaNa, vikAsa evaM prakAzana ke kAryoM meM sahayoga krnaa| * samAja ke nirAzrita, jarUratamaMda rogiyoM kI cikitsA kI yathAsambhava vyavasthA kara unheM auSadhi Adi upalabdha kraanaa| ina udadezyoM kI pUrti hetu TrasTa nimna pravRttiyoM kA saMcAlana karatA hai1. prativarSa paryuSaNa parva para bAlakoM evaM mahilAoM kI zaikSaNika pratiyogitA Ayojita kara unheM puraskAra pradAna kiye jAte haiN| medhAvI vidyArthiyoM ko chAtravRtti dI jAtI hai| jaina vidyA par3hane vAloM evaM zodhakartAoM ke lie eka buka-baiMka kA saMcAlana kiyA jAtA hai| 2. zrI mahAvIra-dharmArtha davAkhAnA, 303, azoka nagara, udayapura meM cikitsA-jAMca evaM auSadhi-suvidhA niHzulka pradAna kI jAtI hai| prativarSa niHzulka netra-cikitsA zivira lagAyA jAtA hai| 3. samAja ke nirAzrita jarUratamaMdoM ko Arthika sahayoga pradAna kiyA jAtA hai| prastuta 'prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana' pustaka ke prakAzana meM AMzika anudAna pradAna kara deza ke prAcIna sAhitya ke pracAra-prasAra meM sahayoga kiyA gayA hai| AzA hai, pAThakagaNa isa zana se preraNA prApta kreNge| -vyavasthApaka jhamakalAlaTAyA

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37 42 57 anukrama 1. Agama kathA sAhitya 2. kathAnaka taraha-taraha ke 3. kathAoM meM sAMskRtika dharohara 4. prAkRta kathAoM ke bheda-prabheda 5. AcArAMga vyAkhyAoM kI kathAe~ 6. haribhadrasUri kI pratIka kathAe~ 7. kathAoM meM ahiMsA dRSTi 8. ArAmasohAkahA (padya)- paricaya 9. kathA NemiNAhacariu kI 0. prAkRta sAhitya meM bAhubalI kathA 1. pAli-prAkRta kathAoM ke abhiprAya 2. dharmaparIkSA abhiprAya kI paramparA B. madhubindu - abhiprAya kA vikAsa 63 70 83 88 103 108

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prathama Agama kathA sAhitya Agama paricaya : prAkRta bhASA meM jo sAhitya, likhA gayA hai, usameM Agama sAhitya kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| jaina paramparA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA upadiSTa zikSAoM ke lie Agama zabda adhika pracalita ho gayA hai, jise prAcIna kAla meM zruta athavA samyakzruta kahA jAtA thaa| Aptavacana, pravacana, jinavacana, upadeza Adi aneka zabda Agama ke lie prayukta hue haiN|' mahAvIra ke upadeza tatkAlIna loka bhASA ardhamAgadhI meM pracalita hue the| ataH AgamoM kI bhASA bhI pramukha rUpa se ardhamAgadhI hai| mahAvIra se unake ziSya gaNadharoM ne jaisA sunA thA, usa artha ko apane zabdoM meM nibaddha kara diyA thaa| phira usa zabda evaM artharupa upadeza ko apane ziSyoM ko sunA diyA thaa| isa prakAra zruta paramparA se mahAvIra ke upadezoM ko Agama ke rUpa meM surakSita rakSA gayA hai| vartamAna meM upalabdha AgamoM meM kevala mahAvIra ke hI zabda nahIM haiM, apitu unameM gaNadharoM aura unake ziSyoM kA prastutIkaraNa bhI sammilita hai| phira bhI AgamoM kI viSaya vastu ke avalokana se yaha spaSTa hai ki AgamoM ke mUla rUpa meM bahuta kama parivartana huA hai| Agama vartamAna yuga ko mahAvIra kI vANI se jor3ane meM setu kA kAma karate haiN| AgamoM ke saMkalana meM evaM unako sunizcita svarUpa prApta karane meM lagabhaga 1000 varSoM kA samaya lagA hai| isa sambandha meM digambara evaM zvetAmbara paramparA meM do vicAradhArAe~ pracalita haiN| digambara paramparA ke anusAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke do sau varSa bAda zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu the| ve mahAvIra ke samasta zrutajJAna ke aMtima uttarAdhikArI the| candragupta maurya ke samaya meM bhISaNa akAla ke kAraNa muniyoM kA saMgha avyavasthita ho gyaa| ataH deza-kAla kI paristhiti ke kAraNa mahAvIra dvArA kathita AgamoM kA jJAna kramazaH kSINa ho gyaa| vIra-nirvANa ke 683 varSa pazcAt bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda Agama kA kucha aMza hI zeSa raha gayA thaa| usI ke AdhAra para dharasena AcArya ke tatvAvadhAna meM SaTkhaNDAgama aura guNadhara AcArya ke tatvAvadhAna meM kaSAyapAhuDa nAmaka Agama sUtra-grantha likhe gye| ina granthoM kI bhASA zaurasainI prAkRta hai| Age calakara inhIM granthoM ke AdhAra para AcArya kundakunda Adi digambara paramparA ke AcAryoM ne jaina darzana ke svatantra grantha likhe| ina granthoM ko zaurasainI Agama kahA jAtA hai| zvetAmbara sampradAya kI paramparA ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM ko mUla rUpa se surakSita rakhane ke lie jaina muniyoM ne aneka vAcanAe~ kI haiN| mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 160 varSa bAda pATaliputra meM sthUlabhadra AcArya ke smaraNa ke AdhAra para gyAraha AgamoM kA saMkalana kiyA gyaa| kintu vahA~ upasthita AcAryoM ko bArahaveM grantha dRSTivAda kA smaraNa na hone se usakA svarUpa saMkalita nahIM kiyA jA skaa| isa prathama vAcanA meM vyavasthita Agama sAhitya jaba punaH

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2/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana chinna-bhinna hone lagA taba vIra-nivArNa ke 827-840 varSa ke bIca meM AcArya skaMdila ne mathurA meM munisaMgha kA eka sammelana bulAyA, jisameM unhIM gyAraha AgamoM ko punaH vyavasthita kiyA gyaa| vIra-nirvANa 980 varSa meM vallabhI nagara meM devagiNI kI adhyakSatA meM eka muni-sammelana punaH bulAyA gyaa| isa sammelana meM vibhinna vAcanAoM kA samanvaya karake AgamoM ko pahalI bAra lipibaddha kiyA gyaa| zvetAmbara samAdAya dvArA mAnya vartamAna meM upalabdha ardhamAgadhI Agama isI sammelana ke prayatnoM kA pariNAma hai| isa samaya taka gyAraha pramukha aMga granthoM ke atirikta Agama sAhitya ke anya grantha bhI sakalita kiye gaye the| kula AgamoM kI saMkhyA 45 taya kI gayI thii| isa taraha moTe taura para to AgamoM kA racanAkAla mahAvIra kA samaya hai| kintu unakA lekhana-kAla IsA kI 4-5vIM zatAbdI hai| isa eka hajAra varSa ke antarAla kI saMskRti AgamoM meM samAyI huI hai| ___ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko kaI bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| aMga grantha 11 haiM, jinameM AcArAMgasUtra, sUtrakRtAMgasUtra Adi haiN| 12 upAMga grantha hai- aupapAtikasUtra, rAjapraznIya aadi| cheda-sUtra 6 hai- nizIthasUtra, AvazyakasUtra aadi| bhUla sUtra 4 hai- uttarAdhyayanasUtra, dazavaikAlikasUtra aadi| tathA 10 prakIrNaka aura 2 cUlikA grantha hai| Agama granthoM kA yaha vibhAjana eka hI samaya meM nizcita nahIM huA hai, pitu IsA kI 5vIM zatAbdI se 15vIM zatAbdI taka viSayavastu ke anusAra yaha vibhAjana hotA rahA hai| kintu Agama sAhitya kA pramukha viSayoM kI dRSTi se anuyogoM meM bhI vibhAjana huA hai| yaha vibhAjana prAcIna hai| AryarakSitasUri ne Agama-sAhitya ke jo cAra bhAga kiye haiM ve isa prakAra haiM:1. caraNakaraNAnuyoga - AcAra, vrata, caritra, saMyama Adi kA vivecana / 2. dharmakathAnuyoga - dharma ko prarUpita karane vAlI kathAoM kA vivecn| 3. gaNitAnuyoga - gaNita sambandhI viSayoM kA vivecn| 4. dravyAnuyoga - chaha dravyoM evaM nau padArthoM kA vivecana / digambara paramparA meM Agama sAhitya ke anuyogoM ke nAma kucha bhinna haiN| yathA1. prathamAnuyoga - mahApuruSoM ke jIvana caritra aadi| 2. karaNAnuyoga - loka kA svarUpa evaM gaNita aadi| 3. caraNAnuyoga - AcArazAstra kA niruupnn| 4. dravyAnuyoga - dravya evaM padArthoM kA vivecana / Agama-sAhitya kI viSayavastu kA yaha moTA-moTA vibhAjana hai kyoMki karaNAnuyoga ke granthoM meM bhI dharmakathA evaM dravyoM kA vivecana mila jAtA hai| tathA dravyAnuyoga ke granthoM meM bhI kucha dRSTAnta evaM kathAoM ke saMketa prApta hote haiN| phira bhI viSaya ke adhyayana ke lie isa vibhAjana meM suvidhA hai| isa vargIkaraNa ke AdhAra para ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke granthoM kA vibhAjana isa prakAra kiyA jA sakatA hai1. gharaNakaraNAnuyoga :- isameM AcArAMgasUtra, praznavyAkaraNa, dazavaikAlikasUtra, nizItha, vyavahAra, bRhatkalpa tathA AvazyakasUtra Adi granthoM ko rakhA jA sakatA hai| 2. dharmakathAnuyoga - isameM jJAtAdharmakathA, upAsakadazA, antakRddazA, anuttaropapatikadazA, vipAkasUtra, aupapAtika, rAjapraznIya, nirayAvalikA, kalpAvataMsikA, puSpikA tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra Adi Agama granthoM ko rakhA jA sakatA hai|

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Agama kathA sAhitya/3 3. gaNitAnuyoga - isameM jambUdrIpaprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti Adi grantha haiN| 4. dravyAnuyoga - isameM sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti, prajJApanA, nandI, anuyogadAra ___ Adi grantha sammilita haiN| anuyogoM meM Agama granthoM kA yaha vibhAjana bhI mauTe taura para hI hai| kyoMki eka grantha meM kaI viSaya pAye jAte haiN| Agama sAhitya ke viSayoM ko ina cAra anuyAgoM meM vibhAjita karane ke lie pratyeka Agama kA antaraMga adhyayana karane ke uparAnta usake viSaya ko ina cAra anuyogoM meM vibhAjita karanA hogaa| pratyeka grantha kI vibhAjita sAmagrI ko alaga-alaga anuyogoM meM saMkalita karanI hogI tabhI Agama-granthoM kI sAmagrI kA vibhAjana anuyogoM ke anusAra ho skegaa| Agama sAhitya ke marmajJa muni kanhaiyAlAla jI "kamala" ne yaha mahatvapUrNa tathA aitihAsika kArya sampanna kiyA hai| unhoMne apane grantha gaNitAnuyoga meM Agama sAhitya kI gaNita sambandhI sabhI sAmagrI ekatra kara dI hai| isa gaNitAnuyoga grantha kA vidvata-jagat meM acchA Adara huA hai| paMDataratna muni kamala jI ne vigata varSoM meM Agama sAhitya se dharmakathAnuyoga kI sAmagrI saMkalita kI hai, jise unhoMne "dhammakahANuogo" nAma diyA hai| isa saMkalana meM nimnAMkita Agama grantho se sAmagrI lI gayI hai aMga-ganya - AdhArAMgasUtra, sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga samavAyAMga, bhagavatIsUtra, jJAtAdharmakathA, upAsakadazAMga, antakRta, unuttaropapAtika, vipAkasUtra / upAga-grantha - aupapAtika, rAjapraznIya, jambUdrIpaprajJapti. nirayAvAlikA, puSpikA, vRSNidazA, puSpacUlikA mUlasUtra - uttarAdhyayanasUtra, nndiisuutr| chedasUtra - dazAzrutaskandha, kalpasUtra / isa taraha "dhammakahANuogo" meM Agama sAhitya ke prAyaH una sabhI granthoM se sAmagrI saMkalita kara lI gayI hai, jiname dharmakathA vidyamAna haiN| dharmakathAo para vivecana karane se pUrva Agama granthoM kA saMkSipta paricaya prApta kara lenA Avazyaka hai| AcArAMgasUtraardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM aMga granthoM meM AcArAMgasUtra prathama aMga grantha hai| jaina paramparA kI mAnyatA evaM Agama-sAhitya ke gaveSaka vidvAnoM kI khoja ke anusAra yaha prAyaH nizcita hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne sarvaprathama AcArAMga meM saMgrahIta viSaya kA hI upadeza diyA thaa| ataH unakI vANI isameM surakSita hai| jaina AcArazAstra kA yaha AdhArabhUta grantha hai| isameM prakArAntara se samyak darzana, jJAna evaM caritra kI mUlabhUta zikSAe~ saMkalita haiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra kI sAdhanA-paddhati ke jJAna ke lie AcArAMga sabase prAcIna grantha hai| isameM ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke prAcIna rUpa surakSita hai| isakI sUtrazailI brAhmaNa granthoM kI sUtrazailI se milatI-julatI hai| AcArAgasUtra ke vAkya kaI sthAnoM para paraspara sambandhita nahIM haiM tathA kucha pada evaM padya uddhRta aMza jaise bhI pratIta hote hai| isase vidvAnoM ne anumAna lagAyA hai ki AcArAMga ke pahale bhI jaina paramparA kA koI sAhitya rahA hai, jise pUrva-sAhitya ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| AcArAgasatra kathA-sAhitya kI dRSTi se bhI upayogI hai| isameM aise kaI upamAna yA rUpaka dRSTigocara hote haiM, jo prAkRta kathAoM ke lie kathA-bIja haiN| chaThaveM adhyayana ke prathama uddezaka

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4/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana meM eka kacchapa kA udAharaNa diyA gayA hai| 2 usa kachue ko zaivAla (kAI) ke bIca meM rahane vAle eka chidra se cAMdanI kA sauMdarya dikhAyI diyaa| usa manohara dRzya ko dikhAne ke lie jaba vaha kachuA apane sAthiyoM ko bulAkara lAyA to use vaha chidra hI nahIM milA, jisameM se cAMdanI dikha rahI thii| yaha spaka AtmajJAna ke nijI anubhava ke lie prayukta kiyA gayA hai| isa rUpaka ko AcArAMga ke vyAkhyA sAhitya meM samajhAyA gayA hai| 3 bauddha AgamoM meM bhI kacchapa ke rUpaka ke AdhAra para bhagavAn buddha ne bhikSuoM ko manuSya janma kI durlabhatA kA upadeza diyA hai| isa spaka ne paravartI prAkRta kathA-sAhitya ko bhI anuprANita kiyA hai| gItA meM bhI "sthitaprajJa" kA svarUpa kachue ke rUpaka dvArA prakaTa kiyA gayA hai| AcArAMga meM isI prakAra ke anya rUpaka bhI khoje jA sakate haiN| eka sthAna para kahA gayA hai ki jaise balazAlI yoddhA yuddhabhUmi meM sabase Age rahakara zatruoM ke sAtha ghamAsAna yuddha kara vijaya prApta karatA hai, usI prakAra sAdhaka ko mahAn upasarga sahana karate hue bhI Atma-cintana meM aMtima samaya taka sthira bhAva se lIna rahanA caahie| isa grantha ke naveM adhyayana meM mahAvIra kI tapazcaryA kA varNana hai| mahAvIra svAmI kA yaha caritra apane meM kaI kathAtatva sameTe hue hai, jinase mahApuruSoM ke caritra likhane kA AdhAra milA hai| sUtrakRtAMgasUtrakRtAMga meM jaina darzana evaM anya dArzanika matoM kA pratipAdana hai| anya darzanoM ke siddhAntoM kI samIkSA ke uparAnta jaina darzana ke tatvoM Adi kA nirUpaNa karanA isa grantha kA mukhya viSaya hai|| chaThe adhyayana meM bhagavAn mahAvIra kI stuti kA varNana hai| isameM vibhinna upamAnoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| airAvata, siMha, gaMgA, garuDa Adi kI taraha mahAvIra bhI loka meM sarvottama the| isa taraha kI upamAoM ne kathA nAyaka ke svarUpa-nirdhAraNa meM mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA pradAna kI hai| isI sUtra ke dvitIya zrutaskandha ke chaThe evaM sAtaveM adhyayanoM meM AdrakakumAra aura gozAlaka tathA udaka aura gautama svAmI ke bIca meM hue saMvAdoM kA ullekha hai| ina saMvAdoM ne paravartI kathAoM ke kathopakathanoM ke gaThana meM sahayoga kiyA hai| isI sUtra ke dvitIya zrutaskandha meM puNDarIka kA dRSTAnta diyA huA hai| Agamika kathAoM kA yaha anupama udAharaNa hai| eka sarovara jala aura kIcar3a se bharA huA hai| usake bIca meM kaI kamala khile haiN| bIca meM eka zveta kamala hai| cAroM dizAoM se Ane vAle mohita puruSa usa sapheda kamala ko prApta karane ke prayAsa meM kIcar3a meM phaMsa jAte haiN| kintu vItarAgI puruSa sarovara ke kinAre khar3A rahakara hI kamala ko apane pAsa bulA letA hai| isa rUpaka meM sarovara saMsAra ke samAna hai| usameM jala karmarUpa hai tathA kIcar3a viSaya-bhoga kA prtiik| sAdhAraNa kamala janapada ke pratIka haiM aura zveta kamala rAjA kaa| cAroM mohita puruSa cAra matavAdI haiM aura vItarAgI zramaNa saddharma kA pratIka hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke isa rUpaka kA vizleSaNa karate hue DA.e.ena. upAdhye ne kahA hai- "isa rUpaka meM nihita Azaya ke atirikta bhI eka bAta mujhe bilakula spaSTa yaha pratIta hotI hai ki rAjA kI chatrachAyA meM hI dharma pracAra pAte haiM aura isalie rAjAzraya prApta karane meM pUrI-pUrI pratidvandratA hotI thii|20 sUtrakRtAMga ke sandarbha meM isa rUpaka ke adhyayana meM vizeSa prayatna kI AvazyakatA hai kyoMki rAjA aura kamala bhAratIya kathA-sAhitya meM prasiddha pratIka rahe haiN|

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Agama kathA sAhitya/5 sUtrakRtAMga meM zizupAla, dvaipAyana, pArAzara Adi ke prAsaMgika ullekha hai| kintu AdrakakumAra kI kathA vistRta hai| isa kathA kA paravartIkAla meM paryApta vikAsa huA hai| isI taraha peDhAlaputra, udaka aura gautama svAmI kA saMvAda bhI manoraMjaka hai| isa taraha yaha grantha aitihAsika evaM dArzanika kathAtatvoM kI dRSTi se mahattva kA hai|21 sthAnAMgasUtrasthAnAMgasUtra meM tatvoM evaM lokasthiti Adi kA varNana saMkhyA kI pradhAnatA se kiyA gayA hai| ataH isameM kathAtatva kama hai| mahApadma bhAvI tIrthakara kI kathA isa grantha meM upalabdha hai|22 zramaNI poTiTlA kI kathA isameM AyI hai|23 tathA sAta ninhavoM kA varNana bhI isa grantha meM hai| isa sAmagrI se tathA kucha upamAoM aura pratIkoM se kathAbIjoM kI khoja isameM kI jA sakatI hai| samavAyAMgasUtrasamavAyAMgasUtra meM dArzanika tatvoM kA nispaNa saMkhyA ke krama se kiyA gayA hai|24 jaise- loka eka hai, daNDa aura bandha do hai| zalya tIna hai| cAra kaSAya haiN| pA~ca kriyAe~, vrata, samiti Adi haiN| isake sAtha hI tIrthaMkaroM, gaNadhara, cakravartI, vAsudeva, Adi dhArmika mahApuruSoM kI jIvaniyoM kI kucha ghaTanAe~ isa grantha meM varNita haiN| ataH isa grantha meM kathA-tatvoM kI apekSA carita-tatvoM kA samAveza adhika hai| vyAkhyAprajJapti (bhagavatIsUtra)bhagavatIsUtra vizAlakAya grantha hai| isameM saiMkar3oM viSaya haiN| dharma, darzana ke atirikta Adhunika vijJAna se sambandhita sAmagrI bhI isameM paryApta hai| isa grantha meM mahAvIra ke sAtha vArtA karane vAle kaI puruSoM aura striyoM kI kathAe~ haiN| zivarAja RSi, jAmAli, udayanarAjA, jayantI zramaNopAsikA, zaMkha, somila, sudarzana Adi kaI vyaktiyoM ke jIvana kI mahatvapUrNa ghaTanAe~ isa grantha meM varNita haiN| "sUtra 2.1 meM AyI huI kAtyAyana skanda kI kathA sundara hai| isakI ghaTanAoM meM rasamattA hai| aura ye ghaTanAe~ kathAtatva kA sRjana karane meM pUrNa sakSama haiN|"25 sAmAnya vyaktiyoM kI kathAoM ke lie tathA mahAvIra ke sAtha unake samparka kI jAnakArI ke lie bhagavatIsUtra meM acchI sAmagrI hai| gozAlaka ke sambandha meM sarvAdhika prAmANika jAnakArI isa grantha meM hai|26 mahAmantra navakAra kA sarvaprathama ullekha isI grantha meM milatA hai|27 vastutaH yaha grantha jijJAsAoM aura unake samAdhAnoM kA grantha hai| ise tatkAlIna saMskRti kA vizvakoza kahA jA sakatA hai|28 jJAtAdharmakathAAgama granthoM meM kathAtatva ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se jJAtAdharmakathA meM paryApta sAmagrI hai| isameM vibhinna dRSTAnta evaM dharmakathAe~ haiM, jinake mAdhyama se jaina tatva-darzana ko sahaja rUpa meM jana-mAnasa taka pahu~cAyA gayA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA Agamika kathAoM kA pratinidhi grantha hai|29 isameM kathAoM kI vividhatA aura praur3hatA hai| meghakumAra (pra.a.) thAvaccAputra (5), mallI (8) tathA dropadI (16) kI kathAeM aitihAsika vAtAvaraNa prastuta karatI haiN| pratibuddha rAjA, ahanaka vyApArI, rAjA rukamI, svarNakAra kI kathA, citrakAra kathA, caukkhA parivrajikA Adi kathAeM mallI kI kathA kI avAntara kathAeM haiN| mUla kathA ke sAtha avAntara kathA kI paramparA kI jAnakArI ke lie jJAtAdharmakathA AdhArabhUta srota hai| ye kathAeM kalpanApradhAna evaM soddezya haiN| isI taraha jinapAla evaM jinarakSita kI kathA (9), tetalIputra (14), suSamA kI kathA (18),

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6/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana puNDarIka evaM puNDarIka kathA (5), kalpanA-pradhAna kathAe~ hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM dRSTAnta aura rUpaka kathAe~ bhI hai| mayUro ke aNDoM ke dRSTAnta se zraddhA aura saMzaya ke phala ko prakaTa kiyA gayA hai ( 3 ) / do kachuoM ke udAharaNa se saMyamI aura asaMyamI sAdhaka ke pariNAmoM ko upasthita kiyA gayA hai ( 4 ) ! tumje ke dRSTAnta se karmavAda ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ( 6 ) / candramA ke udAharaNa se AtmA kI jyoti kI sthiti spaSTa kI gayI hai (103) dAvadrava nAmaka vRkSa ke udAharaNa dvArA ArAdhaka aura virAdhaka ke svarUpa ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ( 11 ) / ye dRSTAnta kathAe~ paravartI kathA sAhitya ke lie preraNA pradAna karatI haiN| inakI maulikatA asaMdigdha hai| isa grantha meM kucha rUpaka kathAe~ bhI haiN|30 dUsare adhyayana kI kathA dhannA sArthavAha evaM vijaya cora kI kathA hai| yaha AtmA aura zarIra ke sambandha meM rUpaka hai ( 2 ) / sAtaveM adhyayana kI rohiNI kathA pA~ca vratoM kI rakSA aura vRddhi ko rUpaka dvArA prastuta karatI hai| udakajAta nAmaka kathA saMkSipta hai kintu isameM jala zuddhi kI prakriyA dvArA eka hI padArtha ke zubha eva azubha donoM rUpoM ko prakaTa kiyA gayA hai| anekAnta ke siddhAnta ko samajhAne ke lie yaha bahuta upayogI kathA hai (12) nandIphala kI kathA yadyapi artha kathA hai kintu isameM rUpaka kI pradhAnatA hai| dharmaguru ke upadezoM ke prati AsthA rakhane kA svara isa kathA se tIvra huA hai ( 15 ) / samudrI azvoM ke spaka dvArA lubhAvane viSayoM ke svarUpa ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai (17) / jJAtAdharmakathA pazu kathAoM ke lie bhI udgama grantha mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa eka hI grantha meM hAthI, azva, kharagoza, kachue, mayUra, meMr3haka, siyAra Adi ko kathAoM ke pAtra ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai| meruprabha hAthI ne ahiMsA kA jo udAharaNa prastuta kiyA hai, vaha bhAratIya kathAsAhitya meM anyatra durlabha hai| jJAtAdharmakathA ke dvitIya zrutaskaMdha meM yadyapi 206 sAdhviyoM kI kathAe~ haiN| kintu unake DhA~ce, nAma, upadeza Adi eka se haiN| kevala kAlI kI kathA pUrNa kathA hai| nArI-kathA kI dRSTi se yaha kathA mahatvapUrNa hai| upAsakadazAMgaupAsakadazAMga meM mahAvIra ke pramukha zrAvakoM kA jIvana-caritra varNita hai|31 ina kathAoM meM yadyapi varNakoM kA prayoga hai phira bhI pratyeka kathA kA svatantra mahatva bhI hai| vratoM ke pAlana meM athavA dharma kI ArAdhanA meM upasthita hone vAle vighnoM, samasyAoM kA sAmanA sAdhaka kaise kare isako pratipAdita karanA hI ina kathAoM kA mukhya pratipAdya hai| kathA-tatvoM kA bAhulya na hote hue bhI ina kathAoM ke varNana pAThaka ko AkarSita karate haiN| samAja evaM saMskRti viSayaka sAmagrI uvAsagadasAoM kI kathAoM meM paryApta haiN|32 ye kathAe~ Aja bhI zrAvaka-dharma ke upAsakoM ke lie Ardaza banI haiN| kintu una zrAvakoM kI sAdhanA-paddhati ke prati pAThakoM kA AkarSaNa kama hai, unakI varNita samRddhi ke prati unakA adhika lagAva hai| antakRdazAsUtrajanma-maraNa kI paramparA kA apanI sAdhanA se anta kara dene vAle daza vyaktiyoM kI kathAoM kA isameM varNana hone se isa grantha ko antakRdazAMga kahA hai|33 isa grantha meM varNita kucha kathAoM kA sambandha ariSTanemi aura kRSNa-vAsudeva ke yuga se hai| gajasukumAla kI kathA laukika kathA ke anurUpa vikasita huI hai| dvArikA nagarI ke vinAza kA varNana kathA-yAtrA meM kautUhala tatva kA preraka hai| grantha ke antima tIna vargoM kI kathAoM kA sambandha mahAvIra tathA rAjA zreNika ke sAtha

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Agama kathA sAhitya/7 hai| inameM arjuna mAlAkAra kI kathA tathA surdazana seTha kI avAntara-kathA ne pAThakoM kA dhyAna adhika ArkaSita kiyA hai| atimuktakumAra kI kathA bAlakathA kI utsukatA ko lie hue hai| ina kathAoM ke sAtha rAjakIya parivAroM ke vyaktiyoM kA sambandha jur3A huA hai| sAdhanoM ke anubhavoM kA sAdhAraNIkaraNa karane meM ye kathAe~ kucha saphala huI haiN| anuttaropapAtikadazAisa grantha meM una logoM kI kathAe~ hai, jinhoMne tapaHsAdhana ke dvArA anuttara vimAnoM (devalokoM) kI prApti kI hai| kula 33 kathAe~ haiM, jinameM se 23 kathAeM rAjakumAroM kI hai aura 10 kathAeM sAmAnya pAtroM kii| inameM dhanyakumAra sArthavAha-putra kI kathA adhika hRdayagrAhI hai| vipAkasUtravipAka sUtra meM karma-pariNAmoM kI kathAe~ hai|35 pahale skandha meM bure karmoM ke dukhadAyI pariNAmoM ko prakaTa karane vAlI daza kathAe~ haiN| mRgAputra kI kathA meM kaI avAntara kathAeM guphita hai| uddezya kI pradhAnatA hone se kathA-tatva adhika vikasita nahIM huA hai| kintu varNanoM kA ArkaSaNa banA huA hai| ati-prAkRta tatvoM kA samAveza ina kathAoM ko loka se jor3atA hai| vyApArI, kasAI, purohita, kotavAla, vaidya, dhIvara, rasoiyA, vezyA Adi pAtroM se sambandha hone se ina prAkRta kathAoM meM lokatatvoM kA samAveza adhika huA hai| dUsare skandha kI kathAe~ acche karmoM ke pariNAma ko batAne vAlI haiN| subAhu kI kathA vistRta hai| anya kathAoM meM prAyaH varNaka hai| isa grantha kI kathAeM kathopakathana kI dRSTi se adhika samRddha haiN| unakI isa zailI ne paravartI kathA sAhitya ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA hai| hiMsA, corI, maithuna ke duSpariNAmoM ko ye kathAeM vyakta karatI haiN| kintu inameM asatya evaM parigraha ke pariNAmoM ko prakaTa karane vAlI kathAeM nahIM haiN| sambhavataH isa grantha kI kucha kathAeM lupta bhI huI hoN| kyoMki nandI aura samavAyAMgasUtra meM vipAkasUtra kI jo kathAvastu varNita hai usameM asatya evaM parigraha ke duSpariNAmoM kI kathAeM hone ke ullekha hai|36 upAMga Agama sAhitya : aupapAtikasUtra meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vizeSa upadeza vidhi kA nirUpaNa hai| gautama indrabhUti ke praznoM aura mahAvIra ke uttaroM meM jo savAMdatatva vikasita huA hai, vaha kaI kathAoM ke lie AdhAra pradAna karatA hai| nagara-varNana, zarIra-varNana, Adi meM AlaMkArika bhASA va zailI kA prayoga isa grantha meM hai| rAjapraznIyasUtra meM rAjA pradezI aura kezI zramaNa ke bIca huA saMvAda vizeSa mahatva kA hai| isameM kaI kathAsUtra vidyamAna hai| isa prasaMga meM dhAtu ke vyApAriyoM kI kathA manoraMjaka hai| use loka se uThAkara prastuta kiyA gayA hai| jambUdvIprajJapti meM yadyapi bhUgola sambandhI vivaraNa hai kintu isameM nAbhi kulaMkara, RSabhadeva tIrthakara evaM bharata cakravartI kI kathAoM kA vivaraNa bhI hai| paurANika kathA-tatvoM ke lie isa grantha kI sAmagrI upayogI hai| nirayAvaliyA evaM kappiyA Adi sUtroM meM rAjA zreNika, rAnI celanA, rAjakumAra kuNika kI kathA vistAra se hai| isameM somila brAhmaNa evaM sArthavAha-patnI subhadrA kI do svatantra kathAe~ bhI haiN| adhika saMtAna kI cAha aura usase prApta hone vAle duHkha ko isa kathA ne rekhAMkita kiyA hai| puSpikA upAMga meM apane siddhAnta ke mahatva ko pratipAdita

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8 / prAkRta kathA - sAhitya parizIlana karane kI kathAeM haiN| inameM kautUhala tatva kI pradhAnatA hai / puSpacUlA meM daza deviyoM kA varNana hai| unameM pUrvabhava bhI varNita hai| vRSNidazA meM kRSNa kathA kA vistAra hai| isameM niSadha kumAra kI kathA AkarSaka hai ! mUlasUtra : mUlasUtroM meM kathA - sAhitya kI dRSTi se uttarAdhyayanasUtra vizeSa mahatva kA hai| isameM zikSAprada evaM bhAvanAprada kathAoM kA samAveza hai| rAjarSi saMjaya (18), mRgAputra ( 19 ) rathanemi ( 21 ) Adi isameM vairAgyapradhAna kathAe~ haiM / nami- karakaNDa, dvimukha Adi (18) pratyekabuddhoM kI kathAeM haiN| kucha dRSTAnta kathAe~ isameM dI gaI haiN| kutiyA, sUara, mRga, bakarA, viDAla Adi ke dRSTAnta pazu-kathAoM kI dRSTi se bhI mahatvapUrNa haiN| cora, gAr3IvAna, gvAlA Adi ke dRSTAnta loka-kathAoM kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / isI taraha ke anya kaI dRSTAnta kathA - bIja ke rUpa meM prastuta hue haiN| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM yadyapi prAkRta gAthAoM meM kathA - saMketa hI adhika haiM, kintu unakA vikAsa isa grantha ke vyAkhyA sAhitya meM acchI taraha huA hai| ataH kathAoM ke vikAsa ko samajhane kI dRSTi se uttarAdhyayana sUtra kA vizeSa mahatva hai| isa grantha kI kathAoM kI samAnatA bauddha sAhitya aura brAhmaNa sAhitya ke prAcIra AkhyAnoM se bhI hotI hai / ataH kathAoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI bhI isa grantha kI sAmagrI Age bar3hAtI hai| Agama sAhitya ke prAyaH ina sabhI granthoM se kathAtmaka sAmagrI kA cayana kara use eka sthAna para dhammakahANuogo meM muni zrI kamalajI ne ekatra kara diyA hai| isa cayana meM yaha bhI dRSTi dekha ko milatI hai ki kisI eka kathA kI sAmagrI yadi bhinna-bhinna Agama granthoM meM prApta hai to punarAvRtti se bacate hue use eka sAtha hI saMkalita kara diyA gayA hai| yaha bhI dhyAna rakhA gayA hai| ki isase kathA krama bhI na ttuutte| isa taraha " dhammakahANuoga" Agama sAhitya kA vyavasthita kathA- koza kahA jA sakatA hai| isa grantha meM kathAoM kA pAtroM kI pradhAnatA kI dRSTi se isa prakAra vibhAjana kiyA gayA hai (ka) uttama puruSoM ke kathAnaka (mUla pR. 1-144 ) ( hindI saMskaraNa - pR. 1-257) prathama skandha- 1. kulakara, 2. RSabhacarita, 3. mallI-carita, 4. ariSTanemi, 5. pArzvacarita, 6. mahAvIracarita, 7. mahApadma carita, 8. tIrthaMkaroM kI dIkSA, 9. bharata cakravartI-carita, 10. cakravartI - dIkSA, 11. baladeva - vaasudev| (kha) zramaNa kathAnaka (mUla pR. 1-176 ) ( hindI saMskaraNa dvitIya skandha pR. 1-379 ) - 1. mahAbala, 2. kArtika zreSThi Adi ke kathAnaka, 3. gaMgadatta 4. citta sambhUti, 5. niSadha, 6. gautama evaM anya zramaNa, 7. anIyaza kumAra Adi, 8 gajasukumAla, 9. sukukha Adi 10. jAli Adi zramaNa, 11. thAvaccAputra Adi 12. rathanemi 13. agaMtI, pUrNabhadra Adi 14. jitazatru evaM subuddhi kathAnaka 15. namirAjarSi, 16. RSabhadatta evaM devAnandA kA carita, 17. mauriyaputra tapasvI, 18. Adraka evaM anya tIrthaMkara, 19. atimuktakumAra, 20. alakSarAjA, 21. meghakumAra, 22. makAtizramaNa, 23. arjuna mAlAkAra 24. kazyapa zramaNa, 25. zreNikaputra jAlaka Adi 26. dhannA sArthavAha, 27. sunakSatra, 28. subAhukumAra, 29. bhadranandi Adi bhramaNa, 30 padma zramaNa, 31. harikezabala, 32. jayaghoSa - vijayaghoSa, 33. anAthI mahA-nigrantha, 34. samudrapAlIya, 35. saMjaya

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Agama kathA sAhitya/9 rAjA 37.iSukAra rAjA, 38.skandaka, 39. modgala, 40.zivarAjarSei, 41.udAyana rAjA, 42. jinapapAla-jinarakSita, 43. kAlAsevesiyaputra 44. udaka peDhAla putra, 45. nadIphalajJAta, 46.dhanya sArthavAha, 47.kAlodAI, 48. puNDarIka-kaNDarIka evaM 49. sthviraavlii| (ga) zramaNI kathAnaka (mUla pR.177-240 ) hindI saMskaraNa, bhAga 2, tRtIya skandha, pR.| se 124 1.dropadI kathAnaka, 2. padmAvatI Adi, 3. poTiTalA kathAnaka, 4.kAlI zramaNI Adi, 5.rAjI zramaNI 6.bhUtA zramaNI, 7.subhadrA kathAnaka, 8. nandA Adi zramaNI evaM 9.jayantI kthaank| (gha) zramaNopAsaka kathAnaka (mUla pR. 241-378) hindI saMskaraNa, bhAga 2, caturtha skandha1.somila brAhmaNa, 2. pradezI kathAnaka, 3.tugiyA nagarI ke zramaNopAsaka, 4.nanda maNikAra, 5.Ananda gAthApati, 6.kAmadeva, 7.cUlanIpitA, 8.surAdeva, 9. cullazataka, 10.kuNDakoliya, 11. saddAlaputra 12. mahAzataka, 13.nandinIpitA, 14. salihIpitA, 15.RSabhadrAputra, 16.zaMkha zramaNopAsaka, 17. varuNa-nAga, 18.somila brAhmaNa 19. zramaNopAsakoM kI devaloka meM sthiti, 20. kUNika, 21. ambar3a parivrAjaka, 22. udAI, bhUtAnanda evaM hasti rAjA tathA 23. maduya shrmnnopaask| (i. ) ninhava-kathAnaka (mUla pR.379-418) hindI saMskaraNa, bhAga 2, SaSTha skandha1.zreNika-celanA 2.rathamUsala-saMgrAma, 3. kAla Adi kI maraNakathA, 4. mahAzilAkaMTaka-saMgrAma, 5.vijaya-cora, 6. mayUrI aMDaka, 7.kUrmakathA, 8.rohiNikathA, 9.azvakathA, 10. mRgAputra, 11.ujjhitaka kathA, 12. abhagnasena, 13. zakaTakathA, 14.vRhaspatidatta kathA, 15.naMdIvardhana kumAra, 16. ambaradatta kathA, 17.soriyadatta, 18. devadattA kathAnaka, 19. aMjU kathAnaka, 20. bAla tapasvI pUraNa evaM 21. mahAzukla deva kI kthaa| isa prakAra dhammAkahANuogo ke mUla saMskaraNa ke lagabhaga 650 pRSThoM meM AgamoM ke mUla granthoM meM prApta dharmakathAoM ke mUla prAkRta pATha kA saMkalana hai| kathAoM kA kauna-sA aMza kisa Agama se liyA gayA hai, usake sandarbha meM bhI diye gaye haiN| kathAoM ko vibhinna zIrSakoM ke antargata rakhA gayA hai, tAki mUla pATha se hI kathA ke kathAnaka ko samajhA jA ske| isa sAmagrI kA saMkalana, saMzodhana evaM use vyavasthita rUpa meM prastuta karane meM munizrI kA athaka parizrama evaM Agama-adhyayana meM agAdha jJAna spaSTa rUpa se jhalakatA hai| sandarbha 1. suyasuttagaMdha siddhaMtapavayaNe ANavayaNa uvese| paNNavaNa Agame yA egaTThA pajjavAsutte / / - ayogadvAra, 4 2. bhagavaM ca Na addhamAgahIe bhAsAe dhmmmaaikkhi| -samavAmAMga, pR.60 3. dozI, paM. begharadAsaH jaina sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR.511 4. jaina, DA. hIrAlAlaH bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna,pustaka draSTavya / 5. zAstrI, devendra muniH jaina Agama sAhityaH manana aura mImAMsA, pR.35 / 6. jaina, DA. jagadIzacandraH jaina AgamoM meM bhAratIya samAja, pustaka drssttvy| 7. Avazyakaniyukti, 363-377 !

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10/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana 8. ratnakakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, adhikAra 1, zloka 43-46 / 9. muni zrI kanhaiyAlAla 'kamala': "gaNitAnuyoga', Agama anuyoga prakAzana, saaNdderaav| 10. AvArAMgasUtraH saM. zrIcanda surAnA "sarasa", Agama prakAzana samiti byAvara, 19801 11. harmana jaikobI: da sekreDa buksa oNpha da IsTa, bhA. 22. bhUmikA, pR.48| 12. AcArAMgasUtra, saM. jambUvijaya jI. bambaI, a. 6,u.11 13. AcArAMga cUrNi evaM ttiikaa| 14. majjhimanikAya, bhAga 3. bAlapaNDitasutta, pR. 239-401 15. yadA saMharate cAyaM kUmoaMDgAnIva sarvazaH / ___ indriyANIndriyArthebhyastasya prajJA prtisstthitaa|| -zrImadbhagavadgItA. 2.58 16. kAyassa viyAvAe esa sNgaamsiiseviyaahie| se hu pAraMgame munnii| -AcArAga, 6.5 17. sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, saM.amaramuni mAnasAmaNDI, 1979, bhUmikA / 18. sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, a. 6, gAthA 15-241 19. sUtrakRtAMga, dvitIya zrutaskandha, prathama adhyayana, sUtra 638 se 6441 20. upAdhye, DA.e.ena.,bahatakathAkoza, bhuumikaa| 21. sUtrakRtAMga, saM. zrIcanda surAnA 'sarasa', byAvara, 1982 22. sthAnAMgasUtra, sthAna 8, 625 sUtra 23. vahI, sthAna 8, 626 sUtra 24. samavAyAga-- gujarAtI rUpAntara,paM. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, ahamadAbAda / 25. zAstrI, DA. nemivandra, haribhadra ke prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA parizIlana, vaizAlI, pR.7| 26. zAstrI, devendrabhuni, jaina Agama sAhitya: manana aura mImAMsA. pR. 125 / 27. bhagavatIsUtra, maMgalapada ! 28. sikadara, je.sI., e kriTikala sTaDI Apha bhagavatIsUtra, vaizAlI,draSTavya / 29. jJAtAdharmakathA, saM.paM. zobhAcandra bhArilla, byAvara, 1982 1 30. jJAtAdharmakathA (gujarAtI anuvAda, gopAladAsa) bhuumikaa| 31. uvAsagadasAo- saM. DA. chaganalAla zAstrI, byAvara, 1981 32. upAsakadazAsUtram- (aMgrejI anuvAda) DA. e.epha. hAnale, kalakattA 33. ankRddazA- saM. DA. sAdhvI divyaprabhA, byAvara, 1981 34. anuttaropapAtikadazA- saM. DA. sAdhvI muktiprabhA, byAvara, 1981 35. vipAkasUtra, saM. DA.pI.ela. vaidya, pUnA 36. zAstrI, devendramuni, jai. A.sA., pRSTha 192

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dvitIya kathAnaka taraha-taraha ke ardhamAgadhI ke Agama sAhitya meM jo kathA - bIja, rUpaka athavA sUkSma kathAeM prApta hai, unakA vizleSaNa evaM vistAra Agama ke vyAkhyA sAhitya meM huA hai| jisa prakAra rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata paravartI saMskRta sAhitya ke lie AdhArabhUta grantha raheM haiM usI prakAra saMskRta, prAkRta Adi bhASAoM meM likhe gaye jaina sAhitya ne Agama sAhitya se preraNA prApta kI hai / Agama sAhitya meM upalabdha kathAoM ke mUla rUpa ko yadyapi zraddheya 'kamala' munI jI ne dhammakahANuogo meM vyavasthata kiyA hai| kintu phira bhI isameM abhI kaI rUpaka, dRSTAnta, laukika kathAoM Adi kA saMkalana karanA raha gayA hai| vaha saba eka sAtha sambhava bhI nahIM hai| kintu Age aisA eka saMkalana honA caahie| AgamoM meM jo kathAe~ upalabdha haiM, unako pUrI taraha se yahA~ denA tathA unake utsa aura vikAsa para vistAra se yahA~ vizleSaNa karanA sambhava nahIM hai| yaha eka svatantra adhyayana kA viSaya hai| DA. jagadIzacandra jaina ne prAkRta kathAoM ke udbhava evaM vikAsa para mahatvapUrNa prakAza DAlA hai| usa adhyayana meM unhoMne Agama kI kathAoM para bhI kucha vicAra prakaTa kiye haiN| DA. e.ena. upAdhye ne bhI apanI prastAvanAoM meM isa sambandha meM kucha sAmagrI dI hai / 2 Agama granthoM ke bhAratIya evaM kucha videzI sampAdakoM ne bhI apanI bhUmikAoM meM kathAoM kI kucha tulanA kI hai| kintu jaina AgamoM meM prApta sabhI kathAoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana abhI taka nahIM ho pAyA hai| zodha kArya ke lie yaha upayogI aura samRddha kSetra hai / prAkRta AgamI kI kucha kathAoM kI saMkSipta kathAvastu dete hue unake sambandha meM kucha tulanAtmaka TippaNI prastuta karane se Age ke adhyayana ke lie kucha mArga nikala sakatA hai| kulakara- paramparA : bhAratIya itihAsa kI paurANika paramparA meM kulakara- saMsthA kA varNana hai| mAnava sabhyatA ke prArambhika caraNa meM jIvanavRtti kA nirdeza evaM manuSyoM ko kula kI taraha ikaTThe rahane kA upadeza dene vAloM ko kulakara kahA gayA hai| 3 Agama granthoM meM aise 15 kulakaroM kA ullekha hai- ime paNNarasa kulagarA samuppajjitthA - ( jaMbu. va. 2, su. 28) / kucha granthoM meM inakI saMkhyA 14 hai| 4 marudeva, nAbhi, RSabhadeva inhIM kulakaroM meM se the| ina kulakaroM ne samAja aura rAjanIti donoM kSetroM ko vyavasthata kiyA thaa| inakI hAkAra, mAkAra aura dhikkAra kI nIti moM samAja ke sabhI niyama samAhita the|5 Aja ke saMvidhAna kI kunjI kulakaroM kI isa nIti meM hai| jaina paramparA ke kulakaroM aura vaidika paramparA ke manuoM ke kArya prAyaH samAna haiN| " samavAyAMga evaM sthAnAMga - sUtra meM kevala kulakaroM ke nAmoM kA ullekha hai| kintu jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM kulakaroM kI nItiyoM kA bhI saMketa hai|' kulakaroM kI isI paramparA meM RSabhadeva hue haiN|

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12/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana RSabhacarita: RSabhadeva jaina paramparA meM prathama tIrthaMkara hue haiN| inake jIvana ke sambandha meM vizAla sAhitya likhA gayA hai| kintu AgamoM meM RSabhadeva kA jIvana bahuta saMkSipta aura sarala hai| inameM unake pUrva-janmoM kA ullekha nahIM hai| sthAnAMgasUtra Adi meM vibhinna prasaMgoM meM RSabha kA ullekha mAtra hai| kintu jambUdIpaprajJapti-sUtra meM unakA vistRta vivaraNa hai| unake caritabindu isa prakAra hai:1.janmamahimA, 2.devoM dvArA abhiSeka, 3. rAjyakAla. 4. kalAoM kA upadeza, 5. pravrajyA-grahaNa, 6. tapazcaryA, 7.sAdhu-svarUpa, 8.saMyamI jIvana kI upamAeM 9.kevalajJAna, 10.tIrtha-pravartana, 11.AdhyAtmika parivAra (gaNa, gaNadhara Adi) 12.nirvANa kI mhimaa| RSabhadeva kA kathAnaka jaina, bauddha evaM vaidika- tInoM paramparAoM meM paryApta pracalita rahA hai| vaidika paramparA ke ziva evaM jaina paramparA ke RSabha kA vyaktitva prAyaH eka-sA hai| donoM hI Adideva ke rUpa meM sarvamAnya haiN| inake jIvana kI ghaTanAoM meM kaI samAnatAe~ haiN| bahuta sambhava hai ki ziva aura RSabha kA svarUpa kisI Adima lokadevatA ke svarUpa se vikasita huA ho| paramparA-bheda se phira unameM bhinnatA AtI gyii| RSabha ke saMyamI jIvana kI jo upamAeM dI gayI haiM ve bar3I saTIka haiM aura kAvya-jagat meM bahu-pracalita bhii| yathAH 1. kamala ke patte kI taraha nirlipta 2. pRthvI kI taraha sahanazIla 3. zaradakAla ke jala kI taraha zuddha hRdaya 4. AkAza kI taraha nirAvalamba 5. pakSI kI taraha saba tarapha se mukta, ityaadi| ina upamAoM ko dhyAna se dekhane se pratIta hotA hai ki inakA ghaniSTha sambandha prakRti ke mukta vAtAvaraNa se hai| jana-jIvana se hai| RSabha prakRti kI hI dena the aura jana-jIvana ke lie unakA vyaktitva samarpita thaa| mallI -carita : zvetAmbara-paramparA ke anusAra strI bhI tIrthaMkara ho sakatI hai- isa mAnyatA kA mUla AdhAra jJAtAdharmakathA meM varNita mallI-carita hai| kathAtmaka dRSTi se isa kathA ke pramukha tatva isa prakAra hai 1. mahAbala evaM usake acala Adi chaha mitroM kI ghaniSTatA tathA unake dvArA sukha-duHkha evaM dharmasAdhanA meM bhI sAtha rahane kA nishcy| 2. sAtoM meM mahAbala kI adhika tapasyA honA aura usake phalasvarUpa use tIrthaMkara nAmakarma kA bndh| ____ 3. mithilA nagarI meM mahAbala kA rAjakumArI mallI ke rUpa meM jnm| usake chaha sAthiyoM kI bhI vibhinna pradezoM meM rAjakumAroM ke rUpa meM utptti| 4. vibhinna nimitta pAkara una chaha rAjakumAroM kI mallI rAjakumArI ke saundarya para Asakti aura vivAha ke lie eka sAtha mithilA para sainya sahita Agamana /

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kathAnaka taraha-taraha ke/13 5. mallI ke pitA rAjA kumbha ina chahoM rAjakumAroM ke AkramaNa se dukhii| unakI isa cintA ko putrI mallI dvArA nivAraNa karane kI pratijJA aura pitA ko dilaasaa| 6. mallI dvArA pahale se taiyAra kI gayI apanI svarNa-pratimA se sar3e bhojana kI durgandha ke dvArA una chahoM rAjakumAroM ko pratibodhana denaa| 7. pratibodhana se jAti-smaraNa jJAna evaM vairAgya prApti ke dvArA mallI ke sAtha hI chahoM rAjakumAroM kI bhI diikssaa| 8. mallI dvArA caitra zuklA caturthI ko nirvANa kI praapti| bhAratIya kathA-sAhitya ke sandarbha meM dekhA jAya to isa mallI kathA meM mUla abhiprAya hai'strI ke rUpa para Asakta puruSoM ko kisI prabhAvazAlI upAya ke dvArA pratibodhana denaa| yaha abhiprAya prAcIna samaya ke kathA-sAhitya meM prayukta hotA rahA hai|12 bauddha sAhitya meM bhikSuNI zubhA kI kathA bhI isI prakAra kI hai| usa para eka vyakti Asakta ho gyaa| vaha zubhA ke netroM kI bahuta prazaMsA karatA thaa| eka dina usase parezAna hokara zubhA ne apane nAkhUnoM se apane netra nikAlakara usa kAmuka vyakti ke hAtha para rakha diye aura kahA ki jina A~khoM para tuma mohita the, unheM le jaao| isI taraha kI anya kathAe~ bhI prApta hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM rAjImatI ne rathanemi ko vamana ke udAharaNa dvArA pratibodhita kiyaa|14 akhyAnamaNikoza kI rohiNI nAmaka kathA meM rohiNI zIlavatI ne apane Upara Asakta rAjA ko vibhinna dRSTAnta sunAkara pratibodhita kiyaa|15 rayaNacUDarAyacariyaM meM bhI isa prakAra kI kathAeM haiN|16 kathAsaritasAgara meM bhI isa abhiprAya ko vyakta karane vAlI kathAeM prApta hai| kintu ina kathAoM ke avalokana se spaSTa hai ki mallI kI kathA adhika vyApaka aura prabhAvazAlI hai| isameM pratIkoM kI yojanA adhika saMvedanazIla hai| svarNapratimA kA rUpa nArI-saundarya evaM usakI abhijAtya sthiti kA pratIka hai| pratimA ke Upara cheda para DhakA huA kamala bAharI saundarya ke ArkaSaNa ko vyakta karatA hai tathA pratimA ke bhItara bhojana kI sar3AMdha nArI-zarIra ke bhItarI azucitA ko vyakta karane ke sAtha-sAtha kamala ke nIce rahane vAle kIcar3a ko bhI udghATita kara detI hai| isa durgandha se rAjAoM ke dvArA mu~ha Dhakakara, mu~ha pherakara khar3e ho jAne kI ghaTanA18 saMyamita hokara Asakti se vimukha ho jAne kI vRtti ko prakaTa kara detI hai| tIrthakaracarita: Agama granthoM meM caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM ke sambandha meM unakI jIvanI sambandhI koI vizeSa sAmagrI nahIM hai| paravartI granthoM meM tIrthaMkaroM ke caritoM kA vikAsa huA hai| 'ariTThanemi aura pArzvanAtha kA saMkSipta carita kalpasUtra meM hai| ariSTanemi ke isa carita meM rAjImatI ke vivAha kA prasaMga evaM pazuhiMsA ke prati karuNA vAlA prasaMga kalpasUtra meM nahIM hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM isakI saMkSipta jAnakArI hai|20 kintu vyAkhyA sAhitya meM isakA vistAra hai|21 yahI sthiti pArzvanAtha ke carita ke sAtha hai| inake sambandha meM paryApta likhA jA cukA hai|22 bhagavAna mahAvIra kA carita kucha vistAra se Agama granthoM meM prApta hai| AcArAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha aura kalpasUtra meM mahAvIra ke jIvana kA adhikAMza bhAga varNita hai| kucha ghaTanAeM bhagavatIsUtra aura aupapAtikasUtra se jJAta hotI haiN|23 sthAnAMgasUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki mahAvIra

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14/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana ke nirvANa ke avasara para devatAoM dvArA prakAza kiyA gayA thA,24 jo vartamAna meM dIpAvalI utsava kA AdhAra hai| mahAvIra kI jIvanI para vistRta prakAza par3a cukA hai| bharata cakravartI :Agama granthoM meM bharata cakravartI kI kathA jambuddIvapaNNati meM kucha vistAra se hai| sthAnAMga evaM samavAyAMgasUtra meM isa kathA ke chuTapuTa sandarbha hI Aye haiN|26 bharata cakravartI ke sambandha meM yadyapi samavAyAMga evaM paravartI jaina sAhitya meM yaha ullekha hai ki ve RSabhadeva ke putra the tathA bAhubalI unakA bhAI thA jinase unakA yuddha bhI huA thaa|27 kintu jambUdIpaprajJapti ke isa aMza meM yaha kahIM ullekha nahIM hai ki bharata, RSabhadeva ke putra the tathA unheM RSabhadeva ne apanA rAjya sauMpA thaa| isI taraha bAhubalI ke sAtha bhI bharata kA jo ahiMsaka yuddha huA thA usakA varNana bhI Agama ke isa kathAMza meM nahIM hai| 3-4thI zatAbdI meM vimalasUrikRta 'paumacariyaM nAmaka prAkRta grantha meM bhI bharata aura bAhubalI ko do pratipakSI rAjAoM ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA hai, do bhAiyoM ke rUpa meM nhiiN|28 ataH yahA~ yaha ciMtana karane kI guMjAiza hai ki RSabha, bharata aura bAhubalI ina tIna prabhAvazAlI vyaktiyoM kA ApasI sambandha sambhavataH cauthI zatAbdI ke bAda sAhitya-jagat meM sthApita kiyA gayA hai|29 vaidika sAhitya meM RSabha evaM bharata ke pArivArika sambandha kI sUcanAe~ bhI paurANika yuga ke sAhitya meM hI milatI haiN| prAcIna bauddha sAhitya meM isa prakAra ke ullekha hI nahIM haiN| ataH yaha gaveSaNA kA viSaya hai ki RSabha, bharata aura bAhubalI kA pArivArika sambandha kaba se aura kina kAraNoM se bhAratIya sAhitya meM praviSTa huA hai|30 'dhammakahANuogoM meM bharata cakravartI kA varNana cakraratna kI utpatti se prArambha hotA hai| Age usakI digvijaya kA vistAra se isameM varNana hai| mAgadhatIrtha, dakSiNa dizA, prabhAsatIrtha (pazcima) taka sindhu nadI ke taTavartI pradezoM taka bharata ne vijaya yAtrA kii| vaitAdya parvata para bharata kI kirAtarAja ke sAtha jo muThabher3a huI usakA isameM vistAra se varNana hai| kirAta aura nAgakumAra ke ApasI sahayoga kA bhI isameM varNana hai| vApisa ayodhyA lauTate samaya nami-vinami ke sAtha ghamAsAna yuddha kA varNana sAhityika prAkRta meM kiyA gayA hai| ayodhyA lauTane para bharata kA mahArAjyAbhiSeka kiyA gayA31 aura vijaya-mahotsava manAyA gyaa|32 isake bAda bharata ke zAsana karane kA varNana hai| taduparAnta dIkSA prApta kara nirvANa prApta karane kaa|33 yahA~ bhI bharata ne RSabha se dIkSA prApta kI athavA unase kahIM jAkara vaha milA, aisA koI ullekha nahIM hai| jabaki paravartI sAhitya meM bharata kI kathA bahuta vikasita ho cukI hai|34 isa deza kA nAma isI bharata cakravartI ke nAma para bhAratavarSa pracalita huA hai, isa sambandha meM prAyaH vidvAna sahamata haiN|35 kyoMki prAcIna samaya se hI isa prakAra ke ullekha prApta hai| bharata cakravartI kI digvijaya yAtrA kA aitihAsika aura rAjanaitika dRSTi se bhI mahatva hai| kAlidAsa dvArA varNita rAjA raghu kI digvijaya yAtrA ke sAtha isa prasaMga kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kaI sAMskRtika tathya ujAgara kara sakatA hai| amaNa kathAnaka:Agama granthoM kI sAmagrI ke AdhAra para dhammakahANuogo meM lagabhaga 48 zramaNoM ke kathAnaka

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kathAnaka taraha-taraha ke/15 saMgrahIta haiN| yadyapi hajAroM kI saMkhyA meM vyaktiyoM ne dIkSAe~ lekara zramaNa-jIvana agIkAra kiyA thaa| kintu Agama granthoM meM kucha pramukha zramaNoM kI kathAe~ hI udAharaNa ke rUpa meM prastuta kI gayI haiN| inameM ariSTanemi aura mahAvIra tIrthaMkara ke tIrtha meM dIkSA prApta zramaNoM kI kathAe~ adhika mAtrA meM aMkita huI hai| ye kathAeM vibhinna AgamoM meM prApta haiM, jinheM mani 'kamala jI ne tIrthaMkara krama se vyavasthita kiyA hai| ina sabhI zramaNoM kI kathAoM kA gaharAI se mulyAMkana kara pAnA yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai| kucha kathAnakoM para dRSTipAta kiyA jA sakatA hai| vimalanAtha tIrthaMkara ke tIrtha meM balarAjA aura prabhAvatI rAnI ke mahAbala nAmaka putra kA janma hotA hai| svapnadarzana, garbharakSA, janmotsava, mahAbala kI zikSA Adi kA varNana varNakoM ke anusAra hai| dharmaghoSa sAdhu se dIkSA lekara mahAbala agale janma meM vaNiyAgrAma meM seTha kula meM janma letA hai, jahA~ usakA nAma sudarzana rakhA jAtA hai| yaha surdazana samaya Ane para mahAvIra tIrtha meM dIkSita hotA hai aura tapazcaryA ke uparAnta mukti prApta karatA hai|36 sudarzana nAmaka seTa kI kathA jaina sAhitya meM bahuta pracalita hai| NAyAdhammakahA meM sudarzana gRhastha eka jainAcArya se dIkSA grahaNa karatA hai|37 sthAnAgasUtra meM pA~caveM antakRta kevalI ke rUpa meM sudarzana kA ullekha hai |38 prAkRta evaM apabhraMza ke kathAgranthoM meM bhI surdazana nAma nAyaka ke rUpa meM prasiddha rahA hai|39 munisuvratanAtha tIrthaMkara ke tIrtha meM kArtika seTha evaM gaMgadatta gAthApati kI dIkSA kA kathAnaka sAmAnya DhaMga se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| eka hajAra ATha vaNika putroM ke sAtha kArtika seTha kI dIkSA kA varNana prabhAvotpAdaka hai| ariSTanemi ke tIrtha meM citta evaM saMbhUti kI kathA kA varNana uttarAdhyayana meM huA hai| kula 35 gAthAoM meM yaha kathA saMkSepa meM kahI gayI hai| isa kathA kA vistAra uttarAdhyayanasUtra kI sukhabodhATIkA meM huA hai| yaha do bhAiyoM ke aTUTa prema kI kathA hai| paraspara isa anurAga ke kAraNa ve donoM 6 bhavoM taka eka-dUsare ke hita kI cintA karate rahate haiN| vArANasI meM bhUtadatta cANDAla ke citta aura sambhUti nAmaka do putra the| ve saMgItakalA meM niSNAta the tathA rUpa aura lAvaNya ke bhI dhanI the kintu cANDAla jAti kA hone ke kAraNa unheM samAja meM tiraskRta honA par3atA hai| anta meM te dIkSA dhAraNa kara svarga prApta karate haiN| taba unake agale bhava kI paramparA calatI hai| do bhAiyoM ke sneha aura nimna jAti meM utpanna hone se nirAdara- ina binduoM ko lekara prAcIna samaya se hI kathAe~ kahI-sunI jAtI rahI haiN| uttarAdhyayana meM isa kathA ko jisa saMkSipta zailI meM kahA gayA hai, usase pratIta hotA hai ki yaha kathA janamAnasa meM atipracalita thii| bauddha kathAoM meM bhI isa kathA ko sthAna prApta hai| citta-sambhUta nAmaka jAtaka kathA meM yaha kathA varNita hai|41 donoM kathAoM kI tulanA kI dRSTi se nimna bindu draSTavya haiMuttarAdhyayanasUtra jAtaka kathA 1. kathA mUlataH padya meM thI. jise TIkA meM gadya gadya-padya mizrita zailI meM kathA hai| meM likhA gayA hai| 2. donoM bhAiyoM meM aTUTa prema 3. pUrvabhava meM samAnatA vahI (ka) yugala mRga vahI (kha ) haMsa yugala bAja yugala vahI

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16/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana (ga) citta-sambhUta citta-sambhUta (gha) devaloka prApti brahmaloka prApti (Da) seTha-putra evaM rAjaputra ke rUpa meM janma purohita evaM rAjaputra ke rUpa meM jnm| 4. sambhUta ke jIva brahmadatta ko naraka kA nidAna sambhUta ke jIva brahmalokagAmI ( yaha karma-siddhAnta kI paramparA meM bheda ke kAraNa hai| 5. kevala kathAnaka meM hI nahIM gAthAoM meM bhI paryApta samAnatA hai| yathAuvaNijjaI jIviyamappamAyaM, upanIyatI jIvitaM appamAyu, vaNNaM jarA harai narassa rAyaM / vaNNaM jarA hanti narasya jiivito| paMcAlarAyA ! vayaNaM suNAhi, karohi paMcAla mama eta vAkyaM, mA kAsi kammAiM mhaalyaaiiN|| mA kAsi kamma nirayUpa pattiyA / / __ (utta. 13/26) (jAtaka 498, gA.20) uttarAdhyayanasUtra kI kathA-vastu kA gaThana jAtaka kI kathAvastu kI apekSA adhika saMkSipta hai tathA uttarAdhyayana kI bhASA bhI prAcIna hai| ataH vidvAnoM ne yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki uttarAdhyayana kI yaha kathA prAcIna hai, bhale hI usane ise loka pracalita kathA meM se grahaNa kiyA ho| isa kathA kA mUla abhiprAya to prArambha meM nimna jAti ke logoM ko bhI dharma aura zikSA kA adhikAra denA thaa| kintu bAda meM kathA kA vistAra hone se isameM kaI uddezya sammilita ho gaye ____ ariSTanemi ke tIrtha meM dIkSA lene vAle zramaNoM meM zrIkRSNa ke laghubhrAtA gajasukumAra kA kathAnaka bahuta rocaka hai| devakI chaha zramaNoM ko apane yahA~ dekhakara unakI sundaratA ke sambandha meM jijJAsA karatI hai| use patA calatA hai ki ve usake hI putra haiM, jinhe apaharaNa kara hariNegameSI nAmaka deva ne sulasA gAthApatnI ko de diyA thaa| isase devakI ke mana meM punaH bAlakrIr3A dekhane kI lAlasA hotI hai| hariNegameSI deva kI ArAdhanA se devakI ko gajasukumAra nAmaka putra prApta hotA hai| ___ gajasukumAra kI yuvAvasthA meM zrIkRSNa usakA vivAha somila brAhmaNa kI kanyA se karanA cAhate haiN| kintu ariSTanemi kI dharmadezanA se gajasukumAra muni bana jAte haiN| taba apamAnita somila brAhmaNa dvArA gajasukumAra muni para upasarga kiyA jAtA hai| kintu ve muni upasarga sahana kara mukti prApta karate haiN|44 gajasukumAra kI yaha kathA bauddha sAhitya meM varNita yaza kI pravrajyA se tulanIya hai|45 isa kathA meM kaI kathA tatva sammilita haiN| yathA (1) hariNegameSI dvArA santAna kA apaharaNa evaM pradAna (2) mAtA dvArA putra-prApti kI AkAMkSA aura usake lie prayatna (3) putra kA janma evaM usakA laaln-paaln| (4) dharmadezanA dvArA gRhastha-jIvana kA tyaag| (5) pUrvajIvana ke bairI dvArA muni-jIvana meM upasarga (6) upasargoM ko sahana karate hue mukti| santAna-prApti evaM usake apaharaNa ke sambandha meM hariNegameSI nAmaka deva kA bhAratIya sAhitya meM paryApta ullekha hai|46 DA. jagadIzacandra jaina ne isa sambandha meM vizeSa prakAza DAlA hai|47 bhagavAn mahAvIra kI jIvanI meM bhI yaha ghaTanA prApta hai| devakI ke putroM kA apaharaNa

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kathAnaka taraha-taraha ke / 17 mahAbhArata kI usa ghaTanA se prabhAvita hai, jisameM kasa dvArA usake putroM kA haraNa kara unakA vadha kiyA jAtA hai| jaina kathA meM vadha kI ghaTanA ko mahatva nahIM diyA gyaa| pUrva- jIvana ke vairI dvArA muni-jIvana meM upasarga kiye jAne kI ghaTanA kaI prAkRta kathAoM meM prApta hai| pArzvanAtha ke jIvana ke sAtha bhI kamaTha kA upasarga jur3A huA hai| kintu kalpasUtra meM isakA ullekha nahIM hai, bAda ke granthoM meM hai| avantisukumAnA nAmaka kathA meM sukumAla muni ke sAtha usake pUrvajanma kI bhAbhI ne siyAranI ke rUpa meM ghora upasarga upasthita kiyA hai| gajasukamAla ke upasarga kI ghaTanA kA yaha vikAsa pratIta hotA hai| 48 thAvaccAputra kI kathA ke do uddezya pratIta hote haiN| prathama to isameM yaha ghoSita kiyA gayA hai ki yadi koI vyakti ghara-vAra chor3a kara dIkSA letA hai to zrIkRSNa usake parivAra kA bharaNa-poSaNa kreNge| yaha bAta apane Apa meM bar3I mahatvapUrNa hai| rAjA kA dharma ke pracAra ke lie isase bar3A yogadAna kyA hogA ? isa kathA meM dUsarI bAta sudarzana ke zaucamUlaka dharma kI samIkSA prastuta karanA hai| aisI kathAoM se jaina dharma ke prati rujhAna paidA karane kA prayatya kiyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra (22 a ) meM varNita rathanemi - rAjImatI kathA ariSTanemi ke jIvana kA mahatvapUrNa aMga hai| yadyapi yaha kathA atyanta saMkSipta zailI meM kahI gayI hai, kintu isakA sampreSaNa tIvra hai| isa kathA meM nimna uddezya spaSTa haiM 1. ariSTanemi ko pazuoM ke prati apAra karuNA ko prakaTa karanA / mA~sAhAra kA prakArAntara se niSedha / 2. ariSTanemi kI vairAgya bhAvanA evaM anAsakti ko prakaTa karanA / 3. rAjImatI kA bhAvI pati ke prati prema evaM aTUTa sambandha sthApita karanA / prakArAntara se zIlavrata ko dRr3ha karanA / 4. rathanemi ko brahmacarya bhAva se cyuta hone kI sthiti meM rAjImatI dvArA use pratibodhana punaH zramaNacaryA meM dRr3ha karanA / dekara isa kathAnaka kA paravartI sAhitya meM paryApta vikAsa huA hai| usameM zrIkRSNa kI bhUmikA mahatvapUrNa hai 49 kintu Agama grantha ke isa kathAnaka meM zrIkRSNa kA nAmollekha bhI nahIM hai aura na hI ariSTanemi kI kisI kiyA meM unake sahayoga kA ullekha hai / jitazatru rAjA aura subuddhi mantrI kI kathA spaSTataH upadeza kathA hai| kathAkara ko yahA~ jaina darzana kI dRSTi se vastu ke nAnAtmaka rUpa kA pratipAdana karanA thA / samyakdRSTi aura mithyAdRSTi meM antara ko spaSTa karanA hai| isa kathA meM prakArAntara se yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra mantrI ne azuddha jala ko vizeSa zodhana kI prakriyA dvArA zuddha jala banA diyA usI prakAra jaina darzana kI dRSTi meM nAnA karmoM se dUSita AtmA bhI vizeSa tapazcaryA dvArA zuddha hokara anupama sukha ko prApta kara sakatA hai| ataH kathA eka rUpaka kathA kA bhI udAharaNa hai| nAma rAjarSi kI kathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra kI eka mahatvapUrNa kathA hai / yadyapi isa kathA meM nami-pravrajyA ke nirNaya kI pUrvakathA varNita nahIM hai, kintu nami aura indra ke bIca hue saMvAda kA vivaraNa hai| nami pravajyA kI kathA bharatIya sAhitya meM paryApta pracalita thI / sambhavataH isalie usake upadezAtmaka aMza ko hI uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM adhika ujAgara kiyA gayA hai / TIkA sAhitya meM yaha pUrI kathA dI gayI hai| usase jJAta hotA hai ki

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18/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana 1. madanarekhA ke putra ko jaMgala se le jAkara padmaratha rAjA ne usakA nAma nami rkhaa| vaha mithilA kA rAjA bnaa| 2. nami eka bAra dAhajvara se grasta huaa| usa samaya usane rAniyoM ke hAthoM ke kaMganoM ke dvandva se zikSA grahaNa kara ekAkI jIvana jIne kA nizcaya kiyaa| 3. nami jaba pravrajyA-grahaNa ke lie nikala rahA thA taba indra ne brAhamaNa kA rUpa dhAraNakara unake nizcaya kI parIkSA lii| 4. 'mithilA kA vaibhava jala rahA hai isa sUcanA se bhI nami rAjA anAsakta rhe| uttarAdhyayanasUtra kI yaha kathA bauddha sAhitya meM bhI prApta hai| mahAjanaka jAtaka meM isI prakAra kI kathA hai|50 yadyapi usameM kathAvastu kI kucha bhinnatA hai, phira bhI donoM kathAoM kA pratipAdya eka hai| kucha samAnatAe~ draSTavya haiMuttarAdhyayAnasUtra mahAjanaka jAtaka 1- pratibuddha hone ke kAraNa (ka) kaMganoM kI dvandvatA ke duHkha se (ka) phalayukta vRkSa kI durdazA se zikSA zikSA (kha) kaMgana ke dvandra se zikSA (ga) donoM A~kha se dekhane meM bhrama hone kI zikSA 2- 'akele meM sukha haiM kI svIkRti 3- samRddha mithilA ko tyAga kara pravrajyA lene __kA nirNaya 4- lami ke nizcaya kI parIkSA lenA (ka) indra dvArA devI sIvalI dvArA 5- "mithilA jala rahI hai" ke dvArA rAjA vahI ko pralobhana denA 6- mithilA ke jalane para bhI nami kA kucha vahI nahIM jalatA151 7- jaina kathAnaka meM upadezatatva adhika hai| kucha kama hai| sonaka jAtaka (saM. 529 ) meM isa kathA kA kucha sAmya hai| pratyekabuddha sonaka yahI kahatA hai ki sAdhu ke lie nagara meM yadi Aga bhI laga jAya to usakA usameM kucha nahIM jalatA hai|52 mahAbhArata meM maNDavyamuni aura janaka ke saMvAda meM bhI rAjA janaka ne yahI kahA hai ki mithilA ke pradIpta hone para bhI merA kucha nahIM jalatA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki mithilA ke rAjA nami athavA janaka kA Asakti bhAva prAcIna bhArata kI vicAradhArAoM meM pracalita thaa| viSNupurANa meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki mithilA ke sabhI rAjA AtmavAdI hote haiN|54 nami rAjA ke kathAnaka kI ina tInoM paramparAoM meM jAtaka kathA adhika prAcIna pratIta hotI hai| kyoMki usameM kathAtatva adhika hai, upadezatatva kama hai| jabaki jaina kathAnaka meM kathA kA nirmANa TIkA sAhitya meM huA vahI vahI vahI uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM do nami rAjAoM kI pravrajyA kA varNana hai| eka nami tIrthaMkara haiM, dUsare

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kathAnaka taraha-taraha ke/19 nAmi pratyekabuddha haiN| 9veM adhyayana kI kathA pratyekabuddha nami se sambandhita hai| yaha Azcaryajanaka hai ki jaina paramparA meM RSibhASita prakIrNaka meM 45 pratyekabuddhoM kA jIvana saMkalita haiN| kintu inameM nami pratyekabuddha kA nAma nahIM hai| isase bhI saMketa milatA hai ki yaha kathA bauddha-paramparA se jaina sAhitya meM gRhIta huI hai| zramaNa kathAnakoM meM meghakumAra kI kathA bahuta prasiddha hai| yaha kathA sAMskRtika dRSTi se mahatva kI hai| jJAtAdharma meM medhakumAra kI pravrajyA Adi kA jo varNana hai, usase kathA ke nimna pramukha bhAga jJAta hote haiM 1. rAjA zreNika, rAnI dhAriNI aura abhayakumAra kI kthaa| 2. meghakumAra kA janma, zikSA, vivAha aadi| 3. mahAvIra ke upadeza se vairAgya bhaavnaa| 4. mAtA-pitA evaM meghakumAra ke bIca vairAgya ke sambandha meM vaartaalaap| 5. megha kI dIkSA kA mhotsv| 6. meghamuni ko rAtri meM zayyA-parISaha evaM usase zramaNa-jIvana ke prati udaasiintaa| 7. mahAvIra dvArA medhakumAra ke pUrvabhava sunAkara use punaH dIkSA meM dRr3ha krnaa| 8. pUrvabhavoM meM sumeruprabha hAthI aura kharagoza kI kathA / yaha kathA kucha aMzoM meM gajamukumAla kI kathA se milatI-julatI hai, jise isakA vikasita rUpa mAnA jA sakatA hai| jo kArya isa kathA meM abhayakumAra ne kiye hai, usameM zrIkRSNa dvArA kiye jAte haiN| vairAgya-prApti ke lie mAtA-pitA kI AjJA lenA evaM unake bIca saMvAda honA yaha eka pracalita abhiprAdA hai| bauddha sAhitya meM bhI isakA ullekha hai| meghakumAra kI kathA kI bhA~ti bauddha sAhitya meM nanda kI dIkSA kA vivaraNa prApta hai| yadyapi kathA ke gaThana meM donoM meM kucha bhinnatA hai| yathA1. meghakumAra apane gRhastha jIvana kI pratiSThA aura sukha-suvidhA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue munisaMgha meM rAtri meM hue apamAna aura sone ke kaSTa ke kAraNa zramaNacaryA se udAsIna hotA hai| jabaki nanda ko apanI sundara patnI janapada-kalyANI kI bahuta yAda AtI hai aura vaha bhikSu-jIvana se udAsIna ho jAtA hai| 2. mahAvIra meghamumAra ko usake pUrva-janma meM sahana kiye gaye kaSTa ko yAda dilAte hue use punaH zramaNa jIvana ke prati Azvasta karate haiN| jabaki buddha nanda ko eka kurUpa bandariyA tathA svarga kI apsarAoM ke saundarya ko dikhAkara use bhikSu jIvana meM puna: pratiSThita karate haiN| isa taraha sAdhanA se vicalita hone aura usameM panaH pratiSThita hone kA abhiprAya ina donoM kathAoM meM hai| 3. ina kathAoM ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki samAja ke pratiSThita varga ke yuvako ko munisaMgha meM dIkSita karanA mahAvIra aura buddha donoM ke lie Avazyaka ho gayA thA tAki anya varga ke loga bhI isa ora AkRSTa ho skeN| 4. donoM kathAoM ke nAyakoM kI tulanA karane para meghakumAra kA jIvana adhika prabhAvita karatA hai| kyoMki usameM pUrvajanma meM bhI asIma karuNA aura sahanazIlatA thI tathA muni-jIvana meM bhI vaha pratiSThA aura ghamaNDa se Upara uTha cukA thaa| yadyapi nanda bhI apane pUrvajanmoM meM hAthI thA tathA usakI ghaTanA bhI lagabhaga samAna hai|56

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20/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana arjuna mAlAkAra mulata: eka yakSakathA hai| yakSa kI ArAdhanA eva usake prabhAva ke sAtha-sAtha krUra se krUra vyakti kaise sayama evaM AdhyAtma ke mArga meM A sakatA hai, isa bAta ko ujAgara karanA hI kathA kA mUla uddezya hai| jaMgala meM rahane vAle krUra dasyu vAlmIki ke hRdaya-parivartana kI ghaTanA rAmAyaNa meM prApta hai| bauddha sAhitya meM aMgulimAla kA kathAnaka vyApaka thaa| usI koTi kA yaha arjuna mAlAkAra kA kathAnaka hai| isa kathAnaka meM jo parakAyA praveza karake apane prabhAva ko dikhAne kI bAta yakSa ne kI hai, vaha abhiprAya bhAratIya kathA sAhitya meM bahuta lokapriya huA hai|57 vidvAnoM ne isa moTipha kA vizeSa adhyayana kiyA hai|58 isa kathA ke antargata sudarzana nAmaka sAdhaka kI dRr3hatA ko bhI prakaTa kiyA gayA hai| sArthavAhaputra dhanya anagAra kI kathA utkRSTa tapasyA kA udAharaNa hai| tapazcaryA meM zarIra kI avasthA kA varNana aneka upamAoM evaM rUpako ke dvArA kiyA gayA hai| bauddha sAhitya meM bhagavAn buddha kI tapazcaryA kA bhI isI prakAra varNana prApta hai| kintu jaina kathA kA yaha vaNana Adheka sajIva hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM varNita harikezI muni kI kathA tatkAlIna jAtivAda kI ugratA ke prati virAdha ko prakaTa karane ke lie prastuta kI gayI hai| cANDAla evaM brAhmaNa ina dono jAtiyoM kA zramaNa jIvana meM koI mahatva nahIM hotA hai| mahatva hotA hai vahA~ sAdhanA kA ! isI taraha isa kathA meM hiMsaka yajJoM kI vyarthatA ko ujAgara kiyA gayA hai| isake lie eka yakSa ko mAra yama banAyA gayA hai| prakArAntara se dAna kI mahimA aura usake upayukta kSetra kA pratipAdana bhI isa kathA ke mAdhyama se huA hai| isI prakAra kI kathA mAtaMga jAtaka meM bhI varNita hai| donoM kathAoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane se jJAta hotA hai ki brAhmaNoM dvArA yajJa kA Ayojana, cANDAla muniyoM kI upekSA evaM unase ghRNA, jAtivAda kA nirasana tathA dAna kI vAstavika upayogitA donoM meM samAna hai| phira bhI kathA kI saMghaTanA meM antara haiN| vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki boddha kathA meM dA kathAe~ milI huI hai tathA vaha mizrita hai ata: vaha bAda kI hai| jaina kathA prAcIna hai|00 jena kathA meM brAhmaNoM ke prati utanA kaTu evaM ugra dRSTikoNa nahIM hai, jitanA bauddha kathA meM hai| dhammakahANaogo meM zramaNa kathAnaka khaNDa meM ina kathAoM ke atirikta anya bhI kaI kathAeM saMkalita haiN| unameM zivarAja-RSi (pR.133) jinapAlita jinarakSita (pra.140), udaka peDhAla putra (pR.148), dhana sArthavAha kathAnaka (pR.159) Adi mahatvapUrNa kathAnaka hai ! inase prAkRta kathA sAhitya ke kaI rUpa prakaTa hote haiN| ye zramaNa kathAnaka jaina paramparA meM zramaNo kI dIkSA, parIpaha-jayA, tapazcaryA evaM jJAna, dhyAna tathA caritra Adi ke kaI pakSoM ko prakaTa karate hai| kintu isake sAtha hI inakA kathAtmaka mahatva bhI kama nahIM hai| usa para abhI bahuta kama adhyayana kiyA gayA hai| ina kathAoM ke udgama sthAna tathA vikAsa-krama ko khojane kI bhI AvazyakatA hai| bauddha kathAoM ke sAtha inakI tulanA karanA jarUrI hai| zramaNI kathAnaka : dhammakahANuogo meM pramukha nau zramaNiyoM ke kathAnaka sammilita haiN| inameM draupadI kA kathAnaka sabase bar3A hai| usameM nimna kathA-ghaTanAeM sammilita haiM 1. nAgazrI brAhmaNI kI kathA ( muni AhAra meM doSa ) !

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kathAnaka taraha-taraha ke/21 2. dharmaruci anagAra kI krunnaa| 3. sukumAlikA kA durbhAgya evaM nidAna / 4. draupadI kI kathA (pAMca pANDavoM se vivaah)| 5. kacchulla nArada kI bhUmikA / 6. zrIkRSNa aura paannddv-maitrii| 7. pANDavoM kA yuddh| 8. draupadI-putra pANDurona kA raajy| 9. draupadI kI pravrajyA evaM sAdhanA dvArA nirvANa / isa kathAnaka meM mahatvapUrNa bAta nidAna kI hai| jaharIlA AhAra muni ko dene se nAgazrI agale janma meM sukumAlikA hotI hai, jahA~ use parivAra, pati Adi sabakI upekSA sahanI par3atI hai| sukumAlikA ko sAdhaka jIvana kA avasara milA to bhI usane bhautika sukhoM ke AkarSaNa meM aisA nidAna kiyA ki agale janma ( draupadI) meM pAMca patiyoM kA dAsatva svIkAranA pdd'aa| kintu phira bhI vaha sAdhanA meM juTI rhii| jisakI antima pariNati nirvANa meM huii| ataH yaha kathA strI kI satata-sAdhanA dvArA aMtima lakSya prApta karane kI kathA hai| isa kathA kA paravartI jaina sAhitya meM kAphI vikAsa huA hai| DA. hIrAlAla jaina ne isa kathA ke utsa evaM vikAsa para prakAza DAlA hai|62 prakArAntara se isa kathA meM zrIkRSNa ke narasiMhAvatAra kA bhI varNana hai| yaha zodha kA viSaya hai ki zrIkRSNa ke sAtha yaha prasaMga kaba aura kisa AdhAra para jur3A hai| subhadrA zramaNI kI kathA ke prasaMga meM jJAta hotA hai ki usake mana meM aneka bAlakoM kI mA~ hone kI lAlasA thii| usakA bahuputrikA nAma hI pracalita ho gayA thaa| somA nAmaka yuvati ke janma meM usane 16 bAra prasava meM 32 bAlakoM ko janma diyaa| kintu vaha una bAlakoM kI samhAla karate-karate dukhI ho gyii| antataH usane pravrajyA dhAraNa kara isa dukha se chuTakArA prApta kiyA aura sAdhanA karake siddhi prApta kii| zramaNI-kathAoM meM jayantI kA kathAnaka bhI dhyAna AkarSita karatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ko prathama vasati pradAna karane vAlI yahI jayantI zramaNopAsikA thii| mahAvIra aura jayantI ke bIca tatvacarcA bhI huI hai| Agama granthoM meM zramaNI kathAnakoM ke vivaraNa ko dekhane se jJAta hotA hai ki unakA aMkana apekSAkRta AgamoM meM kama huA hai| mahAvIra kI ziSya paramparA meM sAdhviyoM kI saMkhyA adhika mAnI jAtI hai| usa dRSTi se kathAnakoM meM unakA pratinidhitva kama huA hai| sAdhvIsaMgha kI pramukhA evaM mahAvIra kI prathama ziSyA candanA satI kA to Agama granthoM meM kathA ke rUpa meM ullekha bhI nahIM hai| kevala prathama ziSyA ke rUpa meM nAma aMkita hai|63 jabaki vyAkhyA sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki candanA kA mahAvIra ke jIvana meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai ! candanA kA kathAnaka AgamoM meM kyoM chUTa gayA isa para cintana kiyA jAnA Avazyaka hai| varNanoM meM "jAva" kI paramparA rahI hai| kahIM isa saMkSepIkaraNa meM candanA kA kathAnaka lupta na ho gayA ho, yaha dekhane kI bAta hai| AgamoM meM varNita zramaNI-kathAoM kI bauddha bhikSuNiyoM ke jIvana ke sAtha tulanA karane se donoM ke ujjvala caritoM para prakAza par3a sakatA hai|

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22/prAkRta kayA-sAhitya parizIlana zramaNopAsaka kathAnaka : Agama granthoM meM pArzvanAtha ke tIrtha meM do zramaNopAsakoM evaM mahAvIra ke tIrtha meM 21 zramaNopAsakoM ke kathAnaka aMkita hue haiN| yadyapi ina tIrthaMkaroM ke anuyAyiyoM kI saMkhyA hajAroM meM thii| kintu jina zramaNoM ne apanI kisI sAdhanA va cintanadhArA dvArA prabhAva utpanna kiyA thA, unake udAharaNa tIrthakaroM dvArA apane upadezoM meM diye gaye haiN| ataH ye Adarza zramaNopAsaka haiM, jinake jIvana se anya loga bhI zikSA grahaNa kara sakate haiN| pArzvanAtha ke tIrtha meM somila brAhmaNa ne unase zikSA grahaNa kii| kintu anya tIrthikoM ke prabhAva se vaha phira jaina dharma se cyuta ho gyaa| tApasa-caryA kI vaha sAdhanA karane lgaa| taba eka deva ne Akara sAmila ko sahI pravrajyA kA artha btaayaa| somila ne phira se aNuvrata Adi grahaNa kiye| pArzvanAtha ke tIrtha meM pradezI rAjA dvArA zrAvakadharma svIkAra karane kI kathA vistAra se varNita hai| isa kathAnaka ke prArambha meM sUryAbha nAmaka deva bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samakSa upasthita hokara nRtya Adi ki vyavasthA karatA hai| taduparAnta rAjA pradezI kA paricaya hai| pradezI aura kezI kumAra zramaNa ke bIca jIva ke astitva evaM nAstitva ke sambandha meM vizada carcA hai| kathA meM saMvAdatatva ke adhyayana ke lie yaha kathA upayogI hai| isa kathA kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana milindapanho kI kathAvastu ke sAtha kiyA jA sakatA hai| AtmA ke astitva kI samasyA pArzva, mahAvIra evaM buddha ke samaya meM pramukha samasyA thii| ___ mahAvIra ke tIrtha meM hue kaI zramaNopAsaka prasiddha the| jJAtAdharmakathA, upAsakadazAMga evaM bharAvatIsUtra Adi meM kucha zramaNopAsakoM ke kathAnaka prApta hai| naMda maNikAra ne eka sArvajanika vApI kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| usa vApI meM naMda kI bahuta Asakti thii| phalataH mRtyu ke bAda vaha vApI meM meMr3haka bnaa| meMr3haka hote hue bhI usane mahAvIra ke vandana karane ke bhAva kiye| kintu ghor3e kI TApa se ghAyala hokara vaha meMDhaka mRtyu ko prApta huaa| vaMdana-bhAvanA ke kAraNa vaha deva bnaa| yaha kathA jaMtu-kathA ke adhyayana ke lie upayogI hai| upAsakadazAMgasUtra meM daza upAsakoM ke kathAnaka varNita haiN| Ananda upAsaka kI bhA~ti hI bAkI 9 upAsakoM kI kathA ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai| ina kathAoM se jJAta hotA hai ki ye uddezyapUrNa kathAe~ haiN| ina kathAoM ke mAdhyama se mahAvIra ke dharmazAsana ke prati logoM ko AkarSita karanA tathA gRhastha-jIvana bhI sAdhanA kI bhUmi hai isa bAta ko ujAgara karanA ina varNanoM kA pratipAdya hai| Ananda ke prasaMga se hI jJAta hotA hai ki eka gRhI sAdhaka bhI acchA tatva-cintaka ho sakatA hai| gautama jaise zramaNa bhI usake sAmane apane ajJAna ke pramAda ke lie kSamA-yAcanA karate haiN| mahAvIra kI niSpakSatA kA udghoSa bhI isa prasaMga se hotA hai| ina dazoM kathAnakoM kA kathA-tantra prAyaH eka jaisA hai| ataH kathAtatva kA inameM abhAva hai| isase yaha jAna par3atA hai ki upAsakadazAMga kI kathAe~ saMbhavataH apane mUlarUpa meM nahIM hai| grantha ke viSaya kA dhyAna rakhakara bAda meM gar3ha dI gayI hai| aupapatikasUtra meM mahAvIra ke do zrAvakoM kA pramukharUpa se varNana hai| kUNika rAjA ne mahAvIra ke upadeza sunane ke lie caMpAnagarI ko sajAyA thA tathA unake upadeza sunane ko gayA thaa| isa prasaMga meM caMpA nagarI aura mahAvIra kA jo varNana kiyA gayA hai, vaha sAhityika varNanoM ke lie Adarza hai| kathA meM kAvyAtmaka varNana kisa prakAra upasthita kiye jAte haiM, isakA yaha pramukha

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kathAnaka taraha-taraha ke/23 udAharaNa hai| kUNika rAjA jaina evaM bauddha donoM hI paramparA meM paryApta carcita hai| dUsarI kathA aMbaDa parivrAjaka kI hai, jisane apane ziSyoM sahita mahAvIra kA upadeza sunA thaa| aMbaDa ke dRr3ha samyaktva kA pratipAdana isa kathA kI vizeSatA hai| Agama granthoM meM zramaNa, zramaNI evaM zramaNopAsakoM ke kathAnakoM ke sAtha hI zramaNopAsikAoM ke kathAnaka dhammakahANuogo meM alaga se saMgrahIta nahIM kiye gaye haiN| saMbhavataH zramaNopAsakoM ke kathAnakoM ke sAtha hI unakI patniyoM ke ullekha ho jAne se Agama granthoM meM alaga se unake kathAnaka kama aMkita hue haiN| ho sakatA hai ki nAriyoM ke prati sAmAjika dRSTikoNa bhI isameM eka kAraNa rahA hai| anyathA usa samaya kI zIlavatI evaM dhArmika mahilAoM kA mahAvIra ke zAsana ko samunnata karane meM kama yogadAna nahIM rahA hai| niNhava kathAnaka : bhagavatI sUtra meM varNita jAmila evaM gozAlaka Adi sAta niNhavoM ke kathAnaka bhI Agama kathA-sAhitya meM apanA vizeSa mahatva rakhate haiN| kyoMki pratipakSa kA pratinidhitva inhIM ke dvArA hotA hai| mahAvIra kI jIvanI evaM cintana ko samajhane ke lie ina niNhavoM kI kathA ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai| bauddha sAhitya meM bhI gozAlaka kA kathAnaka hai| vahA~ use makkhalI gozAla kahA gayA hai| vidvAnoM ne isa sambandha meM paryApta gaveSaNA kI hai, jisase yaha pramANita hai ki gozAlaka AjIvaka sampradAya kA netA thaa| prakIrNaka kathAnaka : dhammakahANuogo ke SaSTha prakIrNaka khaNDa meM AgamoM meM prApta phuTakara kathAeM saMkalita haiN| inameM se adhikAMza jJAtAdharmakathA evaM vipAkasUtra meM prApta haiN| ina kathAoM ko dRSTAnta-kathAe~ kahA jA sakatA hai| vibhinna avasaroM para ina kathAoM ke udAharaNa dekara karmasiddhAnta evaM anya tatvadarzana ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| rathamUsalasaMgrAma ke varNana dvArA yuddha meM narasaMhAra se hone vAlI kSati ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| aura saceta kiyA gayA hai ki yuddha meM marane se sabhI ko svarga nahIM milatA hai| isa kathA meM rAjA zreNika, rAnI celanA evaM kUNika ke jIvana kI pramukha ghaTanAoM kA varNana hai|66 vijaya cora kI kathA eka pratIka kathA hai| isameM do virodhI zaktiyoM kA ekIkaraNa dikhAkara jaina darzana ke anekAntavAda ko prakArAntara se spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| AtmA aura zarIra ke sambandha ko bhI kathAkAra ne pratIkoM ke mAdhyama se prakaTa kiyA hai| mayUrI-aMDaka nAmaka kathA kautUhala-vardhaka kathA hai| zraddhA evaM zaMkAzIla mana ke svarUpa ko prakaTa karane ke lie yaha kathA vizeSa mahatva kI hai| pazu-pakSI ke prazikSaNa kI sUcanA bhI isa kathA se milatI hai| do kachuoM kI kahAnI se caMcala prakRti evaM saMyamita prakRti vAle sAdhakoM ke pariNAmoM kA patA calatA hai| zrRgAla kI cAlAkI avasaravAdI vyaktiyoM kI manovRtti ko prakaTa karatI hai| jJAtAdharmakathA kI rohaNI kathA Agama-sAhitya kI zreSTha kathAoM meM se hai| parivAra ke sadasyoM ke vibhinna svabhAvoM ko isameM prakaTa kiyA gayA hai| cAra bahuoM kI kathA ke nAma se isa kathA ne paravartI kathA sAhitya meM paryApta sthAna pAyA hai| isa kathA ne videzI kathA sAhitya ko bhI

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24/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana prabhAvita kiyA hai| azvoM ko pakar3ane kI kathA bhI eka pratIka kathA hai| jo azva lubhAvane padArthoM kI ora AkRSTa hue ve parAdhIna ho gaye, zeSa svAdhIna bane rhe| viSayoM kI Asakti ke prati sajaga rahane kI bAta isa kathA meM kahI gayI hai| isI viSaya se sambandhita kathA kuvalayamAlA meM bhI AyI hai|" vipAkasUtra kI kathAe~ karmaphala ko pratipAdita karane vAlI kathAe~ haiN| kintu inakI viSayavastu ke AdhAra para inheM sAmAjika kathAe~ kahA jA sakatA hai| inameM samAja ke una sabhI prakAra ke vyaktiyoM kI vRttiyoM kA varNana hai, jo hiMsA, mAMsAhAra, krUra zAsana, madyapAna, vezyAgamana, corI, mAMsa-vikraya, kaThora daMDa, doSayukta cikitsA, IrSyA, deva Adi aneka samAja virodhI vyApAroM meM lIna the| unhoMne usake duSpariNAma janmoM taka bhoge, yahI saMmpreSaNa denA ina kathAoM kA uddezya hai| ina kathAoM meM eka bAta samAna rUpa se dekhane ko milatI hai ki hara aparAdhI pAtra vibhinna prakAra ke phaloM ko bhoga kara anta meM jaba sadgati ko gamana karatA hai taba use seTha ke ghara janma avazya lenA hotA hai| usake bAda hI usakI dIkSA Adi sampanna hotI hai| isa prakAra ke varNanoM meM kathAtatva meM saditA A jAtI hai, kintu isase kathAoM kI samakAlIna mAnyatAoM kI bhI jAnakArI milatI hai| vipAkasUtra ke dvitIya zruta-skandha kI kathAoM meM kevala sabAhu kI kathA varNita hai| zeSa kathAe~ saMkSipta haiN| inameM dAna kA phala evaM pA~ca sau kanyAoM se vivAha saba meM samAna hai| sandarbha jaina, DA. jagadIza candraH prAkRta nereTiva liTarecara, orijina eNDa grotha, dillI, 1981, pustaka drssttvy| 2. upAdhye, DA. e.ena.: bRhatkathAkoza kI bhuumikaa| 3. AdipurANa, sageu,zlokazA 4. harivaMzapurANa, sarga 7, zloka 124 aadi| 5. zAstrI, DA. nemicandraH AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR.136| 6. DA. phatehasiMhaH bhAratIya samAjazAstra ke mUlAdhAra, pR. 137 / . 7. dhammakahANuogo, mUla, pR.41 8. zAstrI, devendra muniH RSabhadeva- eka parizIlana, pR. 118 Adi / 9. dekheM vhii| 10. dhammakahANuogo, mUla, pR. 6-231 11. zAstrI, paM. kailAzacandraH jaina sAhitya ke itihAsa kI pUrva pIThikA, pustaka drssttvy| 12. dekheM, penjaraH 'da osana Apha sTorI' bhuumikaa| 13. jaina, zivacaraNalAlaH AcArya buddhaghoSa aura unakI uTThakathAe~, dillI. 1969 / 14. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, a. 22, gA. 41-521 15. AkhyAnamaNikoza, kathAnaka saMkhyA 15, pR. 611 16. rayaNayUDarAyacariyaM, saM. zrI vijayakumudasUri, pR. 541 17. tIse kANagapaDimAe, matthayAoM taM pauma avnnei| -gha.ka.pR.43 18. pihettA parammuhA citttthti| -dha.ka.pR.43

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kathAnaka taraha-taraha ke/25 19. kalpasUtram- saM. ma. vinayasAgara, jypur| 20. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, adhyayana 22vA / 21. zAstrI, devendramuniH bhagavAna ariSTanemi aura karmayogI zrIkRSNa: eka anuzIlana, pustaka drssttaavy| 22. vahI, bhagavAna pArzva- eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana / / 23. dhammakahANuogo, mUla, pR. 54-85 / 24. vahI, pairAgrApha 358, sthAnAMga, a.1, sU.76 / 25. zAstrI, devendramuniH bhagavAna mahAvIra- eka anuzIlana, Adi pustkeN| 26. dhammakahANuogo, mUla, pR. 114-1381 27. AvazyakacUrNi, pR. 210 Adi evaM triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita Adi meN| 28. paumacariyaM, 4.35-55 gAthA evaM draSTavya lekhaka kA nibandha 'bAhubalI sTorI ina prAkRta liTarecara' gommaTezvara komemorezana volyUma, 1981 meM prakAzita, pR.76-821 29. vasudevahiNDI, prathama khaNDa, pR.1861 30. mAlavaNiyA, paM. dalasukha, 'da sTorI oNpha bAhubalI' sambodhi, pArTa 6, bhA. 3-4, 1978 / 31. dhammakahANuogo, mUla pairAgrApha 570-572 pR.1341 32. vahI, paira., 578 pR. 136 tathA jainAgama-nirdezikA pR. 685 aadi| 33. vahI pairA, 583, 584 pR. 1371 34. dekheM- zAstrI, devendramuniH RSabhadeva- eka parizIlana, pR.181-2241 35. dekheM- muni mahendra kumAra 'prathama': tIrthaMkara RSabha aura cakravartI bharata, kalakattA, 1974 pR.149 aadi| 36. bhagavatIsUtra, zataka 11, u. / / / 37. gAyAdhammakahA, 5vA~ adhyayana 38. sthAnAMgasUtra, sthAna 10. sU.1131 39. jaina, DA. hIrAlAlaH sudasaNacariu, bhUmikA, pR. 24-25 ! 40. dhammakahANuogo, mUla, zramaNa kathAnaka, pR.13 pairA 581 41. jAtaka, khaNDa 4 (hindI anuvAda), saM. 498 / 42. sarapenTiyara, 'da uttarAdhyayanasUtra' pR.451 / 43. ghATage; e.ema. :'e phyU parelalsa ina jaina eNDa buddhisTa varksa' nAmaka nibandha, enalsa Apha da bhaMDArakara oriyanTala risarca insaTITyUTa, bhAga 17 (1935-36) pR. 3421 46, dhammakahANuogo, mUla, zramaNa kathA, pR.23 aadi| 45. mahAtagga, pabbajjAkathA, nAlandA saMskaraNa, pR.18-211 b46. kumArasvAmI, e.ke.: da yakSAja, pR. 121 47. jaina, DA. jagadIzacandraH jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR. 4401 48. draSTavya lekhaka kA nibandha- 'sukumAla svAmI kathA- eka adhyayana', prAcya vidyA sammelana, dhAravAr3a. 1976 meM prastuta / 49. harivaMzapurANa, sarga 55, zloka 29-441 50. mahAjanaka jAtaka (hindI anuvAda. saM. 539) / 51. suha vasAmo jIvAmo jesi mo natthI kiNcnn| mihilAe DajDAmANIe na me DajjhaI kiNcnn|| - utta.9.14 yahI- mahAjanaka jAtaka meM bhI gAthA 1251 52. paMTama bhadra adhanassa anAgArassa bhikkhuno| nAgamhi DahyamAnamhi nAssa kiMciM aDahyatha / / -sonakajAtaka 5291 53. mahAbhArata. zAntiparva, a.276, zloka 4 / 54, AcArya tulasI: uttarAdhyayana-eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, pR.3551

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26/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana 55. suttanipAta- aTThakathA, pR. 272. jAtakakathA (saM. 182) dhammapadaaTThakathA, khaNDa 1, pR. 59-105 tathA theragAthA, 1571 56. saMgamAvatAra jAtaka saM. 102 (hindI anuvaad)| 57. penjara, kathAsAritsAgara, jilda 1, adhyAya 4, pR. 371 58. blUmaphIlDa, "Ana da ArTa Apha ainTariMga ena adarsa bADI" nAmaka nibandha prosIDiMgsa amerikana philosophikala sosAyaTI, 561 59. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, sukhabodhaTIkA patra 173-751 60. ghATage, e.ema., kA "e phyU pairelalsa ina jainsa eNDa buddhisTa varksa nAmaka nibandhA 61. jaina jagadIzacandraH prAcIna bhArata kI zreSTha kahAniyA~ (bauddha kahAniyA~), dillI 19771 62. jaina, DA. hIrAlAlaH sugandhadazamI kathA, bhUmikA, pR.8| 63. (ka) aMgasuttANi (AvArya tulasI), prathama, pR. 9461 jakkhiNI puSphacUlA ya caMdaNajjA ya aahiyaa| -samavAyAMga, sU.233 (kha) ajjacaMdaNA- bhagavatI, 9.1531 64. tulanAtmaka cArTa ke lie dekheM- uvAsagadasAo, byAvara, saM.- DA. chaganalAla zastrI, pR. 194-1951 65. DA. baruA- "da AjIvakAj" drssttvy| 66. nirayAvalIkahA, a. 2.101 67. draSTavya, lekhaka kA zodha-prabandha- kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, vaizAlI, pR. 210 /

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tRtIya kathAoM meM sAMskRtika dharohara jaina AgamoM meM upalabdha uparyukta sabhI prakAra kI kathAoM ke avalokana se jJAta hotA hai ki kisI bAta ko samajhane ke lie kathA kAntA sammata paddhati hai| isIlie choTI-choTI kathAe~ kaI gaharI bAteM kaha jAtI haiM / AgamoM ke siddhAnta ke gUr3ha viSayoM ko samajhAne ke lie pratIka, draSTAnta, rUpaka tathA kathA kA sahArA liyA gayA hai| upamAnoM, pratIkoM Adi se kathA kA vikAsa hone kI paramparA vedoM, mahAbhArata evaM bauddha sAhitya ke granthoM meM bhI rahI hai| kintu jaina sAhitya ne isameM vizeSa ruci lI hai / ' Agamika kathAoM kA vikAsa manovaijJAnika DhaMga se huA hai| kathA kA vikAsa kA prathama stara asambhava se durlabha kI ora jAne kA hai| Agama kathA kahatI hai ki saMsAra meM rahate hue mukti kA anubhava asambhava hai| isase mukti ke prati utkaNThA jAgRta hotI hai| taka kathA zrotA pUchatA hai ki kyA sacamuca saMsArI ko mukti nahIM hai ? isake uttara meM kathAvAcaka kahatA hai- 'nahIM, usa vyakti (tIrthaMkara) jaise koI tapa kare to use mukti kA anubhava ho sakatA hai|' isase mukti asambhava se durlabha kI koTi meM A jAtI hai| yaha jinoM kA Adarzamaya jIvana prastuta karane kI bhUmikA hai| isake uparAnta apUrva vaibhava kA tyAga, kaThina vratoM kA pAlana, tapazcaryA, dhyAna, yoga dvArA kevalajJAna kI prApti kI kathA mukti ke mArga ko durlabha se saMbhava kI koTi meM lAtI hai| yaha kathA ke vikAsa kI dUsarI avasthA hai| ise munidharma vivecana ke lie dharAtala kI saMjJA dI jA sakatI hai / mukti tapazcaryA se sambhava hai, yaha bAta samajha meM Ane ke bAda usa tapazcaryA ko sambhava se sulabha banAne ke lie aura kathAeM kahI jAtI haiN| naitika AcaraNa, zrAvakadharma, dainika anuSThAna, karma-siddhAnta Adi kI kathAe~ mukti ko sambhava se sulabha banAkara usameM jana-sAmAnya kI ruci utpanna kara detI haiN| ise kathA ke vikAsa kI tIsarI avasthA kaha sakate haiN| kathA ke vikAsa kI cauthI avasthA pratipAdya ko sulabha se anukaraNIya banAne kI pravRtti se sambandhita hai| isa dharAtala para kathAkAra kahatA hai ki tuma dekho, usa zrAvaka ne aisA- aisA kiyA aura usakA yaha phala paayaa| tuma yadi aisA karoge to tumheM bhI vaha phala milegaa| jaina AgamoM kI adhikAMza kathAe~ isI koTi kI haiN| isa vikAsa krama meM anya kathA sAhitya evaM samakAlIna jana-jIvana ne bhI prabhAva DAlA hai| AgamakAlIna kathAoM kI pravRttiyoM ke vizleSaNa ke sambandha meM DA. e. ena. upAdhye kA yaha kathAna ThIka hI pratIta hotA hai- "Arambha meM, jo mAtra upamAe~ thIM, unako bAda meM vyApaka rUpa dene aura dhArmika matAvalambiyoM ke lAbhArtha unase upadeza grahaNa karane ke nimitta unheM kathAtmaka rUpa pradAna kiyA gayA hai| inhIM AdhAroM para upadezapradhAna kathAe~ varNAtmaka rUpa meM yA jIvanta vArtAoM ke rUpa meM pallavita kI gayI haiN| " 1 ataH Agamika kathAoM kI pramukha vizeSatA unakI

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28/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana upadezAtmaka aura AdhyAtmika pravatti hai| kintu kramazaH isame vikAsa hotA gayA hai| upadeza, adhyAtma, carita, nIti se Age bar3hakara kucha AgamoM kI kathAe~ zuddha laukika aura sArvabhaumika ho gayI haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki ina kathAoM ko yadi svarUpa-mukta kahA jAya to unake sAtha adhika nyAya hogaa| AlsaDorpha ne Agamika kathAoM kI zailI ko "TeligrAphika-sTAila" kahA hai| kintu yaha zailI sarvatra lAgU nahIM hotI hai| Agama granthoM kI kathAoM kI viSaya-vastu vividha hai| ataH ina kathAoM kA sambandha paravartI kathA-sAhitya se bahuta samaya se jur3A rahA hai| sAtha hI deza kI anya kathAoM se bhI AgamoM kI kathAoM kA sambandha kaI kAraNoM se banA rahA hai| DA. vinTaranitsa ne kahA hai ki "zramaNa sAhitya kA viSaya mAtra brAhamaNa, purANa aura carita kathAoM se hI nahIM liyA gayA hai, apitu loka kathAoM evaM parI kathAoM Adi se bhI gRhIta hai|"4 pro. harTela bhI jaina kathAoM ke vaividhya se prabhAvita hai| unakA kahanA hai ki "jainoM kA bahumUlya kathA sAhitya pAyA jAtA hai| inake sAhitya meM vibhinna prakAra kI kathAe~ upalabdha haiN| jaise- premAkhyAna, upanyAsa, dRSTAnta, upadezaprada pazu kathAe~ aadi| kathAoM ke mAdhyama se inhoMne apane siddhAntoM ko jana-sAdhAraNa taka pahu~cAyA hai| Agama granthoM kI kathAoM kI eka vizeSatA yaha bhI hai ki ve prAyaH yathArtha se jur3I huI haiN| unameM alaukika tatvoM evaM bhUtakAla kI ghaTanAoM ke kama ullekha haiN| koI bhI kathA vartamAna ke kathAnAyaka ke jIvana se prArambha hotI hai| phira use batAyA jAtA hai ki usake vartamAna jIvana kA sambandha bhUta evaM bhaviSya se kyA ho sakatA hai| aisI sthiti meM zrotA kI kathA ke pAtroM se AtmIyatA banI rahatI hai| jabaki vaidika kathAoM kI alaukikatA camatkRta to karatI hai, kintu usase nikaTatA kA bodha nahIM hotA hai| bauddha kathAoM meM bhI vartamAna kI kathA kA abhAva khaTakatA hai| unameM bodhisatva ke mAdhyama se bauddha siddhAnta adhika hAvI hai| yadyapi ina tInoM paramparAoM meM kisI prAcIna sAmAnya srota se bhI kathAe~ grahaNa kI gayI haiM, jise vintaranitsa ne "zramaNakAvya" kahA hai| sAMskRtika mUlyAMkana : prAkRta Agama granthoM me prApta kathAe~ kevala tatva-darzana ko samajhane ke lie hI nahIM, apitu tatkAlIna samAja aura saMskRti ko jAnane ke lie bhI mahatvapUrNa hai| yadyapi Agama granthoM kA koI eka racanAkAla nizcita nahIM hai| mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda valabhI meM sampanna Agama-vAcanA ke samaya taka ina AgamoM kA svarUpa nizcita huA hai| ataH IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI se IsA kI 5vIM zatAbdI taka lagabhaga eka hajAra varSoM kA jana-jIvana ina AgamoM meM aMkita huA hai| AgamoM ke vyAkhyA sAhitya meM vibhinna sAMskRtika sandarbho ko aura adhika spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| Agama granthoM meM prApta samAja, saMskRti evaM rAjanIti Adi kI sAmagrI kA mahatva isalie aura adhika hai ki ise yuga ke anya aitihAsika sAkSya kama upalabdha hai| ataH inhIM sAhityika sAkSyoM para nirbhara honA par3atA hai| jaina-muniyoM dvArA likhe gaye athavA saMkalita kiye gaye ina Agama granthoM meM atizayoktiyA~ hote hue bhI yathArtha citraNa adhika hai, jo sAMskRti ke mUlyAMkana ke lie Avazyaka hotA hai| ina Agamika kathAoM meM prApta sAMskRtika sAmagrI ke

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kathAoM meM sAMskRtika dharohara/29 mUlyAMkana ke lie sUkSma adhyayana kI AvazyakatA hai tathA samakAlIna anya paramparA ke sAhitya kI jAnakArI rakhanA bhI jarUrI hai| yahA~ para kucha sAMskRtika sandarbho kA mAtra digdarzana hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhASAtmaka dRSTi: mahAvIra ke upadezoM kI bhASA ko ardhamAgadhI kahA gayA hai| ataH unake upadeza jina AgamoM meM saMkalita hue hai unakI bhASA bhI ardhamAgadhI prAkRta hai| kintu isa bhASA meM mahAvIra ke samaya kI hI ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA svarUpa surakSita nahIM hai, apitu IsA kI 5vIM zatAbdI taka pracalita rahane vAlI sAmAnya prAkRta mahArASTrI ke rUpa bhI isameM mila jAte haiN| kucha Agama granthoM meM ardhamAgadhI meM vaidika bhASA ke tatva bhI sammilita haiN| 'gacachaMsu Adi kriyAoM meM 'iMsu pratyaya evaM grahaNa ke artha meM 'gheppaI kriyAoM kA pracalana Adi AgamoM meM vaidika bhASA kA prabhAva hai| mAgadhI evaM zaurasenI prAkRta ke bhI kucha chuTapuTa prayoga isameM prApta hai| sambhavataH ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke gaThana kI pravRtti ke kAraNa yaha huA hai| AgamoM kI bhASA ko samajhane ke lie kucha bhASAtmaka sUtra AgamoM meM hI prApta haiN| unheM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| ina Agamika kathAoM kI bhASA ke svaspa evaM usake stara ko taya karane ke lie vyAkhyA sAhitya meM kI gaI vyutpattiyoM ko bhI dekhanA Avazyaka hai| prakAzita saMskaraNoM ke sAtha hI granthoM kI prAcIna pratiyoM para aMkita TippaNa bhI AgamoM kI bhASA ko spaSTa karate haiN| pATha-bhedoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI isameM madada kregaa| ina kathAoM ke kaI nAyakoM ko bahubhASAvid kahA gayA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM meghakumAra kI kathA meM aThAraha vividha prakAra kI dezI bhASAoM kA vizArada use kahA gayA hai| kintu ina bhASAoM ke nAma Agama granthoM meM nahIM milte| vyAkhyA sAhitya meM haiN| kuvalayamAlAkahA meM ina bhASAoM ke nAmoM ke sAtha-sAtha unake udAharaNa bhI diye gaye hai| ina kathAoM meM vibhinna prasaMgoM meM kaI dezI zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| Agama zabda-koza meM aise zabdoM kA saMkalana kara svatantra rUpa se vicAra kiyA jAnA caahie| jiMdU ullapaDasADayA, varai, jAsumaNA, rattabaMdhujIvaga, sarasa, maheliyAvajjaM, thaMDillaM, avaoDaya-baMdhagayaM, DiMbhaya, iMdaTThANa Adi zabda antakRddazA kI kathAoM meM Aye haiN| isI taraha anya kathAoM meM bhI khoje jA sakate haiN| kucha zabda vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se niyamita nahIM haiM tathA unameM kArakoM kI vyAkhyA nahIM hai|12 ye saba dRSTiyA~ ina kathAoM ke bhASAtmaka adhyayana meM pravRtta hone kI ho sakatI hai| pAli, saMskRta ke zabdoM kA ina kathAoM meM prayoga bhI upayogI sAmagrI prastuta kregaa| kAvyatatva: Agama granthoM kI kathAoM meM gadya evaM padya donoM kA prayoga huA hai| kathAkAroM ke adhikAMza varNana yadyapi varNaka ke rUpa meM sthira ho gaye the| nagara- varNana, sauMdaya-varNana Adi vibhinna kathAoM meM eka se prApta hote haiM ataH smaraNa kI suvidhA ke kAraNa unakI punarAvRtti na karake "jAva" paddhati dvArA unakA upayoga kiyA jAtA rahA hai| kintu kucha varNana vizuddha rUpa se sAhityika haiN| saMskRta ke gadya sAhitya kI saundarya-suSamA unameM dekhI jA sakatI hai| prAcIna bhAratIya gadya sAhitya ke udbhava evaM vikAsa ke adhyayana ke lie ina kathAoM ke gadyAMza maulika AdhAra mAne jA sakate haiN|

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30 / prAkRta kathA - sAhitya parizIlana meghakumAra kI kathA meM aMkita yaha prAsAda varNana draSTavya hai - abbhuggayabhUsiyapahasie viva maNi-kaNaga- rayaNabhatti citte vAuyaviyaja- vejayaMtI-paDAgachattAichattakalie tuMge gagaNatala-mabhilaMghaNamANasihare jAlaMtara - rayaNapaMjarummilievva maNi -! kaNaga bhiyAe viyasiya- satavatta- puNDarIe tilaya- rayaNaddha caMdaccie nANAmaNi- maya- dAmAlaMkie aMto bahiM ca saNhe tavaNijja - ruila-vAluyA patthare muhaphAse sassirIyarUve pAsAie - jAvapaDive / - dha. ka. zramaNakathA, mUla, pR. 78 utprekSAoM kA isameM saTIka prayoga huA hai| isI prakAra dhanya muni kI tapazcaryA ke varNana meM bhI kAvyatva saMjoyA huA hai / kaThora tapazcaryA se dhanyamuni kA zarIra itanA sUkha gayA thA ki unakI pasaliyoM ko rudrAkSa kI mAlA ke manakoM kI taraha ginA jA sakatA thA, unake vakSasthala kI haDDiyA~ gaMgA kI taraMgoM kI taraha spaSTa dikhAyI detI thiiN| sUkhe sarpa kI taraha bhujAeM evaM ghor3e kI lagAma kI taraha kaoNMpane vAle unake agrahasta the tathA kampana vAtaroga ke rogI kI taraha unakA sira kAMpatA rahatA thA / yathA akkhasuttamAlA ti va gaNejjamANehi piTTakaraMDagasaMdhIhaM, gaMgAtaragaMbhUeNaM udakaDagadesa-bhAeNaM, sukkasappasamANAhiM bAhAhiM, siDhila-kaDAlI vivalaMbatehi ya aggahatthehiM, kaMpaNavAio viva vevamANIe sIsaghaDIe / - dha. ka. zramaNakathA, pR. 102 pairA. 412 ina kathAoM meM upamAoM kA bahuta prayoga huA hai| RSabhadeva ke munirUpa kA varNana bahuta hI kAvyAtmaka hai| usameM 39 upamAe~ dI gayI haiN| yathA- zuddha sone kI taraha rUpa vAle, pRthvI kI taraha saba sparzo ko sahane vAle, hAthI kI taraha vIra, AkAza kI taraha nirAlamba, havA kI taraha nirdandra Adi / 13 ina kathAoM ke gadya meM jitanA kAvya tatva hai, utanA hI padya-bhAga bhI kAvyAtmaka hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra kI kathAe~ padya meM hI varNita haiN| usameM aneka alaMkAroM kA prayoga huA hai| kucha upamAeM evaM dRSTAnta prastuta haiM 15 hai| 14 upamAe~ AsIvisovamA (9.53 ) jaha sIho va miyaM gahAya (13.22 ) paMkhA vihUNo vva jaha pakkhI 14.30) vivantasAro vaNio vva poe (14.30) guruo loha bhArovva (19.35 ) satyaM jahA paramAtikkha (20.20 ) dRSTAnta dAvAgni kA dRSTAnta 14.42 ) pakSI kA dRSTAnta 14.46) Jain Educationa International mRga (19.77) gopAla (22.45) pAtheya (19.18) jalatA huA ghara (19.22 ) tIna vaNika (7.14) sire cUDAmaNI jahA (22.10 ) isI taraha kI upamAe~ Adi yadi sabhI kathAoM meM ekatra kara anakA tulanAtmaka adhyayana yA jAya to bhAratIya kAvya-zAstra ke itihAsa ke lie kaI nae upamAna evaM bimba prApta ho kate haiN| For Personal and Private Use Only

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kathAoM meM sAMskRtika dharohara/ 31 kathAnaka-sadiyA~ evaM moTiphsa : kayAoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke lie unake moTiphsa evaM kathAnaka sadiyoM kA adhyayana karanA bahuta Avazyaka hai| isase kathA ke utsa evaM vikAsa ko khojA jA sakatA hai| pAli-prAkRta kathAoM meM kaI samAna kathAnaka sadiyoM kA prayoga huA hai| yaha eka svatantra adhyayana kA viSaya hai| yadyapi videzI vidvAnoM ne isa kSetra meM paryApta kArya kiyA hai| kintu bhAratIya kayAoM kI pRSThabhUmi meM abhI bhI kAma kiyA jAnA zeSa hai| Agama granthoM meM yadyapi kaI kathAe~ prayukta huI haiN| unake vyaktivAcaka nAmoM kI saMkhyA hajAra bhI ho sakatI hai| kintu unameM jo moTiphsa prayukta hue hai ve eka sau ke lagabhaga hoNge| unhIM kI punarAvRtti kaI kathAoM meM hotI rahatI haiN| kathAoM ke kucha abhiprAya draSTavya hai1. ziSya kI jijJAsA kA guru dvArA samAdhAna 2. mAtA dvArA svapnadarzana aura putrajanma 3. garbhiNI strI kA dohada 4. muni-upadeza se vairAgya 5. mAtA-pitA aura putra ke bIca vairAgya sambandhI saMvAda 6. pUrvabhava-kathana evaM jAti-smaraNa 7. dIkSA evaM usake bAda sadgati 8. sAdhanA se skhalana aura punaH sthiratA 9. do pratipakSI caritroM kA dvandra 10. vairAgya kI parIkSA meM kharA utaranA 11. anya dharmoM se apane dharma kI zreSThatA 12. putra-putriyoM kI buddhi-parIkSA 13. mitroM ke bIca mAyAcAra kI ghaTanA 14. hiMsA TAlene ke lie yukti 15. rUpa-varNana Adi sunakara Asakti 16. dUsaroM dvArA sandeza aura unakA apamAna 17. sAgara-yAtrA meM naukA-bhagna 18. niSiddha vastu ke prati AkarSaNa 19: asambhava ko sambhava kara dikhAnA 20. santAna kI adalA-badalI 21. puruSa ko nArI dvArA udbodhana 22. sArthavAha kA vyApAra 23. muni ke prati ghRNA va nindA se janmAntara meM kalaMka aura kleza 24. Apata kAla meM niyamoM kI chUTa 25. parivAra ke sadasyoM kA eka dUsare ke lie tyAga17 26. ativaibhava vAle nAyaka kA tyAga 27. guru kI nyAya-priyatA se dharma-prabhAvanA

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32/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana 28. tapazcaryA meM daivI zaktiyoM dvArA vighna 29. sAdhaka kI aDigatA 30. guNI evaM sAdhaka kI patnI kA viparIta AcaraNa 31, nArI-haTha ke duSpariNAma18 32. kaThinatA se prApta putra kA gRha-tyAga 33. pUrva vairI dvArA sAdhanA meM upasarga 34. sAmUhika anAcAra ke prati vidroha 35. ArAdhaka kI niSkriyatA ke prati Akroza 36. hiMsaka pravRtti kI ati se AtaMka 37. sAdhAraNa nAyaka kA sAhasI honA 38. krUra vyakti kA hRdaya-parivartana19 39. tapazcaryA meM zarIra kA sUkhanA 40. sAdhanA kI parAkASThA se bhava-chedana20 41. vartamAna janma ke duHkha ko pUrvajanmoM ke karmoM kA phala mAnanA 42. bar3I saMkhyA vAle ziSyoM ke nAyaka ko apanI ora jhukAnA 43. rAjA dvArA aparAdhI ko daNDa denA 44. daNDa pAye hue aparAdhI ke prati daNDaka kI karuNA 45. vadhyapuruSa ke pUrvabhava kA kathana 46. bhAI-bahana meM pati-patni kA sambandha 48. saMtAna prApti ke lie aneka prayatna 49. sautoM ke prati durvyavahAra 50. sAsa-bahU meM DAha isa prakAra yadi Agamika kathAoM kA eka prAmANika moTiphsa-inDeksa taiyAra kiyA jAya to ina kathAoM kI mUla bhAvanA ko samajhane meM to sahayoga milegA hI. unake vikAsa-krama ko bhI samajhA jA skegaa| sAmAjika jIvana : Agama-granthoM kI ina kathAoM meM maurya-yuga evaM pUrva-guptayuga ke bhAratIya jIvana kA citraNa huA hai| taba taka caturvarNa-vyavasthA vyApaka ho cukI thii| ina kathAoM meM brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya evaM zUdroM ke bhI kaI ullekha haiN| brAhmaNa ke lie mAhaNa zabda kA prayoga adhika huA hai| mahAvIra ko bhI mAhaNa aura mahAmAhaNa kahA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM brAhmaNoM ke yajJoM kA bhI ullekha hai, jinheM AdhyAtmika yajJoM meM badalane kI bAta ina jaina kathAkAroM ne kahI hai| kSatriyoM ke lie khattiya zabda kA yahA~ prayoga huA hai| ina kathAoM meM aneka kSatriya rAjakumAroM kI zikSA evaM dIkSA kA bhI varNana hai| vaizyoM ke lie ibhya, zreSThI, kauTumbika, gAhAvai Adi zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| harikeza cAMDAla evaM citta-sambhUta mAtaMgoM kI kathA ke mAdhyama se eka ora jahA~ unake vidyApAraMgata evaM dhArmika hone kI sUcanA hai vahA~ samAja meM unake prati aspRzyatA kA bhAva bhI spaSTa

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kathAoM meM sAMskRtika dharohara/33 hotA hai| cANDAloM ke kAryoM kA varNana bhI antakRddazA kI eka kathA meM milatA hai| ___ ina kathAoM ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna pArivArika jIvana sukhI thaa| rohiNI kI kathA saMyukta parivAra ke Adarza ko upasthita karatI hai, jisameM pitA mukhiyA hotA thA (jJAtA.7) 1 pitA ko Izvara tulya mAnakara prAtaH usakI caraNa-vaMdanA kI jAtI thI (jJAtA.1 ) / saMkaTa upasthita hone para putra apane prANoM kI Ahuti bhI pitA ke lie dene ko taiyara rahate the (zAtA.18 ) / apanI saMtAna ke lie mAtA ke aTUTa prema ke kaI dRzya ina kathAoM meM hai| meghakumAra kI dIkSA kI bAta sunakara usakI mAtA aceta ho gayI thii| rAjA puNanandI kI kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki vaha apanI mA~ kA ananya bhakta thA / cUlanIpitA kI kathA meM mAtR-vadha kA vighna upasthita kiyA hai| usameM mAtA bhadrA sArthavAhI ke guNoM kA varNana hai| ___ AgamoM kI kathAoM meM vibhinna sAmAjika janoM kA ullekha hai| yathA- talavAra, mADalika, kauTumbika, ibhya, zreSThI, senApati, sArthavAha, mahAsArthavAha, mahAgopa, sAyAMtrika, nauvaNik, suvarNakAra, citrakAra, gAhAvai, sevaka Adi / gajasukumAra kI kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki parivAra ke sadasyoM ke nAmoM meM ekarUpatA rakhI jAtI thii| yathA- somila pitA, somazrI mAtA evaM somA putrii| janmotsava manAne kI purAnI prathA hai, usameM upahAra bhI diyA jAtA thaa| rAjakumArI mallI kI janmagAMTha para zrIdAmakANDa nAmaka hAra diyA gayA thaa| janmagAMTha ko vahA~ 'saMvaccharapaDilehaNayaM kahA gayA hai| isI prakAra snAna Adi karane ke utsava bhI manAye jAte the| cAturmAsika snAna-mahotsava prasiddha thaa| ina kathAoM se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya samAja sevA ke aneka kArya kiye jAte the| naMda maNikAra kI kathA se spaSTa hai ki usane janatA ke lie eka aisI pyAU ( vApI) banavAyI thI, jahA~ chAyAdAra vRkSoM ke vanakhaNDa, manoraMjaka citrasabhA, bhojanazAlA, cikitsA-zAlA, alaMkAra-sabhA Adi kI vyavasthA thii| samAja-kalyANa kI bhAvanA usa samaya vikasita thii| rAjA pradezI ne bhI zrAvaka banane kA nizcaya karake apanI sampatti ke cAra bhAga kiye the| unameM se parivAra ke poSaNa ke atirikta eka bhAga sArvajanika hita ke kAryoM ke lie thA, jisase dAnazAlA Adi sthApita kI gayI thii| ina kathAoM meM pAtroM ke apAra vaibhava kA varNana hai| dezI vyApAra ke atirikta videzoM se vyApAra bhI unnata avasthA meM thaa| ataH samAja kI Arthika sthiti acchI thii| vANijya-vyApAra evaM kRSi Adi ke itihAsa ke lie ina kathAoM meM paryApta sAmagrI prApta hai| samudra-yAtrA evaM sArthavAha-jIvana ke sambandha meM to ina jaina kathAoM se aisI jAnakArI milatI hai, jo anyatra upalabdha nahIM hai|23 buddhakAlIna samAja kI tulanA ke lie bhI yaha sAmagrI mahatvapUrNa hai| rAjya-vyavasthA : prAkRta kI ina kathAoM meM rAjya-vyavasthA sambandhI vividha jAnakArI upalabdha hai| campA ke rAjA kRNika (ajAtazatru) kI kathA se usakI samaddhi aura rAjakIya guNoM kA patA calatA hai| rAjyapada vaMza-paramparA se prApta hotA thaa| rAjA dIkSita hone ke pUrva apane putra ko rAjya-gaddI para baiThAtA thaa| kintu udAyaNa rAjA kI kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki usane apane putra ke hote hue bhI apane bhAnaje ko rAjapada sauMpA thaa| nandIvardhana rAjakumAra kI kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki vaha

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34 / prAkRta kathA - sAhitya parizIlana apane pitA ke viruddha SaDyantra karake rAjya pAnA cAhatA thaa| rAjabhavanoM evaM rAjA ke antaH puroM ke bhItarI jIvana ke dRzya bhI ina kathAoM se prApta haiN| antakRddazA meM kanyA - antaHpura kA bhI ullekha hai / rAjya-vyavasthA meM rAjA, yuvarAja, mantrI, senApati, guptacara, purohita, zreSThI Adi vyakti pramukha hote the| DA. jagadIza candra jaina ne Agama kathA-sAhitya ke AdhAra para prAcIna rAjya-vyavasthA para acchA prakAza DAlA hai| aparAdha evaM daNDa vyavasthA ke lie isa sAhitya meM itanI sAmagrI upalabdha hai ki usase prAcIna daNDa-vyavasthA para svatantra grantha likhe jA sakate haiN| jaina kathAkAroM ne rAjakuloM evaM rAjAoM kA apanI kathAoM meM ullekha prabhAva utpanna karane ke lie kiyA hai| kintu kaI sthAnoM para to unakA aitihAsika mahatva bhI hai| dharmika mata-matAntara : AgamoM kI ina kathAoM meM jaina dharma evaM darzana ke vividha AyAma to udghATita hue haiM, sAtha hI anya dharmoM evaM matoM ke sambandha meM inase vividha jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| AdrakakumAra kI kathA se zAkya zramaNoM ke sambandha meM sUcanA milatI hai / dhannA sArthavAha kI kathA meM vibhinna vicAradhArAoM ko mAnane vAle parivrAjakoM ke ullekha haiN| yathA- caraka, caurika, dharmasaMDika, mickuNDa, paNDuraMga, gautama gauvRtI gRhadharmI, dharma-cintaka, aviruddha, buddha zrAvaka, raktapaTa Adi / 25 vyAkhyA sAhitya meM jAkara inakI saMkhyA aura bar3ha jAtI hai| 26 ina sabakI mAnyatAoM ko yadi vyavasthita rUpa se prastuta kiyA jAya to kaI naI dhArmika aura dArzanika vicAradhArAoM kA patA cala sakatA hai| saMkaTa ke samaya meM kaI devatAoM ko loga smaraNa karate the| unake nAma ina kathAoM meM milate haiN|27 Age calakara to eka hI prAkRta kathA meM vibhinna dhArmika evaM unake mata ekatra milane lagate haiN| 23 prAkRta kI ina kathAoM meM loka-jIvana se ghaniSTha sambandha thA / ataH inameM loka devatAoM aura laukika dhArmika anuSThAnoM kI bhI yapta sAmagrI prApta hai | 29 yadyapi Agama sAhitya meM prApta jaina darzana ke svarUpa para paM. mAlavaNiyA jI ne prakAza DAlA hai | 30 kintu ina kathAoM kI bhI dharma aura darzana kI dRSTi se samIkSA kI jAnI caahie| sthApatya evaM kalA : AgamoM kI ina kathAoM meM kucha kathA - nAyakoM kI gurukula zikSA ke varNana haiN| meghakumAra kI kathA meM 72 kalAoM ke nAmollekha haiM / anya kathAoM meM bhI inakA prasaMga AyA hai| zrI devendra muni zAstrI ne ina sabhI kalAoM kA paricaya apanI bhUmikA meM diyA hai| ina 72 kalAoM ke antargata bhI saMgIta, vAdya, nRtya, citrakalA, Adi pramuza kalAeM haiM, jinameM jIvana meM bahuvidha upayoga hotA hai / isa dRSTi se rAjA pradezI kI kathA adhika mahatvapUrNa hai / usameM battIsa prakAra kI nATyavidhiyoM kA varNana hai| TIkA sAhitya meM unake svarUpa Adi para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| 31 jJAtAdharmakathA meM mallI kI kathA citrakalA kI prabhUta sAmagrI upasthita karatI hai / mallI kI svarNamayI pratimA kA nirmANa mUrtikalA kA utkRSTa udAharaNa hai / sthApatyakalA kI pracura sAmagrI rAjA pradezI kI kathA meM prApta hai| rAjAoM ke prAsAda varNanoM evaM zreSThiyoM ke vaibhava ke dRzya upasthita karane Adi meM bhI prAsAdoM evaM krIr3AgRhoM ke sthApatya kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isa saba sAmagrI ko eka sthAna para ekatra kara usako prAcIna kalA ke sandarbha meM jA~cA-parakhA jAnA

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kathAoM me sAMskRtika dharohara/34 caahie| yakSa-pratimAoM aura yakSa-gRhoM ke sambandha meM to jaina kathAeM aisI sAmagrI prastuta karatI haiM, jo anyatra upalabdha nahIM hai| bhaugolika vivaraNa : prAkRta kI ina kathAoM kA vistAra kevala bhArata meM hI nahIM, apitu bAhara ke dezoM taka rahA hai| ina kathAoM ke kathAkAra svayaM sAre deza ko apane padoM se nApate rahe haiN| ataH unhoMne vibhinna janapadoM, nagaroM, grAmoM, vanoM evaM aTaviyoM kI sAkSAt jAnakArI prApta kI hai| use hI apanI kathAoM meM aMkita kiyA hai| kucha paurANika bhUgola kA bhI varNana hai, kintu adhikAMza deza kI prAcIna rAjadhAniyoM, pradezoM, janapadoM evaM nagaroM Adi se sambandhita varNana hI hai| aMgadeza, kAzI, ikSvAku, kuNAla, kuru, pAMcAla, kauzala Adi janapadoM, ayodhyA, campA, vArANasI, zrAvastI, hastinApura, dvArikA, mithilA, sAketa, rAjagRha Adi nagaroM ke ullekhoM ko yadi sabhI kathAoM se ekatra kiyA jAya to prAcIna bhArata ke nagara evaM nAgarika jIvana para nayA prakAza par3a sakatA hai| Adhunika bhArata ke kaI bhaugolika sthAnoM ke itihAsa meM isase parivartana Ane kI guMjAiza hai| isa dizA meM kucha vidvAnoM ne kArya bhI kiyA hai| kintu usameM ina kathAoM kI sAmagrI kA bhI upayoga honA caahie| jaina kathAoM ke bhUgola para svatantra pustaka bhI likhI jA sakatI hai| sandarbha 1. upAdhye, e.ena. : bRhatkathA-koza bhUmikA, pR.8| 2. prAkRta jaina kathA-sAhitya, pR.188 (phuttnott)| 3. jaina, jagadIzacandraH "do hajAra varSa purAnI kahAniyA~" pustaka drssttvy| 4. "da jainas ina da hisTrI oNpha iNDiyana liTarecara, saM.- muni jinavijaya, pR. 5. pro. harTela, "Ana da liTarecara Apha da zvetAmbarAj Apha gujarAta" pR.6| 6. jaina, jagadIzacandraH prAkRta jaina kathA-sAhitya, pR.81 7. pro. harTela, vahI, pR.7-81 8. dekheM- 'sama problamsa Apha iNDiyana liTarecara' pR. 21-401 9. mahAprajJa nathamala muni: "ArSa prAkRta, svarUpa aura vizleSaNa" nAmaka nibandha, saMskRta-prAkRta jaina ___vyAkaraNa aura koza kI paramparA, chApara 1981 / 10. aTThArasavihippagAradesIbhAsA visArae- dha. ka. zramaNakathA, mUla, pR. 78, pairA 326 | 11. sAdhvI divayaprabhA antakRdzA, byAvara (vivecana) draSTavya / 12. muni nathamalaH uttarAdhyayana- eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 478 aadi| 13. dha.ka. uttama, kahA. pra. 20-291 14. jaina, sudarzana lAlaH uttarAdhyayanasUtra- eka parizIlana, vArANasI, pustaka drssttvy| 15. vistAra ke lie dekheM- "uttarAdhyayana- eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana", pR.4611 16. satyendra, loka sAhitya vijJAna, pustaka draSTavya / 17. jJAtAdharmakathA kI kathAoM ke pramukha moTiphsa (abhiprAya) (1-25) / 18. uvAsagadasAoM kI kathAoM ke pramukha abhiprAya (26-31) / 19. antakRddazA kI kathAoM ke pramukha abhiprAya (32-38) /

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36/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana 20. anuttaropapitika dazA ke kucha abhiprAya 439-40) / 21. vipAkasUtra kI kathAoM ke pramukha moTiphsa (41-50) / 22. jagadIzacandra jaina Agama sA. meM bhA. samAja, pR. 119 aadi| 23. motIcandraH sArthavAha, adhyAya 9, pR. 158 aadi| 24 siMha. madanamohana: buddhakAlIna samAja aura dharma, paTanA. 1972. pustaka dRSTavya / 25. jJAtAdharmakathA (bhUmikA. pR. 35-38) 26. DA. jaina: vahI, pR. 413-20 aadi| 27. jJAtAdharmakathA pR.2371 28. kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR.3821 29. DA. jainaH vahI, pR.429 aadi| 30. (ka) Agamayuga kA jaina darzana, AgarA, 1966 (kha) jaina darzana kA AdikAla, ahamadAbAda. 1980 pustakeM drssttvy| 31. DA. jaina. vahI, pR. 325 aadi| 32. uttarAdhyayanasUtra- eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, pR.371 aadi|

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caturtha prAkRta kathAoM ke bheda-prabheda prAkta sAhitya vibhinna vidhAoM meM upalabdha hai| unameM kathA kI vidhA adhika samRddha huI hai| prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA udbhava yadyapi Agama sAhitya meM hI ho cukA thA, kintu usakA vikAsa vyAkhyA sAhitya aura svatantra kathA-granthoM meM huA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA. uvAsagadazAoM. vipAkasUtra. uttarAdhyayanasUtra Adi Agama granthoM kI kathAe~ saMkSipta kathAe~ haiM, jabaki uttarAdhyayanaTIkA, AvazyakacUrNI, bRhamkalpabhASya Adi kI kathAe~ vistAra lie hue haiN| IsA kI prathama zatAbdI se hI svatantra kathA-grantha likhe jAne lage the| sagarAiccakahA, kuvalayamAlAkahA, rayaNaseharonibakahA Adi prAkRtakathA-granthoM kI paramparA lambI hai| prAkRta ke isa vizAla kathA sAhitya meM prAkRta kathAoM ke kaI rUpa prApta hote haiM, jo prAkRta kathA ke bheda-prabhedoM kI jAnakArI ke lie AdhArabhUta haiN| svayaM kucha prAkRta kathAkAroM ne prAkRta kathA ke vibhinna rUpoM kI carcA kI hai| usI AdhAra para prAkRta kathAoM ke bheda-prabhedoM ko saMkSepa meM jJAta kiyA jA sakatA hai| sAmAnya kathA : AcArya haribhadrasUri ne dazavaikAlikasUtra para jo vatti likhI hai usameM unhoMne sAmAnya kathA ke tIna rUpoM kI carcA kI hai:- (1) akathA, (2) kathA, (3) vikthaa| inakA svarUpa batalAte hue ve kahate haiM ki ajJAnI mithyAdRSTi ke dvArA kahI gayI saMsAra meM paribhramaNa meM sahAyaka hone vAlI kathA akathA hai| kathA vaha kahalAtI hai jisakA nirupaNa tapa, saMyama, dAna. zIla Adi lokakalyANa ke kAryoM hetu athavA vicAra-zodhana ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| vidvAn aisI kathA ko satkathA bhI kahate haiN| pramAda, kaSAya, rAgadveSa, strI, bhojana, cora Adi se saMbaMdhita evaM samAja aura rASTra ko vikRta karane vAlI kathA vikathA kahalAtI haiN| akathA aura vikathA bhautikatA aura kaluSita vicAroM kI ora le jAne vAlI kathAe~ haiN| ata: satkathA kA nirupaNa karanA aura svAdhyAya karanA hI zreyaskara hai| viSayagata kathAe~ : prAkRta kathA sAhitya ke vizleSaNa se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki kathA ke bheda-pramaMdo ke sambandha meM prAcIna AcAryoM ke jo vicAra prApta hote haiM unameM kathAoM kA vargIkaraNa viSaya, pAtra, bhASA aura zailI ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| ataH isI krama se kathAoM ke bhedoM kI jAnakArI prApta karanA isI krama upayogI hogaa| haribhadrasUri ne viSaya kI dRSTi se kathAoM ke bheda kA nirupaNa do sthAnoM para kiyA hai| samarAiccakahA meM ve kahate haiM ki kathAe~ cAra prakAra kI hotI haiN| jaise(1) arthakathA, (2; kAmakathA. (3) dharmakathA (4) sNkiirnnkthaa| yahI bAta unhAna dazavaikAlikavRtti meM bhI kahI hai ki kathA cAra prakAra kI hai- arthakathA, kAmakathA. dharmakathA.

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38 / prAkRta kathA - sAhitya parizIlana mizritakathA / ina meM pratyeka kathA ke aneka bheda prApta hote haiN| yathA atthakahA kAmakahA dhammakahA ceva mIsiyA ya kahA / . etto ekkekkAvi ya NegavihA hoI nAyatvA / / - daza. hari vR. gAthA 188, pR. 212 arthakathA - viSaya kI dRSTi se vargIkRta kathAoM ke ina bhedoM kA svarUpa prAkRta kathAkAroM ne spaSTa kiyA hai / dazavaikAlikavRtti meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa kathA meM vidyA, zilpa, arthopArjana ke lie vibhinna upAya arthasaMcaya ke lie kuzalatA, sAma, daNDa aura bheda Adi kA varNana tathA vibhinna prakAra ke vyaMgya ityAdi kiye gae hoM vaha kathA arthakathA kahalAtI hai| samarAiccakahA meM arthaprApti ke vibhinna sAdhanoM kA nirupaNa karane vAlI kathA ko arthakathA kahA gayA hai| ina donoM ullekhoM se spaSTa hai ki arthakathA meM Arthika aura rAjanItika jIvana kA ghaTanAcakra rocaka DhaMga se prastuta kiyA jAtA hai| kAmakathA - haribhadrasUri kA kathAna hai ki rUpa-saundarya, yuvAvasthA, vezabhUSA. caturatA, vibhinna viSayoM kI zikSA, dekhe gae sune gae aura anubhava meM Ae vibhinna viSayoM kA paricaya prastuta karane vAlI kAmakathA hai| yathA rUvaM vao ya veso dakkhttaM sikkhiyaM ca visaesu / diThThaM suyamaNubhUyaM ca saMthavo gheva kAmakahA / / - daza. gAthA. 192, pR. 218 samarAiccakahA meM ise aura spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki rUpa-sauMdarya ke atirikta yauna samasyAoM kA vizleSaNa, anurAga, prema vyApAra, bhAvanA, milana evaM viraha Adi kA rocaka varNana kAmakathAoM meM kiyA jAtA hai| inhIM kAmakathAoM se premakathAoM kA vistAra prAkRta kathAoM meM dekhane ko milatA hai| saundarya citraNa evaM prakRti-citraNa Adi ke varNana bhI kAmakathAoM meM prApta hote haiN| dharmakathA - dharma se sambandhita viSayoM kA nirUpaNa karane vAlI kathA dharmakathA kahalAtI hai| jaina dharma meM dharma ke jo dazalakSaNa kahe gae haiM aura gRhastha dharma kA jo nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai usI ke AdhAra para haribhadrasUri ne kahA hai ki jisa kathA meM kSamA, mArdava, Arjava Adi dasa dharmoM, aNuvratoM, dezavratoM aura zikSAvratoM Adi kA bahulatA se varNana ho vaha dharmakathA hai|' udyotanasUri ne nAnA jIvoM ke vibhinna prakAra ke bhAva-vibhAva kA nirUpaNa karane vAlI kathA ko dharmakathA kahA hai|" AcArya jinasena ne dharmakathA ko sAta aMgoM meM suzobhita nArI ke samAna suMdara aura sarasa kathA kahA hai| isa prakAra dharmakathA naitika aura AdhyAtmika jIvana ko citrita karane vAlI hotI hai / dazavaikAlikavRtti meM kahA gayA hai ki cAra prakAra ke puruSArthoM se yukta dharmakathA ke cAra bheda haiM- AkSepiNI, vikSepiNI, saMveganI aura nirvedinI / 7 AkSepiNI kathA meM jIvana ke lokavyavahAra, prAyazcita, saMzaya kA nirAkaraNa aura sUkSma viSayoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA jAtA hai| AkSepiNI kathA prabhAva utpanna karane vAlI kathA hotI hai jo zrotA ke mana ke anukUla hotI hai| vikSepiNI kathA meM dUsare ke mata, vicAradhArA, siddhAnta Adi meM doSa dikhA kara apane siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA jAtA hai| ataH yaha kathA mana ke pratikUla bhI ho sakatI hai| saMveganI kathA kA uddezya aMta meM vairAgya utpanna karanA hotA hai| ataH yaha kathA krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha Adi manovikAroM ke doSa dikhAkara inake prati vairAgya utpanna karAtI hai| nirvedinI kathA saMsAra ke prati Asakti kA tyAga

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prAkRta kathAoM ke bheda-prabheda/39 karAne vAlI hotI hai| isa prakAra kI kathA meM loka-paraloka meM prApta hone vAle sukha-duHkha pariNAmoM kA vizleSaNa hotA hai| ataH nirvedinI kathA ko dharmakathA bhI kahA gayA hai| mizra yA saMkIrNakathA - jisa kathA meM dharma, artha aura kAma ina tInoM puruSArthoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA ho vaha mizra-kathA kahI jAtI hai| udyotanasUrI ne aisI kathA ko saMkIrNakathA kahA hai| isa mizrakathA meM janma-janmAMtaroM ke kathAnaka suMdara DhaMga se guthe hue rahate haiN| isameM kathAnAyakoM ke prema, parAkrama, zIla, sAhasa Adi kA varNana aura manovikAroM kA kAvyAtmaka vivecana pAyA jAtA hai| haribhadrasUri ne yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki aisI mizrakathA meM janma-janmAMtaroM kA varNana udAharaNa hetu aura kAraNoM se yukta honA caahie| dharmatatva ke sAtha-sAtha artha aura kAma tatva kA samizraNa dUdha meM cInI ke samAna saMkIrNa kathA meM hotA hai|10 isa kathA meM varNAtmaka zailI kA adhika prayoga hotA hai| manoraMjana aura kautuhala ke sAtha-sAtha yaha kathA naitika vikAsa ke lie preraNA pradAna karane vAlI hotI hai| isa prakAra viSaya ke AdhAra para jo prAkRta kathAoM kA vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai vaha vAstava meM cAra puruSArthoM para AdhArita hai| Adhunika dRSTi se sAmAjika kathA, zrRMgAra kathA, nItikathA aura lokakathA ina cAroM kA pratinidhitva artha, kAma, dharma aura mizrakathA se ho jAtA hai| pAtrAnusAra kathAe~ : prAkRta kathAkAroM ne kathAoM kA vargIkaraNa pAtroM ke AdhAra para bhI kiyA hai| haribhadrasUri ne samarAiccakahA meM aura mahAkavi kautuhala ne lIlAvaIkahA meM tIna prakAra kI kathAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai- divyakathA, mAnuSakathA, divymaanusskthaa|11 jina granthoM meM divyaloka ke vyaktiyoM kI jIvana ghaTanAoM aura camatkArapUrNa kriyAkalApoM kA nirupaNa ho ve divyakathAe~ kahalAtI haiN| aisI kathAoM meM alaukika tatva adhika hote haiN| Adhunika kathA AlocakoM ne aisI kathAoM ko parIkathA ( fairy tales) kahA hai| ina divya kathAoM kA pAika ke sAtha svAbhAvika sambandha nahIM mana paataa| jisa kathA meM manuSya-loka ke pAtroM kI pradhAnatA ho evaM manuSya ke carita kI acchI-burI ghaTanAoM aura bhAvanAoM kA nirupaNa ho vaha kathA mAnuSakathA kahalAtI hai| isa mAnuSakathA ke pAtra yathArtha-citraNa ke sAtha jur3e hue hote haiN| jisa kathA meM manuSya aura deva donoM prakAra ke pAtroM kA varNana ho vaha kathA divya-mAnuSIkathA kahalAtI hai| ina divyamAnuSI kathAoM meM deva aura manuSyoM ke jIvana kI, janma-janmAntaroM kI ghaTanAe~ citrita hotI hai| ataH ye kathAe~ manoraMjana ke sAtha-sAtha mArmika varNanoM se bhI yukta hotI haiN| ina kathAoM meM sAhasa, saundarya, prema Adi aneka caritrika vizeSatAoM kA apakarSa aura utkarSa citrita hotA hai| kavi kautuhala ne apanI lIlAvaIkahA ko divya-mAnuSI kathA kahA hai| isameM caritra aura ghaTanA donoM kA saMtulana prApta hotA hai| bhASAgata bheda : prAkRta kathAoM kA vargIkaraNa bhASA ke AdhAra para bhI kiyA gayA hai| mahAkavi kautuhala ne lIlAvaIkahA meM pramukha bhASAoM ke AdhAra para kathAoM ke tIna bheda mAne haiM- saMskRtakathA, prAkRtakathA evaM mizrakathA

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40/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana aNNaM skky-paayy-sNkinnnn-vihaa-suvnnnn-riyaao| suvvaMti mahA-kai-puMgavehi vivihAu sukhaao|| -lIlA. gA. 36, pR.101 bhASAgata kathAoM ke bheda kI carcA anya AcAryoM ne adhika nahIM kI hai kyoMki bhASAe~ samaya-samaya para badalatI rahatI haiN| mizrakathA kA tAtparya saMskRta ora prAkRta bhASA kI milI-julI kathA se hai| apabhraMza bhASA meM kaI kathAe~ likhI gaI hai| ataH kavi ne jise saMkIrNa kathA kahA hai vaha saMskRta, prAkRta ke atirikta anya bhASA kI kathA kA dyotaka hai| zailIgata bheda : viSaya, pAtra evaM bhASA ke AdhAra para prAkRta kathAoM kA vargIkaraNa kathAoM ke UparI DhAMce ko vyakta karatA hai| kathA ke Antarika svarUpa kA vizleSaNa isase nahIM hotaa| ataH AcAryoM ne sthApatya yA zailI ke AdhAra para kathAoM kA vargIkaraNa kiyA hai| udyotanasUri ne kathA-zilpa ke AdhAra para pA~ca prakAra kI kathAe~ mAnI hai- sakalakathA, khaNDakathA, ullApakathA, parihAsakathA evaM sNkiirnnkthaa|12 sakalakathA - isameM cAroM puruSArthoM kA varNana rahatA hai| nAyaka evaM pratinAyaka ke jIvana-saMgharSa kI kahAnI isameM varNita hotI hai| abhISTa phala yA vastu kI prApti karanA isa kathA kA pramukha uddezya hotA hai| sakalakathA kA artha sampUrNa kahAnI hai, jise saphala kathA bhI kaha sakate haiN| khaNDakathA - sampUrNa kathAvastu ke kisI eka khaNDa yA aMza ko pUrNatA ke sAtha vyakta karanA khaNDakathA kA pratipAdya hotA hai| isakI kathAvastu choTI hotI hai| kathA kA manuSya pratipAdya kathA ke madhya meM yA anta ke pahale nirUpita kara diyA jAtA hai| ullApakathA - samudrayAtrA yA sAhasapUrNa kAryoM ko vyakta karane vAlI kathA ullAsakathA hotI hai| nAyaka ke kisI vizeSa guNa ko vyakta karanA isa kathA kA uddezya hotA hai| isameM dharmacarcA evaM naitika Adarza bhI hotA hai|| hAsya athavA vyaMgyapradhAna kathA ko parihAsakathA kahA gayA hai| saMkIrNakathA- ise kucha kathAkAroM ne mizrakathA bhI kahA hai| vAstava meM isa kathA meM sabhI kathAoM ke guNa vidyamAna hote haiN| uddyotanasUri ne saMkIrNakathA kI prazaMsA karate hue kahA hai ki sabhI kathAguNoM se yukta, alaMkAra-kAvya Adi zrRMgAra guNoM se manohara, sundara saMracanA vAlI, sabhI kalAoM aura Agama ke saubhAgya ko prApta saMkIrNakathA kA jJAna karanA cAhie savvakahAguNajuttA siMgAra-maNorahA suriyNgii| savva-kalAgamasuhayA saMkiNNa-kahatti NAyavvA / / -kuva, 4.13 kathAoM ke ina bheda-prabhedoM ke atirikta prAkRta sAhitya meM viSaya aura zailI kI dRSTi se kathAoM ke anya bheda bhI ullikhita haiM, kintu ve ina pramukha bhedoM kA hI spaSTIkaraNa karate haiN| AcArya hemacandra ne apane kAvyAnuzAsana meM kathAoM ke nimna bAraha bheda ginAye haiM-13 __ 1.AkhyAyikA 2. kathA 3. AkhyAna 4.nidarzana 5.pravalhikA 6. manthallikA 7. maNikulyA 8. parikathA 9.khaNDakathA 10.sakalakathA 11.upakathA aura 12.bRhtkthaa| ina sabake svarUpa ko unhoMne spaSTa bhI kiyA hai| DA. e.ena. upAdhye ne jaina kathAoM kA vizleSaNa karate samaya prAkRta

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prAkRta kathAoM ke bheda-prabheda / 41 kathAoM kA vargIkaraNa ina pA~ca bhAgoM meM kiyA hai- (i) prabandha - paddhati meM zalAkApuruSoM ke carita (ii) kisI eka prasiddha mahApuruSa kA carita (iii) romANTika dharmakathAe~ (iv) ardha- aitihAsika prabandha kathAe~ evaM (v) upadezaprada kathAoM ke saMgraha kathAkoza 1 14 isa prakAra prAkRta kathA sAhitya meM jo kathAe~ prApta hotI haiM unake svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa mukhyataH unake pratipAdya viSaya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kiyA gayA hai| kintu prAkRta meM sabhI prakAra kI kathAe~ upalabdha haiN| vasudevahiNDI ke kathAkAra lekhaka ne kAmakathA ko dharmakathA kA AdhAra svIkAra kiyA hai| ve mAnate haiM ki pahale kathA ke zrotA yA pAThaka ke ruci kI kathA kahakara phira kathAkAra apanI bAta kaha sakatA hai| vAstava meM prAkRta kathA sAhitya kI eka-eka kathA kA sUkSma adhyayana honA Avazyaka hai, tabhI kathA ke samasta bheda-prabheda sAmane A skeNge| isake lie samasta prAkRta kathAoM kA koza taiyAra karane kI prAthamika AvazyakatA hai I sandarbha 1. akahA kahA ya vikahA havijja purisaMtara ppp| dAza. hA. gAthA 208 / / 2. padmapurANa, parva 2, zloka 40: mahApurANa, parva 1, zloka 120 3. ettha sAmannao cattAri kahAo havanti / taM jahA- atthakahA, kAmakahA, dhammakahA, saMkiNNakahA y|- samarA, pRSTha 2 4. vijjAsippamuvAo, aNiveo saMcao ma dakkhattaM / sAmaM daMDo bheo uvappayANaM ca atthakahA / / daza. vR., gAthA 189 - 5. samarAiccakahA, sampA.- yAkobI, pR. 3 6. sAM uNa dhamma hA NANAviha jIva pariNAma-bhAva vibhAvaNatthaM / - kuva. 4. 9 7. dhammakA boddhavvA cauvvihA dhIrapurisa pannatA / akravevaNi vikkhevaNi saMvego ceva nivvee / / kuva. pR. 4, anu. 9 - 8. dhammo atyo kAmo uvaissai jantasutta kavvesuM / loge ve samaye sA u kahA mIsiyA nnaam|| daza.gA. 266 9. puNo savvalabhavaNA saMpAiya-tivaggA saMkiNNA tti / kuva. pR. 4 10. zAstrI, nemicandaH haribhadra ke prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka parIzIlana, 1965, pR. 114 11. taM jaha divvA taha divva mANusI mANusI tahacceya / -lIlA. gA. 35 12. kuvalayamAlAkahA, pR. 4 anuccheda 7 13. kAvyAnuzAsana, adhyAya 8, sUtra 7-8, pR. 462-4651 14. bRhatkathAkoza (hariSeNa) kI aMgrejI prastAvanA, pR. 35

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paMcama AcArAMga vyAkhyAoM kI kathAeM AcArAMgasUtra ardhamAgadhI sAhitya kA AdhArabhUta grantha hai| isameM jIvana ke mUlabhUta satyoM kA udghATana eka AtmAnubhavI sAdhaka dvArA kiyA gayA hai| ataH yaha adhyAtmavidyA kA, AtmA-jijJAsA kA Adi grantha kahA jA sakatA hai, jisakA dharAtala pUrNa ahiMsaka hai| samatA aura saMyama dvArA ahiMsaka vizva kA nirmANa karanA, usakI preraNA denA isa grantha kA pratipAdya hai| isI pariveza meM darzana ke vibhinna prazna yahA~ samAdhita hue haiN| unake spaSTIkaraNa ke lie AcArAMga para niyukti, cUrNi, TIkA, vRtti Adi kaI vyAkhyAtmaka grantha bhI jaina dArzanika AcAryoM ne likhe haiN| isa vyAkhyAtmaka sAhitya meM kaI manohara dRSTAntoM aura kathAoM dvarA AcArAMga ke viSaya ko saMrala aura subodha banAyA gayA hai| una kathAoM ko saMkalita kara unake pratipAdya aura vaiziSTya ko yahA~ prastuta karane kA prayatna hai| dvitIya bhadrabAhu ne saM.562 (505 I.) ke lagabhaga AgamoM para niyuktiyAM likhI haiN| ataH unake dvArA likhita AcArAMga niyukti kA samaya 5-6 vIM zatAbdI mAnA jA sakatA hai| AcArAMga niyukti meM kula 386 prAkRta gAthAeM haiN| AMcArAMga ke donoM zrutaskandhoM para inase prakAza par3atA hai| viSaya ko samajhAne ke lie isa niyukti meM kucha dRSTAnta, udAharaNa evaM kathAeM bhI saMkSepa meM prastuta kI gayI hai| thor3e zabdoM meM sAra kI bAta kahanA isa niyukti kI vizeSatA hai| lokasAra nAmaka adhyayana kA viSaya pratipAdana karate samaya kahA gayA hai ki sampUrNa loka kA sAra dharma hai| dharma kA sAra jJAna hai| jJAna kA sAra saMyama hai aura saMyama kA sAra nirvANa hai logassa sAra dhammo dhammapi ya nANasAriyaM viti| nANaM saMjamasAraM saMjamasAraM ca nivvaannN| - A.ni.gA. 245 AcArAMgasUtra ke vibhinna saMskaraNoM se bhI niyukti kA mahatva spaSTa hotA hai| AcArAMga ke viSaya ko cUrNi se aura adhika spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| cUrNikAroM meM jinadAsagaNi mahattara kA nAma prasiddha hai| inakA samaya AcArya haribhadra ke pUrva lagabhaga 650-750 I. ke bIca mAnA jAtA hai| AnandasAgarasUri ke matAnusAra AcArAMga cUrNi ke kartA jinadAsagaNi mahattara hai| yadyapi paramparA se jinadAsagaNi kI cUrNiyoM meM AcArAMga kA ullekha nahIM hai| AcArAMgacUrNi prAkRta pradhAna hai| isameM prasaMgAnusAra saMskRta ke zloka bhI uddhRta kiye gae haiN| kintu sandarbha kisI uddharaNa kA nahIM diyA gayA hai| viSaya ke pratipAdana meM kucha kathAeM saMkSepa meM prastuta kI gayI hai| isakA prakAzana ratalAma se huA hai| AcArAMga para likhI gayI niyukti ke viSaya ko 9-10 vIM zatAbdI ke vidvAn zIlAcArya ne apanI AcArAMgazIlAMkaTIkA meM aura adhika spaSTa kiyA hai| zIlAcArya tatvAditya va zIlAMka ke nAma se bhI prasiddha hai| inakI vartamAna meM AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga para do TIkAeM hI upalabdha hai, jabaki inheM nau aMgoM para TIkA likhane vAlA kahA gayA hai| AcArAMga kI TIkA AcArAMga vRtti yA vivaraNa ke nAma se

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AcArAMga vyAkhyAoM kI kathAe~/43 bhI jAnI jAtI hai| isa TIkA ko uddharaNa gAthAoM, padyoM evaM kathAnakoM dvArA subAdha banAyA gayA hai| yaha TIkA kaI dRSTiyoM se mahatvapUrNa hai| vi.saM. 1629 ke lagabhaga ajitadevasUri ne zIlAMka kI AcArAMgaTIkA ke AdhAra para AcArAMgadIpikA likhI hai| isako sarala aura subodha banAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai|' zIlAMkaTIkA ke lie yaha kuMjI hai| isake pUrva vi. saM. 1528 meM jinahaMsa ne AcArAMgaTIkA likhI hai| isakA AdhAra zIlAMkaTIkA hI hai| isI kA anukaraNa pArzvacandra kI AcArAMgaTIkA AcArAMga ke vyAkhyA sAhitya meM vibhinna prasaMgoM meM viSaya ko pUrNatayA spaSTa karane ke lie jaina saMgha kI paramparA meM pracalita kathAoM ke udAharaNa diye gaye haiN| AcArAMga mUla meM kucha rupakoM ke mAtra nAma nirdiSTa haiN| niyuktikAra ne una kathAoM ko vistAra diyA hai| kintu kathAoM ko spaSTa svaspa cUrNikAra ne pradAna kiyA hai| unhoMne kaI lokakathAoM ko bhI isameM sammilita kiyA hai| TIkAkAra zIlAMka ne cUrNi meM varNita kathA ko TIkA meM uddhRta nahIM kiyA, kevala usakA saMketa kara diyA hai| kintu kathAoM ko saMkSipta zailI meM prastuta kiyA hai| AcArAMga ke vyAkhyA sAhitya kI adhikAMza kathAeM AvazyakacUrNi meM upalabdha hai| ataH AvazyakacUrNi aura AcArAMga- cUrNi kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bahuta upayogI ho sakatA hai| AcArAMga kI kathAoM ke vizleSaNa ke pUrva una samasta kathAoM ko AcArAMga ke viSayakrama ke anusAra yahA~ saMkSepa meM prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| jAti-smaraNa ke tIna dRSTAnta : 1. (ka) sva-mati se jAti-smaraNa :- vasantapura nagara meM jitazatru rAjA hai, usakI rAnI dhArinI hai| unake dharmaruci nAmaka putra hai| vaha rAjA jitazatru muni banane kI icchA se dharmaraci ko rAjya para baiThAkara jAne lgaa| taba putra ne mAM se pUchA ki pitAjI kisalie rAjya ladamI ko tyAga rahe haiN| taba use pitA dvArA kahA gayA ki isa caMcala aura duHkhabhUta lakSmI se kyA lAbha ? ise chor3akara maiM dharma karanA cAhatA huuN| taba putra ne kahA- 'yadi aisA hai, taba he pitA ! Apa mujhe kyoM isa pApa meM DAlate haiN| maiM bhI dharma aMgIkAra kruuNgaa|' taba ve donoM pitA-putra eka tapasvI ke Azrama meM cale gye| vahA~ para sabhI dhArmika kriyAeM karane lge| vahA~ para amAvasyA ke eka dina pUrva kisI tAphsa ne sUcanA dI ki kala "anAkuTTi" hogii| ataH Aja hI puSpa, phala, kuza Adi saba le aao| dharmaruci ke pitA ne samajhAyA ki amAvasyA Adi parva ke dinoM meM latA, puSpa Adi ko jIva hiMsA hone se kATate nahIM hai, yahI "anAkuTTi' hai| dharmaruci ne socA- aisI anAkuTTi hamezA ho to acchA hai| dUsare dina amAvasyA ko rAste meM use kucha sAdhu jAte hue dikhe| dharmaruci ne unase pUchAkyA Aja Apa logoM kI 'anAkuTTi nahIM hai| anhoMne kahA ki hamArI to jIvanaparyanta ke lie 'anAkuTTI hai| unake isa kathana se dharmaruci ko apanI gati se hI jAti-smaraNa ho gayA ki vaha pahale muni thaa| phira svarga jAkara yahA~ janmA hai| pratyekabuddha huaa| isI prakAra valkalacIri, zreyAMsa Adi ke sambandha meM jAnanA caahie| yaha kathA jaina sAhitya meM prasiddha hai|

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44/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana 2. (kha) para-vyAkaraNa barA jAti-smaraNa :- gautama svAmI ne bhagavAn mahAvIra ko pUchAhe bhagavan ! mujhe kevalajJAna kyoM nahIM ho pA rahA hai ? taba bhagavAna ne kahA-he gautama ! tumhArA mere Upara bahuta sneha hai, usa rAga ke kAraNa se tumheM kevalajJAna nahIM ho rahA hai| taba gautama ne pUchA ki Apake Upara merA rAga kyoM hai ? to bhagavAn ne use pUrva-janmoM ke sambandha btlaae| unheM sunakara gautama ko jAti-smaraNa huaa| yaha tIrthakRt vyAkaraNa jAti-smaraNa hai| 3. (ga) anya zravaNa kharA jAti-smaraNa :- malli svAmI ne malli rAjakumArI ke rUpa meM apane para Asakta chaha rAjakumAroM ko pratibodhita karate hue unheM pUrva janma kA smaraNa dilAyA thA ki hama sabhI eka sAtha dIkSita hue the| usake bAda jayanta vimAna meM deva hue, ityaadi| isase una rAjakumAroM ko jAti-smaraNa utpanna huaa| 4. yazodhara barA ATe ke muge kI bali :- marane ke bAda pitR-piNDadAna Adi pravRtta hote hai| mere isa sambandhI ko isane mArA ataH isake pApa ko dUra karane ke lie usake bandhu-bAndhava durgA Adi devI ke samakSa bakare Adi kI bali dete haiN| jaise yazodhara ne ATe kI mugeM kI bali dI thii|10 yazodhara kI kathA kI jaina sAhitya meM lambI paramparA hai| isa kathA para kaI grantha likhe gaye haiN| 5. jAtyaMdha mRgAputra kI vedanA :- jo na dekhate haiM, na sunate haiM, na saMghate haiM, na calate haiM, ve vedanA kA anubhava kaise karate haiM ? aisA pUche jAne para bhagavAn mahAvIra ne udAharaNa dekara kahAjaise koI jAtyaMdha, bahirA, gUMgA, kuSThI, laMgar3A vyakti bhAle kI noMka se chede jAne para duHkha kA anubhava karatA hai- mRgAputra kI taraha, isI prakAra pRthvIkAya jIva bhI duHkha kA anubhava karate haiN| isalie puthvI ko hala, kudAlI Adi se khodane para vaha hiMsA kA kAraNa hotA hai| Agama sAhitya meM yaha kathA pracalita rahI hai| 6. dharmaghoSa ke pramAdI ziSya kI kathA :- AtaMkadarzI vAyukAya kI hiMsA nahIM krtaa| yaha AtaMka dravya aura bhAva do prakAra kA hai| dravya AtaMka ke kathana meM pramAdI ziSya kA yaha udAharaNa hai jambUdvIpa meM suprasiddha bhAratavarSa hai| vahA~ para aneka nagara ke guNoM se yukta rAjagRha nAmaka nagara hai| vahA~ para zatruoM ke bhArI abhimAna kA mardana karane vAlA, bhujAoM meM bala rakhanevAlA, jIva-ajIva ke svarUpa ko jAnane vAlA jitazatru nAmaka rAjA thaa| nirantara vairAgya bhAva ko dhAraNa karane vAlA vaha rAjA eka bAra dharmaghoSa muni ke caraNoM meM eka pramAdI ziSya ko dekhatA hai| vaha ziSya aneka varjita kAryoM ko kara rahA thaa| ataH zeSa ziSyoM ke AcaraNa kI rakSA ke lie jitazatru usa pramAdI ziSya ko apane sAtha le aayaa| apane sainikoM ko rAjA ne usa pramAdI ziSya ko sauMpa diyaa| unhoMne usake sAmane hI vahA~ banAvaTI tIvra teja jalane vAle padArthoM ke Dhera meM eka nakalI manuSya ko DAla diyaa| vaha kSaNamAtra meM hI jalakara vahA~ rAkha ho gyaa| phira rAjA ne pahale se sikhAye hue do vyaktiyoM ko vahA~ bulaayaa| eka gRhasthaveza meM thA aura dUsarA sAdhu ke veza meN| rAjA ne unakA aparAdha pachA / sainikoM ne kahA ki inhoMne ApakI AjJA kI avahelanA kI hai aura yaha saMnyAsI apane dharma ke anusAra AcaraNa nahIM karatA hai| taba rAjA ne una donoM ko usa nakalI tejAba ke Dhera meM DalavA diyaa| kSaNamAtra meM ve donoM haDDiyoM ke Dhera ho gye|

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AcArAMga vyAkhyAoM kI kathAe~ / 45 taba rAjA usa pramAdI ziSya ke sAmane AcArya ko pUchatA hai- 'kyA' tumhAre saMgha meM koI pramAdI ziSya hai ? mujhe kaho, maiM use ThIka kara dU~gA / AcArya ne kahA- 'abhI koI ziSya pramAdI nahIM hai| jaba hogA to tumheM khuuNgaa|' rAjA ke cale jAne para usa pramAdI ziSya ne AcArya ko kahA- 'Apa rAjA ko mata khnaa| maiM Aja se pramAda chor3a dU~gA aura ApakI AjJA meM calU~gA / yadi kabhI pramAda karU~ to Apa mujhe usa rAjA ko de denaa| aba maiM ApakI zaraNa meM huuN|' taba se vaha pramAdI ziSya sajA ke AtaMka ke bhaya se AcaraNazIla aura sIdhA ho gayA / 12 bAda meM rAjA ne bhI avijJA ke lie usase kSamA maaNgii| isa prakAra dravya AtaMkadarzI ahita, pramAda, hiMsA Adi kAryoM se apane ko sarvathA alaga kara letA hai, jaise usa dharmaghoSa ko pramAdI ziSya ne kiyaa| 13 ke bhava AtaMkadarzI to naraka Adi janmoM meM priya ke viyoga Adi mAnasika evaM zArIrika duHkhoM anubhava se hiMsA Adi kAryoM se virata ho jAtA hai| vastutaH AtaMka, ahita aura Atmadarzana dvArA hiMyA se virata huA jA sakatA hai| AcArAMga ke TIkAkAra ne ThIka hI kahA haikaTTheNa kaMTaeNa va pAe viddhassa veyaNaTTassa / jai hoi anivvANI savvattha jiesu taM jANa / rAga-dveSavaza kI gayI hiMsA sambadhI kathAeM : pramAda rAgadveSAtmaka hotA hai| yaha merI mAtA hai| isane mujhapara upakAra kiyA hai| ataH ise bhUkha pyAsa Adi kI pIr3A na ho isalie vyakti kRSi, vANijya, naukarI Adi tathA hiMsAtmaka sAdhanoM se bhI dhana kamAtA hai| mAtA Adi ko kaSTa pahu~cAne vAle ke prati dveSa utpanna hotA hai| dveSa bhAva se hiMsAtmaka kriyAe~ kI jAtI haiN| 14 yathA -zI. pR. 151 7. (ka) parazurAma kathA :- parazurAma ne apanI mAM reNukA, usake sAtha avaidha sambandha karane vAle rAjA anaMtavIrya evaM apane sautele bhAI ko mAra DAlA thA / isake pratizodha meM anaMtavIrya ke putra kRtyavIrya ne parazurAma ke pitA jamadagni ko mAra ddaalaa| taba parazurAma ne kRtyavIrya ko mAra DAlA aura unheM mAra kara pRthvI ko kSatriyoM se sAta bAra khAlI kara diyaa| 15 bAda meM kRtyavIrya ke putra subhUma ne parazurAma ko mAra diyA aura 21 bAra pRthvI ko brAhmaNoM se khAlI kara diyA / 16 yaha kathA pracIna jaina sAhitya meM pracalita rahI hai| ise pracalita rAmakathA kA jaina rUpAntaraNa bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| 8. (kha) ghANakya dvArA nandakula kA nAza :- saMsArI prANI apanI bahina ke prati rAga hone se athavA patnI ke prati Asakti se bhI duHkha kA anubhava karatA hai| jaise cANakya apanI bahina aura bahinoI kI avajJA se aura apanI patnI kI preraNA se nanda rAjA ke pAsa dhana pAne kI AzA se vahAM gayA / kintu vahAM apamAnita hone para usane krodha se candragupta kI sahAyatA se nandakula kA hI nAza kara diyaa| 17 jaina sAhitya meM cANakya kA prasaMga aMkita kiyA gayA hai| 9. (ga) jarAsandha dvArA badalA :- jarAsandha rAjagRha kA rAjA thA aura kaMsa kA zvasura thaa| kaMsa ko navAM pratizatru kahA gayA hai, jisakI mRtyu kRSNa ke dvArA huI thI / jarAsandha ne apane dAmAda kaMsa kI hatyA isaliye karavA dI thI ki vaha usakI putrI ko dAruNa dukha na de| 18 1

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46/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana 10. pradyota evaM mRgAvatI prasaMga :- kisa kAla meM kyA kartavya karanA cAhiye, kyA nahIM, isakA viveka na hone para anartha hotA hai| vyakti ko duHkha uThAnA par3atA hai| jaise:- ujjainI ke rAjA pradyota kI kathA jaina sAhitya meM ati prasiddha hai| AcArAMga cUrNi meM pradyota jarA dhuMdhumAra rAjA para AkramaNa karane kA aura usake dvarA kaidI banAye jAne kA varNana hai| AcArAMgaTIkA meM pradyota evaM mRgAvatI ke prasaMga kA ullekha hai|20| 11. dhana sArthavAha kI vRddhAvasthA :- vRddhAvasthA meM svayaM ke dvarA poSita santAna, bahueM evaM patnI bhI vyakti kI sevA nahIM karate haiN| vRddhAvasthA svayaM duHkhoM kI khAna hai| isako eka kathAnaka dvArA spaSTa kiyA gayA hai kausAmbI nagarI meM aneka putroM vAlA dhanavAna dhanasArthavAha rahatA thaa| usane apanI yogyatA ye paryApta dhana kamAyA thaa| usase usake putra, putravadhU patnI, mitra Adi sabhI sukhI the| vRddhAvasthA Ane para dhanasArthavAha ne gRhasthI kA bhAra apane putroM ko saupa diyaa| kucha dina taka to bahuoM ne apane zvasura kI sevA kii| kintu bAda meM ve usameM zithilatA karane lgii| dhana ne isakI zikAyata apane putroM se kI to bahuoM ne bilkula hI dhana kI sevA banda kara dii| usakI patnI ne bhI upekSAbhAva dikhaayaa| taba vaha dhana socatA hai ki vRddhAvasthA duHkhoM kA bhaNDAra hai| AcArAMgacarNi meM dhanasArthavAha evaM usakI patnI bhadrA kI eka anya kathA bhI hai|22 12. viSayoM meM Asakta brahmadatta :- brahamadatta 22 veM cakravartI ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai| pArzvanAtha ke pUrva brahmadatta kAmpilapura meM rAjya karatA thaa| usakI rAniyoM meM kusamati Adi pramukha thiiN| brahmadatta kAmabhogoM ko duSpariNAmoM ko na jAnate hue unameM DUbA rahatA thaa| usake pUrva-janma ke bhAI muni citta ke samajhAne para bhI vaha viSayoM ke bhoga se virata nahIM huaa| ataH use sAtaveM naraka meM jAkara duHkha bhogane pdd'e|23 13. viSayoM se virakta sanatkumAra :- sanatkumAra jaise AtmajJAnI viSayoM ke duSpariNamoM ko jAnate haiN| ataH ve viSaya-bhogoM meM lipta nahIM hote| sanatkumAra caturtha cakravartI ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai| sanatkumAra kA varNana sabase sundara evaM AkarSaka yuvaka ke rUpa meM huA hai| kintu jaba use apane spa kA ghamaNDa ho gayA tabhI vaha kurUpa evaM bIbhatsa bana gayA thaa| kintu taba usane tapasyA karake deva pada prApta kiyaa|24 "apaDiNNa" kI vyAkhyA meM kathAnaka : .AcArAMga ke lokavibhAga adhyayana ke 5veM uddezya meM "apaDiNNa" (sUtra ) kI vyAkhyA karate samaya kahA gayA hai ki jisakI koI pratijJA (nidAna) na ho vaha apratijJa (apaDiNNa) hai| krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha Adi kaSAyoM ke udaya se jo vyakti nidAna karatA hai vaha pratijJA kahalAtI hai, jo duHkhadAyI hai|25 isake kucha udAharaNa hai: 14. (ka) skandadhArya (krodha meM):- muni suvrata svAmI ke tIrtha meM skandAcArya ne dIkSA lI thii| eka bAra usake pUrva janma ke bairI pAlaka ne skanda aura usake ziSyoM ko tela perane ke yantra se pIr3ita kara diyA thaa| ataH skanda ne krodha meM Akara yaha nidAna kiyA thA ki maiM isa pAlaka purohita sahita pUre nagara kA vinAza kara duuNgaa| apanI tapasyA ke kAraNa vaha marakara deva huaa| apanI pratijJA ko smaraNa kara usane pAlaka purohita ke AvAsa ke samIpa 12 yojana meM Aga

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AcArAMga vyAkhyAoM kI kathAe~/47 lagavA dii| thI vaha pradeza Aja daNDakAraNya ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai|26 jaina sAhitya meM yaha prasaMga bahupracalita mAnA jAtA hai| 15. (kha) bAhubalI (mAna meM) :- RSabhadeva ke putra bAhubalI aura bharata kA yuddha jaina sAhitya meM ahiMsaka yuddha ke spa meM citrita hai| bAhubalI ko jaba saMsAra se vairAgya ho gayA to unhoMne dIkSA le lii| kaThora tapasyA ke uparAnta bhI unheM kevalajJAna nahIM ho rahA thaa| kyoMki unake mana meM mAna thA ki maiM kaise apane bhAiyoM ke kevalajJAnI putroM ke sAmane chagastha hokara unheM dekhuugaa|27 taba brAhmI aura sundarI ke samajhAne para bAhubalI kA mAna samApta ho gayA thA aura unheM kevalajJAna huaa|28 ___16. (ga) mallisvAmI kA jIva (mAyA meM) :- jJAtAdharmakathA meM mallikumArI kI kathA varNita hai| mallisvAmI ko strI tIrthakara isalie bananA par3A kyoMki vaha pUrva-janma meM mahAbala anagAra ke rUpa meM apane sAthI anagAroM se mAyA (kapaTa) karake unase chipAkara adhika tapasyA, upavAsa Adi karatA thaa|29 AcArAMga meM malli svAmI ke jIva kI isI ghaTanA kA udAharaNa dekara kahA gayA hai ki sAdhu ko nidAna nahIM karanA caahie| apratijJa rahanA cAhie30 17. (gha) yati AbhAsA :- lobha ke udaya se paramArtha ko na jAnane vAle 'sAmpratakSiNo yati AbhAsA mAsakSapaNAdi kI bhI pratijJA (nidAna) karate haiN| yaha kathA pUrNa rUpa se spaSTa nahIM huii| jaina sAhitya meM isake anya sandarbha jJAta nahIM haiN| 18. apratijJa (nidAnarahita) vasudevaH- saMyama, anuSThAna Adi ko karate hue vasudeva nidAna nahIM karatA hai| gocarI Adi meM AhAra Adi ko apanA nahIM mAnatA hai ataH vaha apratijJa hai| 19. dadhidhatikAdramaka dRSTAntaH- dramaka nAmaka gvAle ne kisI bhaisa kI dekharekha ke badale dUdha prApta kiyaa| usakA dahI banAkara vaha socane lagA ki isakA ghI banAkara usase dhanaprApti, phira patnI, phira bacce, usake bAda unakI lar3AI hogii| phira maiM unako paira se prahAra kruuNgaa| isase vaha dahI kI maTakI hI phUTa gyii| dramaka ne na to vaha dahI svayaM khAyA, na kisI puNyavAna ko diyA31 isI prakAra kAsaMkasaH (kiMkartavyavimUDha) kI gati hotI hai|32 isa draSTAnta kA zekhacillI kA sapanA ke rUpa meM paryApta vikAsa huA hai| 20. mammaNavaNika (lobha):- kiMkartavyavimUDha vyakti duHkha hI pAtA hai| kahA bhI hai souMsovaNakAle majjaNakAle ya majjiGa lolo| jImeDaM ca varAo jemaNamAle na caaei| yahAM mammaNavaNika kA dRSTAnta dekhanA caahie|33 vaha lobhI mammaNa mAyA ke vazIbhUta hokara aisA kArya karatA hai, jisase usake vairI bar3hate haiN| 21. magadhasenA gaNikA (kAmAsakta):- mahA bhogoM meM jisakI mahatI zraddhA hai vaha mahAzraddhI hai| jaise- dhanasArthavAha aura magadhasenA gnnikaa| rAjagRha kI yaha gaNikA dhanasAryavAha ke apAra dhana aura rUpa se AkRSTa hokara usake pAsa abhisAra ke lie gyii| kintu usane apane vyApAra ke kAraNa gaNikA kI ora dekhA bhI nahIM, isase gaNikA udAsa ho gayI thii| eka dina rAjA jarAsandha ne magadhasenA kI udAsI kA kAraNa puuchaa| to usane kahA maiM isa amara vyapArI ke kAraNa kSubdha hU~, jise apanI mRtyu nahIM dikhtii| apane ko amara samajha kara vaha parigraha jor3ane meM lagA hai|34

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48 / prAkRta kathA - sAhitya parizIlana dharmakathAnakoM kA mahattva : dharmakathAnakoM dvArA upadeza denA cAhiye / kintu dharmakathA se kisI kA anAdara na ho| anyathA jaise 22. nanda bala se cANakya upAsaka ko 23. buddha kI utpatti ke kathAnaka se athavA 24. bhalligraha upAkhyAna se bhAgavata ko 25. evaM peThAla putra satyaki aura umA kI kathA se raudra (zivabhakta ) ko pradeSa utpanna ho sakatA hai| ataH mumukSuoM ke hita ke lie hI dharma kathA ko kahane meM puNya hai| 35 peDhAlaputra satyaki kI kathA jaina sAhitya meM mahezvara (mahissara) ke kathAnaka ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai|36 yaha bhagavAn ziva kI kathA kA jaina rUpAntaraNa hai| 37 iMdriyaviSayoM ko jIto : zabda, rUpa, rasa, gandha evaM sparza ke vazIbhUta hokara prANI dukha pAte haiN| 38 yathA 26. (ka) puSpazAla evaM bhadrA (zabda meM) :- vasantapura meM prasiddha saMgItajJa puSpazAla rahatA thaa| usI nagara ke seTha kI patnI bhadrA puSpazAla ke saMgIta ke zabda meM itanI Asakta huI ki vaha apane Apako bhUla gayI aura vaha uparI chata se gira kara mara gyii| 39 AcArya haribhadra ne apanI AvazyakavRtti meM bhI isa kathA kA ullekha kiyA hai| AkhyAnamaNikoza meM puSpacUla aura bhadrA ke nAma se yaha kathA saMkalita hai| 27. (kha) arjuna taskara (rUpa meM) :- arjuna nAmaka cora ko sundara rUpa ke prati AkarSaNa ke kAraNa apane prANoM se hAtha dhonA par3A 40 apavazyakaTIkA evaM AkhyAnamaNikoza meM rUpa ke prati AkarSaNa kI kathAeM varNita haiN| kintu unake kathanaka AcArAMga se nimna haiM / 28. (ga) gandhapriya kumAra (gandha meM) :- gandhapriya nAma kA eka rAjakumAra thA use sugandha bahuta priya thii| eka bAra jaharIle puSpa ko sUMghane se unakI mRtyu ho gayI 141 AkhyAnamaNikoza meM yaha kathA nRpasuta gaMdhapriya ke nAma se varNita hai| 29. (gha) saudAsa ( rasa meM ) :- saudAsa nAmaka eka rAjA thaa| use mAMsa bahuta priya thA / vaha manuSya kA mAMsa bhI nahIM chor3atA thA / 42 AkhyAnamaNikoza meM "narAda" ke nAma se kathA varNita hai| logoM ne aise mAMsabhakSI rAjA ko gaddI se utAra kara jaMgala meM bheja diyA thA / vahA~ eka muni ne use pratibodhita kiyaa| 30. (Da.) satyaki (sparza meM) :- satyaki kA mUla nAma mahissara thA / usane mahArohiNI vidyA prApta kI thI, jo usake mAthe para cheda karake usameM praviSTa huI thii| isI ko usakA tIsarA netra kahA gyaa| vaha striyoM kA lolupa thA / ataH rAjA pradyota ne use umA gaNikA kI sahAyatA se mAra DAlA thA 43 31. (gha) sukumArikA kI kAmAsakti :- AcArAMgaTIkA meM isa kathA kA saMketa mAtra hai | 44 jJAtAdharma kI sukumArikA kI kathA se yaha bhinna hai| AvazyakacUrNi meM sukumArikA ko jitazatru kI patnI kahA gayA hai| yaha vahI kathA honI caahiye| AkhyAnamaNikoza meM yahI kathA sukumArikA ke nAma se varNita hai| kAmAsakta jitazutru rAjA-rAnI ko loga jaMgala meM chor3a dete f

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AcArAMga vyAkhyAoM kI kathAe~/49 hai| vahAM rAnI eka laMgar3e ke prema meM par3a kara rAjA ko nadI meM bahA detI hai| anta meM vaha sukumArikA saba ke dvarA lajjita kI jAtI hai| 32. guNasena-agniza :- ajhAnI ke saMsarga se baira bar3hatA hai| kisI kI haMsI nahIM ur3AnI caahiye| yathA-guNasena dvarA agnizarmA kI haMsI ur3AyI gayI thI taba usane guNasena ke sAtha nau bhavoM kA vaira bAMdhA thA haribhadra kI samarAiccakahA meM isa kathA kA vistAra huA hai| 33. kapila kA lobha :- jo manuSya aneka cittavAlA hotA hai vaha svayaM dukhI hotA hai evaM dUsaroM ko dukha detA hai| jaise daridra kapila ke dvarA dhana mAMgane ke prasaMgoM meM apane citta ko kaI bAra badalA gyaa| usakA lobha itanA bar3hA ki vaha pUre janapada ko duHkha dene vAlA bana gyaa| ____34. udayasena rAjA ke putra :- bhAva samyaktva ke pratipAdana ke prasaMga meM AcArAMga niyukti gA. 219 kI TIkA meM zIlAMka dvArA udayasena ke do putroM kI kayA prastuta kI gayI hai| . udayasena rAjA thaa| usake do putra the- vIrasena evaM suursen| unameM vIrasena andhA thaa| usane gAndharva evaM vAdya kalA meM nipuNatA prApta kii| dUsarA rAjakumAra sUra- sena dhanurveda meM nipuNa ho gyaa| usakI sarvatra prazaMsA hone lgii| taba vIrasena ne bhI rAjA se kahA ki maiM bhI dhanurvidyA siikhuugaa| rAjA kI AjJA se kuzala guru se sIkhakara vaha zabdabhedI dhanurvidyA meM nipuNa ho gyaa| eka bAra vaha zatru kI senA ko parAjita karane yuddha meM bhI gyaa| kintu vahAM zatru ko jaba jJAta ho gayA ki vIrasena andhA hai to unhoMne binA koI zabda kiye usa para AkramaNa kara use pakar3a liyaa| taba sUrasena ne apane parAkrama se jAkara use zatru se chudd'aayaa| ataH abhyasta vijJAnakriyA hone para bhI AMkha ke na hone para bhI icchita kArya kI siddhi vIrasena ko nahIM huI, usI prakAra samyAdarzana ke abhAva meM kriyAkANDI mithyAdRSTi kI mukti nahIM hai| isalie samyagdarzana kI prApti kA prayatna karanA caahie| 35. rohagupta mantrI dvArA dharma-parIkSA :- sabhI prANiyoM ko duHkha priya nahIM hai| ataH unheM nahIM mAranA caahiye| unheM mArane meM doSa hai| jo yaha kahate haiM ki prANI-hatyA meM doSa nahIM hai, unake vacana anArya haiN| isa bAta ko rohagupta mantrI ne dharma-parIkSaNa dvArA pramANita kiyA hai| yathA: campA nagarI meM siMhasena rAjA thaa| usake mantrI kA nAma rohagupta thaa| vaha Arhat dharma ko mAnane valA thaa| eka bAra rAjA ne sacce dharma ko jAnane kI icchA vyakta kii| taba rohagupta ne dharmikoM kI parIkSA ke lie eka samasyA dI (sakuNDalaM vA vayaNaM na v)|iskii pUrti kaI logoM kii| kintu anta meM Arhat dharma ke kSullaka ne isakA samAdhAna kiyaa|: khaMtassa daMtassa jiiMdiyassa, ajjhappajoge gymaannsss| kiM majjha eeNa viciMtieNaM, sukuMDalaM vA vayaNaM na vatti -zI.pU. 414 rAjA ne jaba una kSullaka se dharma kA svarUpa pUchA to vaha sUkhe aura gIle kIcar3a ke do gole dIvAla para pheMka kara cala dyaa| rAjA ke pUchane para usane samajhAyA ki jaise inameM se jo gIlA golA hai vahI dIvAla para cipakA hai| usI prakAra jo vyakti kAmanAoM kI lAlasA se yukta haiM, ve hI karma bAMdhate haiN| virakta, vyakti sUkhe gole kI taraha karmoM se nahIM cipkte|

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50/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana sAdhu ke utthAna-patana kA krama : 36. naMdiSeNa :- naMdiSeNa eka sAdhu thaa| kintu kAmabhogoM ke AkarSaNa se usane sAdhu dharma chor3a diyA aura vaha eka vezyA ke sAtha rahane lagA thaa| Avazyaka cUrNi meM pArzvanAtha ke anuyAyI naMdiSaNa sthavira kA ullekha hai, jo ukta naMdiSeNa se bhinana honA caahie| 37. udAyinRpa :- AvazyakacUrNi meM kUNika ke putra udAyI kA ullekha hai, jisane pATaliputra basAyA thaa| udAyI nRpa ne dIkSA chor3akara phira use grahaNa kiyA to vaha gRhastha ke tulya hI hai| kAmabhogoM se kalaha aura Asakti': striyoM meM kAmabhega kI bhAvanA pahale dukhadAyI aura bAda meM sparzasukhavAlI hotI hai|49 jaise 38. (ka) vaNika indradatta :- indradatta rAkumArI ke Upara tAMbola pheMka kara calA gyaa| yaha dekha kara sipAhiyoM ne use pakar3a liyaa| rAjA ne indradatta ko mArane kA Adeza diyaa| kintu rAjakumArI ne use bacA liyA aura donoM kA vivAha ho gyaa| 39. (kha) lalitAgaka :- AcArya haribhadra kI samarAiccakahA meM lalitAMga ko kAmazAstra kA jJAtA aura samarAditya kA mitra batAyA hai| kumArapAlapratibodha meM bhI lalitAMga kA nAma kAmI vyakti ke rUpa meM huA hai, jise zIlavatI dvArA daNDa diyA gayA thaa| ___40. jinazatru rAjA ke do putra :- jaise pakSI apane baccoM ko janma se lekara unake paMkha nikalane taka pAlatA hai, vaise hI AcArya apane ziSya ko bhI usakI pravajyA se lekara usakI mukti-yAtrA taka use sanmArga dikhAtA hai| kintu yadi koI ziSya AcArya kA upadeza na mAnakara kumArga para calatA hai to vaha ujjayinI ke rAjA jitazatru ke putra kI taraha hotA hai| yathA ujjayinI ke rAjA jiMtazatru ke do putra the| unameM se bar3A putra dharmaghoSa AcArya ke pAsa dIkSita ho gyaa| vahAM zAstra adhyayana Adi ke dvArA usane apane ko tapasyA meM lagA diyaa| usane satvabhAvanAoM kI bhAvanA kI aura ghora tapasyA meM laga gyaa| eka bAra usake choTe bhAI ne AcArya se Akara apane bar3e bhAI ke sambandha meM pUchA aura usake darzana karanA caahaa| kintu AcArya ne usakI tapasyA ke kAraNa usase milane se manA kara diyaa| taba vaha choTA bhAI bhI vahIM dIkSita ho gyaa| kintu bhAI ke prema ke kAraNa vaha use dekhanA cAhatA thaa| apane AcArya, upAdhyaya, sAdhu sabake dvarA roke jAne para bhI vaha bar3e bhAI kI taraha usa kaThora tapa meM lIna ho gyaa| phira bar3e bhAI ko devatA Akara bandana karate the, kintu choTe bhAI ko nhiiN| ataH vaha una para krodhita ho gyaa| isase devatA bhI ruSTa huA aura usane usa choTe bhAI kI AMkhoM nikAla lii| yaha dekhakara bar3e bhAI ne devatA ko nivedana kiyA ki Apa isa ajJAnI ko kSamA kara isakI AMkheM phira se ThIka kara deN| devatA ne kahA- aba yaha sambhava nahIM hai| taba bar3e bhAI ne usI kSaNa una AMkhoM ke goloM ko lekara usakI AMkhe ThIka kara diiN| ataH ziSya ko AcArya kI bAta mAnanI cAhiye aura AcArya ko apane ziSya kI rakSA karanI caahiye|50

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AcArAMga vyAkhyAoM kI kathAe~/51 upasarga-sahana : manuSya cAra prakAra se upasarga karate haiN|51 yathA 41. (ka) devasenA gaNikA (hAsya) :- hAsyapUrvaka kSullaka para upasarga karatI huI devasenA gaNikA daNDita kI gayI evaM use rAjA ke samakSa upasthita kiyA gyaa| taba kSullaka ne rAjA ko zrIgaMha ke udAharaNa se pratibodhita kiyaa| ___42. (kha) somabhUti (pradeSa) :- gajasukumAra ke zvasura somabhUti ne pradeSa bhAvanA se gajasukumAra para upasarga kiye the| 43. (ga) candragupta (vimarza) :- cANakya kI preraNA se candragupta rAjA ne dharmaparIkSA ke liye antaH pura kI rAniyoM dvArA kahane para sAdhu para upasarga kiyaa| sAdhu ke dvArA use zrIgRha kA udAharaNa dekara pratibodhita kiyA gyaa| ___44. (gha) striyoM dvArA kAma-yAcanA :- IrSyAlu cAra proSitapatikAoM dvArA pUrI rAta eka saMyamI sAdhu se kAma-yAcanA kara usa para upasarga kiyA gayA, kintu vaha parvata kI taraha aDiga rhaa| puruSa kI dRr3hatA ke kaI kathAnaka jaina sAhitya meM prApta hai| 45. asaMdIna dIpa jaisA Azrama :- aise dAna Adi dharma kA upadeza denA cAhie, jisameM pRthvIkAya Adi jIvoM kI hiMsA na ho| anyathA hiMsAtmaka dAna ke kAryoM kI prazaMsA karane meM dUSaNa hai| jaise asaMdIna dvIpa (TApU) bahate hue prANiyoM ke lie prANarakSA kA Azrama hotA hai vaise hI mahAmuni ke dvArA jIvoM kI rakSA karane vAlA dAna Adi dharma kA upadeza hai| samAdhimaraNa : samAdhimaraNa ke prasaMga meM cAra prakAra ke apaMDita maraNoM ko niyuktikAra dvArA udAharaNa dekara samajhAyA gayA hai| 46. (ka) Arya vaira (saparAkrama maraNa):- Arya vaira kI kathA jaina sAhitya meM ahupracalita hai| dasa pUrvo ke jJAna ko dhAraNa karane vAloM meM AcArya vairaseNa aMtima the| Asanna mRtyu ko jAnakara bhI anhoMne pramAda se apane maraNa ke lie parAkrama kiyA aura rathAvarta parvata ke zikhara se gira kara apane prANa tyaage| 47. (kha) Arya samudra (aparAkrama maraNa) :- Arya samudra (udadhi) AcArya svabhAva se hI dubale the| bAda meM jaMghAbala ke kSINa ho jAne para zarIra kA koI lAbha na dekhakara anazana dhAraNa kara vaha mRtyu ko prApta hue| ____48. (ga) tosali AcArya (vyAghAta-maraNaM) :- tosali nAmaka AcArya jaMgalI bhaisoM ke Dara se kSubdha hokara cAroM prakAra ke AhAra ko chor3akara mRtyu ko prApta hue| dravya saMlekhanA meM doSa : ___49. sAdhu evaM rAjA kI kathA :- eka sAdhu ne 12 varSa taka saMlekhanA karake phira maraNa ke lie udyata hokara apane AcArya ko nivedana kiyaa| AcArya ne kahA- abhI aura saMlekhanA kro| taba vaha sAdhu krodhita hokara camar3e aura haDDI mAtra zeSa vAlI aMgulI ko cabAkara kahatA hai ki aise zarIra meM aba samAdhi-maraNa karane meM kyA doSa hai| AcArya ne kahA ki tumane mere manA karane

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52/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana mAtra se apanI aMgulI ko cabA ddaalaa| ataH abhI tumhAre bhAva zuddha nahIM hai| kevala dravya saMlekhalA se kyA lAbha ? suno, maiM mumheM eka dRSTAnta sunAtA huuN| kisI rAjA kI AMkhe pratikSaNa jhapakatI rahatI thiiN| usake vaidya bhI use ThIka nahIM kara paaye| taba bAhara se Aye eka vaidya ne kahA- "maiM ApakI AMkhe ThIka kara duuNgaa| kintu yadi Apa merI davAI se utpanna kSaNa bhara kI pIr3A ko sahana kara sakate hoM to|" taba rAjA ne svIkRti de dii| baidya ne jaba rAjA kI AMkha meM aMjana lagAyA to rAjA ko tIvra vedanA hNii| usane turanta Adeza diyA ki mujhe aisI pIr3A dene vAle usa vaidya ko turanta mAra DAlA jaay| kintu vaidya ko mArane kA jaba taka prabandha kiyA gayA usake pUrva hI rAjA kI aMkheM ThIka ho gyiiN| vedanA jAtI rhii| taba prasanna rAjA ne vaidya ko puraskRta kiyaa| ziSya ko AcArya kA upadeza vaidya kI davAI kI taraha kaThora bhI lage to bhI mAnanA caahie| yadi koI ziSya bahuta samajhAne para bhI nahIM mAne to AcArya ko cAhie ki use gaNa se nikAla bAhara kare, jaise ki pAna kI latA kI rakSA ke lie sar3e pAna ko bAhara pheMka denA par3atA hai|3 50. avaMtisukumAla (parISaha sahana):- ujjainI kI seThAnI bhadrA kA putra avanti sukumAla ke nAma se prasiddha thaa| usake 32 paliyAM thiiN| kintu eka munirAja ke upadeza se vaha sAdhu bana gyaa| usake pUrva-janma kI bhAbhI ke jIva siyAlI ne tapa meM rata khar3e hue sUkumAla muni ke pairoM ko khA DAlA, kintu ve tapa se vicalita nahIM hue| ataH sAdhu ko zarIra ke prati mamatva na rakhakara sabhI pariSaha sahanA caahie| yaha kayA jaina sAhitya meM bahupracalita hai| - 51. nirlobhI brahmadatta :- muni ko cAhie ki vaha kAmabhogoM meM na lubhaaye| rAjA Adi ke dvArA rAjya, strI, dhana, cakravartIpada Adi kA pralobhana dene para bhI unakI AkAMkSA na kre| suddhi-darzana mohita brahmadatta kI taraha koI nidAna na kre| ____52. zudhivAdI kI kathA :- AcArAMgacUrNi meM eka zucivAdI kI kathA hai| vaha zucivAdI kisI eka ghara se bhikSA mAMgakara khAtA thA aura causaTha vAra miTTI se snAna karatA thaa| kintu jaba eka mare hue baila kI cAMDAloM ko dene kA prasaMga AyA to zucivAdI ne manA kara diyA aura ghara ke naukaroM se hI use baila kI cIra-phAr3a karane ko khaa| ___53. kachuA aura bAdala :- sevAla aura kamala-patroM se DhaMkA huA eka bar3A tAlAba thaa| usameM kachuoM kA parivAra rahatA thaa| eka dina tAlAba kI kAI meM koI cheda ho gyaa| usase Upara kA nIla gagana dikhAyI par3ane lgaa| ise dekhakara eka kachuA Anandita huaa| usane isa sundara dRzya ko apane mitroM, svajanoM ko bhI dikhAnA caahaa| vaha unheM bulAkara jaba taka vahA~ lAyA taba taka vaha kAI kA chidra hI lopa ho cukA thaa| __yahA~ para tAlAba saMsAra kA pratIka hai, kachuA manuSya kaa| kAI karmoM kA pratIka hai, usakA chidra samyaktva kaa| nIla gagana saMyama kA spaka hai aura kachue kA vApisa lauTanA saMsAra kI Asakti kaa| anAtmaprajJa ke avasAda kA yaha spaka eka udAharaNa hai| kacchapa kA dRSTAnta anyatra bhI pracalita hai|

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kathAoM kA pratipAdya viSaya : AcArAMga ke vyAkhyA sAhitya meM jo uparyukta lagabhaga pacAsa kathAeM evaM rUpaka prApta hai unake dvArA AcArAMga ke mUla viSaya ko subodha banAyA gayA hai| mukhyarUpa se nimnAMkita viSaya ina kathAoM dvArA samajhAye gaye haiM krama viSaya 1. jAti - smaraNa, (svamati), "T " (para-vyAkaraNa), jAti - smaraNa, (anya zravaNa), 2. pUjA ke lie hiMsA - virodha, 3. indriya - vikala kI taraha pRthvI - kAyika jIvoM ko vedanA, 4. AtaMka - darzana dvArA hiMsA se virata, 5. mamatva aura pramAda se hiMsA, 6. kAla - akAla meM viveka - zUnyatA, 7. vRddhAvasthA ke dukha, 8. viSaya-bhogoM meM Asakti, virakti, 9. apratijJa na hone se hAni, 10. kAlpanika mUDha vyakti dvArA svayaM ko ThaganA, 11. kAma kI anAsakti evaM artha meM mUrcchA, 12. dharmakArya kI maryAdA. 13. indriya viSayoM kI Asakti se duHkha, AcArAMga vyAkhyAoM kI kathAe~/53 Jain Educationa International kathAeM 1. dharmaruci evaM jitazatru rAjA 2. gautama svAmI evaM mahAvIra 3. malli rAjakumArI evaM chaha rAjakumAra 4. yazodhara aura ATe kA murgA 5. jAtyaMdha mRgAputra 6. dharmaghoSa kA pramAdI ziSya 7. parazurAma kathA, 8. cANakya dvArA naMdakulanAza, 9. jarAsandha dvArA badalA 10. pradyota evaM mRgAvatI 11. dhanasArthavAha kA kuTumba 12. brahmadatta evaM, 13. sanatkumAra 14. skandAcArya (krodha meM ) 15. bAhubalI (mAna meM) 16. mallisvAmI kA jIva (mAyA meM ), 17. yati AbhAsA Adi ( lobha meM), evaM 18. vasudeva dRSTAnta (apratijJa ) 19. dadhighaTikA dramaka kA sapanA evaM, 20. mammaNa vaNik ( lobha meM ) 21. magadhasena gaNikA evaM dhana sArthavAha 22. nanda evaM cANakya, 23. buddha evaM bhAgavata, 24. malli upAkhyAna evaM bhAgavata, 25. satyaki evaM raudra Adi 26. puSpazAla evaM bhadrA (zabda), 27. arjuna taskara (rUpa ), 28. gandhapriya kumAra (gaMdha), 29. saudAsa rAjA (rasa), 30. satyaki (sparza), evaM, 31. sukumArikA ( kAmAsakti ) For Personal and Private Use Only

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54/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana 14. hAsya-vinoda meM tiraskAra, 32. guNasena evaM agnizarmA 15. tRSNAkula vyakti duHkhadAyI, 33. kapila kA lobha 16. bhAva samyAktva kI mahimA, 34. udayasena rAjA ke putra 17. hiMsA sambandhI matavAda 35. rohagupta mantrI dvArA dharma-parIkSA 18. sAdhaka ke utthAna-patana kA krama 36. naMdipeNa evaM, 37. udAyI nRpa 19. kAmabhogoM se kalaha aura Asakti, 38. vaNik indradatta, 39. lalitAMgaka 20. vinaya evaM anuzAsana, 40. jitazatru rAjA ke do putra 21. upasargoM ke kAraNa, 41. devasenA gaNikA (hAsya), 42. somabhUti evaM gajasukumAla, 43. candragupta evaM cANakya, 44. saMyamI sAdhu kI dRr3hatA 22. ahiMsaka dharmopadeza, 45. asaMdIna dvIpa rUpaka 23. samAdhi-maraNa ke bheda, 46. Arya vaira svAmI, 47. Arya samudra, 48. tosali AcArya evaM, 49. sAdhu evaM rAjA kI kathA 24. parISaha-sahana, 50. avanti sukumAla evaM 25. anya rUpaka, 51. nirlobhI brahmadatta, 52. zucivAdI tathA, 53. kachuA evaM baadl| AcArAMga ke vyAkhyA sAhitya kI ina kathAoM kA bhASA evaM kathA-tattvoM kI dRSTi se mUlyAMkana karane para kaI naye tathya prApta ho sakate haiN| dArzanika zabdoM kI vyAkhyA meM ina kathAoM kA jitanA mahattva hai, utanA hI inameM nihita sAMskRtika sAmagrI kI dRSTi se bhii| jaina AgamoM ke anya vyAkhyA sAhitya evaM svataMtra kathA-granthoM kI kathAoM ke sAtha bhI ina kathAoM kA tulanAtsaka adhyayana kiyA jA sakatA hai| madhyayugIna bhAratIya samAja kA pratibimba inameM dekhA jA sakatA hai| saMdarbha 1. Agamodaya samiti, sUrata, vi. saM. 1972-73 meM niyukti evaM TIkA sahita prakAzita aacaaraaNg| 2. devendra muni,jaina Agama sAhitya-manana aura mImAMsA, pR.490 3. prabhAvakacaritra, zrI abhayadevasUri prabandha, pR. 104-5 4. AcArAMgadIpikA-prathama zrutaskandha, maNivijayagaNivara granthamAlA lIca, vi. saM. 2005 5. rAjabahAdura dhanapatasiMha, kalakattA, saM. 1936 meM TIkAoM sahita prakAzita aacaaraaNg| 6. A. zI. TIkA, pR. 41-42 7. AvazyakacUrNi, 1, pR. 498, oghaniyukti, 450 gA. 8. A. zI. TIkA, pR. 41-42,dharmakathAnuyoga, skaMdha 2, pR. 23

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9. A cUrNi pR. 13, jJAtAdharmakathA, a. 8 10. A. zrI. TIkA pR. 53 11. A cUrNi pR. 23. A. zrI TIkA pR. 75 12. davvAyaMkadaMsI attANaM savvAhA niyattei : ahiyAraMbhAta saya jaha sIso dhammaghosassa 13. A. cUrNi pR. 38 14. A. zI. TIkA, pR. 197 15. A. cUrNi, pR. 49 16. A. zI. TIkA, pR. 198 17. A. cUrNi, pR. 49 18. vahI, pR. 86, A. zI. TIkA, pR. 198 19. A. cU. pR. 87 20. A. TIkA, pR. 199 21. A. zI. TIkA, pR. 208, 209 22. A. curNi. pR. 221 23. vahI. pR. 9. A. zI. TIkA. pR. 248 24. A. zI. TIkA, pR. 126, 143, 206 (Agamodaya samiti, 1916 ) 25. A. zI. TIkA, pR. 261 26. A. cUrNi, 235, 236 27. A. zI. TIkA, pR. 262 28. Avazyaka niryukti, gA. 349 29. jJAtAdharmakathA sUtra, 1.8. sUtra 64-78 30. A. cUrNi, pR. 13, A. zI. TIkA, pR. 261 31. A. zI. TIkA, pR. 262, 261. 273 32. AyAro, (muni nathamala ), pR. 115 33. A. zI. TIkA, pR. 274, A. cUrNi pR. 86 34. A. cUrNi pR. 86, AyAro ( muni nathamala ) pR. 116 35. A. zI. TIkA, pR. 289 36. Avazyaka cUrNi 11, pR. 174-176 AcArAMga vyAkhyAoM kI kathAe~ / 55 37. prAkRta prApara nemsa, bhAga-2. pU. 589 38. A. zI. TIkA pR. 303 39. A. cUrNi bhAga 1, pR. 529-530 40. A. cUrNi pR. 106, A. zI. TIkA 304, vyavahArabhASya, 6,213 48. A. cUrNi pR. 173, A. zI. TIkA, pR. 414 49. A. zI. TIkA, pR. 433 50. A. zI. TIkA, pR. 492-93 41. A. zI. TIkA, pR. 304, AvazyakacUrNi bhAga-1, pR. 533 42. A. cUrNi, pR. 106, A. zI. TIkA, pR. 304 AvazyakacUrNi, 1534, bRhatkalpa, 145 43. prAkRta prApara nemsa 11, pR. 589 44. A. zI. TIkA, pR. 304 45. A. zI. TIkA, pR. 316 46. A. zau. TIkA, pR. 349 47. AcArAMga niyukti gA. 220-221 Jain Educationa International A. zI. TIkA pR. 150 For Personal and Private Use Only

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56 / prAkRta kathA - sAhitya parizIlana 51. A. zI. TIkA, pR. 506 52. A. zI. TIkA, pR. 520, A. niryukti gAthA 265-269 53. paDicoio ya kuvio raNNo jaha tikkha sIyalA ANA / taMbole ya viveNo ghaTTaNayA jA pAsAo ya / / A. niryukti. gA. 269 54. A. cUrNi, pR. 290, A. zI. TIkA, pR. 576 55. AyAro, muni nathamala, pR. 256

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SaSTama haribhadrasUri kI pratIka kathAeM AcArya haribhadrasUri bhAratIya sAhitya meM kathA - samrATa ke rUpa meM vikhyAta hai| samarAiccakahA evaM dhUrtAkhyAna jaise prasiddha kathA-granthoM ke atirikta unhoMne saikar3oM laghu kathAeM bhI likhI haiN| DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI ne haribhadra ke kathA - sAhitya kA mUlyAMkana prastuta kiyA hai| haribhadra dvArA prastuta vibhinna prakAra kI kathAoM meM se unakI katipaya pratIka kathAoM ke vaiziSTya ko yahA~ prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| prAkRta kathA sAhitya meM prAcIna kAla se hI pratIkoM kA prayoga hotA rahA hai| kathAkAra apanI kathA meM bhAvoM ko vyaMjita karane ke lie pratIkoM kA prayoga karatA hai| jaise ghUMghaTa se jhAMkatA huA nArI kA sundara mukha darzaka ko adhika kautUhala evaM Ananda pradAna karatA hai, vaise hI pratIkoM kA prayoga kathA ko adhika manoraMjaka evaM sArthaka banA detA hai| pratIkoM ke prayoga se pratipAdya viSaya kA saralatA se spaSTIkaraNa ho jAtA hai| sIdhI-sAdI kathA pratIkoM se alaMkRta ho uThatI hai / jaise prAkRta kathAoM se nAyaka dvArA samudra- yAtrA kI jAtI hai| kintu prAyaH adhikAMza kathAoM meM samudra ke bIca meM jahAja tUphAna se bhAgna ho jAtA hai aura kisI lakar3I ke paTiye ke sahAre nAyaka samudra ke taTa para jA lagatA hai| yaha ghaTanA isa bAta kA pratIka hai ki saMsAra eka samudra kI bhAMti hai, jahA~ karmoM ke tUphAna uThate rahate haiM aura zarIra rupI naukA bhagna hotI rahatI hai| kintu puruSArthI jIva rupI nAyaka apane lakSya ko prApta kara letA hai| 2 AcArya haribhadra ne apanI kathAoM meM isa prakAra ke kaI pratIkoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| zabda-pratIkoM ke antargata kathA ke pAtroM ke vizeSa nAma rakhe gaye haiM / samarAiccakahA ke nAyaka samarAditya kA nAma svayaM eka pratIka hai| samara kA artha hai- yuddha saMgharSa / nAyaka nau bhavoM taka apane pratidvandiyoM se jUjhatA rahatA hai| Aditya kA artha hai- sUrya / sUrya asta hone ke bAda bhI apanI prakhara AbhA ke sAtha udita hotA rahatA hai| usI prakAra nAyaka bhI anale kartavyoM kA pAlana karatA huA antataH nirvANa prApta karatA hai| kucha pratIka vizeSa artha ko vyaMjita karane vAle hote haiN| jaise- adhika ghamaMDa karane vAlA koI pAtra marakara hAthI hotA hai| yahA~ mAna kA pratIka nAka hai| pAtra ne adhika mAna kiyA isalie usako lambI nAka- sUMDa vAlA hAthI kA janma milA / jaba kisI dIpaka yA sUrya ke udAharaNa dvArA kevalajJAna kA paricaya diyA jAtA hai to vaha bhAva-pratIka kA pratinidhitva karatA hai| prAkRta kathAoM meM aise kaI udAharaNa prApta haiN| kucha aise dRzya evaM bimba bhI prApta hote haiM jo amUrta bhAvoM ko vyakta karate haiN| jaise kIcar3a se acchAdita laukI bhArI ho jAne se jala meM DUba jAtI hai aura kIcar3a kI parata gala jAne para halakI hokara vaha pAnI ke Upara A jAtI hai, yaha kathA - ghaTanA bimba pratIka ke rUpa meM hai| yahA~ laukI jIvAtmA aura kIcar3a karmo kA pratIka hai| 3 Agama sAhitya meM aisI kaI pratIka kathAeM prApta haiN| AcArya haribhadra ne samarAiccakahA meM aise pratIkoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| dUsare bhava kI kathA meM garbha meM nAyikA ko sAMpa kA svapna AtA hai, jo isa bAta kA pratIka hai ki hone vAlA bAlaka

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58 / prAkRta kathA - sAhitya parizIlana mAtA-pitA kA vighAtaka hogaa| aisI pratIka kathAoM kA vikAsa Agamika kathAoM se huA haiN| AcArAMgasUtra meM eka kacchapa kI pratIka kathA hai| usa kachue ko zaivAla kAI ke bIca meM rahane vAle eka chidra se AkAza meM cAMdanI kA saundarya dikhAyI detA hai| usa manohara dRzya ko dikhAne ke lie jaba vaha kachuA apane sAthiyoM ko bulAkara lAyA to use vaha chidra hI nahIM milA, jisameM se cAMdanI dikha rahI thii| yaha pratIka AtmajJAna ke nijI anubhava ke lie prayukta huA hai|' bhAratIya kathAoM meM kacchapa- pratIka pracalita rahA hai| isI prakAra sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM puNDarIka kI pratIka kathA hai| eka sarovara jala aura kIcar3a se bharA huA hai| usake bIca meM kaI kamala khile hue haiN| unake bIca meM eka sapheda kamala hai| cAroM dizAoM se Ane vAle mohita puruSa usa sapheda kamala ko prApta karane ke lie prayAsa meM kIcar3a meM phaMsakara raha jAte haiM / kintu bItarAgI puruSa sarovara ke kinAre khar3A rahakara bhI sapheda kamala ko apane pAsa bulA letA hai| 7 isa pratIka kathA meM sarovara saMsAra kA pratIka hai, jala karmarAzi kA / kIcar3a viSaya-bhogoM kA pratIka hai| sAdhAraNa kamala janapada ke pratIka haiM evaM zveta kamala rAjA kaa| cAra mohita puruSa matavAdiyoM ke pratIka haiN| evaM vItarAgI puruSa zramaNadharma kA jJAtAdharmakathA meM kaI pratIka kathAeM prApta hai| mayUrI ke aNDoM ke pratIkoM dvArA zraddhA aura saMzaya ke phala ko prakaTa kiyA gayA haiN| do kachuoM kI pratIka kathA dvArA saMyamI evaM asaMyamI sAdhakoM ke pariNAmoM ko upasthita kiyA gayA hai / dhannA sArthavAha evaM vijaya cora kI kathA AtmA evaM zarIra ke sambandha ko spaSTa karatI hai| rohiNI kathA pAMca vratoM kI rakSA evaM vRddhi ko pratIka dvArA spaSTa karatI hai| udaka jAta nAmaka kathA anekAnta ke siddhAMta ko pratIkoM se samajhAtI hai| utarAdhyayanasUtra evaM usake vyAkhyA sAhitya meM kaI pratIka kathAeM upalabdha haiN| pratIka kathAoM kI isa pRSThabhUmi meM AcArya haribhadra kI pratIka kathAeM vikasita huI haiM / AcArya haribhadrasUri kI racanAoM meM samarAiccakahA kA pramukha sthAna hai| isa kathA - grantha meM kaI pratIka kathAeM antarnihita haiM / grantha ke dUsare bhava kI kathA siMhakumAra, kusumAvalI aura Ananda ke jIvana se saMbaMdhita hai / prasaMgavaza saMsAra-svarUpa kA vivecana karane ke lie isameM madhu - bindu dRSTAnta kI kathA prabhAvazAlI DhaMga se prastuta kI gaI hai| yaha haribhadra kI pratinidhi pratIka kathA hai| yadyapi isa kathA kA pracAra bhAratIya sAhitya meM prAcIna kAla se rahA hai| 10 madhu - bindu kI saMkSipta pratIka kathA isa prakAra hai: - "aneka dezoM evaM bandaragAhoM meM vicAraNa karane vAlA koI eka puruSa apane sArtha ke sAtha eka saghana jaMgala meM praviSTa huA / kintu coroM dvArA lUTa liye jAne para vaha akelA jaMgala meM bhaTakane lgaa| tabhI eka jaMgalI hAthI usake pIche par3a gyaa| usase bacane ke lie vaha puruSa daur3a kara eka purAne kue~ meM vaTavRkSa ke prAroha jaTAoM ko pakar3akara laTaka gyaa| kuMe ke bIca meM laTake hue usa vyakti ne dekhA ki nIce muMha phAr3e hue eka ajagara usako lIlane ke lie taiyAra hai| kue~ kI dIvAloM para cAroM aura sarpa ghUma rahe haiN| jisa jaTA ko vaha pakar3e hue hai usake Upara baiThe hue kAle evaM sapheda do cUhe usa jar3a ko kATa rahe haiN| vaha jaMgalI hAthI bhI apanI sUMDa se usa vaTavRkSa ko ukhAr3ane ke prayatna meM use hilA rahA hai| isase vaTavRkSa para sthita madhumakkhiyoM kA - eka jhuNDa ur3akara usa vyakti ke zarIra ko kATane laga gayA hai| kintu madhu makkhiyoM ke chatte se madhu kI eka-do bUMda usa vyakti ke mukha meM par3a jAtI haiM, jinako cATaMkara vaha rasAsvAdana karane

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haribhadrasUri kI pratIka kathAe~/59 lagatA hai|" __isa pratIka kathA ko spaSTa karate hue AcArya kahate haiM ki ghanA jagala saMsAra kA pratIka hai, vaha bhaTakA huA puruSa jIta kA / jagalI hAthI mRtyu kA pratIka hai| vaha kuA manuSya evaM deva gati kA pratIka hai| ajagara naraka evaM tiryaMca gati kA pratinidhitva karatA hai| cAroM ora ke sApa kodha mAna, mAyA, evaM lobha kaSAyoM ke pratIka haiN| vaTa vRkSa kA prAroha (jar3a) manuSya kI Ayu hai| donoM kAle eva sapheda cUhe kRSNa aura zukla pakSarUpI rAta-dina hai, jo Ayu ko kSINa karane meM lage haiN| madhumakkhiyoM zarIra ko lagane vAlI vyAdhiyA~ haiM aura jo madhu kI eka-do bUda muMha meM AyI hai vaha saMsAra ke kSaNika sukha kA pratIka hai|11| madhuvindu dRSTAnta kI yaha pratIka kathA sAhitya, kalA evaM darzana ke kSetra meM bahuta pracalita huI hai| 2 AcArya haribhadra ne isa prAcIna kathA ko jana-mAnasa taka pahu~cAne meM vizeSa yoga kiyA hai| samarAiccakahA ke tIsare bhava kI kathA meM jAlinI aura zikhin kA vRtAnta varNita hai| agnizarmA evaM guNasena ke jIva putra evaM mAtA ke rUpa meM yahA~ janma lete haiN| putra ke prati mAtA ke mana meM pUrvajanma ke nidAna ke kAraNa vaira utpanna ho jAtA hai| ataH vaha putra ko garbha ke samaya se hI duzmana samajhane lagatI hai| isa bhAvanA ko vikasita karane meM haribhadra ne kaI pratIkoM kA sahArA liyA hai| mAtA jAlinI ko garmadhAraNa karane ke uparAnta eka svapna AtA hai ki usane jo svarNa-ghaTa dekhA hai vaha TUTa jAtA hai|13 svarNaghaTa TUTane kI yaha ghaTanA eka sArthaka pratIka se jur3I huI hai| ghaTa, udara kA pratIka hai, kathA ke rahasya kA pratIka hai, evaM svarNa garbha meM sthita jIva kaa| kintu svarNaghaTa kA TUTanA isa bAta kA pratIka hai ki mAtA jAlinI svayaM apane garbha ko naSTa karane kA prayatna kregii| ataH yaha pratIka bhaviSya kI sUcanA dene ke lie prayukta huA hai| __naveM bhava kI kathA meM samarAditya evaM giriSeNa ke pratidvanda caritroM ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isake lie kaI sArthaka pratIkoM kA prayoga kathAkAra ne kiyA hai| isa kathA meM garbhavatI mAtA ko svapna meM sUrya dikhAyI par3atA hai| 4 sUrya-darzana kI yaha ghaTanA kathA ke nimna kAryoM ko sUcita karatI hai 1. garbhastha bAla kI tejasvitA 2. saMsAra ke prati samarAditya kI aliptatA 3. kevalajJAna prApti kA saMketa evaM 4. prakAza kI taraha dharmopadeza kA vitaraNa aadi| isI prakAra samarAditya kA janma hote samaya usakI mAtA ko koI prasUtijanya kleza nahIM hotaa| yaha isa bAta kA pratIka hai ki utpanna hone vAlA zizu jaba apanI mAM ko kaSTa nahIM denA cAhatA taba vaha dayA, mamatA, udAratA Adi guNoM kA puMja hogaa| AcArya haribhadrasUri kA dUsarA mahatvapUrNa kathA-grantha ghUrtAkhyAna hai| bhAratIya sAhitya meM yaha apane DhaMga kI anUThI racanA hai| isameM pA~ca ghUrtoM kI kathA hai|15 cAra puruSa evaM eka nArI purANoM, kAvyoM evaM prAcIna granthoM meM prApta asaMbhava lagane vAlI, abauddhika evaM kAlpanika kathAoM ko kahakara apanI zreSThatA siddha karanA cAhate haiN| vyaMga ke mAdhyama se ve jana mAnasa ko yathArya puruSArthI jIvana kI zikSA denA cAhate haiN| isa kathA meM nArI dhUrtA khaNDapAnA apanI buddhi ke cAturya se cAroM dhUrto para vijaya pA letI hai| haribhadra kI yaha pUrI hI kayA isa bAta kI pratIka hai ki

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60/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana nArI kisI bhI kSetra meM puruSa se kama nahIM hai| vijayI ho jAne para bhI nArI kA annapUrNA kA rUpa dhUmila nahIM hotaa| nArI dvArA andha-vizvAsoM ke viruddha saMgharSa cher3ane kA kArya karAkara haribhadra ne yaha siddha kara diyA hai ki madhyayuga ke prArambha meM hI nArI AdhunikatA kI ora agrasita ho cukI thii| Agama granthoM kI vyAkhyA ke kSetra meM AcArya haribhadra kI vizeSa bhUmikA hai| unhoMne dazavaikAlika TIkA meM 30 mahatvapUrNa prAkRta kathAeM prastuta kI hai|17 upadezapAda18 nAmaka grantha meM lagabhaga 70 kathAeM unhone likhI haiN| AvazyakavRtti ke TippaNa' meM bhI saMskRta meM kucha kathAeM dI gayI haiN| haribhadra kI ye laghu kathAe kaI dRSTiyoM se mahatvapUrNa haiN| ina laghu kathAoM meM bhI pratIkoM kA prayoga haribhadra ne kiyA hai| pratIkoM dvArA bhAvoM kI abhivyaMjanA meM kathAkAra ko paryApta saphalatA prApta huI hai| prAkRta laghu-kathAoM meM prApta kucha pratIka kathAoM ko yahA~ prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| dazavaikAlika hAribhadrIyavRtti meM eka vaNik kI kathA hai| eka daridra vaNika ratnadIpa ko gyaa| vahA~ vyApAra karake usane kImatI ratna prApta kiye| unheM lekara jaba vaha vApisa lauTane lagA to coroM se bacane ke lie usane asalI ratna bhItara chipA liye aura hAtha meM sAmAnya patthara lekara vaha cala pdd'aa| vaha pAgaloM kI bhAMti cillAtA huA ki ratnavaNika jA rahA hai, rAstA pAra karatA rhaa| rAste meM usane kIcar3a svAdarahita jala ko pIkara bhI apane ratnoM kI rakSA kI aura vApisa apane ghara lauTa aayaa|20 haribhadra kI isa kathA meM ratnadIpa manuSyabhava kA pratIka hai aura vaNika putra jIva kA / ratna ratnatraya samyagdarzana, samyAjJAna aura samyakcAritra ke pratIka haiN| coroM kA bhaya, viSaya-vAsanA kA bhaya hai, jinase ratnatraya ko surakSita rakhanA Avazyaka hai| vaNikaputra ne mArga meM jo svAdarahita jala pIkara evaM aneka kaSToM ko jhelakara ratnoM kI rakSA kI thI, vaha isa bAta kA pratIka hai ki ratnatraya kI rakSA bhI iMndriya-nigraha evaM prASuka jala va bhojana karane se hI ho sakatI hai| haribhadrasUri ke isI grantha meM "ghar3e kA chidra" nAmaka eka anya kathA prApta hotI hai|21 pAnI sarakara eka panahArina mArga se jA rahI thii| kisI caMcala rAjakumAra ne kaMkar3a mArakara panahArina ke ghar3e meM chedakara diyA, jisase pAnI jharane lgaa| kintu panahArina ne gIlI miTTI dvArA usa chidra ko banda kara diyA aura bharA huA ghaTa vaha apane ghara le AyI / isa kathA meM ghar3A sAdhaka kA pratIka hai aura panahArina zubha bhAvoM kii| kaMkar3a mArane vAlA rAjakumAra azubha bhAvoM kA pratIka hai| chidra ho jAnA yoga kI caMcalatA evaM Asava kA pratIka hai| chidra ko miTTI se banda kara denA gupti athavA savara kA pratIka hai|22 isa prakAra yaha kathA dArthAnika pratIkoM kI kathA AcArya haribhadrasUri kA upadezapada nAmaka grantha kathA sAhitya kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahatva kA hai| isameM jIvana ke vibhinna pakSoM ko ujAgara karane vAlI kathAeM haiN| pratIka kathA ke rUpa meM "dhanya kI putra-vadhue~" nAmaka kathA dhyAna AkarSita karatI hai|23 yadyapi yaha kathA mUla rUpa se jJAtAdharmakathA meM prApta hai24 kintu haribhadra ne isameM sundara saMvAdoM kA prayoga karake ise manohArI batA diyA hai| saMkSepa meM kathA isa prakAra hai: dhanya seTha apanI cAra bahuoM kI zreSThatA kI parIkSA karane ke lie unheM dhAna ke pA~ca dAne yaha kahakara datA hai ki jaba maiM mAgU taba inheM vApisa kara denaa| bar3I bahU ne una dAnoM kI upekSA

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haribhadrasUri kI pratIka kathAe~/61 kara unheM bAhara pheMka diyaa| saMjhalI bahu ne sasura kA prasAda samajhakara unheM chIla kara khA liyaa| mejhalI bahU ne una dAnoM ko kapar3e meM bAMdhakara peTikA meM surakSita rakha diyaa| kintu choTI bahU ne una dhAna ke dAnoM ko apane pIhara meM bhejakara unakI khetI karavA dii| phasala Ane para jitane dAne paidA hue unheM phira jamIna meM bo diyaa| isa prakAra pA~ca varSa taka khetI karane para ve pA~ca dAne kaI gAr3iyoM meM bharane lAyaka ho gye| dhanya seTha ne jaba pA~ca varSa bAda apanI bahuoM se una pA~ca dhAna ke dAnoM ko mAMgA to use saba vRtAnta kA patA claa| usane choTI bahU ko ghara kI mAlakina banAkara bar3I ko jhADU lagAne kA kAma, majhalI ko rasoI kA kAma evaM saMjhalI bahU ko bhaNDAra kA kAma sauMpa diyaa| kathAkAra isa kathA ke pratIkoM ko spaSTa karate hue kahatA hai ki dhanya seTha guru kA pratIka hai evaM cAroM bahueM cAra prakAra ke sAdhakoM kI prtiik| pA~ca dhAna ke dAne pAMca vratoM ke samAna haiM, jo ina vratoM kI rakSA kara unheM uttarottara bar3hAtA hai vahI zreSTha pada prApta karatA hai|25 haribhadra ke prAkRta kathA sAhitya meM prayukta pratIkoM evaM pratIka kathAoM kA yahA~ mAtra digdarzana huA hai| yadi unake pUre sAhitya meM se pratIkoM ko ekatra kiyA jAya tathA unakA tulanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta kiyA jAe to bhAratIya kathA sAhitya ke kaI pakSa ujAgara ho sakate haiN| dharma aura darzana ko samajhane kI eka naI dRSTi jAgrata ho sakatI hai| saMdarbha 1. zAstrI, naimicandra, haribhadra ke prAkRta kathA-sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka parizIlana,vaizAlI, 1965 2. draSTavyaH jaina, prema sumana, "pAli-prAkRta kathAoM meM prayukta abhiprAya" nAmaka lekha, rAjasthAna bhAratI, bIkAnera, 1969. 3. jJAtAdharmakathAsUtra, chaThA adhyayana 4. samarAiccakahA, sampA-jaikobI, pra. eziyAtika sosAiTI baMgAla, kalakattA, , 1926, bhava 2, pR.117 5. AcArAMgasUtra, a.6,u. 6. majjhima nikAya, bhAga 3, bAlapaNDitasutta, pR. 239-40 7. sUtrakRtAMgasUtra dvitIya zruta.pra.a., sUtra 638-44 8. draSTavya, jaina, premasumana, " Agama kathA-sAhitya mImAMsA" dharma-kathAnuyoga bhAga 2 kI bhUmikA, pR. 14 9. samarAiccakahA, jakobI bhava 2 pR. 110-114 10. vasudevahiNDI, prathama khaNDa, pR. 8 11. jahA so puriso tahA saMsArI jIvo, jahA vaNa-hatthI tahA maccU .....jahA mahuyarA tahA AgaMtugA sarIrasagayA ya vaahii| 12. draSTavya, isI pustaka meM adhyAya terh| 13. samarAiccakahA, sampA-jaikobI, bhava 3, pR.134, 14. vahI, bhava 2, pR. 703, 15. jaina, jagadIzacandra, prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, dvitIya saMskaraNa 1985 pR. 344 16. dhUrtAkhyAna, sampA. e.ena. upAdhye, bambaI, 1945, 5vAM AkhyAna 17. dazavaikAlikasUtra haribhadravRtti, manasukhalAla mahAvIra presa, bambaI piNDavAr3A se vi.saM.2037 meM punaH prakAzita 18. upadezapada, zAha lAlacanda nanda lAla, bar3audA, upadezapada mUla evaM gujarAtI anuvAda, jaina dharma

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62/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana vidyAprasAraka varga pAlItANA, 1909 19. AvazyakavRtti TippaNa, debacnda lAla bhAI, ahamadAbAda 20. dazavaikAlika hA.vR. prakAzaka, bhAratIya prAcyatatva prakAzana, piMDavAr3A, gAthA 37 kI vRtti pR. 13 21. vahI gAthA 177 vRttigA. 4, pR. 63 22. isI prakAra nAva evaM chidra kA pratIka jainadarzana ke anya granthoM meM bhI prApta hai| 23. upadezapada. gAthA 172-179 pR. 144 24. jJAtAdharmakathA, sAtavAM adhyayana, rohinnii-kthaa| 25. evAmeva samaNAusI jAva paMca mahavvayA saMvar3iDhayA bhavaMti, se NaM iha bhave ceva bahUNaM samaNANaM jAva vIIvaissai jahA na sA rohiNIyA- jJAtAdharmakathA, 7.1

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saptama kathAoM meM ahiMsA dRSTi prAkRta, saMskRta evaM apabhraza-bhASAoM kI prAcIna kathAoM meM ahiMsA ke svarUpa, mahattva evaM ahiMsA-pAlana ke pariNAme ko pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvana-caritra evaM mahApuruSoM kI kathAoM meM ahiMsA ke aneka prasaMga upalabdha hote haiN| vastutaH siddhAnta granthoM meM prApta ahiMsA ke svarUpa kA vyAvahArika rUpa jaina kathA-sAhitya meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| yaha kathA-sAhitya vizAla hai| ataH prAkRta kI kucha pratinidhi kathAoM ke AdhAra para hI ahiMsA ke svarUpa ko samajhane kA yahA~ prayatna kiyA jA sakatA hai| prAkRta kathA-sAhitya meM tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvana kI aneka ghaTanAe~ varNita hai| ahiMsA se sambandhita kucha prasaMga yahA~ vicAraNIya haiN| bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke samaya meM mAnava kI AvazyakatAe~ kama thiiN| ataH hiMsA kA vAtAvaraNa bhI kama thaa| lekina jaise-jaise mAnava sAmAjika-prANI hone lagA, to use sahiSNutA, anukampA Adi ahiMsaka guNoM kI adhika AvazyakatA pdd'ii| kalpavRkSoM kI kamI arthAt vanasampadA kA jIvana ke lie aparyApta honA kahIM prANiyoM ke paraspara vadha ko bar3hAvA na de, mAsAhAra kI pramukhatA na ho jAya, isa dRSTi se RSabhadeva ne sAmAjikatA kI ora bar3hate hue usa samaya ke mAnava ko kRSi evaM anya jIvikA ke sAdhanoM kI zikSA pradAna kI thii| manuSya jaMgalI, krUra evaM asundara hI na banA rahe, isalie unheMne vibhinna kalAoM aura zilpoM kI ora bhI mAnava ko prerita kiyaa| ataH jIvana kI AdhyAtmikatA kI samajha ko jAgRta karane ke lie bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke ye ahiMsaka prayatna the| tIrthaMkara neminAtha kI prANiyoM ke prati anukampA itihAsa prasiddha hai| unake jIvana kI kathA to mAtra itanA hI kahatI hai ki pazuoM ke bAr3e ko dekhakara unake akAraNa vadha kI sUcanA se unhoMne tapasvI-jIvana dhAraNa kara liyaa| kintu, neminAtha ke jIvana meM itanA bar3A parivartana acAnaka aura akAraNa nahIM huA thaa| isa ghaTanA ke dvArA kRSNa unheM kucha sikhAnA cAhate the| kintu neminAtha apane ahiMsaka cintana ke dvArA sAre jagat ko hI isa ghaTanA dvArA bahuta kucha sikhA gye| jana-jana ke antar-mAnasa meM praNiyoM pIr3A kI anubhUti itanI tIvratA ke sAtha zAyada pahalI bAra hI anubhava kI gaI hogii| mAsAhAra ke virodha meM neminAtha kA yaha saphala ahiMsaka prayoga thaa|2 aura saMbhavata: usakA hI yaha prabhAva thA ki neminAtha ke samaya meM sAdhuoM kA jaba cAturmAsa hotA thA, to vAsudeva zrI kRSNa ne caturmAsa meM rAjya-sabhA ke AyojanoM ko baMda karA diyA thA, tAki AvAgamana, bhIr3a-bhAr3a Adi ke kAraNa prANiyoM kI adhikatama hiMsA se bacA jA pArzvanAtha kA jIvana ahiMsA kA jItA-jAgatA udAharaNa hai| unheMne apane pUrva-janma aura tapasvI-jIvana meM kSamA kI sAkAra mUrti ko upasthita kiyA thaa| vadha, krodha, vaira, badalA Adi aneka hiMsA ke kAryoM kA sAmanA unhoMne ahiMsAtmaka sAdhanoM se kiyaa| tapasvI kamaTha dvArA prajvAlata jyAgna me jala rahe nAga kI rakSA unhoMne apane kumAra-jIvana meM hI kI thii| yaha eka

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64/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana aisA pratIka hai, jo ahiMsA ke sUkSma bhAveM ko vyakta karatA hai| yadi neminAtha ne jaMgala ke taNa khAnevAle mUka prANiyoM ko hiMsA se bacAyA thA. to pArzvanAtha ne eka kadama Age bar3hakara viSaile nAga kI rakSA bhI ahiMsaka dRSTi se Avazyaka maanii| kyoMki prANI svabhAva kA kaisA bhI ho. AkaraNa usakA vadha karane kA adhikAra kisI bar3e se bar3e aura dhArmika vyakti ko bhI nahIM hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra kA jIvana-caritra ahiMsA ke svarUpa ko aura adhika ujAgara banAtA hai| unhoMne sarpa yA saMgama devatA dvArA nirmita viSadhara nAga para sahajatA se aura nirbhayatA pUrvaka vijaya prApta kara yaha spaSTa kara diyA thA ki zaktizAlI vyakti kI bhI hiMsAtmaka vRtti TikAU lahI. kSaNika hI hotI hai| ahiMsaka citta niraMtara vijayI raha sakatA hai| mahAvIra ahiMsA ke vistAra ke lie usake mUlabhUta kAraNo taka pahu~ce haiN| unake jIvana kI hara ghaTanA dUsare ke astitva kI rakSA karate hue eva usake bhI mana ko na dukhAte hue ghaTita hotI hai| saMbhavataH parigraha, anAvazyaka saMgraha dUsare ko pIr3A pahu~cAne meM sabase bar3A kAraNa hai| isIlie bhagavAn ahAvIra le pAcaveM-vrata aparigraha ko eka nayI dizA pradAna kii| anekAntavAda dvArA unhoMne mAnasika hiMsA ko bhI tirohita karane kA prayatna kiyA aura vItarAgatA dvArA ve Atmika ahiMsA ke pratiSThApaka bne| hiMsA ke vibhinna rUpa : prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya meM yuddha, prANI-vadha evaM manuSya-hatyA Adi ke aneka prasaMga prApta hote hai| inako par3hate samaya yaha prazna uThatA hai ki ahiMsaka-samAja dvArA nirmita isa sAhitya meM hiMsA kA itanA sUkSma varNana kyoM aura kisalie huA ? prAkRta ke prAcIna Agama-granthoM meM sUtrakRtAMga Adi peM mAsa-vikraya ke vibhinna ullekha hai| vipAkasUtra meM aNDe kA vyApAra, machalI kA vyApAra Adi kI vistRta jAnakArI dI gaI hai| AvazyakacUrNi. vRhatkalpabhASya, rAjapraznIyasUtra Adi granthoM se patA calatA hai ki IrSyA, krodha, apamAna Adi ke kAraNa, mAtA putra kI, patnI pati kI, bahU sAsa kI, maMtrI rAjA kI hatyA karane meM bhI saMkoca nahIM karate the| prAkRta-kathAoM meM varNita prANI-vadha, manuSya-hatyA, zikAra, yuddha Adi ke ye prasaMga isa bAta kI sUcanA dete haiM ki tIrthaMkaroM ne jisa ahiMsA-dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, use yadi yarthAtha rUpa meM nahIM samajhA gayA, to uparyukta pariNAma hI hone haiN| hiMsA aura ahiMsA meM adhika dUrI nahIM hai| sikke ke do pahalU ke samAna inakA astitva hai| kevala vyakti kI bhAvanA hI hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke bIca sImA-rekhA khIMcane meM sakSama hai| ataH prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya meM varNita hiMsAtmaka varNanoM kI bahulatA isa bAta kI dyotaka hai ki mahAvIra ke bAda ahiMsaka samAja sarvavyApI nahIM ho skaa| kintu usa andhakAra meM bhI usake hAtha meM ahiMsA kA dIpaka avazya thaa| jisakI kucha kiraNeM jaina-sAhitya meM yatra-tatra upalabdha hotI haiN| ahiMsA ke prakAza-stambha : jaina-kathA-sAhitya meM saMbhavataH bharata evaM bAhubalI kI kathA sarvAdhika prabhAvakArI ahiMsaka kathA hai| bharata aura bahubalI ke jIvana-caritra se yaha pahalI bAra patA calatA hai ki yuddha kI bhUmi meM bhI ahiMsaka-yuddha kA prastAva ho sakatA hai| donoM kI senAoM ke hajAroM prANiyoM ke vadhake prati

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kathAoM meM ahiMsA dRSTi/65 utpanna karuNA isa kathA meM sAkAra ho uThI hai| do rAjAoM ke vyaktigata nipaTAre ke lie lAkho vyaktiyo ke bharaNa ke AMkar3oM se nahIM, apitu vyaktigata bhAvanAo aura zakti parIkSaNa se bhI unakI hAra-jIta spaSTa ho sakatI hai| isa dRSTi se dRSTi-yuddha, malla-yuddha aura vAka-yuddha Adi kA prastAva isa kathA meM ahiMsA kA pratIkAtmaka ghoSaNA-patra hai|10 nAyAdhammakahA kI do kathAyeM ahiMsA ke sambandha meM bahuta mahattvapUrNa evaM bodhapUrNa haiN| medhakumAra ke pUrvabhava ke jIvana ke varNana-prasaMga meM meruprabha hAthI kI kathA varNita hai| yaha hAthI Aga se ghire dura jagala meM ekatra choTe-bar3e prANiyoM ke bIca meM khar3A hai| hara prANI surakSita sthAna khoja rahA hai| isa meruprabha hAthI ne jaise hI khujalI ke lie apanA eka paira uThAyA ki usake nIce eka kharagoza kA baccA khAlI sthAna dekhakara vahA~ Akara baiTha gyaa| hAthI khujalI miTAkara apanA para nIce rakhanA cAhatA hai kintu jaba use patA calA ki eka choTA prANI usake paira ke saMrakSaNa meM A gayA hai, to usakI rakSA ke lie meruprabha hAthI apanA paira uThAye hI rakhatA hai| aura antataH nIna dina-rAta vaise hI khar3e rahane para vaha svayaM mRtyu ko prApta ho jAtA hai| kintu vaha usa choTe-se prANI kharagoza taka dhUpa aura Aga ko garmI nahIM pahu~cane detaa|" ahiMsA kA isase bar3A udAharaNa aura kyA hogA ? isI jJAtAdharmakathA meM dharmaruci muni kI prANiyoM ke prati anukampA kA utkRSTa udAharaNa varNita hai| yaha kathA hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke donoM pakSoM ko ujAgara karatI hai| nAgazrI jaisI svArthI gRhasthina ne viSAkta bhojana ko kevala isalie sAdhu ke pAtra meM DAla diyA ki usakI niMdA na ho ki usake dvArA banAyA gayA bhojana zAka kaDuA hai. viSAkta hai| kintu dUsarI ora dharmaruci ko jaba yaha patA lagA ki use bhikSA meM prApta zAka kaDuA aura viSAkta hai, to guru-AjJA se vaha use nirjana sthAna para pheMkane ko udyata hue| kintu yahI unakI anukampA sAmane A gaI aura unhoMne yaha dekhA ki isa eka bUnda zAka ke lie hajAroM cITiyA~ yahA~ ekatra ho gaI haiN| yadi pUrA zAka yahA~ DAla diyA gayA to hajAroM, lAkho prANiyoM kA anAyAsa vadha ho jaaygaa| ata: vaha karuNAzIla sAdhu usa zAka ko svayaM pI gyaa|12 karor3oM prANiyoM ke prANa-badha se eka kA prANAnta honA unheM adhika zreyaskara lgaa| yaha isa bAta kA jvalaMta udAharaNa hai ki jIvana kI dRSTi se sabhI prANiyoM kA mUlya barAbara hai| isalie prAkRta-kathAoM kA yaha pramukha svara rahA hai ki ahiMsA kA yathAsabhava Adhika se adhika pAlana kiyA jAe aura hiMsA ke vAtAvaraNa ko samApta kiyA jaayaa| ahiMsaka samAja-nirmANa ke prayoga : prAkRta-kathAoM meM ahiMsA kI pratiSThA ke lie kaI prayoga kiye gaye haiN| mAnava ke jIvana meM ahiMsA ke mahattva kI itanI bhAvanA thI ki vyakti yaha prayatna karatA thA ki yathAsaMbhava hiMsA kA niSedha kiyA jaay| sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM ArdakumAra muni kI kathA varNita hai| unhoMne hiMsA ke mUla kAraNa mAsa-bhakSaNa kA yukti-pUrvaka niSedha kiyA hai| 3 AvazyakacUrNi meM arahamitta zrAvaka ke putra jinadatta kI kathA hai| vaha eka bAra bhayaMkara roga se pIr3ita ho jAtA hai| vaidya use auSadhi ke sAtha mAMsa-bhakSaNa Avazyaka batAte haiN| kintu vaha apane svAsthya ke lie anya prANiyoM ke vadha se prApta honevAle mAMsa kA bhakSaNa karanA svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| vasudevahiNDi kI eka kathA meM

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66/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana cArudatta apanI yAtrA ke lie bakare ko mArakara usakI khAla lenA pasanda nahIM karatA. jabaki usakA mitra usa durgama pradeza meM use Avazyaka batAtA hai| 4 Agama-bhASya-sAhitya meM kAlaka kasAI ke putra sulusa kI kathA prasiddha hai| usakA pitA pratidina pA~ca sau bhaise mAratA thaa| ataH pitA kI mRtyu ho jAne para sulusa ko bhI jaba kula kI parasparA kA nirvAha karane ke lie kahA gayA ki vaha parivAra ke mukhiyA kA dAyitva kisI pazu para talavAra kA eka vAra karake svIkAra kare, to sulusa ne isa AkaraNa hiMsA kA virodha kiyA aura kahA ki isa hiMsA ke pApa kA bhAgI kevala mujhako honA pdd'egaa| taba parivAravAloM ne kahA ki tuma paza ko kATo, usameM hama saba hissedAra hoNge| salasa ne anheM zikSA dene ke lie talavAra uThAkara usakA vAra apane paira para hI kara liyaa| yaha dekhakara saba Azcarya cakita raha gye| taba sulusa ne kahA aba Apa saba mere paira kI isa pIr3A ko thor3I-thor3I bA~Ta leM. tAki mujhe kaSTa na ho| parivAravAle niruttara ho ge| kyoMki kisI kI pIr3A ko kauna bA~Ta sakatA hai ? sulasa ne unheM samajhAyA ki isI prakAra pratyeka prANI ko mArane para use pIDA hotI hai| ataH hiMsA kabhI bhI sukhadAyI nahIM ho sktii|15 bali meM honavAle pazuvadha ko rokane ke lie bhI jaina-kathA-sAhitya meM aneka prasaMga Aye haiM ! ajamera ke pAsa harSapura nAmaka sthAna para bakare kI bali ko rokane ke lie rAjA puSyamitra ke samaya meM AcArya priyagrantha ne zrAvakoM kI preraNA se bakare para mantra prayoga kara use bali se bacAyA tathA usakI vANI meM ahiMsA ke mahatva ko pratipAdita karAyA hai| pazuoM ko abhayadAna dene kI yaha bar3I mArmika kathA hai| isI taraha bhASya-sAhitya meM varNita mAtaMga yamapAza kI kathA jIva-badha-niSedha kI prasiddha kathA hai| cAMDAla kula meM janma lene para bhI yamapAza evaM-dinoM meM jIva-badha nahIM karatA thaa| usakI yaha pratijJA kaI prANiyoM ko jIvana pradAna karatI hai aura antataH rAjA ko bhI jIva-vadha kI niSedha-AjJA prasArita karanI par3atI hai| prANIvadha kI niSedhAjJA : prAkRta-kathAoM meM ahiMsA ke pracAra ke lie rAjAoM dvArA apane rAjya meM abhAri-paDaha bajavAye jAne ke bhI ullekha milate haiN| amAri-ghoSaNA ho jAne para koI bhI vyakti kisI prANI kA vadha nahIM kara sakatA thaa| una dinoM mAMsa Adi kI dukAneM bhI banda kara dI jAtI thiiN| upAsakadazAMga meM varNita mahAzataka zrAvaka kI kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjagRha nagara meM amAri-ghoSaNA ho jAne se revatI ko mAsa milanA banda ho gayA thaa|18 eka kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjA saudAsa ne aSTAnhika-parva para ATha dina taka amAri kI ghoSaNA karavAyI thii|19 rAjasthAna meM madhyayuga taka rAjAoM dvArA aisI amAri-ghoSaNAe~ kiye jAne ke ullekha milate haiN|20 upadezamAlA meM kahA gayA hai ki sAre saMsAra meM amAri-ghoSaNA kiye jAne kA phala usa vyakti ko prApta hotA hai, jo kisI eka duHkhI prANI ko bhI jinavacana meM pratibodhita kara detA hai| hiMsA ke duSpariNAma : jaina-kathA-sAhitya ne prANI-vadha ko rokane evaM dUsare ko na satAne kI bhAvanA ko dRr3ha karane ke lie eka kArya yaha bhI kiyA hai ki hiMsaka kAryoM meM lipta vyaktiyoM ko janma-janmAntaroM meM

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kathAoM meM ahiMsA dRSTi / 67 milanevAle phala kI sahI tasvIra khIMcI hai| vipAkasUtra kI kathAe~ batAtI haiM ki aNDe ke vyApArI nimnaka, prANIkdha karanevAle chaNika kasAI evaM sUradatta macchImAra ko apane hiMsaka kAryo ke kAraNa kitanI yAtanAe~ sahanI par3I hai| 21 bRhatkalpabhASya Adi granthoM meM hatyA karanevAle ke lie aneka prakAra kI sajAe~ diye jAne kA ullekha hai| karma-pariNAma evaM sajA kI kaThoratA ne bhI hiMsaka - bhAvanA ko kramazaH kama karane meM madada kI hai| eka hiMsA dUsarI hiMsA ko janma detI hai| ataH isase vaira kI lambI paramparA vikasita ho jAtI hai| isa bAta ko kaI prAkRta-kathAoM meM udAharaNa dekara spaSTa kiyA hai| 22 abhaya se hRdaya parivartana : prAkRta kI kucha kathAe~ ahiMsA ke abhaya tattva ko ujAgara karatI hai| kitanA hI bhayaMkara evaM krodhI hatyArA kyoM na ho, usakI yaha sthiti adhika samaya taka nahIM Tika sktii| usake hRdaya meM bhI kisI ghaTanA vizeSa ke dvArA parivartana lAyA jA sakatA hai| moggarapANi yakSa se prabhAvita arjuna kI kathA bahuta prasiddha hai| vaha apanI patnI ke apamAna kA badalA lene ke lie pratidina vaha puruSa aura eka strI kI hatyA karatA thaa| usake isa utpAta ke kAraNa logoM kA jInA muzkila ho gayA thA / kintu ahiMsA aura abhaya ke pujArI sudarzana zrAvaka ne arjuna mAlAkAra ke hRdaya ko bhI padivartita kara use sAdhaka banA diyaa| hatyArA arjuna kSamA kI mUrti bana gayA | 23 isI taraha dRr3haprahArI kI kathA bhI bar3I mArmika hai| usane krodha ke kAraNa eka pati-patnI aura unakI gAya ko talavAra ke eka hI bAra se samApta kara diyaa| kintu garbhavatI gAya ke tar3apate hue bachar3e ko dekhakara dRr3haprahArI kAMpa uThA / 24 hiMsA ke carama utkarSa ne use ahiMsaka banA diyA / isa dardanAka hiMsA kA prAyazcita karane ke lie vaha sAdhu bana gyaa| ahiMsA kA artha kevala hiMsA se bacanA hI nahIM hai, apitu ahiMsA ke aticAroM se bhI dUra rahanA hai| prAkRta kathAoM meM yaha spaSTa ullekha hai ki vadha, vandhana chedana, atibhArAropaNa evaM dUsare prANI ke khAna-pAna ke nirodha kI kriyAe~ bhI hiMsA hai| inase bacakara hI ahiMsA kA pAlana ho sakatA hai| kahArayaNakosa meM inakI sundara kathAe~ dI haiN| 25 prANI - vadha to duHkha denevAlA hai hI, kintu yadi kisI ko kaSTa pahu~cAne evaM kisI ke vadha karane kI bAta mana meM bhI ubuddha ho jAya athavA kinhIM pratIkoM ke dvArA vadha kI kriyA pUrI kara lI jAya, to bhI aneka janmoM taka usake duSpariNAma bhogane par3ate haiN| 26 kAlaka kasAI 500 bhaiMsoM kA prati dina vadha karatA thA, isa kriyA ko rokane ke lie use bandI banAkara rakhA gayA, kintu vahA~ para bhI usane apane zarIra ke maila ke 500 bhaise banAkara unakI hatyA karane kA saMkalpa pUrA kiyA aura usake kAraNa use narakoM kI yAtanA sahanI pdd'ii| 27 rakSAtmaka hiMsA kA dAyarA : prAkRta-kathAoM meM ahiMsA ke usa dUsare pakSa ko bhI chuA gayA hai, jahA~ kaI kAraNoM se Atma-rakSA ke rUpa meM virodhI hiMsA karanA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| bhASya-kathA-sAhitya meM jJAta hotA hai ki saMgha kI rakSA ke lie saMgha meM dhanurdhara sAdhu bhI hote the| 28 koMkaNaka sAdhu ne jaMgala meM saMgha kI rakSA karate hue eka rAta meM tIna zera mAra die the| 29 AcArya kAlaka kI kathA

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68/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana prasiddha hai hI ki unhoMne sAdhvI ke satItva kI rakSA ke lie eka rAjA ke rAjya para dUsare rAjA se car3hAI karavA dI thii|30 pArzvanAtha ne bhI yavanarAja se prabhAvatI kI rakSA ke lie yuddha ko svIkAra kiyA thaa| gRhastha zrAvaka ke jIvana meM isa prakAra kI AraMbhI evaM virodhI hiMsA hotI hI hai| prAkRta-kathAoM ke uparyukta kucha prasaMgoM se spaSTa hai ki ahiMsA kisI jAti yA varga vizeSa kI bapautI nahIM hai| jIvana ke kisI bhI stara aura koTi kA vyakti ahiMsA meM vizvAsa rakha sakatA hai| yathA-zakti vaha use apane jIvana meM utAra sakatA hai| pazu-jagat bhI ahiMsA, anukampA, para-pIr3A Adi kA anubhava karatA hai| ataH usakA jIvana rakSaNIya hai| ye kathAe~ yaha bhI ujAgara karatI haiM ki hiMsA kI pariNati duHkhadAyI hI hotI hai, cAhe vaha kisI bhI stara yA uddezya se kI jaay| kintu hiMsaka kAyoM meM lipta vyakti itanA dayanIya bhI nahIM hai ki use sudharane kA avasara hI na mile| vaha kisI bhI kSaNa apanI hiMsA kI urjA ko ahiMsA kI ora mor3a sakatA hai| nirbhayatA aura prema se use koI prerita karanevAlA milanA caahie| kathAoM kA kendra-bindu yaha jAna par3atA hai ki AtmA ke svarUpa ke prati udAsInatA evaM ajJAna hI hiMsaka bhAvanAoM ko janma detA hai tathA vahI parapIr3A kA kAraNa hai| ataH ahiMsA ke paripAlana ke lie aparigrahI, saMyamI, apramAdI honA Avazyaka hai| anekAnta evaM syAdvAda ko jIvana meM utArane se bauddhika ahiMsA kA bhI pAlana kiyA jA sakatA hai tathA Atmika ahiMsA kI pUrNa upalabdhi to vItarAgatA kI ora bar3hane se hI hogii| saMdarbha 1. ahiMsA kA tattvadarzana (muni nathamala), RSabhadevaH eka parizIlana, (devendrmuni)| 2. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, a.22, ga. 14-20 3. karmayogI kRSNaH eka anuzIlanaH devendramuni / 4. siripAsanAhacariyaM, 14-30 5. mahAvIracariyaM-nemicandrasUri 8, 22 6. bhagavAn mahAvIraH eka anuzIlana (devendrmuni)| 7. sUtrakRtAMgasUtra 2, 6, 9, 2, 8. vipAkasUtra, pR. 22 9. jaina-Agama-sAhitya meM: bhAratIya samAja-DaoN.jagadIzacandra pR. 56-84 10. AdipurANa-AcArya jinasena, RSabhadeva kthaa| 11. NAyAdhammakahA, adhyayana 1 12. vahI, a. 16 13. sUtrakRtAMga 2, 6, 27-42 14. prAkRta kA jaina- kathA sAhityaH DaoN. jagadIzacandra jain| 15. jaina kahAniyAM, bhAga 2, muni mahondrakumAra 'prathama' 16. kalpasukhabodhikA TIkA, aghi. 8 jaina-kathAmAlA (bhAga 15) muni madhukara 17. jaina kahAniyA~, bhAga 21 18. upAsagadasAo, adhyayana 8

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kathAoM meM ahiMsA dRSTi/69 19. jaina-kahAniyA~-bhAga 7, kathA 9 20. ajjhamikA nagarI kA zilAlekha 21. vipAkasUtra, dukhavipAka, a.8 22. (i) samarAicca-kahAH sAMskRtika adhyayana-DaoN. jhinakU yAdava, (ii) haribhadra ke prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka parizIlana-DaoN. nemicandra jaina, zAstrI, (iii) kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana-DaoN. premasumana jain| 23. antakRddazAMga, tRtIya adhyayana, varga 6 24. jaina kahAniyA~ bhAga 2, kathA 3 25. kahArayaNakosa, bhAga 2, kathAnaka 34; jaina-kathAmAlA, bhAga 38, 26. (i) yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayanaH- DaoN gokulavandra jaina (ii) yazastitaka eNDa iMDiyana kalcara- DaoN. hindikI 27. jaina kahAniyA~, bhAga 2 kathA 9 28. bRhatkalpabhASya, 1-3014 29. nizIthacUrNi pR. 100 30. nizIthacUrNi 2860

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aSTama ArAmasohAkahA (padya): eka paricaya prAkRta kathA sAhitya meM ArAmazobhAkathA eka mahatvapUrNa laukika kathA hai| jinapUjA ke mahAtmya ko pratipAdita karane ke uddezya se yaha kathA udAharaNa ke rUpa meM kahI gayI hai| prAkRta, saMskRta, gujarAtI evaM hindI bhASA meM ArAmazobhAkathA ko kaI kathAkAroM ne prastuta kiyA hai, kintu mUla prAkRta kathA abhI taka svatantra rUpa se prakAzita nahIM ho sakI hai| isa aprakAzita ArAmasohAkahA kI pANDulipi mujhe lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti maMdira, ahamadAbAda, ke granthabhaNDAra kA sarvekSaNa karate samaya prApta huI thii| prAkRta gAthAoM meM nibaddha isa kathA kI yaha abhI taka upalabdha ekamAtra pANDulipi hai| yadyapi isa kathA kI anya pratiyoM ke vibhinna granthabhaNDAroM meM prApta hone ke saMketa hai kintu abhI ve upalabdha nahIM ho sakI haiN| ArAmasohAkahA kI isa pANDulipi meM kula 10 panne haiM, jo donoM ora likhe haiN| isameM kula 320 prAkRta gAthAeM haiN| kintu Adi, anta meM koI prazasti nahIM hai| ata: racanAkAra, lipikAra Adi ke sambandha meM kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hotA hai| prAkRta sAhitya ke anya kisI grantha meM bhI prAkRta padyoM meM racita ArAmasohAkahA evaM usake kartA ke sambandha meM koI ullekha prApta nahIM hai| ataH abhI isa racanA ko ajJAtakartRka hI mAnanA hogaa| ArAmasohAkahA kI paramparA evaM anya pANDulipiyoM ke sambandha meM vicAra karane ke pUrva isa kathA ko saMkSepa meM prastuta karanA upayogI hogaa| kathAvastu : jambUdvIpa ke bharata kSetra meM kuzAta nAmaka deza hai| vahA~ balAsaka nAmaka grAma meM agnizarmA nAmaka brAhmaNa rahatA thaa| usake jvalanazikhA nAmaka patnI thii| unake vidyu tprabhA nAmakI eka putrI thii| jaba vaha ATha varSa kI bAlikA thI tabhI kisI roga se pIr3ita hokara usakI mA kA dehAvasAna ho gyaa| taba ghara kA sArA kAma vidyutprabhA ke Upara A pdd'aa| gAyoM ko carAne, ghara kA kAma karane aura pitA kI sevA-Tahala karane meM vaha bahuta thaka jAtI thii| ataH eka dina usane pitA se kaha diyA ki vaha dUsarI zAdI karake patnI le aave| isase use ghara ke kAmoM se chuTakArA to milegaa| kintu vidyutprabhA kI jo sautelI mA AyI vaha itanI AlasI aura kuTila thI ki vidyutprabhA ko pahale jaisA hI ghara-bAhara ke kAryoM meM akele juTanA par3atA thaa| ise vaha apane karmoM kA phala mAnatI huI sahana karane lgii| eka bAra vidyutprabhA jaba gAyoM ko carA rahI thI to vahA~ usane eka sApa rUpI devatA kI prANa-rakSA kii| isase prasanna hokara usa nAgadevatA ne use varadAna diyA ki usake sira para eka harA-bharA kuMja ( ArAma ) sadaiva banA rahegA, jisase use kabhI dhUpa nahIM lgegii| yaha kuja AvazyakatAnusAra choTA-bar3A hotA rahatA thaa| ekadina pATalIputra ke rAjA jitazatru ne vidyutprabhA

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ArAmasohAkahA ( padya) - paricaya/71 ke sAhasa aura kuMja se prabhAvita hokara use apanI paTarAnI banA liyaa| vidyatprabhA ko vaha ArAmazobhA ke nAma se pukArane lgaa| unake dina sukha se vyatIta hone lge| ___ idhara ArAmazobhA kI sautelI mAM ke eka putrI utpanna huii| usake javAna hone para usa sautelI mAM ne cAhA ki jitazatru rAjA ArAmazobhA ke sthAna para usakI putrI ko paTarAnI banA le| ataH usane garbhavatI ArAmazobhA ko apane ghara bulAyA aura usake putra ke janma ho jAne para ArAmazobhA ko eka ku~e meM DAla diyA aura usake putra ke sAtha apanI putrI ko ArAmazobhA banAkara rAjA ke pAsa bhijavA diyaa| rAjA ko nakalI ArAmazobhA para zaka jarUra huA kintu putra kI prasannatA meM usane isa para vizeSa dhyAna nahIM diyaa| ___asalI ArAmazobhA ko apane putra ko dekhane kI bar3I icchA huI to usane usI nAgadevatA ko smaraNa kiyaa| nAgadevatA kI kRpA se vaha putra kA darzana karane rAtri meM jAne lgii| kintu sUryodaya ke pUrva use vApisa lauTanA par3atA thaa| eka dina rAjA ne asalI ArAmazobhA ko pakar3a liyA aura vApisa nahIM Ane diyaa| taba se usake sira se vaha kuMja gAyaba ho gyaa| kintu ArAmazobhA ko punaH apanA pada aura gaurava prApta ho gyaa| usane apanI sautelI mA aura bahina ko bhI kSamA kara diyaa| ___ eka dina ArAmazobhA rAjA ke rAtha vIrabhadra muni ke samIpa gii| vahA~ usane apane pUrvajanma ke sambandha meM unase pUchA ki usake Upara chatra ke AkAra kA kuMja kyoM sthita huA aura use pahale duHkha aura bAda meM sukha kyoM prApta huA ? munirAja ne usake pUrvajanma kI kathA kahI campA nagarI meM kuladhara nAmaka vaNik rahatA thaa| usake sAta putriyoM kI acche gharoM meM zAdiyAM ho gayI thI, kintu AThavIM putrI puNya-rahita hone ke kAraNa avivAhita thii| tabhI usa nagara meM nandana nAmaka vaNikputra aayaa| kuladhara ne usase apanI AThavIM putrI kA vivAha kara diyA aura usake sAtha use dakSiNa bhArata bheja diyaa| kintu vaha nandana vaNik rAste meM hI apanI patnI ko chor3akara calA gyaa| vaha kuladhara kI putrI bhaTakatI huI dUsare nagara meM pahu~ca kara maNibhadra seTha ke ghara kArya karane lgii| maNibhadra use putrI kI bhA~ti rakhane lgaa| eka bAra jaba maNibhadra seTha ne apane yahA~ eka jina mandira banavAyA taba vaha kuladhara kI putrI vahA~ vinayapUrvaka jinabhakti karane lgii| usa maNibhadra seTha ke eka bagIcA thA jo siMcAI kiye jAne para bhI sUkhatA jA rahA thaa| isase vaha seTha bahuta duHkhI thaa| taba kuladhara kI putrI ne cAra prakAra ke AhAramAtra kA vrata lekara zAsana devI kI pUjA kii| usakI tapasyA ke phala se vaha sUkhA bagIcA phira se harA-bharA ho gyaa| isase prasanna hokara seTha ne usa putrI ko bahuta sA dhana puraskAra meM diyaa| usa putrI ne usa dhana se jina-pratimA ke Upara tIna chatra aura mukuTa Adi banavA diye tathA mandira meM ratha ityAdi kA dAna diyaa| isa prakAra dhArmika kArya karate hue vaha putrI maraNoparAnta svarga meM devatA huii| devatA ke bhogoM ko bhogakara vaha vidyutprabhA ke rupa meM utpanna huii| pUrva janma ke bacapana meM dharma na karane ke kAraNa vaha vidyutprabhA bacapana meM duHkhI huI, jinapratimA para chatra pradAna karane se use sira para kuMja kI zobhA prApta huI aura tapazcaraNa karane Adi ke kAraNa use rAjya-sukha prApta huA hai| muni ke dvArA isa prakAra apanA pUrva- janma sunakara ArAmazobhA ne pati ke sAtha vaigagya dhAraNa kara tapazcaraNa kiyA evaM sadgati prApta kii|

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72/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana kathA kI lokapriyatA: ArAmazobhA kathA jaina kathAkAroM ko bahuta priTA rahI hai| ata: prAkRta, saskRta eva gujarAtI bhASAoM meM isake kaI saMskaraNa prApta hote haiN| unakI saMkSipta jAnakArI yahA~ prastuta kI jA rahI prAkRta saMskaraNa : (1) abhI taka prApta jAnakArI ke anusAra AcArya zrI pradyumnasUrikRta mUlazuddhiprakaraNa para zrI devacandrasUri dvArA likhita vRtti meM sarvaprathama tIrthakara bhakti ke udAharaNa ke rUpa meM ArAmazobhA kathA prAkRta gadya evaM padya meM prastuta kI gayI hai| ArAmazobhA ke punaH paTarAnI pada prApta karane kI kathA taka prAkRta gadya evaM padya kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai evaM usake bAda pUrva janma kI kathA kevala gAthAoM meM kahI gayI hai| kathA isa prakAra prArambha hotI hai tatya ya parissamakilaMtanara-nArI hiyayaM va bahumAsaM, mahAmuNivva susaMvara, kAmiNIyaNasIsaMva sasImaMtayaM atthi thalAsayaM nAma mahAgAmaM / kathA ke anta meM kahA gayA hai maNyata-suratAI kameNa sivasaMpayaM lhissNti| evaM jiNabhattIe aNaNNa sarisaM phalaM hoi|| 201 / / yaha mUlazUddhiprakaraNavRtti I. san 1089-90 meM racI gayI thii| ataH ArAmazobhAkathA kA aba taka jJAta yaha prAcIna spa hai| (2) prAkRta kI 320 gAthAoM meM ArAmazobhAkathA kI racanA kisI ajJAta kavi ne kI hai| usI kA paricaya isa lekha meM diyA jA rahA hai| yaha racanA bhASA kI dRSTi se 12 vIM zatAbdI kI honI caahie| isakA prArambha isa prakAra huA hai jhavijja mUlabhUaM duvArabhUaM paivva nihibhuuaN| AhArabhAyaNamimaM sammattaM ghrnndhmss|| 1 / / iha sammaM sammattaM jo samaNo sAvago dharai hiae| apuna so iDida laheiM ArAmasohu bvaM / / 4 / / kArAmasohavuttA kaha samattA tae sirI ldaa| iapuTTo a jiNaMdo ANadeNaM kahai eaN||5|| yahA~ yaha spaSTa hai ki samyaktva kA mahatva pratipAdana kara usake udAharaNa meM ArAmazobhA kI kathA kahI gayI hai| pA~cavIM gAthA meM ANadeNaM zabda vicAraNIya hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki Ananda nAmaka vyakti dvArA pUche jAne para jinendra ne isa kathA ko kahA hai| yaha Ananda zrAvaka hai athavA sAdhu yaha zodha kA viSaya hai| isa grantha ke anta meM koI prazasti nahIM hai| kevala itanA kahA gayA hai ki 'he bhavya jIva ArAmazobhA kI taraha Apa bhI samyaktva meM acchI taraha prayatna kareM, jisase ki zIghra hI zivasukha ko prApta kare:-'

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ArAmasohAkahA ( padya) - paricaya/73 ArAmasAhiA viva ia samma dasaNammi bho bhavvA / kuNaha payattaM tujhe jaha airA lahaha sivasukkhaM / / 320 / / !! zrI zubhaM bhavatu / / mUlazudiprakaraNavRtti kI ArAmasohAkahA evaM ajJAtakartaka kathA kI gAthAoM meM koI samAnatA nahIM hai| sUkSma adhyayana karane para bhASA kI kucha samAnatA mila sakatI hai| kathAaza lagabhaga eka jaisA hai| kucha sthAna ke nAmoM meM bhI antara hai| isa prAkRta ArAmazobhAkathA kI aba taka nimna pANDulipiyoM kA patA calA hai-- 1. lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti maMdira, ahamadAbAda. (prastuta pANDulipi) naM. 1605 vijayadharmalakSmI jJAna-maMdira, velanagaMja, AgarA, naM. 1601 3. delA upAsarA bhaNDAra, ahamadAbAda, naM. 134 4. delA upAsarA bhaNDAra, ahamadAbAda, naM. 100 5. vimalagaccha upAsarA grantha-bhaNDAra, phalUsApola, ahamadAbAda. naM. 627, 852 6. vimalagaccha upAsarA grantha-bhaNDAra hajapaTelapola, ahamadAbAda, DabbA naM. 15, pothI na. 5 7. bhaNDArakara oriyanTala risarca iMsTITyUTa. pUnA, 1887-91 kA kalekzala, naM. 1293 8. bhaNDArakara oriyanTala risarca iMsTITyUTa, pUnA pITarsana riporTa 1, naM. 239 9. lIbaMDI jaina grantha-bhaNDAra, naM. 681 ina pANDulipiyoM kI prApti evaM unake avalokana se patA calegA ki inameM koI prazasti Adi hai athavA nhiiN| sampAdana-kArya ke lie bhI inase madada mila sakatI hai| isa grantha meM kucha uddharaNoM kA prayoga huA hai| anya granthoM meM unakI khoja karane se isa grantha ke racanAkAla kA nirdhAraNa ho sakatA hai| kucha uddharaNa yahA~ prastuta haiM(ka) daMsaNa-bhaTTho bhaTTho daMsaNa bhaTaThassa natthi nivvANa / sijhaMti caraNa-rahiA daMsaNarahiA na sijhaMti / / 3 / / (kha) bAlassa mAya-maraNaM bhajjA-maraNaM ca jovvnnaarNbhe|| therassa putta-maraNaM tinni vi guruAi dukkhAI / / 12 / / (ga) puvvabhave jaM kamma suhAsuhaM jeNa jeNa bhaavenn|| jIveNa kayaM ta ciaM pariNamaI tammi kAlammi / / 13 / / (gha) vihala jo avalabaI AvaipaDia va jo smuddhri| saraNAgayaM ca rakkhai tihiM tisu alaMkiA puhavI / / 39 / / (Da) dhammeNa suha-saMpayA subhagayA nIrogayA aavyaa-ctN| dIharabhAuaM iha bhave jammo suramme kule / / 223 / / (ca) divvasvamauvvaM juLvaNabharo satI sarIre jnne| kitI hoi sudhammao parabhave saggApavaggassirI ! 122411 (3) ArAmazobhAkathA kI tIsarI racanA prAkRta gadya meM hai| haribhadrasUrikRta 'samyaktvasaptati para saMghatilaka ne I. san 1365 meM prAkRta meM vRtti likhI hai| isa vRtti meM

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74/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana ArAmazobhA kI jo kathA dI gayI hai usakA prArambha isa prakAra hotA hai iheva jambUskkhAlaMkiyadIvamajjhaTThie akkhaMDachakkhaMDamaMDie bahuvihasuhanivahanivAse bhArahe vAse asesalacchi-saMniveso atthi-kusttttdeso| isa pUrI racanA meM 30 prAkRta evaM saMskRta ke padyoM kA bhI prayoga huA hai| anta meM kahA gayA ArAmasohAi carittameyaM nisAmiUNaM svnnaabhiyaamN| kuNeha devANa guruNaveyA-vaccaM sayA jeNa lahei sukkhaM / / isa kathA ko mUla spa meM DA. rAjArAma jaina ne hindI anuvAda ke sAtha prakAzita kiyA, hai yadyapi vibhinna pratiyoM ke AdhAra para isakA sampAdana kiyA jAnA zeSa hai| lA.da. saMskRti vidyA maMdira, ahamadAbAda, meM isa prAkRta (gadya) ArAmasohAkathA kI 2 pratiyA~ prApta haiM - saMkhyA 3260 evaM 2560 / saMskRta saMskaraNa : (4) saMskRta meM jinaharSasUri (I. san 1481), malayahasagaNi evaM mANikyasundaragaNi ne ArAmazobhAkathA likhI hai| yaha jJAta nahIM ho sakA hai ki isakA saMskRta saMskaraNa prakAzita hai yA nhiiN| inakI pANDulipiyA~ vibhinna grantha-bhaMDAroM meM prApta haiN| saMskRta ke jaina kathA-granthoM meM ArAmazobhAkathA kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai|' gujarAtI saMskaraNa : (5) ArAmazobhAkathA gujarAtI meM bhI likhI gayI hai| gujarAtI ke ArAmazobhArAsa kI bhUmikA meM sampAdakoM ne isa kathA kI nimnAMkita gujarAtI rajanAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai:-8 (ka) ArAmazobhArAsa (rAjakIrti), I. san 1479 (kha) ArAmazobhA caupAI (vinaya samudra), I. san 1527 (ga) ArAmazobhAcarita (puMja RSi), I. saM. 1596 (gha) ArAmazobhA caupAI (samayapramoda), I. saM. 1610 ke lagabhaga (Da) ArAmazobhA caupAI (rAjasiMha), I. saM. 1631 (ca) ArAmazobhA caupAI ( dayAsAra), I. saM. 1648 (cha) ArAmazobhArAsa (jinaharSa), I. saM. 1660 isa taraha jJAta hotA hai ki ArAmazobhAkathA jana-jIvana meM bahuta lokapriya rahI hai| jinabhakti ke liye madhyakAla meM yaha pramukha dRSTAMta rahA hai| kathA kI laukikatA ke kAraNa ise adhika prasiddhi milI hai| hindI saMskaraNa : (6) ArAmazobhAkathA ko kisI hindI lekhaka ne svatantra se nahIM likhA hai| kintu prAcIna kathA ke AdhAra para hindI meM usakA saMkSipta rUpa prastuta kiyA hai| zrI devandramuni zAstrI dvArA sampAdita jaina kathA bhAga 66 meM ArAmazobhAkathA prastuta kI gayI hai| amaracitra kathA sIrija meM bhI 'jAduI kuMja ke nAma se isa kathA ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai|10

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kathA ke mAnaka rUpa evaM abhiprAya : ArAmazobhA kathA eka lokakathA hai| ataH isameM lokatatvoM kI bharamAra hai| isa kathA ke mAnakarUpa isa prakAra haiM: ArAmasohAkahA (padya) - paricaya / 75 1. akelI bAlikA para ghara ke kAryoM kA bhAra / 2. sarpa kA manuSya kI vANI meM bolanA / 3. kRtajJa nAgakumAra dvArA sAhasa ke kArya ke liye varadAna denA / 4. chatra ke rUpa meM kuMja kA Azcarya / 5. rAjA dvArA guNI, garIba kanyA se vivAha | 6. sautelI mAtA dvArA sautelI putrI kI mArane kA prayatna / 7. nAgakumAra dvArA adRzya rUpa se sahAyatA / 8 kue meM DhakelanA, kintu vahA~ para bhI rkssaa| 9. putra janma para mAM ko parivartana kara denA / 10. asalI patnI ko rAjA ke dvArA bAda meM pahicAna lenA / 11. putra - darzana ke liye devatA kI samaya-maryAdA kI zarta / 12. zarta tor3ane vara devatA ke varadAna kA lupta honA / 13. nAyikA dvArA sautelI mAM evaM bahina ko kSamA pradAna karanA / 14. muni se pUrva janma kA vRtAnta - zravaNa / 15. pati dvArA jaMgala meM chor3akara cale jaanaa| 16. dharmapitA seTha dvArA Azraya denA / 17. apane atizaya guNoM se dharmapitA ko saMkaTa se bacAnA / 18. jinamaMdira- nirmANa aura jinapUjA ke phalasvarUpa sadgati / 19. karmaphala zrRMkhalA | 20. vartamAna jIvana kI ghaTanAoM kA tAlamela pUrvajanma kI ghaTanAoM se baiThAnA | ina mAnakarUpoM ko dekhane se patA calatA hai ki 1-13 taka ke mAnakarUpa eka laukika kathA ke haiN| unakA jainadharma se kucha lenA-denA nahIM hai| aura 14-20 taka ke mAnakarUpa kisI bhI dharma ke sAtha jor3e jA sakate haiN| vastutaH ArAmazobhAkathA meM do kathAoM ko eka sAtha milA diyA gayA hai| paravartI kathAoM para prabhAva : ArAmazobhAkathA kA mUla abhiprAya 'mAtA- vihIna putrI aura sautelI mAtA kA svArtha hai| isa abhiprAya ko purI taraha vyakta karane ke liye kaI kathAkAroM ne lekhanI calAI hai| san 1150 meM apabhraMza kavi udayacandra ne 'sugandhadazamIkathA' likhI hai| isa kathA kA uttarabhAga ArAmazobhAkathA se milatA-julatA hai| DA. hIrAlAla jaina ne isakI kucha samAna vizeSatAoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| sautelI lar3akI kI avahelanA evaM apanI sagI putrI ko usakA pada dilAne kI cAha donoM meM samAna hai, yadyapi tarIkoM meM antara hai| sautelI mAtA dvArA sautelI putrI kI avamAnanA karane kI ghaTanA sugaMdhadazamI kathA ke saMskRta ( san 1472 ), gujarAtI ( 1450 ),

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76/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana marAThI (18 vIM zatI : eva hindI 1750 ) saskaraNoM meM bhI prApta hotI hai| sautelI mAtA kA apanI putrI ko rAnI banAne ke niSphala prayAsa evaM sautelI putrI ko satAne kI ghaTanAeM vizvasAhitya meM bhI prApta hotI haiN| DA. jaina ne do kathAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| phreMca kahAnI 'sinDrelA meM usakI sautelI mA use utsava me nahIM jAne detI aura apanI putriyoM ko sajAkara vahA~ mejatI hai| kintu rAjakumAra antata: sinDrelA ko hI apanI rAnI banAtA hai|12 jarmana kahAnI 'azpuTela meM jo sautelI lar3akI hai vaha bilkula ArAmazobhA se milatI-julatI hai| haijala vRkSa ArAmazobhA ke jAduI kuMja kI taraha madadagAra ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| antataH azpuTela' ko rAjakumAra apanI rAnI banA letA hai| isa taraha abhI ArAmazobhA kathA kI bhAratIya evaM vizvasAhitya kI kathAoM ke sAtha tulanA karane se aura bhI naye tathya sAmane A sakate haiN|14 sandarbha 1. bhojaka, amRtalAla (.), mUlazuddhiprakaraNa (prathama bhAga), ahamadAbAda, 1971, pR. 22-34! 2. velaNakara. eca. DI., jinaratnakoza, pUnA. 1944, pR.33-34| 3. yaha gAthA darzanapAhuDa (kundakunda) evaM bhaktaparijJAprakIrNaka meM yathAvat upalabdha hai| 4. samyaktvasaptati (saMghatilakakRta vRttisahita)sa. lalitavijaya muni, 19161 5. muni yazobhadra (saM.), ArAmasohAkahA. nemi-vijJAna granyaratna (3), sUriyapura, san 1940 6. (ka) jaina grantha-bhaNDAra, lIMbaMDI, pothI naM. 7011 (kha) zrI jaina saMghabhaNDAra, pATaNa, DavvA naM. 6. pothI naM.91 7. (ka) desAI, jaina sAhityano itihAsa. 1933, pR. 4711 (kha) caudharI, jI. sI.. jaina sAhitya kA buhata itihAsa bhAga 6. pR. 4171 8. kathA aMjuSaH (bhAga 7)- ArAmazobhArAsa. (sa.) jayata koThArI evaM kIrtikA jozI. ahamadAbAda, ___19834 9. zrI puSkara muni, jaina kathA, bhAga 66, udayapura, 1976 1 10. 'jAduI kuMja' muni zrI mahendrakumArajI 'prathama' kI jaina kahAniyA~ bhAga 12 meM prakAzita kathA para AdhArita hai| isakA aMgrejI anaMvAda bhI Jain Stories meM prakAzita hai| 11. jaina, hIrAlAla, sugaMdhadazamIkathA. vArANasI. 1944, bhumikA, pR. 181 12. da slIpiMga vyuTI eNDa adara pheyarI Telsa phrAma da olDa phrenca (riTolDa bAi e. TI. vilcr-koddc)| 13. jekaba luDavika kArlagrima, 'di kiMDara uNDa hAusamAravena,' (aMgrejI anuvAda grimsa ttels)| 14. sampAdana evaM anuvAda ke sAtha lekhaka dvArA zIghra prkaashy|

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navama kathA NemiNAhacariu kI jaina sAhitya meM neminAtha tIrthaMkara ke jIvana aura sAdhanA ko viSaya banAkara kaI kaviyoM ne carita grandha likhe haiN| sarvaprathama Agama evaM purANa granthoM meM neminAtha ke carita kA varNana prApta hotA hai| AThavIM zatAbdi meM apabhraMza ke mahAkavi svayambhU ne isa kathAnaka ko lekara 'riTThaNemicariu ke nAma se svatantra racanA prastuta kii| lagabhaga 12 vIM zatAbdi meM neminAtha ke jIvana para prAkta, apabhraMza evaM saMskRta ke kaviyoM ne vibhinna racanAeM likhI haiN| bArahavIM zatAbdi ke apabhraMza kavi lakSmaNadeva (lakhamadeva) dvArA racita NemiNAhacariu eka mahattvapUrNa kRti hai, jo abhI taka aprakAzita hai| NemiNAhacariu (lakhamadeva) kI isa racanA kI eka pANDulipi hamane ailaka pannAlAla jaina sarasvatI bhavana, ujjaina se prApta kI hai| apabhraMza ke vidvAnoM ke lie yaha prati ajJAta thii| kisI ne isakA vivaraNa yA sUcanA Adi apane granthoM meM nahIM dI hai| ujjaina kI yaha prati vi.saM 1510 meM likhI gayI kisI mUla prati kI pratilipi hai| isa prati meM kula 29 patra hai| paM. paramAnanda zAstrI ne apanI prastAvanA meM yaha to saMketa kiyA hai ki NemiNAhacariu kI sabase purAnI prati vi. saM. 1510 kI likhI huI prApta huI hai| kintu yaha mUla prati kahA~ hai, athavA kise prApta huI hai, isakA koI ullekha unhoMne nahIM kiyA hai| grantha kA paricaya unhoMne paMcAyatI di. jaina mandira, dillI ke bhaNDAra meM upalabdha prati ke AdhAra para diyA hai| apabhraMza ke khojI vidvAn DaoN devendra kumAra zAstrI ne bhI apanI sUcI meM isa vi.saM. 1510 kI prati kA koI vivaraNa nahIM diyA hai| hameM ujjaina meM isa prati kI pratilipi to upalabdha ho gayI, kintu mUlaprati abhI bhI anveSaNIya hai| ise, isa grantha kI prathama prati mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa grantha kI dUsarI prati paMcAyatI di.jaina mandira dillI meM upalabdha hai, jo. vi. saM. 1522 kI likhI huI hai| agahana sudI 10, bhaumavAra ko yaha prati likhI gayI thii| isa prati meM kula 52 patra haiN| 45 vAM patra upalabdha nahIM hai| patra kI sAija 101/4x 4/1/2 iMca hai| isa prati ke aMtima bhAga meM granthakAra kI prazasti dI huI haiN| usase jJAta hotA hai ki yaha grantha ASAr3ha kI terasa ko Arambha kiyA gayA thA evaM caita kI terasa ko isakI racanA pUrNa ho gayI thI __ AraMbhiu AsADhahiM terasi, bhau paripuNNa caitiya tersi| - saMdhi 4, ghattA 2 kintu isa prati meM racanAkAla nahIM diyA huA hai| isa miNAhacariu kI tIna pANDulipiyAM sarasvatI bhavana nAgaura ke grantha-bhaNDAra meM upalabdha haiN| inameM se do pratiyoM kA paricaya DaoN. devendra kumAra zAstrI ne diyA hai, jinheM yahAM isa grantha kI kramazaH tRtIya evaM caturtha prati kahA jA sakatA hai| grantha kI yaha tRtIya prati vi.saM. 1529 meM zrAvaNa kRSNA 11 ko likhI gayI hai| isameM 58 panne haiM, jinakI sAija 101/2X4 3/4 iMca hai| DaoN. pI.sI. jaina ne isa prati kA lekhanakAla

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78/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana saM. 1559 diyA hai| caturtha prati meM kula 65 panne haiM, jinakI sAija 9x4 1/2 ica hai| isakA lekhanakAla saM.1519 vaizAkha kRSNA 13, ravivAra hai| __isa grantha kI eka prati aura sarasvatI bhavana, nAgaura meM upalabdha hai| isameM 54 panne hai, jinakI sAija 10 3/4x4 3/4 iMca hai| isa prati meM lekhanakAla bhI nahIM diyA huA hai| prati kI avasthA bhI prati jIrNa-zIrNa hai| ise isa gemiNAha- cariu kI pAMcavI prati kahA jA sakatA hai| NemiNAhacariu (lakhamadeva ) kI ina pAMcoM pratiyoM kA eka sAtha milAna karane para grantha ke saMzodhita pATha ko taiyAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa adhyayana se granthakAra evaM racanAkAla ke sambandha meM bhI kucha prakAza par3a sakatA hai| hamane ujjaina kI pANDulipi ko philahAla AdyopAnta par3hA hai| ataH yahA~ usI kA vizeSa paricaya prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| ujjaina bhaNDAra se prApta isa prati meM kula 29 panne haiM, jo donoM ora likhe hue haiN| inakI sAija 12 1/2 x 6 3/4 iMca hai| eka pRSTha para 14 paMktiyAM haiM evaM pratyeka paMkti meM 50 akSara hai|prti spaSTa evaM prAyaH zuddha likhI huI hai| saM. 1510 magaSira vadI 10 ko likhI gayI mUla prati se yaha nayI prati lipi saM. 1983 meM phAguna zuklA dvitIyA ko kI gayI hai| sambhavataH isa prati ke lekhanakartA gorANiyA gotra ke vra.narasiMha hai, jo muni madanakIrti ke ziSya evaM padmanaMdi ke praziSya the|10 isa prati kA Adi evaM anta bhAga isa prakAra hai AdibhAga : oM namaH / / siddhebhyaH / / atha zrI neminAtha carita prArabhyate zrI vItarAgAyanamaH / / visaraha-dhura-dhArau vissaviyArau visama visaya visakiu vilu| paNamami basu guNaharU vasudharu tiyavaru vAriyalaMchaNu gunnnnilu|| kar3avaka 1 jaya risaha rahiya-raya-raya sarUva, jaya ajiya NAya-Naya divvtuuv|. jaya saMbhava bhata-kANaNa kuyAri, jaya aMhiNaMdaNa gaya giha kunnaari|| pattA e jiNavara guNasArA, gaiNaitArA, dehi bulki jai vimala mahu / tA rayami cariyavarU kouhalaharu NamiNAharAyamai shu|| 1 / / antabhAga: gaMdau ehU gaMthu cirukAleM, saMvohau bhavyayaNahaM jaaliN|11 Nedau dhammasatthu parameThiThahiM, bhaMgalu deu jemijiNu govihiN| gaMdau Naravai jaNa-saMjuttau, jaNu hojjau vrdhmmaasttu| paccara DaNi bahu phaladAiNi, NAsai dummau jaNa asuhaavnni| pauravA kamaladivAyaru, viNayacetu saMghaha maya saayru| ghaNakaNa patta-attha saMpuNNau, Aisa rAvau sva-ravaNNau /

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kathA miNAhacariu kI / 79 teNa vi kayau gaMtha akasAyahu, vaMdhava ammaeva susahAvai / kammakkhaya- Nimittu AhAsiu, amuNateNa pamANu payAsiu / jai hINAhiu kiu vAesari NANadevi taM ravami paramesari / lakkhaNa chaMdahINu jaM bhAsiu, taM buhayaNa sohevi payAsiu / AraMbhiu AsAr3ha siya terasi, bhau paripuNNu dhaitahi terasi / jo paDhai suNai jo lihai lihAvai maNavaMhiu sokkhu so pAvai / chattA chUTA hai| iya miNAha carie abuhakaya - rayaNa-sua lakhamaeteNa viraie bhavvayaNa - jaNa - maNANade mi - miNihAyAgameNo NAma cautyo pariccheo samattoH saMdhi 4 12 yaha NemiNAhacariu kula cAra saMdhiyoM (paricchedoM) kA grantha hai, jinameM kula 82 kar3avaka haiN| prathama saMdhi ke 19 kar3avakoM meM tIrthaMkara vandanA, sarasvatI vandanA, mAlavadeza evaM kavi paricaya, zreNika kI prArthanA para gaNadhara dvArA neminAtha ke carita kA varNana, nemikumAra kA janma evaM indrAdi dvArA janmAbhiSeka kA varNana hai| isa saMdhi meM durjana evaM sajjana-varNana ke prasaMga meM kavi kahatA hai ki maiM adhika varNana kyA karU~ kyoMki durjanoM ke svabhAva se DaratA huuN| IrSyA karanA unakA svabhAva hai / jaise, ullU sUrya ke pratApa ko sahana nahIM karatA usI prakAra durjana logoM ko anurAga nahIM krtaa| unake isa svabhAva ko jAnanA cAhie ki ve dUsaroM ke guNa ko chor3akara unake doSoM ko hI grahaNa karate haiM jiha kosiu Na sahai ravipayAu, tiha khalu Na karei jaNANurAu / . jANevva iya dujjaNu - sahAu, guNa mellevi dosu gahei pAu / / - saMdhi 1, kar3avaka 3 grantha kI dUsarI saMdhi meM NemikumAra kI bAlalIlA, zikSA grahaNa, yuvAvasthA, vasantavarNana, jalakrIDA, vivAha - nizcaya, rAjamatI kA saundarya varNana, bArAta prasthAna, pazu-vandhana se vairAgya dhAraNa evaM rAjamati aura neminAtha ke bIca praznottara Adi kA varNana 23 kar3avakoM meM kiyA gayA hai| neminAtha jaba pazuoM ke vadha kI bAta ko sunakara vairAgya dhAraNa kara tapazcaryA ke lie cale gaye taba unake viraha meM duHkhI hokara rAjamatI socane lagI ki kyA maiMne pUrvajanma meM phaloM se yukta vRkSa ko tor3a diyA thA jisake kAraNa se bhAgya mujhe yaha duHkha de rahA hai ? kyA pUrva janma meM maiMne dUsare ke dravya kA haraNa kiyA thA jo mere isa pratiyatama rUpI dravya ko mujha se chIna liyA gayAki parabhavi bhaggaDa sahala rukkhu, taM AyaNNivi diNNau deva dukkhu / . ki parabhavi harayau parahe davbu taM daiyada- duhu dAviyauM savvu / / saMdhi 2, kar3avaka 17 tIsarI saMdhi ke kar3avaka 1 se 10 taka meM rAjamatI kI sahelI madanasirI rAjamatI kI oTa meM nemikumAra se bAtacIta karatI hai evaM tapa ko nirarthaka siddha karane ke lie kaI uktiyAM detI hai| ina sabakA javAba nemikumAra dete haiM aura iMdriyasukha kI asAratA ko siddha karate haiM / madanazrI kahatI hai ki he kumAra Apako saba sukha prApta haiM to Apa unheM chor3akara tapa ko jA rahe haiM jabaki saMsAra ke loga inhIM sukhoM kI prApti ke lie jIvana bhara prayatna karate rahate haiM: yaha saMsAra bhI vicitra hai| jisa manuSya ke ghara meM anna bharA hai, use bhojana ke prati aruci hai aura jisako bhojana ke prati Asakti hai, usake pAsa anAja nahIM hai| jisa vyakti meM dAna kA

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80/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana utsAha hai, usake pAsa dhana nahIM hai aura jisake pAsa dhana hai use ati lobha hai, ata: vaha dAna nahIM kara pAtA / jisameM kAma ke prati rAga hai, usake bhAryA nahIM hai aura jisake bhAryA hai, usakA kAma zAnta ho gayA hai jasu gehi aNNu tasu arui hoi, jasu bhoyasatti tasu sasu Na hoi| jasu dANu chAhu tasu dabiNu Natthi, jasu daviNu tAsu ai loha atthi| jasu mayaNarAu tasu Natthi bhAma, jasu bhAma tAsu ucchau Na kaam| saMdhi 3 kaDavaka 2 caturtha saMdhi meM nemikumAra kI tapasyA kA varNana hai| samavasaraNa racanA ke varNana ke bAda jainadharma ke pramukha siddhAntoM kA vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| pAMca aNuvratoM, sAmAyika, cAra prakAra ke dAna, samAdhimaraNa, anitya Adi bhAvanAoM evaM dharma ke mahatva ko isa saMdhi ke 20 kar3avakoM meM pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| dharma kI mahimA gAte hue kavi ne uktaMca kahakara saMskRta kA nimna padya uddhata kiyA hai akti tIrthaMkareguro jinamate saMghe ca hiMsAnRtasteyavahama-parigraha varu paramaM krodhAdharINAM jyN| saujanyaM guNasaMgamindriyadamaM dAnaM tapo bhAvanA vairAgyaM ca kurutha nivRttipade yadyasti gaMtuM manaH / / 1 kavi-paricaya: NemiNAhacariu ( ujjaina prati )kI prathama, saMdhi ke dUsare kar3avaka meM evaM caturtha saMdhi ke anta meM jo prazasti dI gayI hai, usase kavi lakSalaNadeva ke sambandha meM kucha jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| pratyeka saMdhi ke anta meM dI gayI puSpikA meM kahA gayA hai ki abudhakavi ratna-suta lakSmaNa athavA lakhamadeva ke dvArA racita bhavyajanoM ke mana ko Ananda dene vAle isa NemiNAha carita meM nemikumAra ke janma nAmaka prathama pariccheda samApta huaa| isa puSpikA meM 'abudhakaviM vizeSaNa cintanIya hai| 'rayaNa-sua pada se spaSTa hai ki kavi ke pitA kA nAma ratana (deva) thaa| ratanadeva para-nAriyoM ke lie sahodara evaM nirabhimAnI, dhairyazAlI sajjana vyakti the|kvi kI mAtA kA nAma sambhavataHlakhamANA thA, jinakA putra lakhamadeva viSayoM se virakta rahatA thaa|15 kavi lakhamadeva mahiSapura evaM puravADavaMza kA tilaka thaa| vaha rAta-dina jJAna aura muniyoM kI vANI meM lIna rahatA thaa| prazasti se jJAta hotA hai ki kavi kA samAja meM acchA Adara thaa| vaha dhana-dhAnya, putra Adi se samRddha thA aura rUpa se bhI sundara thaa|17 kavi lakhamadeva ko unakI isa kAvya-racanA meM unake bAndhava aMbadeva ne acchI sahAyatA kI thI teNa vi kayAu gaMthu aksaayhu|. baMdhava aMbaeva susahAyahu / / isa grantha kI racanA meM kavi lakhamadeva kA uddezya apanA kavitva prakaTa karanA nahIM thA, apitu unhoMne apane karmoM ke kSaya ke lie isa carita ko racanA thaa| isameM unhoMne pramANika carita evaM siddhAnta ko prastuta kiyA hai| yatra-tatra kAvya-guNoM kA bhI digdarzana hotA hai| phira bhI kavi apane ko alpajJa hI mAnatA hai| grantha ke prArambha meM hI vaha apanI vinayazIlatA prakaTa kara

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kathA NemiNAhacariu kI/81 detA hai| aura anta meM jJAnadevI vAgezvarI se kavi kSamA mAMga letA hai ki jo kucha grantha meM hInAdhika kahA gayA ho, use vaha kSamA kare jaM hINAhiu kiDa vAesari gANadevi taM khamai prmesri|| yaha granya kAvya kI apekSA naitika upadeza kA grantha hai| nemikumAra jaba tapasyA karane lagate haiM taba rAjamatI evaM usakI sakhiyoM ko iMndriya-sukha kI asAratA samajhAte hue kahate haiM ki jo iMndriya-sukha ko hI saba kucha mAnatA hai vaha gavAra rAkha ke lie gozIra caMdana ko jalAtA hai, Asana ke lie bhArI zilA ko kaMdhe para DhotA hai, mANikya ko dekara gujAphala grahaNa karatA hai, kSaNika lAbha ke lie dina-phala kA bhojana karatA hai, kaur3I dene para apane karor3oM ke dravya ko beca detA hai, zItalatA pAne ke lie agni kI jvAlA meM praveza karatA hai aura zreSTha savArI ko chor3akara gadhe para car3hatA hai|20 grantha meM anyatra bhI preraNAdAyaka subhASitoM evaM saktiyoM ko kavi ne prastuta kiyA hai| yathA kiM jIyaI dhamma vivajjieNa = dharmarahita jIne se kyA prayojana ? sayameva SasaMsiya kiM guNeNa = svayaM kI prazaMsA meM kauna sA guNa hai ? isa NemiNAhacariu kI bhASA apabhraMza kA vikasita rUpa hai| isameM kSetrIya bhASaoM ke vikAsa ke saMketa upalabdha haiN| anAvazyaka rUpa se isa grantha kI bhASA meM saMskRta ke samAsabahula zabdoM kA prayoga dekhane ko nahIM milatA hai| dezI zabdoM kA prayoga bhI isa grantha meM kama huA hai| apabhraMza bhASA ke pramukha chaMdoM-helA, duvaI, vastu baMdha, ghattA, gAhA Adi kA prayoga kavi ne kiyA hai| apabhraMza meM 5-6 kaviyoM ne NemiNAha cariu nAmaka granthoM kI racanA kI hai| una saba kI kathAvastu Adi ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke lie lakhamadeva kA yaha grantha mahatvapUrNa hai| vibhinna pratiyoM ke AdhAra para isa pANDulipi kA sampAdana hamane prArambha kiyA hai| saMpAdita saMskaraNa taiyAra hone para grantha, granthakAra evaM madhyayugIna saMskRti ke sambandha meM kucha nayA prakAza par3a sakatA hai| sandarbha 1. devendra muni zAstrI "bhagavAna ariSTanemi aura karmayogI zrIkRSNa-eka anuzIlana, udayapura, 1971 2. jaina devendra kumAra, riTaThaNemicariu (prathama bhAga) bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 1985 3. caudharI, gulabacandra, jaina sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa, bhAga 6, pArzvanAtha jaina vidyAzrama, vArANasI, pR. 115-117 4. isa prati kI prApti ke lie hama vidvatvara paM. dayAcanda jI zAstrI, ujjaina ke AbhArI hai| 5. jaina grantha prazasti saMgraha (dvitIya bhAga), dillI 1963, prastAvanA pR. 89-90 6. vahI, prazasti saMkhyA 39, pR. 56-57 7. ujjaina kI prati meM 'AsAda-siyaterasi' pATha hai, jisase spaSTa hai ki ASAda terasa ko yaha granya prArambha huA thaa| 8. zAstrI, devendra kumAra, apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya kI zodha-pravRttiyA~, dillI, 1972, pR. 138 9. jaina, pI.sI., e DiskripTiva keTalAga oNpha menuskrapTas ina 5 bhaTTArakIya ganya-bhaNDAra nAgaura jayapura 1985 pR. 130 10. zrI padmanaMdI siSyamuni madanakIrtitatsiSya vra. narasiMha gorANiyA gotre ---------grantha ke anta meM aMkitA

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82/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana 11. dillI kI prati meM isa magala vAkya ke sthAna para kavi paricaya kA kar3avaka 21 evaM ghattA 21 diyA huA hai, jo isa ujjaina prati meM granya ke prArambha meM kar3avaka 2 meM de diyA gayA hai| 12. yaha ghattA dillI prati meM isa prakAra hai jaM hINAhiu matta-vihUNiu sAhiu gayau ayaanni| taM majjhu khamivvau lahu daya kijjau sAhu louggamaNi / / 22 / / 13. iti NemiNAha carie abuhakai rayaNasua lakkhamaNeNa viraie bhavyayaNamapyANade NemikumAra saMbho gAma paDhamo pariccheo smtto| 14. tahiM Nivasai rayaN garuha bhavvu,paraNArisahoyaru galiyagavbu / 15. lakhamANA maI tahiM taNau puttu, lakhamaeva NAmeM risAyahiMvirattu / 16. saMdhi 1 kar3avaka 2 kI prazasti / 17. saMdhi 4 kar3avaka 22 kI prshsti| 18. kammakkhai Nimittu AhAsiu,amuNatiNa pamANu pyaasiu| saMdhi 4, kar3avaka 22 19. saMdhi 1, kar3avaka 3 20. chAraho kajjaiM gosIra dahai, AsaNA Nimitta sila-kadhi vhi| guMjAhalu lai mANikku dai, Ayaho Nimittu visahalu asei| bikkiNai koDi kaaDiya ayANu, paisai havicAraha sIya-ThANu / Aruhai kharaho millivi tuhAru, jo iMdiya-sukha mANaiM gmaaru|| - saMdhi 3, kar3avaka 9 BRE

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dazama prAkRta sAhitya meM bAhubalI-kathA jaina sAhitya meM bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke jIvana-varNana ke prasaMga meM samrAT bhArata evaM bAhubalI ke jIvana ke aneka prasaMga varNita haiN| prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza Adi kaI bhASAoM meM ina mahApuruSoM ke caritroM kA varNana prApta hotA hai| RSabhadeva kA jIvanavRtta svatantra rUpa se prAkRta meM likhA gayA hai| AdinAhacariyaM, risabhadevacariyaM Adi prAkRta granthoM meM svatantra rUpa se evaM caupannamahApurisacariyaM, vasudeva-hiNDI, paumacariya, jambUdIvapaNNatti Adi prAkRta granthoM meM anya vyakatiyoM ke caritroM ke sAtha RSabhadeva ke jIvana kA varNana prApta hotA hai| bharata evaM bAhubalI RSabhadeva ke pramukha putra the| ataH prasaMgavaza unake jIvana kI kathA bhI ina prAkRta granthoM meM prApta hotI hai| mUlakathA prAkRta meM : prAkRta Agama sAhitya ke kucha granthoM evaM vyAkhyAsAhitya ke kucha granthoM meM bhI bAhubalI ke ullekha prApta hote hai| kalpasUtra, Avazyakaniyukti, AvazyakacUrNi, uttarAdhyayanasUtra kI TIkA Adi meM bAhubalI ke jIvana ke kaI prasaMga varNita hai| kintu yaha Azcarya hai ki bAhubalI kA caritra itanA prasiddha aura prabhAvazAlI hote hue bhI prAkRta ke kisI svatantra grantha kA viSaya nahIM bnaa| RSabhadeva tathA bharata ke jIvana ke sAtha bAhubalI kI kathA itanI jur3I huI thI ki prAkRta ke kisI granthakAra kA dhyAna una para svatantra grantha likhane para nahIM gyaa| kintu anyAnya prasaMgoM meM, prAkRta meM bAhubalI kI kathA avazya likhI jAtI rahI hai| bAhubalI kI kathA kA mUla srota prAkRta meM likhA gayA koI grantha rahA hai, jo Aja jJAta nahIM hai| Avazyaka-niyukti kI TIkA saMskRta meM hai, kintu usameM jaba bAhubalI kI kathA kA prasaMga AtA hai to use prAkRta meM likhA gayA hai jo isa kathA ke prAkRta mUla ko spaSTa karatA hai| zrI zubhazIlagaNi dvArA viracita bharatezvara-bAhubalIvRtti nAmaka grantha prAkRta meM upalabdha hai, jisameM bAhubalI kI kathA varNita hai| ataH prAkRta Agama-sAhitya se lekara prAkRta ke svatantra kathAgranthoM taka bAhubalI kI kathA nirantara vikasita hotI rahI hai| isa kathA ke utsa evaM vikAsa para svatantra rUpa se adhyayana kaye jAne kI AvazyakatA hai| paM. dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA ne apane eka nibandha meM isa bAta para vizeSa bala diyA hai| kathA kA prAcIna spa: prAkRta ke prAcIna granthoM meM bAhubalI kI kathA bahuta saMkSipta hai| cauthI zatAbdI ke prAkRta grantha vasudevahiNDI meM yaha kathA isa prakAra hai: bAhubalI, bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke putra tathA samrAT bharata ke choTe bhAI the| ve RSabhadeva kI dUsarI

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84 / prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana patnI sunandA ke putra the| unakI sahodarA bahina kA nAma sundarI thaa| pitA RSabha ne apanI anya santAnoM kI taraha bAhubalI ko bhI zikSA pradAna kii| unheM vizeSarUpa se citrakalA evaM jyotiSavidyA kA jJAna kraayaa| RSabhadeva ne jaba apane putroM ko rAjya kA vitaraNa kiyA to bAhubalI ko takSazilA kA rAjya prApta huaa| bhArata ko jaba cakraratna kI prApti huI to unhoMne digvijaya karate hue takSazilA meM bAhubalI ko bhI jItanA caahaa| yuddha ke lie prastuta hone para bAhubalI ne donoM ke paraspara yuddha kA prastAva rakhA tAki senA ke anya logoM ke prANa baca skeN| isa ahiMsaka yuddha meM parAjita hone para bharata ne bAhubalI para cakra kA prahAra kiyaa| kintu bAhubalI para usakA asara nahIM huA / isa nIti-virodhI ghaTanA ko dekhakara bAhubalI ne rAjyapATa chor3akara dIkSA le lii| kintu kaThina tapazcaryA karane para bhI mAna kaSAya ke kAraNa unheM jaba kevalajJAna nahIM huA to brAhmI ne Akara unheM samajhAyA / tadanantara bAhubalI ko kevalajJAna hokara mokSa ho gyaa| 2 lagabhaga cauthI zatAbdI ke anya prAkRta grantha paumacariyaM meM bAhubalI kI kathA bahuta saMkSepa meM hai| isameM bharata aura bAhubalI ke Apasa meM bhAI hone kA koI ullekha nahIM hai / granthakAra kahatA hai ki takSazilA meM mahAna bAhubalI rahatA thaa| vaha sarvadA bharata rAjA kA virodhI thA aura usakI AjJA kA pAlana nahIM karatA thA: takkhasilAe mahapyA, bAhubalI tassa niccpddikuulo| bharahanarindassa sayA, na kuNai ANA - paNAmaM so / / 4-38 isa grantha meM bAhuvalI kI dIkSA ke bAda mAna ahaMkAra hone kA bhI koI ullekha nahIM hai| dIkSA lete hI unheM kevalajJAna ho jAtA hai| 'jambuddIvapaNNatti meM bhI RSabha aura bharata - bAhubalI ke pArivArika sambandhoM kA ullekha nahIM hai| ataH jJAta hotA hai ki bAhubalI kI kathA kA vikAsa kaI paramparAoM meM alaga-alaga huA hai| kintu isa kathA ke sabhI rUpoM meM nimnAMkita ghaTanAe~ samAna haiN| yadyapi unake prastutikaraNa meM bhinnatA hai| pramukha kathA-bindu : (i) svatantra rAjya bAhubalI takSazilA ke rAjA the / kucha granthoM meM ullekha hai ki yaha rAjya unheM apane pitA RSabha ke dvArA diyA gayA thA, to kucha srotoM kA kahanA hai ki bAhubalI vahA~ ke svatantra rAjA the, jinakI bharata se mitratA nahIM thI / jambudvIpa-prajJapti ke anusAra bAhubalI ko bahalI kA rAjya diyA gayA thA, jo takSazilA ke samIpa thaa| bAhubalI kI bharata ke dUta ke sAtha jo bAtacIta prApta hotI hai, vaha prAcIna rAjanIti kI amUlya nidhi hai / usameM do svatantra rAjAoM ke kartavya evaM adhikAroM kA spaSTa ullekha hai| bhale ve eka hI bApa ke do beTe kyoM na hoN| bAhubalI ne apanI bhUmi kI svAdhInatA kI rakSA ke lie jo saMgharSa kiyA hai, vaha vizva-sAhitya meM amara ghaTanA hai| jana-sAmAnya meM bAhubalI kI prasiddhi kA yaha pramukha kAraNa hai| (ii) ahiMsAtmaka yuddhanIti-: bAhubalI ke caritra kI mahAnatA unake dvArA apanAyI gayI ahiMsAtmaka yuddhanIti hai / bharata aura bAhubalI ke yuddha kA prasaMga sabhI kathAkAroM ne upasthita kiyA hai| kevala 'bharatezvarabAhubalIvRtti

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prAkRta sAhitya meM bAhubalI kathA/ 85 meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki ina denoM ke bIca 12 varSa taka ghamAsAna yuddha huaa| kintu anya sabhI granthoM meM isa yuddha ko hiMsAtmaka hone se rokA gAyA hai| ahiMsAtmaka yuddha kA prastAva kahIM indra yA dUta ke dvArA AyA hai to kahIM mantriyoM dvaaraa| kintu paumacariyaM, AvazyakacUrNi Adi meM spaSTa rUpa se ahiMsAtmaka yuddha kA prastAva bAhubalI ke dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA hai| bhaNao ya bAhubaliNA, thakkaharo kiM vaheNa loyss| doNhaM pi hou juhA, diTThImuTThIhiM rnnmjhe|| (paumacariyaM. 4,43) tAhe te savvabaleNa do vi desate miliyA, tAhe bAhubaliNa bhaNiya-kiM aNavarAhiNA logeNa mArieNa ? tuma ahaM ca duyagA jujjhaamo| - ( AvazyakacurNi, pR210) bAhubalI ke vyaktitva kI vizAlatA kA pramukha aMga hai- zakti meM samartha hote bhI janakSaya ko rokane kA prayatna krnaa| logoM kI svAdhInatA kI rakSA, unake prANoM kI rakSA karane kI bhAvanA ne bAhubalI ke vyaktitva ko bahuta UMcA uThAyA hai| ahiMsAtmaka yuddha ke svarupa ke viSaya meM bhI granthoM meM matabheda hai| kahIM dRSTi-yuddha aura mallayuddha kA ullekha hai to kahIM isameM jala-yuddha ko bhI jor3a diyA gayA hai| jinadAsagaNi mahattara ne isameM vAgayuddha ko aura jor3a diyA hai| kahIM daNDayuddha ko jor3akara pA~ca yuddhoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isa sabakA Azaya yahI hai ki bharata aura bAhubalI ke bIca aise yuddha ho jo unakI jaya-parAjaya kA nirNaya kara deM tathA jinase hiMsA bhI na ho| dUsarI bAta, ina yuddhoM ke dvArA bAhubalI ke zArIrika guNoM ke utkarSa ko bhI prakaTa karanA kathAkAroM kA uddezya ho sakatA hai| ina yuddhoM meM vijayI hone para bhI bAhubalI naitika AcaraNa kI pratiSThA banAye rakhate haiM, jabaki bharata samajhaute se DagamagA jAte haiN| (iii) cakrakA kA prahArabAhubalI kI kathA ke sabhI yuddha-rupoM meM jaba bharata bAhubalI se parAjita ho jAte haiM to ve krodha meM Akara bAhubalI para cakra se prahAra karate haiN| yuddhanIti kA spaSTa rUpa se yaha ullaMghana hai| isa ghaTanA dvArA bharata kA vyaktitva bahuta baunA ho jAtA hai| bAhubalI ke lie yaha ghaTanA jIvana ke dizA-parivartana kA kendrabindu bana jAtI hai| bairAgya utpatti ke lie yadyapi prAkRta kathAoM meM kaI moTiphsa prayukta hue haiM kintu cakra-prahAra kA yaha moTipha bAhubalI kI kathA ko viziSTa banA detA hai| paramacariyaM evaM anya prAkRta granthoM meM isa avasara para bAhubalI dvArA prakaTa kiye gaye udgAra bharatIya sAhitya kI amUlya nidhi haiN| mAnava vyaktitva ke kaI pakSa isase ujAgara hote haiN| bhautika vijaya ko tuccha ginakara bAhubalI AdhyAtmika vijaya ke lie agrasara ho jAte haiN| maryAdA tor3ane vAle kI apekSA maryAdA kI rakSA karane vAlA hamezA bar3A hotA hai| isa dRSTi se bAhubalI kA vyaktitva bharata se UMcA uTha jAtA hai| (iv) kevalajJAna meM vilambabAhubalI kI tapazcaryA kA vistRta varNana prAkRta granthoM meM hai| paumacariyaM meM bAhubalI dvArA kevanajJAna prApti meM kisI vighna kA ullekha nahIM hai| kintu Age ke kathAkAroM ne bAhubalI jaise vijetA ke mAnasa ko aura adhika zuddha karane ke lie unakI mAna-kaSAya ko eka pratIka dvArA tirohita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| prAkRta granthoM ke varNana ke anusAra, bAhubalI bhagavAn RSabhadeva

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86/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana se dIkSA lene nahIM gaye, kyoMki unheM pUrva me dIkSita apane hI choTe bhAI muniyoM ko praNAma karanA hogaa| isa mAna ke kA~Te ne bAhubalI ko kevalajJAna nahIM hone diyaa| Age ke jaina purANoM meM isakA dUsarA kAraNa ullikhita hai| bAhubalI bharata kI bhUmi para tapa nahIM karanA cAhate the| ataH unake isa haThAgrahI citta ne unheM kevalajJAna nahIM hone diyaa| prAkRta kathAoM meM bAhubalI mAna-kaSAya ke lie pratIka bana gaye the| jayantIcarita para malayaprabhasUri kI vRtti meM 56 prAkRta kathAe~ haiN| unameM mAna ke lie bAhubalI kI kathA dI gayI hai| prAkRta kathAkoza meM bhI bAhubalI ke mAna para kathA saMkalita hai| bhAvapAhuDa meM mAna-kaSAya ke lie bAhubalI kA udAharaNa diyA gayA hai| (v) mAnagaja se avataraNa: bAhubalI jaise vikasita vyaktitva vAle tapasvI ko bhI mAnarUpI gaja para Asr3ha rahanA hitakara nahIM huaa| ataH kathA kI eka paramparA meM RSabhadeva kI putrI brAhmI tapasvI bAhubalI ko isa mAnagaja se utarane kI salAha detI hai- ki Apako choTe bhAiyoM ko namaskAra nahIM karanA hai, cAritrika guNoM ko namana karanA hai| ahaMkAra ko tirohita kiye binA AtmA kI UMcAI kaise nApoge ? isI bAta ko eka rAjasthAnI kavi kahatA hai: vIrA mhArA gaja thakI uttro|. gajacar3ayAM kevala nahIM hosI re|| kathA kI dUsarI paramparA meM svayaM bharata, bAhubalI ko nivedana karate haiM - isa nazvara saMsAra meM kauna bharata aura kahA~ usakI bhUmi ? Apa to asIma haiM, ataH sImA se Upara utthiye| bAhubalI ina saMketoM ko gaharAI se pakar3ate haiM aura unakA ahaMkAra tatkSaNa tirohita ho jAtA hai| ve kevalajJAnI ho jAte haiM (jinasenakRta mhaapuraann)| bahu-AyAmI vyaktitvarAhubalI kI kathA jaina sAhitya kI una pramukha kathAoM meM se eka hai, jo sArvabhaumika aura jana-jIvana se jur3I huI haiN| isa deza meM una mahApuruSoM ko pratiSThA milI hai, jo maryAdA ke rakSaka rahe haiN| maryAdApuruSottama rAma jitane jana-jIvana ke najadIka hai, utane nirguNa paramabrahma rAma nhiiN| bAhubalI ko tIrthaMkara na hote hue bhI sAhitya meM jo pratiSThA milI hai, vaha unake maryAdA-rakSaka hone ke kaarnn| bharata yadi samrAT hone ke kAraNa prasiddha haiM to bAhubalI usa samrAT kI anIti, lAlaca evaM krodha para vijaya pAne ke kAraNa jana-mAnasa ke ziramaura hai| bAhubalI ke kathAnaka meM eka pracchanna moTipha kA prayoga huA hai| vaha hai- vizAlatA, UMcepana kA bodh| prAkRta kathAoM meM unake zarIra ko bharata se UMcA batAyA gayA hai| bala meM ve zreSTha pramANita hote haiN| bhAI ke prati AtmIyatA ke zikharoM ko bhI unhoMne chuA hai, jaba ve vijayI hone para bhI bharata ko jamIna para nahIM girane dete| yaha unakI karuNA kI vizAlatA hai| cakra-prahAra ke rUpa meM bharata ke krodha ko ve apanI vijaya kI kSamA se jItate haiN| zaktizAlI kI kSamA kyA hotI hai, usake meru hai-baahublii| bhArata ne samasta pRthvI kA zAsaka banane kI AkAMkSA se digvijaya kii| unakI isa lobha kI vRtti ne bhAI ko bhI yuddha- bhUmi para lA khar3A kiyaa| kintu isakA uttara bAhubalI ne adbhuta tyAga se diyaa| vijayazrI unake caraNoM para thii| pRthvI kI sampadA ke ve svAmI the| kintu vairAgya dvarA unhoMne dikhA diyA ki bhautika sampatti kA moha, lobha bar3I kSudra vRtti hai| vizAlatA to

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prAkRta sAhitya meM bAhubalI kathA/87 usake tyAgane meM hai| bAhubalI ke vizAlatA ke moTipha ne unheM aise tapasvI banAyA ki Aja sAhitya meM aisA koI dUsarA udAharaNa nahIM hai ki jisake zarIra meM aura dharatI kI miTTI meM koI antara na rahA ho| prANI aura vanaspati kA Azraya kisI kA zarIra bana jAya to isase bar3A vAtsalya bhAva aura kyA hogaa| vizAlatA ke isa moTipha ne bAhubalI kI pratimAoM ko bhI prabhAvita kiyaa| gommaTezvara bAhubalI kI mUrti hI vizAla nahIM hai, apitu usakI sthApanA evaM usakA Ayojana bhI vizAlatA ke zikharoM ko chUtA rahA hai| bAhubalI kA kathAnaka jaina darzana meM prasiddha cAra kaSAyoM kA pratIka banA huA hai| bhArata kI digvijaya-AkAMkSA lobha ko, yuddha-nIti kA ullaMghana karanA mAyA ko, cakra kA prahAra karanA krodha ko tathA bAhubalI ko kevalajJAna na honA mAna ko prakaTa karanevAlI ghaTanAe~ haiN| ina kaSAyoM ko jItane kA udAharaNa hai- bAhubalI kA vyktitv| sAhitya meM eka bahupracalita moTipha hai- eka kA apakarSa, dUsare kA utkarSa / rAma-rAvaNa, kRSNa-kaMsa pANDava-kaurava Adi aneka aise yugma sAhitya meM prasiddha hai| bharata-bAhubalI ke kathAnaka ke vikAsa meM bhI yahI moTipha gatizIla rahA hai| yadi sUkSmatA aura tulanAtmaka dRSTi se isa bAhubalI kathAnaka para anusaMdhAna kiyA jAya to kathAsAhitya ke vikAsa para nayA prakAza par3a sakatA hai| 4 sandarbha 1. da sTorI Apha bAhubalI, sambodhi, bhAgaTha, aka-3-4, 1978 2. muni puNyaviya, vasudevahiNDI, pArTa / bhAvanagara, 1931 3. jayantI caritavRtti (malayaprabhasUrI) lIMca, mahasAnA, vi.saM. 2006 4. jaina premasumana, 'bAhubalI ina prAkRta liTarecara' nAmaka lekha, gomTezvara komemorezana vAluma, 1981, pR.76

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ekAdaza pAli - prAkRta kathAoM ke abhiprAya kathA sAhitya kI sArvajanIna lokapriyatA ke kAraNa bauddha evaM jaina dharma ke pravartakoM ne bhI sahasroM loka kathAoM evaM AkhyAnoM kA upayoga apane gUr3havicAroM aura gahana anubhUtiyoM ko saralatama rUpa meM janamana taka pahu~cAne ke lie kiyA hai| aneka nUtana kathAoM - AkhyAnoM kA sRjana bhI / pAli kathA - sAhitya meM jAtaka kathAoM ke atirikta dIghanikAya ke brahmajAlasutta kI kathA - sUcI loka kathAoM ke vAstavika viSaya aura vyApaka kSetra kA paricaya detI hai| prAkRta-sAhitya meM bhI loka-kathAoM kA khulakara svAgata huA hai| kintu prAkRta kathAkAroM ne navIna kathA - sAhitya kI samRddhatA meM jo yogadAna diyA vaha vistAra, vividhatA aura bahubhASAoM ke mAdhyama kI dRSTi se bhAratIya sAhitya meM advitIya hai| 1 kathA - sAhitya kyA bhAratIya sAhitya kI pratyeka vidhA kA adhyayana pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke prayatna se gatizIla huA / kintu isase eka ora jahA~ upekSita bhAratIya sAhitya paThana-pAThana, adhyayana - adhyAna ke yogya huA, vahA~ usake AlocanA ke kSetra meM aneka bhrAMtiyA~ bhI panapatI gayIM / pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ko prAmANika mAna kara bhAratIya adhyetAoM ne viSaya kI gaharAI meM jAne kA prayatna bahuta kama kiyA hai ! sambandhita prayogoM meM anukaraNa kI pravRtti adhika dikhalAyI detI hai / phalasvarUpa maulika cintana adhika nahIM ubhara skaa| (ubharane ke lie aba isa andhAnukaraNa se saMgharSa apekSita ho gayA hai|) pAli prAkRta kathA sAhitya ke antaraMga taka pahu~cane ke lie unake katipaya abhiprAyoM (motifs) para eka cintana yahA~ prastuta hai| abhiprAya-adhyayana : kathAoM meM nihita abhiprAyoM kA saMgraha kara unake utsa kA patA lagAnA hI kathya ko hRdayagaMma karane kA sahI rAstA hai| kisI bhI kathA ke pIche sAMskRtika AdhAra kyA thA, jaba taka isakA patA na lagA liyA jAya, taba taka kathA ke mAdhyama se kathAkAra kyA kahanA cAhatA hai, spaSTa nahIM hotA / kathA ke sAMskRtika AdhAra taka hama abhiprAya-adhyayana dvArA pahu~ca sakate haiN| kyoMki kathAkAra apane kathya kI abhivyakti ke tadrUpa abhiprAyoM kA hI prayoga kathA meM karatA hai| abhiprAya kathA kA aparivartanIya aMga hai| kathA kI zailI, kathAnaka - saMgaThanA, bhASA Adi meM kramazaH parivartana hote rahate haiM, kintu sudIrgha paramparA ke bAda bhI kathA kA abhiprAya nahIM badalatA / ataH abhiprAya-adhyayana hameM kathA ke janma taka le jAne kI kSamatA rakhatA hai / kathAoM kA janama utanA hI prAcIna hai, jitanA mAnava / ataH abhiprAya-adhyayana kA artha haimAnava vikAsa ke itihAsa kA adhyayana / mAnava ne apane astitva kI rakSA tathA jIvana ko sukhI aura unnata banAne ke lie jitane prakAra ke sAmAjika saMgharSa kiye haiM unake smRti cinha ina abhiprAyoM meM yatra-tatra bikhare milate haiN| 2 mAnava kI eka vizeSa pravRtti hai- Upara uThane kI / vaha apanI saba bAdhAoM ko bhautika aura mAnasika rUpa se vijita dekhanA cAhatA hai| ataH mAnava-mana

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pAli-prAkRta kathAoM ke abhiprAya/89 kI ajhAta aura aprApta ke prati tIvra jijJAsA ne hI aneka abhiprAyoM kA nirmANa kiyA hai, jinakA samabandha dharma, darzana aura naitikatA se bhI jur3A huA hai| isa prakAra abhiprAya-adhyayana dvArA na kevala kathAoM ke hArda taka pahu~cA jA sakatA hai, apitu mAnavIya-mUla vRttiyoM kI vikasita-paramparA kA bhI jJAna hotA hai| abhiprAya-adhyayana ke prayatna videzI vidvAnoM dvArA paryApta mAtrA meM kiye gaye haiN| blUmaphIlDa aura unake sahayogiyoM ke atirikta beniphI, hAnI, jaikobI, bebara, thAmasana aura peMjara Adi kA nAma vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai| inhIM ko AdhAra mAna kara kucha bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne bhI isa dizA meM prayatna kiye haiN| kintu prazna yaha hai-kyA ina saba prayatnoM ko abhiprAya-adhyayana kA nAma diyA jA sakatA hai ? kevala kathAnaka-saMgaThanA kA vargIkaraNa abhiprAya-adhyayana nahIM hai| kaidI rAjA ora usakI putrI, peTupane kI cikitsA, bhUkha har3atAla, badalA huA patra, nirdoSa bhikSu ko pati ne pITA Adi ghaTanAoM ko abhiprAva mAnakara unakA adhyayana karanA hameM kisa zAzvata tathya kA paricaya detA hai samajha meM nahIM AtA ? ataH pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke aba taka kiye gaye kArya kA apanI dRSTi se parIkSaNa karanA nitAnta Avazyaka hai| abhiprAya kI paribhASA saMbaMdhI bhrAntiyAM : abhiprAya (motif) zabda kA prayoga pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne aneka arthoM meM kiyA hai| bhArata kI kathAoM para prathama kArya Tempala mahodaya ne kathA meM prayukta ghaTanA yA ghaTanAoM ko abhiprAya kahA hai| bAda ke anya vidvAnoM-sviranaraTana, peMjara, veriyara elavina Adi ne bhI isI kA anukaraNa kiyA aura abhiprAyoM ke antargata ghaTanAoM kA adhyayana karate rhe| inake vicAra se corI se le jAnA, kutiyA aura mirca, ISyAlU rAnI, pazu se vivAha, cuhiyA kumArI Adi vibhinna kathAoM kI vizeSa ghaTanAeM abhiprAya haiN| kinhIM vidvAnoM ne kathA ke phala ko abhiprAya kahA hai yathA- ghamaNDa kA phala, lobha kA phala, corI kA phala, karma phala aadi| kintu ghaTanA aura pariNAma ko abhiprAya mAnanA kahA~ taka yukti-saMgata hai ? kathA ke utsa ko khojane meM ghaTanA sahAyaka nahIM hai| paristhiti anusAra eka kathA meM aneka ghaTanAeM ho sakatI hai, kintu paramparA meM sabhI kA sthira rahanA jarUrI nahIM hai aura na hI sabhI kathA ke antaraMga kI saMvAhaka hotI hai| ataH ghaTanA vizeSa ko abhiprAya mAnanA ThIka nhiiN| pariNAma isalie abhiprAya nahIM kahA jA sakatA kyoMki eka hI kathA ke vibhinna upayoga ho sakate haiM aura utane hI una ke pariNAma / jhUTha bolane kA phala kisI eka kathA meM phAMsI kI sajA ho sakatI hai to dUsarI kathA meM kisI naraka vizeSa kI praapti| ataH yahA~ pariNAma ko abhiprAya na kaha kara asavRtti ke pradarzana kA abhiprAya kahA jA sakatA hai, jo apane Apa meM kAphI vistAra lie hue hai| sipale mahodaya ne abhiprAya ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai- "Motif-A word or a pattern of thought which recurs in a similar situation or to evoke a similar mood within a work or in various works of a genre." 'abhiprAya usa zabda athavA eka sAMce meM Dhale hue usa vicAra ko kahate haiM jo samAna paristhitiyoM meM athavA samAna mana-sthiti aura prabhAva utpanna karane ke lie kisI eka kRti athavA eka hI jAti kI vibhinna kRtiyoM meM bAra-bAra AtA hai| abhiprAya kI isa sAmAnya paribhASA se prabhAvita hokara

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90/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne vibhinna kathA-kahAniyoM meM bAra-bAra vyavahata hone vAlI eka jaisI ghaTanAoM athavA vicAroM ko abhiprAya mAnane kI bhrAntiyAM kI haiN| jabaki ghaTanA aura vicAra donoM hI kisI eka nizcita abhiprAya ke pariNAma hote haiN| jaise kisI kathA meM manuSya bali ke hone kI ghaTanA AtI hai| koI pAtra vizeSa manuSya bali kA honA ThIka nahIM samajhatA aura AkhirI samaya meM manuSya ko bali hone se bacA liyA jAtA hai| isameM bali kI ghaTanA aura bali ko bacAne kA vicAra donoM haiN| kaI jagaha inakI punarAvRtti bhI ho sakatI hai| kintu isake mUla meM hai- 'manuSya jIvana kI zreSThatA kA abhipraay| isI taraha mAnavIya mUla vRttiyoM se sambandhita aneka abhiprAya ho sakate haiM, jinameM sadasada vRttiyoM ko ubhArane ke lie aneka ghaTanAoM aura vicAroM kA upayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai| ataH mAtra ghaTanAoM aura vicAroM kI punarAvRtti ko abhiprAya mAnane kI apekSA unake janaka ko abhiprAya mAnanA adhika yuktisaMgata hogaa| isa prakAra mAnava jIvana kI sukha aura dukha se saMyukta jo zAzvata kathA hai usake saMvAhaka bhAva ko abhiprAya kahA jA sakatA hai| bhale hama ise kisI nAma se pukaareN| abhiprAya-vargIkaraNa : prAyaH abhiprAyoM kA vargIkaraNa abhiprAya sambandhI ukta dhAraNA ko kendra banAkara hI kiyA gayA hai, jisameM ghaTanAoM aura vicAroM ke ekAMza kI bahulatA hai| mUla abhiprAyoM ke anusAra viSayavAra vargIkaraNa kama huA hai| TaoNmasana kI abhiprAya-anukramaNikA (motif Index) abhiprAya-adhyayana ke kSetra meM prathama kArya hone se sarAhanIya hai, vaijJAnika bhii| kintu bhAratIya kathA-sAhitya ke abhiprAyoM ke vargIkaraNa ke sandarbha meM usameM kucha parivartana bhI apekSita hai| yathA- ukta anukramaNikA meM jo pazu-viSayaka abhiprAyoM kI tAlikA hai usakA sambandha kevala pazuoM se nahIM hai aura na ve pazuoM ke abhiprAya hI haiN| balki ina sabhI abhiprAyoM kA sambandha mAnava kI mUla kalpanA vRtti se hai, jisakA upayoga usane apanI apUrNatA ko pUrNa karane ke lie ina abhiprAyoM ke mAdhyama kiyA hai| mAnava ne apane hI guNoM ko vikasita rUpa meM pazu-jagat meM dekhanA cAhA hai| bhAratIya kathA-sAhitya ke sabhI abhiprAyoM kA vargIkaraNa yahA~ pratipAdya bhI nahIM hai aura na sambhava hii| ataH kevala pAli-prAkRta kathA-sAhitya ke kucha pramukha abhiprAyoM kA vargIkaraNa yahA~ prastuta hai| abhiprAya-vargIkaraNa meM yahA~ mAnavIya mUla vRttiyoM kA vizeSa dhyAna rakhA gayA hai| pAli-prAkRta kathA-sAhitya ke abhiprAya nimna vargoM meM vibhakta kiye jA sakate haiM: 1. mAnavIya vRttiyoM se sambaddhaH(a) mAnavIya vRttiyAM do prakAra kI hai- sad aura asad / adhikAMza abhiprAya inhIM do vRttiyoM se mUla rUpa se sambandhita hai| ataH abhiprAyoM ko ghaTanAoM ke nAma se vargIkRta na kara inhIM do vRttiyoM ke nAma se vargIkRta karanA caahiye| yathA- saMkaTAkIrNa kArya saupanA, hAthI ko vaza meM karanA, sAta samundara pAra se gulAba kA phUla lAnA, dhanuSa tor3anA, preyasI ko bandhana se chur3AnA, phalaka ke sahAre samudra pAra karanA Adi tathAkathita abhiprAya (ghaTanAeM) 'parAkrama-pradarzana savRtti ke abhiprAya ke antargata rakhe jA sakate hai| isI taraha striyoM dvArA pati ko dhokhA,

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pAli- prAkRta kathAoM ke abhiprAya/91 dhana ke lie mitra kA vadha, dharohara kA nakAranA, Adi abhiprAya 'vizvAsaghAtaM asadvRtti abhiprAya ke antargata rakhe jA sakate haiN| isa prakAra ke vargIkaraNa meM prayatnalAghava to hai hI, isase abhiprAyoM kI paramparA akSuNNa banI rahatI hai| parAkrama, viveka, mitratA, vAtsalya, upakAra, sahanazIlatA, vidyA Adi sad abhiprAya evaM kAyaratA, ajJAna, baira ghRNA, kRtaghnatA, krodha, kAma, lolupatA Adi asad abhiprAya hamezA hara sAhitya meM vidyamAna mileMge, jabaki sabhI ko vaza meM karanA, mitra ko dhana ko lie dhokhA denA Adi ghaTanAe~ deza-kAla se sImita ho sakatI haiN| (ba) kinhIM kathAoM meM yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki sadvRtti dvArA asadvRtti para vijaya prApti ke prayatna kiye jAte haiN| aisI kathAoM ke abhiprAya alaga vargIkRta kiye jA sakate haiN| udAharaNa ke lie eka prasaMga liyA jA sakatA hai| sautelI mAM dvArA aneka bAra apane rUpavAna evaM putra se samAgama kI yAcanA kI gayI hai / putra dvArA ise na svIkArane para usa para balAtkAra kA jhUThA iljAma lagAyA gayA hai| kintu anta meM bheda khulane para sautolI mAM dvArA yA to kSamA mAMgI gaI hai yA use rAjA dvArA daNDa diyA gayA hai| yahA~ yA isase sambandhita kathAoM meM kAma pravRtti para zIla kI vijaya dikhAyI gayI hai| isI taraha krodha- kSamA baira-mitratA, adharma-dharma Adi ke bhI prasaMga kathAoM meM Aye haiN| ina saba ko 'sadkI asad para vijaya abhiprAya ke antargata rakhA jA sakatA hai| jina abhiprAyoM kA sad-asad vRttiyoM se sIdhA sambandha na ho unheM vizeSa abhiprAyoM ke rUpa meM alaga vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai| yathA 2. parIkSaNa abhiprAyaH- isake antargata satyaparIkSA, buddhiparIkSA, sAhasaparIkSA, zarta, paheliyAM, Adi parIkSAoM se sambandhita prasaMga rakhe jA sakate haiN| parIkSaNa abhiprAya ke mUla meM kisI bhI prakAra kI bAdhAoM kI cintA na karate hue apane lakSya taka pahu~cane kI bhAvanA hai| pAli-pra - prAkRta kathAoM meM aneka sthAnoM meM isakA prayoga huA hai| buddha ke sAtha mAra kA saMgharSa aura jaina tapasviyoM ke 22 parISaha udAharaNa svarUpa draSTavya haiN| 3. niSedha abhiprAyaH- kathAoM meM varjana ke aneka prasaMga Ate haiN| yauna-varjana, khAna-pAna varjana, sparza-varjana dizA-varjana aadi| ina saba kA eka hI bhAva hotA hai- nAyaka ke suSupta parAkrama, viveka ko jAgrata krnaa| isake dvArA usake cAritra kA utkarSa dikhAnA / isa abhiprAya kA sIdhA sambandha manovijJAna se hai, ataH ise alaga rakhanA hI ThIka hogaa| isa abhiprAya dvArA saMgharSa kI manovaijJAnika vyAkhyA kI gayI hai| 4. sahAyaka abhiprAya:- mAnava kI sadvRttiyoM ke vikAsa ke lie kathA meM aneka sahAyaka abhiprAyoM kA bhI prayoga huA hai| svapnapradarzana, bhaviSyavANI, AkAzavANI, vidyAdhara va yakSoM dvArA sahAyatA, devoM ke alaukika kArya Adi isa abhiprAya se sambandhita haiN| isa abhiprAya dvArA mAnavIya apUrNatA ko pragaTa kiyA gayA hai| hara taraha se mAnava sazakta hote hue bhI kabhI na kabhI aisI sthiti ko prApta hotA hai, jaba use anya kI sahAyatA lenI par3atI hai| 5. bAdhaka abhiprAyaH - isakA upayoga asad vRttiyoM para vijaya prApta karane ke lie kathAoM meM kiyA gayA hai| kathA kA nAyaka sAdhAraNa tarIke se sahaja hI yadi kisI rAjakumArI ko prApta kara le to usake caritra kI koI vizeSatA nahIM rahatI aura kathA bhI samApta ho jAtI hai| ataH usake rAste meM prAkRtika va amAnavIya aneka taraha kI bAdhaka zaktiyoM ko upasthita kiyA jAtA hai, jina para vijaya prApta kara nAyaka lakSya kI prApti karatA hai|

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92/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana 6. adhyAtma-cintana se sambaddha abhiprAyaH- kathAoM meM aneka abhiprAya adhyAtma-cintana se sambaddha hote haiN| mAnava kI sad-asad vRttiyoM ke prakAzana ke atirikta usake carama aura utkarSa kA prayatna bhI bhAratIya kathAoM dvArA kiyA gayA hai| viSaya-bhoga aura vamana, bairAgya ke kAraNa, karmoM kA phala, punarjanma, jIvana kI kSaNa-bhaMguratA, saMsAra-bhramaNa aura mukti, vratoM kA pAlana, manuSya jIvana kI durlabhatA Adi kA pratipAdana isa abhiprAya ke antargata hai| isa abhiprAya-vargIkaraNa ke antargata kathAoM meM prayukta prAyaH sabhI abhiprAya A jAte haiN| kucha yadi isa paridhi ke bAhara bhI hote haiM to unake antaraMga ko jAnane kA prayatna honA cAhiye, taba unheM alaga vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai| yathA- pazuoM va pakSiyoM se sambandhita jitane abhiprAya haiM unheM kutte kA mahamAna, billI kI cAla, hoziyAra lomar3I, jiddI bakare, paMDita totA, leTI huI bakarI, kauA koyala Adi nAma dene kI apekSA inake mAnavIyakaraNa ko dhyAna meM rakha kara mAnava kI usa kalpanA aura sambhAvanA ko sAmane lAne kA prayatna honA cAhiye jisake dvArA usane apanI apUrNatA ko pUrNatA pradAna kI hai| yahI dRSTi amAnavIya zaktiyoM se sambaddha abhiprAyoM ke vargIkaraNa ke samaya honI caahie| yakSa, rAkSasa, vyantara, deva Adi ne kyA kArya kiye yaha utanA mahatva kA nahIM hai, jitanA yaha ki inake dvArA mAnava ke Atma-sarakSaNa kI pravRtti kitanI huI hai| abhiprAyoM ke prayoga kI prakriyA : abhiprAya-adhyayana ke samaya unake prayogoM para vicAra karanA bahuta jarUrI hai| kyoMki eka abhiprAya vibhinna kathAoM meM aneka DhaMga se prayukta huA mila sakatA hai| abhiprAyoM ke prayoga para vicAra karane se abhiprAya kA mUla svarUpa usakI arthavattA, prasAra-yAtrA spAntarita rUpa tathA vividha rUpoM ke pArasparika sambadhoM para prakAza par3atA hai| isase sambandhita kathAeM hI spaSTa nahIM hotIM, apitu vibhinna kAloM ke sAMskRtika pakSa bhI ujAgara hote haiN| udAharaNa svarUpa sAMsArika dukha aura jIvana ke abhiprAya ko leN| isakA prayoga brAhmaNa, mahAbhArata, jaina, bauddha IsAI, muslima kathA-sAhitya meM huA hai| prArambha meM nAnA duHkhoM se yukta eka kue meM mRtyu se bhayabhIta puruSa ko sthita dikhA kara use madhu ke bindu meM Asakta batalAkara sAMsArika dukha aura jIvana kA yathArya pratipAdita kayA gayA hai| Age cala kara isI kA svarUpa badala gayA hai| sAMsArika duHkhoM ke parijJAna ke lie kuA na hokara roga, bur3hApA aura mRtyu ko sAdhana banAyA gayA hai| mohAsakti ke lie rAjapATa kAraNa banA hai| prAkRta kathAoM meM nirjana dvIpa ke vividha kaSTa sAMsArika dukhoM ke pratIka haiM aura mohAsakti kAdambarI phaloM dvArA abhivyakta kI gaI hai|" Age isa abhiprAya ke aura bhI rUpAntara hue haiN|12 aba yadi isa abhiprAya ko abhivyakta karane vAle upakaraNoM-kUpanara, madhuvindu Adi ko abhiprAya mAna liyA jAya to Age calakara ho sakatA hai inakA astitva bhI na mile, jabaki sAMsArika dukha aura jIvana kI vyAkhyA hamezA hotI rahegI, bhale usakI abhivyakti ke upakaraNoM meM bhinnatA ho| ataH abhiprAyoM ke mUla taka pahu~cane aura unake sahI evaM pUrNa adhyayana ke lie abhiprAyoM ke prayoga kI prakriyA kA parijJAna Avazyaka hai|

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pAli-prAkRta kathAoM ke abhiprAya/93 dArzanika-abhiprAya : pAli-prAkRta kathAoM kA sambandha caMki kisI eka vizeSa dharma se hai ataH svabhAvataH aneka kathAe~ apane mUla rUpa kA visarjana kara zuddha dhArmika va dArzanika bana gaI hai| unakI punarAvRtti ekAdhika bAra hone se unake kisI eka mUla tatva ne nizcita arthabodhaka abhiprAya kA spa dhAraNa kara liyA hai| aise abhiprAyoM kA uddezya mAtra upadeza denA nahIM hai, balki unake pIche cintana kI eka nizcita paramparA hai| pratIkAtmaka abhivyakti kA sAmarthya / yahA~ pAli-prAkRta kathAoM ke kucha pramukha dArzanika abhiprAyoM kA vivaraNa prastuta hai| cUMki darzana kA sambandha zAzvata satyoM ke udghATana se hai, ataH isake antargata ve sabhI abhiprAya Ate haiM jinameM cintana kI eka nizcita paramparA hai| kintu yahA~ una sabakA vivecana karanA sambhava nahIM hai| ataH pAli-prAkRta kathAoM ke adhyAtmacintana abhiprAya se sambandhita abhiprAya hI vivecya hai| pAli kathAoM meM jAtakoM kA pramukha sthAna hai| jAtakoM kA viSayavAra vargIkaraNa na hone se dharma va darzana sambandhI kathAoM va unake abhiprAyoM ko khojanA bar3A kaThina hai| vintaranitsa ke vargIkaraNa ke anusAra jina jAtakoM ko dhArmika kahA gayA hai.13 unake evaM anya pAli kathAoM ke nimna dArzanika abhiprAya sAmane ubharate haiM:___ 1. kAyA kI tucchatA 2. zveta bAla 3. karmoM kA phala 4. saMsAra sukha viSaphala ke samAna 5. viSa-vamana ke samAna 6. hiMsAyajJa ke sthAna para jJAna yajJa 7. rUpa-rasa-gandha sparza ke AkarSaNa kA tyAga 8. murdo se khAlI jagaha 9. maitrI bhAvanA kA mahatva 10. putra aura dAsa kA sabase bar3A bandhana 11.dAna dene kA mahatva evaM phala 12. puNya saba sukhadAtA 13. jAgaruka hone kA phala 14. indriyajita honA 15. krodha, dveSa lobha, moha ke doSa 16. citta-kleza (pApa) kabhI choTA nahIM hotA 17. kSaNika Ayu 18. vINA ke tAra 19. hiMsA kA virodha aadi|14 ukta dArzanika abhiprAya prAyaH apane Apa meM spaSTa hai| kAyA kI tucchatA aura zveta vAla ko vairAgya kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai| karmoM kA phala dazani vAlI aneka kathAe~ haiN| zubha karmoM ke zubha phala ke lie vimAna vatthu kI kathAe~ evaM azubha karmoM ke azubha phala ke lie petavatthu kI kathAe~ udAharaNa ke lie paryApta hai| murdo se khAlI jagaha abhiprAya dvArA saMsAra kI anityatA kA digdarzana karAyA gayA hai ki pRthvoM meM aisI jagaha nahIM hai jahA~ kisI na kasI ko na jalAyA gayA ho| ataH sabakI mRtyu anivArya hai| jo satya, dharma, ahiMsA aura saMyama kA pAlana karatA hai, vahI loka meM nahIM mrtaa| vINA ke tAra kA abhiprAya pAlI sAhitya meM aneka jagaha madhyamamArga ko pratipAdita karane ke lie prayukta huA hai| sonakolivisa ne jaba atyadhika kaThora tapasdA prArambha kara dI to unheM dukhI dekhakara buddha ne samajhAyA ki jaise vINA ke tAra adhika kasa dene aura adhika DhIle kara dene se vINA ThIka se nahIM baja pAtI usI prakAra atyadhika udyoga-parAyaNatA auddhatya ko utpanna karatI hai, atyadhika zithilatA zArIrika Alasya ko utpanna karatI hai| isalie soNa udyoga karane meM samatA grahaNa kare, indriyoM ke sambandhoM meM samatA grahaNa kre|15 yahI madhyamamArga hai| prAkRta kathAoM ke dArzanika abhiprAyoM kI apanI eka nijI vizeSatA hai| inameM pratIkoM kA prayoga adhika huA hai| pAli jAtakoM kI apekSA ina kathAoM kA sambandha vartamAna jIvana se adhika hai| ataH kathA nAyaka ko jisa kisI dArzanika siddhAnta se avagata karAnA apekSita hai

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94 / prAkRta kathA - sAhitya parizIlana use pUrNarUpa se ghaTita kara dikhAyA hai| dUsarI bAta, prAkRta kathAe~ kisI eka hI vyakti dvArA kathita va likhita na hone ke kAraNa vibhinna kalpanAoM va dRSTAntoM se saMliSTa haiN| isalie inake dArzanika abhiprAya gUr3ha se gUr3ha siddhAnta ko bhI jIvana meM utArane meM sakSama haiN| unakI eka sudIrgha paramparA hai| prAkRta kathAoM meM nimna pramukha dArzanika abhiprAya prayukta hue haiM: 1. samudra yAtrA aura jalayAna kA bhaMga honA / 3. madhuvindu 5. ratna dvIpa kI yAtrA 7. eka kA apakarSa, dUsare kA utkarSa 9. vairAgya prApti ke nimittoM kI yojanA 11. manuSya jIvana kI sArthakatA 13. viSayabhoga aura vamana yA viSaphala 15. AtmA se sambaddha 2. puNDarIka 4. sarSapa dAnA 6. kar3avI tumbI kA tIrtha sthAna 8. satya parIkSA 10. vratoM kA pAlana 12. pUrvabhava 14. parISaha sahana 16. anya dArzanika abhiprAya samudrayAtrA aura jalayAna kA bhagna honA : samudrayAtrA kA abhiprAya bhAratI kathA - sAhitya meM bahuta lokapriya rahA hai| jaba kabhI dhanopArjana yA nAyaka ke parAkrama ko darzAne kI AvazyakatA huI tabhI samudrayAtrA ko kathAoM meM praveza mila gayA / prAkRta kathAoM meM samudrayAtrA ke sAtha jalayAna bhagna ko bhI jor3a diyA gayA hai| isase isa abhiprAya ko duharI sArthakatA prApta ho gyii| dhanopArjana yA parAkrama kA dyotaka hote hue yaha eka zAzvata satya kA pratipAdaka bhI ho gyaa| kuvalayamAlAkahA meM isa abhiprAya ko udAharaNa dekara spaSTa kiyA hai| Jain Educationa International pATaliputra kA dhana nAmaka vaNik jalayAna ke dvarA ratnadvIpa ke lie ravAnA huaa| bIca samudra meM AMdhI A jAne se usakA jahAja TUTa gyaa| dhanadeva eka phalaka ke sahAre kuDaMgadvIpa me jAkara kinAre lagA / vaha dvIpa nAnA duHkhoM se paripUrNa thaa| dhanadeva ko vahAM do vaNik aura mile jo usI kI taraha suvarNa dvIpa aura laMkApurI ko jAte hue jahAja TUTa jAne se vahAM A Tike the / tInoM samAna dukhI hone se mitra ho gye| unhoMne apane-apane cinha-vizeSa per3a ke Upara bAMdha diye tAki koI jahAja yadi vahAM se gujare to unheM dekha kara apane sAtha le le| una vaNikoM ne usa dvIpa meM ekAeka kAdambarI ke vRkSa dekhe / ve phUle na samAye / kintu unameM eka bhI phala nahIM thaa| kucha dinoM bAda unameM phala lge| ve unhIM kI rakSA karate hue apane dina vyatIla karane lge| tabhI eka dina eka jahAja vahAM se gujraa| sArthavAha ne per3a para TaMge cinhoM ko dekha kara naukA dvArA do niryAmakoM ko tIra para bhejaa| una niryAmakoM ne dhanadeva Adi vaNikoM se kahA- hameM sArthavAha ne bhejA hai| Apa loga hamAre sAtha jahAja meM cleN| isa apAra dukhapUrNa dvIpa ko chor3a deN| inameM se eka vaNika ne kahA- 'isa dvIpa meM kyA dukha hai ? yaha to aba ghara jaisA ho gayA hai / kAdambarI vRkSoM meM phala A gaye haiN| unhIM ko khAte-pIte maiM to aba yahIM rahU~gA / ' dUsare vaNik ne bhI yahI kahA aura donoM vahIM raha gye| kintu dhanadeva ne niryAmakoM se kahA- 'Apa logoM kA svAgata hai| Apa A gaye yaha bahuta acchA huaa| yahA~ ke ye sukha to tuccha aura anitya haiN| dukha hI yahA~ jyAdA haiN| ataH maiM to Apake sAtha calU~gA / ' dhanadeva niryAmakoM ke sAtha nAva meM For Personal and Private Use Only

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pAli-prAkRta kathAoM ke abhiprAya/95 baiThakara jahAja meM A gyaa| jahAja dvArA taTa para pahu~ca kara apane sambandhI-janoM se mila kara Ananda kA anubhava karane lgaa| isa kathAnaka meM samudra saMsAra kA pratIka hai, AMdhI se vikSubdha taraMgeM janma-jarA-maraNa kI pratIka aura kuDaMgadrIpa manuSya janma kA / tIna vaNika tIna prakAra ke jIva haiN| jalayAna bhagna ho kuDaMgadvIpa meM pahuMcanA Ayu samApti ke bAda manuSya janma pAnA hai| kAdambarI vRkSa mahilAoM ke pratIka haiM, unameM phala AnA santAna yA dhana-sampatti kA pratIka hai| unakI rakSA karanA inake jhUThe moha meM phaMsanA hai| niryAmaka dharmAcArya hai, naukA dIkSA aura taTa prApta karanA mokSa kI upalabdhi hai|16 puNDarIka : puNDarIka kA kathAnaka nirvANa kI prApti manuSya ke apane hAtha meM hai, isa ora saketa karatA hai| eka sarovara jala aura kIcar3a se bharA huA hai| usameM aneka zveta kamala vikasita haiN| sabake bIca meM khilA huA vizAla zveta kamala bahuta hI manohara dikha rahA hai| pUrva dizA se eka puruSa AtA hai aura usa zveta kamala para mohita ho use lene lagatA hai, parantu kamala taka na pahu~ca kara bIca meM phaMsa kara raha jAtA hai| anya tIna dizAoM se Aye hue puruSoM kI bhI yahI durgati hotI hai| anta meM eka vItarAgI aura saMsAra taraNa kA vizeSajJa bhikSu vahA~ AtA hai| vaha kamala aura ina phaMse hue vyaktiyoM ko dekha kara sampUrNa rahasya ko hRdayagaMma kara letA hai| ataH vaha sarovara ke kinAre para hI khar3A hokara zveta kamala ko apane pAsa bulA letA hai| zveta kamala usake pAsa A giratA hai|17 isa dRSTAnta meM varNita sarovara saMsAra hai, pAnI karma, kIcar3a kAma-bhoga, virATa zveta kamala rAjA aura anya kamala jana-samudAya haiN| cAra puruSa vibhinna matavAdI hai aura bhikSu saddharma hai| sarovara kA kinArA saMgha hai, bhikSu kA kamala ko bulAnA dhrmopdesh| aura kamala kA A jAnA nirvANa lAbha hai|18 madhubindu : madhubindu-abhiprAya bhAratIya kathA-sAhitya meM bahuta lokapriya rahA hai| isake pIche jo cirantana satya vidyamAna hai jase koI bhI cintanazIla vicAraka va dharma nahIM nakAra skaa| sAMsArika jIvana kI itanI sundara vyAkhyA anyatra upalabdha nahIM hotii| mahAbhArata, brAhmaNa, jaina, bauddha, musalamAna aura yahUdI kathAoM meM thor3e parivartana ke sAtha yaha dArzanika abhiprAya prApta hotA hai| bhArata ke bAhara bhI yaha kathA pAyI jAtI hai| prAkRta kathAoM meM isa abhiprAya kI kathA yaha hai - koI eka daridra puruSa paradeza jAte hue bhayAnaka aTavI meM phuNcaa| usane dekhA ki eka jaMgalI hAthI usakA pIchA kara rahA hai| vaha vyakti bhAgane lgaa| Age jAkara dekhA to sAmane eka duSTa rAkSasI talavAra lekara khar3I thii| usakI samajha meM na AyA ki vaha kyA kre| itane meM use vaTa kA eka vizAla vRkSa dikhAyI pdd'aa| vaha daur3akara vRkSa ke pAsa pahu~cA, lekina usake Upara car3ha na skaa| vRkSa ke pAsa hI tRNoM se AcchAdita eka kuMA thaa| apanI jAna bacAne ke lie vaha kuMe meM kUda pdd'aa| vaha kuMe kI dIvAla para uge hue eka sarakar3e ke Upara giraa| usane dekhA dIvAla ke

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96/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana cAroM aura cAra bhayaMkara sarpa kuMkAra mAra rahe hai aura sarakaMDe kI jar3a meM eka bhayaMkara ajagara laTakA huA hai| vaha sarakaMDA kA agalA bhAga pakar3a kara laTaka gyaa| tabhI usane dekhA ki do bar3e-bar3e cUhe-eka sapheda eka kAlA- usa sarakaMDe kI jar3a ko kATane meM lage haiN| hAthI isa puruSa taka pahu~ca nahIM sakA, isalie vaha gusse meM jora-jora se vaTa vRkSa ko hilAne lgaa| vRkSa para madhumakkhiyoM kA eka chattA lagA huA thaa| chatte kI makkhiyAM ur3akara usa puruSa ke zarIra meM lipaTa kara kATane lgiiN| sAtha hI chatte meM se madhu kA eka vindu usa puruSa ke mAthe para Tapaka kara usake muMha meM calA gyaa| vaha puruSa madhu ke svAda meM magna ho gyaa| tabhI vahAM se eka vidyAdhara kA vimAna gujraa| usane isa puruSa ko saMkaTApanna sthiti meM dekha karUNAvaza apane sAtha calane ko khaa| kintu puruSa yaha kaha kara ki madhu kI eka-do bUMda zAyada aura A jAya unheM cakha leM, vahIM laTakA rahA 20 isa kathAnaka meM bhayaMkara aTavI saMsAra kA pratIka hai, puruSa jIva kA, rAkSasI vRddhAvasthA aura hAthI mRtyu kaa| vaTa vRkSa mokSa hai, jahA~ maraNasSa hAthI kA bhaya nahIM haiN| kuMA manuSya-janma kA pratIka hai, cAra sarpa (krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha) cAra kaSAoM ke aura sarakaMDA jIvana kaa| sapheda kAle cUhe samaya ke zukla aura kRSNa pakSa haiM, jo jIvana ko kramazaH kSINa karate haiN| madhumakkhiyAM aneka prakAra kI zArIrika vyAdhiyAM haiN| ajagara naraka kA pratIka hai, vidyAdhara dharmAcArya yA zubhAcaraNa kA aura madhu kI bUdeM sAMsArika viSaya-bhoga kii|| sarSapa dAnA : 'sarSapa dAnA abhiprAya prAkRta-kathAoM meM sAMsArika anityatA aura manuSya-janma kI durlabhatA ko pratipAdana karane meM prayukta huA hai| kisI eka vRddhA ke atyanta priya evaM ekamAtra sahArA putra kA acAnaka maraNa ho jAtA hai| vaha vRddhA apane javAna putra kI lAza ko lekara AcArya ke pAsa jAkara kahatI hai ki tumhAre dharma kA pAlana karate hue bhI mere putra kI mRtyu kaise ho gii| ise jindA kreN| AcArya use mRtyu ke zAzvata niyama ko samajhAne ke lie kisI aise ghara se sarasoM ke dAne mAMgakara lAne ko kahate haiM, jahAM kabhI kisI kI mRtyu na huI ho|8 yaha abhiprAya aneka jagaha prayukta huA hai|23 kahIM sarasoM ke dAnoM kI jagaha cAvala ke dAne mAMgane ko kahA gayA hai| jAtaka kathAoM meM isakA badalA huA rUpa milatA hai| bahuta sambhava hai mUlarUpa yahI rahA ho| sarasoM yA cAvala ke dAne bAda ke rUpAntara hoN| upasAlahaka jAtaka meM eka brAhmaNa apane putra se kahatA hai ki mujhe marane ke bAda aisI jagaha jalAnA jahAM kabhI koI murdA na jalA ho| bhagavAna buddha usake putra ko batAte haiM ki duniyA meM aisI koI jagaha nahIM hai, jahA~ koI na koI jalAyA na gayA ho|24 manuSya-janma kI durlabhatA pratipAdita karate hue sarasoM ke dAnoM dvArA ise spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| yadi samasta bharata kSetra ke dhAnyoM ko milA kara usameM eka prastha sarasoM milA dI jAye to jaise kisI durbala aura rogI vRddhA strI ke lie isa thoDI-sI sarasoM ko samasta dhAnyoM se pRthaka karanA atyanta kaThina hai usI prakAra aneka yoniyoM meM bhramaNa karate hue jIva ko manuSya-janma kI prApti durlabha hai| isake lie anya dRSTAnta bhI diye gaye haiN|25

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pAli-prAkRta kathAoM ke abhiprAya/97 ratnadIpa kI yAtrA : 'ratnadIpa kI yAtrA abhiprAya aneka prAkRta kathAoM meM prayukta huA hai| isake dvArA kaSToM ko sahana kara ratna prApta kara lAnA batalAyA gayA hai| koI eka daridra vaNika ratnadIpa meM phuNcaa| vahA~ usane sundara aura mUlyavAna ratna prApta kiye| mArga meM coroM kA bhaya thA, ataH vaha dikhAne ke lie sAmAnya pattharoM ko hAtha meM lekara aura pAgaloM kI taraha yaha cillAtA huA ki ratnabaNika jA rahA hai, claa| calate-calate jaba vaha araNya meM pahuMcA to use pyAsa lgii| use eka gaMdA kIcar3a mizrita jalAzaya milaa| yaha jala atyanta durgandhita aura apeya thaa| pyAsa se becaina hone ke kAraNa usane AMkheM bandakara binA svAda liye hI jIvana-dhAraNa ke nimitta jala-grahaNa kiyaa| isa prakAra aneka kaSTa sahana kara vaha ratnoM ko le aayaa|25 isa kathAnaka meM ratnatraya-samyak darzana, samya-jJAna aura samyak cAritra-ke pratIka haiM, cora viSaya-vAsanA ke aura besvAda kIcar3a-mizrita jala prAsuka bhojana kaa| ratnatraya kI prApti sAvadhAnIpUrvaka viSaya-vAsanA kA tyAga karane se hotI hai| indriya-nigrahI aura saMyamI vyakti hI ratnatraya kI rakSA kara sakatA hai| ratnadIpa manuSyabhava kA pratIka hai| jisa prakAra ratnoM kI prApti ratnadIpa meM hotI hai, usI prakAra ratnatraya kI prApti isa manuSya bhava meN|27 kar3avI tUmbI kA tIrtha snAna : isa abhiprAya dvArA bAhyazuddhi ko gauNa karake antaraMga zuddhi para bala diyA gayA hai| tIrtha-sthAnoM kI nadiyoM meM kevala snAna kara lene se AtmA kI kaluSatA nahIM dhula jaatii| ThIka vaise hI jaise kar3avI tUmbI aneka tIrthajaloM meM nahA lene ke bAda bhI mIThI nahIM ho paatii| usakA svabhAva nahIM bdltaa| pANDavoM ne jaba apane bandhu-bAMdhavoM kA vadha karane ke kAraNa tIrthasthAnoM kI nadiyoM meM nahAkara pavitra honA cAhA to zrIkRSNa ne kar3avI tUmbI ke udAharaNa dvArA unheM pratibodhita kiyA hai|28 prAkRta kathAoM meM tUmbI ke udAharaNa dvArA AtmA ke gurutva aura laghutva ko bhI darzAyA gayA hai| karmasiddhAnta kI vivecanA kI gayI hai| jaise koI tUmbI miTTI ke lepa Adi ke kAraNa bhArI hokara pAnI meM nIce DUba jAtI hai aura miTTI galakara chUTa jAne para pAnI ke Upara svataH A jAtI hai, vaise hI AtmA karmoM se yukta hone para apakarSa evaM karmarahita hone para utkarSa prApta karatI hai 129 eka kA apakarSa, dusare kA utkarSa : yaha abhiprAya bhAratIya kathA-sAhitya meM anyanta pracalita hai| prAyaH pratyeka naitika yA dhArmika kathA meM do vyaktiyoM meM se azubha kArya karane vAle kA apakarSa batAyA gayA hai|30 pAli kathAoM meM aneka isake udAhadaNa haiN| prAkRta kathAoM meM yoM to naitika guNoM ke apakarSa aura utkarSa ke lie kaI bAra yaha abhiprAya prayukta huA hai, kiMtu dArzanika vivecana kI dRSTi se isa abhiprAya kA prayoga ina kathAnakoM meM huA hai:- vidyutmAlI aura meghamAlI32 jinapAla aura jinarakSita,33 jinadatta aura sAgaradatta,34 do kachue35 evaM sthUlabhadra aura siMhaguphA pravAsI muni,36 aadi| vidyutmAlI vidyAdhara dvArA pradatta mantra-sAdhanA meM dRr3ha na rahane se duHkhI huA, meghamAlI dRr3ha

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98/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana sakalpI hone se sukhii| jinarakSita yakSiNI kI bAtoM meM A jAne se mRtyu ko prApta huA, jinapAla sakuzala lauTakara pravajita ho gyaa| eka kachuA asaMyamI hone se mArA gayA, dUsarA saMyamI hone se baca gyaa| siMhaguphApravAsI muni mana caMcala hone se vezyA ko svIkArane ko tatpara ho gaye, sthUlabhadra usake ghara bAraha varSa rahane para bhI dRr3ha rhe| ina saba kathAnakoM meM sAdhanA meM dRr3ha rahane ke lie prerita kiyA gayA hai| samyaktva meM niHzaMkita hone ke lie| apakarSa-utkarSa se sambandhita isa abhiprAya ke atyadhika pracalita hone ke kAraNa hI do jIvoM ke apakarSa evaM utkarSa ko dikhAne ke lie samarAiccakahA jaise vizAla grantha kA sRjana ho sakA hai, jisameM nau bhavoM taka guNasena aura agnizarmA ke jIvoM ke apakarSa-utkarSa kI prakriyA cAlU rahatI hai| satya-parIkSA: satya parIkSA abhiprAya kA tAtparya hai kisI kI vrata, pratijJA, saMkalpa va zIla Adi meM dRr3hatA kI parIkSA krnaa| bahuta bAra aisA hotA hai ki niraparAdha vyakti ko paDyantra ke dvArA aparAdhI ghoSita kara daNDa diyA jAne lagatA hai, taba usake sata kI parIkSA kI jAtI hai| prAkRta kathAoM meM isake aneka udAharaNa haiM, jinameM vibhinna udadezyoM se satya-parIkSA kI gayI hai| seTha sadarzana 38 subhadrA,39 sulasA,40 AsAr3habhUti 1 cUlinIpitA 2 kesavakumAra,43 nandisena,44 zramaNopAsaka araNyaka aadi| brAhmaNa, jaina, bauddha kathAoM ke atirikta parIkSA kA abhiprAya (saccakriyA) anya kathA-sAhitya meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai|46 vairAgya prApti ke nimittoM kI yojanA : yaha abhiprAya pAli-prAkRta kathAoM meM sarvAdhika rUpa meM prayukta huA hai| bauddha aura jaina donoM dharmoM meM gRhastha jIvana kI apekSA sanyasta jIvana ko hI adhika mahatva diyA gayA hai| ataH sAMsArika sukhoM kI anityatA pratipAdana kara jIvoM ke kalyANa ke lie unheM saMsAra se vimukha kiyA gayA hai| kisI dharmAcArya dvArA apane-apane dharma meM prvrjit| vairAgya prApti meM aneka kAraNoM ko nimitta banAyA gayA hai| zveta keza (Gray Hair ) ina kAraNoM meM sarvAdhika pracalita hai|47 prAkRta kathAoM meM vairAgya prApti ke anya nimittoM kI bhI yojanA kI gaI hai| yathA-icchA (govinda vAcaka), roSa (zivabhUti), daridratA (lakar3ahArA), apamAna (naMdiSeNa ), pratizodha (rahaitArya), putrasneha (vajasvAmI)48 kAyAkI tucchatA (bharata),49 dhvajadurgandha (durmukha),50 hiMsA (ariSTanemi), pati kI pravrajyA (rAjamati Adi aneka) evaM AtmaglAni (arjunamAlI aadi| vratoM kA pAlana : bhAratIya kathAoM meM yoM to vratoM ke mAhAtmya ko pradarzana karane vAle aneka kathAnaka hai| kintu kisI kathA vizeSa ke pAtroM va unakI kriyAoM ko vratoM ke pratIkoM ke rUpa meM prastuta karanA prAkRta-kathoM kI apanI vizeSatA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM dhannA seTha aura usakI bahuoM kI sundara loka kathA AyI hai| zvasura apanI cAroM putra vadhuoM ko dhAna ke pAMca-pAMca dAne detA hai| sabase bar3I vadhu ujjhikA una dAnoM ko nirarthaka samajha kara pheMka detI hai| dUsarI bhogavatI unakA chilakA

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pAli-prAkRta kathAoM ke abhiprAya/99 utAra kara khA jAtI haiN| tIsarI rakSikA unheM surakSita rUpa se rakha letI hai aura cauthI bahU rohiNI una dAnoM ko kyAriyoM meM bokara saikar3oM ghar3e dhAna utpanna karatI hai| zvasura anta meM isI ko ghara kI svAminI banA detA hai|52 isa kathA meM zvasura dharmAcArya kA pratIka hai, cAroM bahueM cAra munioM kI aura dhAna ke pA~ca kaNa pA~ca aNuvratoM ke| aNuvratoM kA tiraskAra karane vAlA gatiyoM ke cakkara lagAtA hai, unameM vizvAsa karane vAlA sukha bhogatA hai aura pAlana karane vAlA puNyabaMdha karatA hai| kintu jo svayaM pAlana karatA huA unake dvArA dUsaroM ke kalyANa kA bhI prayatna karanA hai, vaha karmabandhana se mukta ho jAtA hai| AtmA ke sacce sukha kA adhisstthaataa| tIna vaNika putroM ke kathAnaka dvArA bhI vratoM ke pAlana para jora diyA gayA hai| eka seTha tIna putroM ko barAbara-barAbara dhana dekara vyApAra karane bhejatA hai| pahilA putra apane hisse se kaI gunA adhika kamAkara lAtA hai| dUsarA putra byAja Adi ke dvArA mUla dhana ko surakSita rakhatA hai aura tIsarA khAlI hAtha ghara lauTatA hai| jIva manuSya- jIvana kI sampatti lekara utpanna hotA hai| koI isakA upayoga kara apanI sAdhanA dvArA mokSa prApta karanA hai, koI sadguNoM kA pAlana kara svargAdi ke sukha bhogatA hai aura koI satkarma tyAgakara narakAdi meM ThokareM khAtA-phiratA hai|53 pUrvabhava : bhAratIya darzana zAstriyoM ne sambhavataH apane cintana kA bahubhAga karmaphala aura punarjanma ke pratipAdana meM hI lagAyA hai| bhAratIya sAhitya isase bharA par3A hai| pAli kathAoM meM vartamAna jIvana kI vyAkhyA dvArA pUrvabhava kA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| jAtaka kathAoM meM to atItavatthu hI bahubhAga gheratI haiN| prAkRta kathAoM meM pUrvabhava ke vRtAnta dvArA vartamAna kI evaM vartamAna ke dvArA bhAvIbhava kI vyAkhyA kI gayI hai| ataH ina kathAoM meM pUrvabhava abhiprAya anAyAsa hI mahatvapUrNa ho gayA hai| kyoMki dArzanika siddhAntoM ke mahatva, zubha-azubha kAryo ke pariNAma evaM mahApuruSoM ke AdarzoM ko upasthita karane ke lie pUrvabhava varNana ke sivAya anya koI upayukta sAdhana nahIM thaa| vimAnavatthu petavatthu, vipAkasUtra evaM nirayAvali kI kathAeM mukhyatayA udAharaNa svarUpa dekhI jA sakatI haiN| viSayabhoga vamana yA viSaphala : pAli-prAkRta kathAoM meM sAMsArika sukhoM ko tuccha aura kSaNika svIkArA gayA hai| bandhana kA kAraNa bhii| ataH aneka ghRNita vastuoM se viSayabhogoM kI tulanA kI gayI hai| vamana yA viSaphala kI upamAeM adhika pracalita haiN| pAli kathAoM meM sarpa kA udAharaNa dekara samajhAyA gayA hai ki jaise sarpa apane ugale hue vapita viSa ko punaH nahIM khAtA, baise hI sAdhaka ko eka bAra parityakta viSaya-bhogoM ko punaH nahIM apanAnA caahiye| prAkRta kathAoM meM rAjamati ne rathanemi ko apane vamana dvArA55 evaM nAgalA ne apane dIkSitapati bhAvadeva ko putra ke vamana dvArA56 sAMsArika viSaya-bhogoM kI apavitratA kA upadeza de punaH sAdhanA meM rata kiyA hai| viSaphala abhiprAya dvArA viSaya bhogoM ko prANa ghAtaka ( mukti meM bAdhaka ) kahA gayA hai| dhannA

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100/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana sArthavAha apane kAphile ke sAtha vyApAra ke lie niklaa| rAste meM bhayaMkara aTavI meM praveza karate hI usane apane sAthiyoM ko sundara kintu viSayukta nandI phala khAne ke lie manA kara diyaa| jina logoM ne sArthavAha kI isa sUcanA ko bakavAsa samajhA unhoMne viSAkta nandI phala khA liye| na khAne vAle vyApAra kara dhana-sampatti ke sAtha vApisa ghara A gye| khAne vAloM kI jIvana-lIlA vahIM samApta ho gyii| phala jAtaka meM bhI yahI abhiprAya prayukta hai, kintu usameM viSAkta phala khAne vAloM ko vamana karA diyA gayA hai, jo viSayI puruSoM ko dharmAcArya dvArA sAdhanA mArga meM lagA dene kA pratIka hai| parISaha sahana : sAdhaka ke jIvana meM upasargoM kA AnA unako zAnta bhAva se sahana karanA yaha abhiprAya dhArmika sAhitya meM sAmAnya rUpa se prayukta huA hai| pAli-prAkRta kathAoM meM aneka tapasviyoM kI kathAoM meM yaha bAta dekhane milatI haiN| pAli-sAhitya meM mAra aura bhagavAna buddha ke to aneka prasaMga bhare par3e haiM, jinameM mAra ko parAjita honA par3A hai| jaina dharma meM sAdhaka ke jIvana meM bAisa parISahoM ko sahana karanA Avazyaka batAyA hai| ata: prAkRta kathAoM meM aise sahanazIla aDiga sAdhakoM ke aneka kathAnaka apalabdha hote haiN| uttarAdhyayanaTIkA meM sabhI parISahoM ko sahana karane vAloM kI svatantra kathAeM haiN| AtmA se sambaddha abhiprAya : pAli kathAoM ke jahA~ anAtmavAda ke pratipAdana ke lie kucha pracalita abhiprAyoM kA sahArA liyA gayA hai vahA~ prAkRta kathAoM meM AtmavAda ke sthApana ke lie| lakar3a- hAroM ke kathAnaka meM lakar3I meM Aga ke udAharaNa dvArA zarIra-pramANa AtmA kA, dhannA sArthavAha aura vijaya cora ke kathAnaka dvArA zarIra aura AtmA kI bhinnatA kA tathA tUmbI aura miTTI ke lepa Adi ke dvArA AtmA aura karmabandhana kA siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| ina abhiprAyoM kA bAda meM bhI kaI kathAoM meM prayoga huA hai| ukta pramukha adhyAtma-cintana pradhAna abhiprAyoM ke atirikta pAli-prAkRta kathAoM meM anya aise phuTakara abhiprAyoM kA prayoga bhI huA hai jo prakArAntara se kisI na kisI dArzanika pakSa ko udghATita karate haiN| uparyukta abhiprAyoM ke isa adhyayana se spaSTa hotA hai ki yadi pAli-prAkRta kathAoM ke sabhI abhiprAyoM kA tulanAtmaka evaM vaijJAnika adhyayana kiyA jAya to bhAratIya saMskRti ke vibhinna pakSa ujAgara to hoMge hI, bhAratIya kathAoM kA mUlyAMkana bhI unakI samRddhatA kI samakakSatA para ho skegaa| aura yaha anusandhAna ke kSetra meM eka aiso kArya hogA, jisakI anivAryatA kathA-sAhitya ke adhyayana-adhyApana ke lie akSuNNa hogii| sandarbha 1. 'Ajakala' maI 1954, DaoN. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla, pR. 101 2. pRthvIrAjarAso meM kathAnaka rur3hiyAM - DaoN. brajavilAsa zrIvAstava pR. 541

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pAli-prAkata kathAoM ke abhiprAya/101 3. mokasAhitya vijJAna - DaoN. satyendra, pR. 2731 4. vAija aveka sTorIja meM diye gaye notts| 5. osana Apha sTorIja bhAga-1-101 6. 'DikzanarI Apha varla liTarecara' meM 'moTipha' shbd| 7. "They see the qualities of their own nature as common also to the animal ___world." - Primitive Art P.56, dy Leonard Adam. 8. vizeSa ke lie dekheM - 'pRthvIrAjarAso meM kathAnaka-sadiyo' pR. 571 9. mahAbhArata 21.51 10. bhagavAna buddha kA jIvana critr| 11. kuvalayamAlAkahA, 88-901 12. I. kuha- "Festorussn ao.v. Bohtilgk stuttgart" pp.68-76. 13. 'hisTarI oNva iNDiyana liTarecara' bhAga 2, pR. 1251 14. ukta jAtakoM ke abhiprAya jAtaka (6 bhAga), anu.-bhadanta Ananda kotsalyAyana, se khoje gaye hai| 15. vinaya piTaka (hi. anu.) pR. 201-202 / 16. kuMvalayamAlA kahA, 88.90 17. haribhadra ke prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka parizIlana pR. 71 18. sUtrakRtAMga, dvitIya khaNDa kA prathama adhyyn| 19. vizeSa ke lie dekhoM - isa pustaka kA aMtima lekha / 20. samarAiccakahA, dUsarA bhava / 21. prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - DaoN.jagadIza candra, pR. 3981 22. upadezapada, gAthA 81 23. dekheM - lekhaka kA 'sarSapadAnA abhiprAya kI loka - yAtrA' nAmaka lekh| 24. upasAlahaka jAtaka (166), 2.2011 25. collaka, pAzaka dyata, ratna, svapna, cakra, carma, yUpa, aura paramANu ke dRSTAnta - uttarAdhyayana TIkA, tRtIya adhyyn| 26. dazavaikAlikaTIkA, haribhadra gA. 371 27. haribhadra ke prA. ka. sA. A. pari., pR. 2861 28. jaina kahAniyAM bhAga 2, pR. 671 29. bhagavAna mahAvIra vI bodhakathAeM pRSTha 46 meM uddht| 30. vraja loka sAhitya kA adhyayana - DaoN. satyendra, pR. 463 / 31. jAtaka (hindI anu.) bhAga 1 meM 1, 3, 11, 15-16 evaM bhAga 3 meM 298, Adi nambara ke jaatk| 32. jaina kahAniyAM bhAga 6, pR. 561 33. jJAtAdharmakathA zru. 1, a.91 34. vahI, zru. 1, a. 41 35. vahI, a. 1, a. 41 36. jaina kahAniyA~ bhAga 3, pR. 471 37. haribhadra ke prAkRta kathA - sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka parizIlana. 38. jaina kahAniyAM bhAga 71 39. vahI, bhAga 3 pR. 671 40. vahI, bhAga, 4 pR. 201 41. jaina kahAniyAM bhAga do, pR. 541 42. vahI, pR. 60 43. vahI, bhAga 10, pR. 45 / 44. vahI, pR. 341

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102/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana 45. vahI, bhAga, pa. 401 46. 'saccakriyA' (jaranala oNva da rAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI. julAI 1917, pR. 427-467) 47. AvazyakacUrNi 2, pR. 2027, mAvAdeva jAtaka (9) soma jAtaka (525), nimi jAtaka (541), 'gre heyara moTipha' oriyanTala jarnala, bhA. 36 pR. 54-861 48. 'jainAgama sahitya meM bhAratIya samAja' pR. 382 49. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, 233 / 50. vahI. 9. pR. 133 51. antakRddazAga va. 6 a.3, jainAgama niderzikA pR. 492 ! 52. nAyAdhammakahA, 7, kucha rUpAntara ke sAtha mUlasarvAsttivAda meM tathA bAibila (sainTa maithyU kI suvArtA 25) meM bhI yaha kahAnI prApta hotI hai| - do hajAra varSa purAnI kahAniyAM pR. 7 / 53. uttarAdhyayana 7, 14-15 / 54. viSavanta jAtaka (69) 1.4021 55. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA, pR. 27-821 56. jaina kahAniyAM bhAga 2 / 57. jJAtAdharmakathA, 151 58. phala jAtaka (54) 1.3511 59. uttarAdhyayana sukhabodhA TIkA, gA. 3-451

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dvAdaza dharmaparIkSA-abhiprAya kI paramparA AThavIM zatAbdI ke prAkRta ke sazakta kathAkAra-uddyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlAkahA meM kAvya aura darzana kA sundara samanvaya prastuta kiyA hai| dhArmika evaM dArzanika cintana ko prastuta karane ke lie unhoMne aneka dRSTAntoM, kathAoM, pratIkoM aura abhiprAyoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| samudra meM naukA kA bhagna honA, dhArmika AcArya dvArA pUrva-janmoM kA vRttAnta sunAnA, saMsAra kI asAratA dekhakara vairAgya prApta karanA, dharmika paTacitra kA pradarzana, anya dhArmika vicAra-dhArAoM meM jainadharma kI zreSTatA pratipAdita karanA Adi kuvalayamAlA ke dhArmika abhiprAya haiN| yadyapi ye abhiprAya prArambha se hI prAkRta sAhitya meM prayukta hote rahe hai, kintu udyotanasUri ne unheM naye rUpoM meM prastuta kiyA hai| anya dhArmika mAnyatAoM kI tulanA meM jainadharma kI zreSThatA pratipAdita karanA, dharmaparIkSA ke nAma se jAnA gayA hai| isake mUla meM dUsare ke doSoM ko dikhAte hue apane guNoM ko pragaTa karanA rahA hai| anya dhArmika matoM meM jo andha-vizvAsa, pAkhaNDa tathA atizayoktipUrNa bAtoM kA samAveza ho gayA hai unakA khaNDana karate hue apane dharma kI sArvabhaumikatA tathA prAmANikatA kA pratipAdana hI dharmaparIkSA hai| isa mUla bhAvanA ko lekara prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM kaI racanAeM vibhinna bhASAoM meM likhI gayI haiN| pro. velaNakara evaM DaoN.e.en. upAdhye ne apane nibandhoM meM dharmaparIkSA sambandhI sAhitya kA paricaya diyA hai| loka sAhitya meM bhI isake aneka udAharaNa prApta haiN| DikzanarI oNpha phokalora meM parIkSA sambandhI aneka moTipha varNita haiM, jinakA sambandha dharma-parIkSA se bhI hai| uddyotanasUri ne rAjA dRr3havarman kI dIkSA ke pUrva dharmaparIkSA ke abhiprAya kA prayoga kiyA hai| dRr3havarman kisI acche dharma meM dIkSita hone ke lie pahale apanI kuladevI kI ArAdhanA karatA hai| kuladevI pragaTa hokara use eka paTTa meM dharma kA svarUpa likhakara detI hai| rAjA usa dharma ke svarUpa kI jAMca karane ke lie nagara ke sabhI dhArmika AcAryoM ko Amantrita karatA hai| 33 AcArya vahA~ ekatra hote haiN| ve apane-apane dharma kA svarUpa kahate haiN| rAjA pratyeka ke dharma ko sunakara usakI acchAI-burAI kI samIkSA karatA jAtA hai| anta meM arhat dharma ke svarUpa ko sunakara use santoSa hotA hai| kyoMki kuladevI ne bhI vahI dharma use likhakara diyA thA, mukti prApti kA yahI dharma use ThIka lagatA hai| ___ isa dharma-parIkSA ke prasaMga meM kaI bAteM vicAraNIya hai| AThavIM zatAbdI meM itane mata-matAntara dharma aura darzana ke kSetra meM vidyamAna the, jinakA ullekha kuva. meM huA hai| ina 33 AcAryoM kI vicAra-dhArAoM ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki unameM se advaitavAdI, sadvaitavAtI, kApAlika, Atmabadhika, parvatapatanaka, gugguladhAraka, pArthiva-pUjaka, kAruNika evaM duSTa-jIva saMhAraka ye nau AcAya zaivamata ko mAnane vAle the| ekAtmavAdI, pazuyajJa-samarthaka, agrihotravAdI, bAnaprastha, varNavAdI evaM dhyAnavAdI ye chaha vaidika dharma ke AcArya the| dAnavAdI, pUtadhArmika,

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04/prAkRta kathA-sAhitaya parizIlana mUrtipUjaka, vinayavAdI, purohita, IzvaravAdI tathA tIrtha-vandanA ke samarthaka ye sAta AcArya paurANika dharma kA pracAra karane vAle the| inake atirikta bauddha, cArvAka, sAMkhya, yoga-darzana ke AcAye the| kucha svatantra vicAraka the| yathA- AjIvaka sampradAya ke paMDarabhikSuka evaM niyatavAdI, bhAgavata-sampradAya ke citrazikhaNDI, ajJAnavAdI, evaM muuddhprmpraavaadii| ina sabhI AcAryoM ke matoM kI tulanAtmaka samIkSA yahA~ apekSita nahIM hai| kintu yaha vicAraNIya hai ki kuva. kA yaha dharma-parIkSA kA vivaraNa loka-mAnasa kI kisa mUla bhAvanA kA vikAsa hai tathA isane uttaravartI dharma-parIkSA sambandhI sAhitya ko kitanA prabhAvita kiyA hai ? dharma-parIkSA kA yaha prasaMga itane vistRta spa meM prastuta karane vAle udyotanasUri pahale AcArya haiN| unake pUrva tathA bAda meM bhI itane dhArmika matoM kA eka sAtha mUlyAMkana kisI eka granya meM nahIM kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi isa tulanAtmaka dRSTikoNa ko lekara kaI kathAeM bhAratIya sAhitya meM upalabdha haiN| eka kI tulanA meM dUsare ko zreSTha batAnA, yaha dharmaparIkSA kI mUla bhAvanA hai, jisakA astitva zAstrIya aura loka-sAhitya dono meM prAcIna yuga se pAyA jAtA hai| vaidika yuga ke sAhitya meM kathAoM ke sthAna para devatAoM kA varNana adhika upalabdha hai| usameM hama pAte haiM ki kabhI indra zreSTha hotA hai to kabhI vissnnu| kabhI varuNa ko pradhAnatA milatI hai to kabhI rudra ko| yaha isalie huA hai ki jaba ina devatAoM kI vizeSatAoM ko tulanA kI dRSTi se dekhA gayA to tatkAlIna mAnava ko jisake guNa adhika upayogI lage use pradhAnatA de dI gyii| yaha eka prakAra kI dharmaparIkSA ke sthAna para guNa- parIkSA thI, jisane Age calakara bhAratIya sAhitya meM apane rUpa kA vikAsa kiyA hai| jAtaka sAhitya meM bhI parIkSA sambandhI aneka kathAeM haiN| kahIM sat kI parIkSA kI jAtI hai to kahIM zuddhatA kI, kahIM ImAnadArI kI, to kahIM guNoM kii| guNoM kI parIkSA hI vAstava meM dharma-parIkSA kA AdhAra hai| rAjovAda jAtaka guNa-parIkSA kA zreSTha udAharaNa hai, jisameM do rAjAoM ke guNoM kI parIkSA unake sArathI karate haiN| donoM rAjA bala, Ayu, saundarya evaM vaibhava meM samAna hai, kintu unake cintana meM thor3A-sA antara hai| eka rAjA zaThatA ko zaThatA se jItatA hai| jaise ke sAtha taisA vyvhaar| jabaki dUsarA rAjA burAI ko bhalAI se jItatA hai| yaha kathA dharma-parIkSA ke ThIka anurupa baiThatI hai| do AcArya dharma kI zreSThatA kI parIkSA karate haiN| jisa dharma meM sAdhya (mokSa) kI bhAMti usake sAdhana (sadAcAra) bhI zreSTha hai, vahI dharma uttama kahA jAtA hai| yahI prayatna prAkRta-sAhitya ke vibhinna granthoM meM huA hai| zreSThatA kI pahicAna karane vAlI aneka kathAe~ prAkRta-sAhitya meM haiN|' pravRtti se nivRtti mArga kI bhAgya se puruSArtha kI tathA lakSmI se sarasvatI kI zreSThatA ko pratipAdita karane vAlI kathAoM kI bhAratIya sAhitya meM kamI nahIM hai| akele jambu svAmI kA caritra asat se sat kI zreSThatA pramANita karane ke lie paryApta hai| jJAtAdharmakayA meM pAMca dhAnyakaNoM kI kathA kevala cAra bahuoM mo cauthI bahu kI zreSTatA ko hI pramANita nahIM karatI, apitu pratIkoM ke anusAra anya vratoM meM ahiMsA kI zreSTatA sthApita karatI hai| kathAoM kA nAyaka guNoM kI khAna evaM khalanAyaka doSoM kA puMja, yaha mithaka isI guNa-parIkSA athavA dharma-parIkSA ke kAraNa hI vikasita huA hai| isakA sarvazreSTha udAharaNa hai samarAiccakahA kA sampUrNa kathAnaka / guNazarmA aura agrizarmA ke nau janmoM kI kthaa| rAma aura rAvaNa, bodhisatva aura mAra, jinendra aura madana Adi pAtroM kI yaha yojanA eka kI apekSA se dUsare ko zreSTha pramANita karane kI mUla

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dharmaparIkSA - abhiprAya kI paramparA / 105 bhAvanA kA hI vikAsa hai| dharma-parIkSA abhiprAya ke vikasita hone meM dUsarA mahattvapUrNa tattva tarka-paddhati kA kramazaH vikasita honA hai| chaThI zatAbdI IsA pUrva ke aneka ekAntavAdI cintakoM ke bIca se mahAvIra ke cintana kA ubharanA satya kI zreSThatama pahacAna kA pramANa hai| 12 brahmajAlasutta meM aneka mata-matAntaroM ke pracalita hone kA ullekha satya ko vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se parakhane kA paricAyaka hai| 13 sUtrakRtAMga meM akriyAvAda, ajJAnavAda, kriyAvAda Adi matoM kI samIkSA kI gayI hai| 4 praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM ahiMsA Adi pAMca vratoM ke vivecana ke prasaMga meM satya kA nirUpaNa karate hue vibhinna dArzanikoM ke matoM ko asatya kahA gayA hai| 15 yaha tarka-paddhati dArzanika matoM se sambandhita thii| jaba kabhI kisI jaina grantha meM anya matoM kA khaNDana karanA hotA thA to prAyaH isI prakAra kI eka praNAlI apanAyI jAtI thii| aura una sabhI jainetara matoM kI samIkSA kara dI jAtI thI, jo dArzanika kSetra meM prasiddha the| bhale hI unakA astitva granthakAra ke yuga meM ho athavA nahIM / ataH kuvalayamAlA meM jina prasiddha dArzanika matoM kI parIkSA kI gayI hai, vaha paramparA se adhika prabhAvita hai| kintu pratyeka dharma ke jina anya andhavizvAsoM va pAkhaNDoM kA khaNDana udyotana ne kiyA hai, ve sambhavataH AThavIM zatAbdI meM vidyamAna the| dharmaparIkSA abhiprAya ke vikAsa meM tIsarA mahattvapUrNa AdhAra paurANika evaM kalpita bAtoM para jainAcAryoM dvArA vyaMga karane kI pravRtti hai| isakA prArambha sambhavataH vimalasUri ke paumacariu se huA hai| tatkAlIna pracalita rAmakathA meM vimalasUri ko aneka bAteM viparIta, avizvasanIya tathA kalpita pratIta huiiN| ataH unhoMne nayI rAmakathA likhii| 16 kAvya meM dArzanika tathyoM ke prati cintana kA yaha prArambha thA / buddhaghoSa ne apane granthoM meM ise vistAra se sthApita kiyA / guptayuga ke kaviyoM ne apane granthoM meM kahIM na kahIM dArzanika khaNDana- maNDana ko sthAna denA anivArya mAna liyA thaa| Age calakara yaha eka kAvyarUr3hi ho gayI, jisakA prabhAva dharmaparIkSA ke svarUpa para par3A hai| apabhraMza ke mahAkavi svayambhU ne bhI jainetara mAnyatAoM kA khaNr3ana kiyA hai tathA apanA kAvya pracalita rAmakathA kI paurANika va atizayoktipUrNa bAtoM se bacAkara likhane kI pratijJA kI hai| 17 kintu prAkRta- apabhraMza ke kaviyoM kI isa prakAra kI pratijJAoM aura unake kAvyoM ko eka sAtha dekhane para spaSTa hai ki jina alaukika bAtoM se ve bacanA cAhate the, unake kAvya unase achUte nahIM hai| 18 antara kevala yaha hai ki jainetara granthoM ke pAtra jina kAryoM ko karate the ve hI kArya aba una pAtroM ke dvArA karAye jA rahe haiM jinheM kavi ne jaina banA diyA hai| ataH matAntaroM meM vyApta pAkhaNDa ke prati jo vyaMga vimalasUri ne prArambha kiyA thA, vaha adhika tIvra nahIM huA / kAraNa isake kucha bhI rahe hoN| kintu IsA kI sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI meM punaH dharma-darzana ke kSetra meM parIkSaNa ko pradhAnatA dI jAne lgii| bANabhaTTa ne apane granthoM meM aneka dArzanika AcAryoM ke matoM kA paricaya diyA hai| 19 harSacarita meM divAkara mitra ke Azrama ke prasaMga meM unnIsa sampradAyoM ke AcAryoM kA nAmollekha hai / unake kAryoM se jJAta hotA hai ki ve apane matoM ke prati saMzaya, nizcaya karate hue vyutpAdana bhI karate the| kisI eka siddhAnta ko kendra meM rakhakara anya ke sAtha usakI tulanAkara phira zAstrArtha ke lie pravRtta hote the| 20 ataH anya matoM kI samIkSA kara kisI eka mata ko zreSTha batalAnA, isa yuga ke sAhityakAra ke lie eka paramparA hone lagI thii| isI kA nirvAha

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106 / prAkRta kathA - sAhitya parizIlana jainAcAryoM ne kiyA hai| haribhadrasUri ne dharma-parIkSA ko eka nayA mor3a diyaa| unhoMne asatya ke parihAra ke lie vyaMga ko mAdhyama cunaa| unake dhUrtAkhyAna nAmaka grantha meM purANoM meM varNita asambhava aura asaMgata mAnyatAoM kA nirAkaraNa pAMca dhUrtoM kI kathAoM dvArA kiyA gayA hai| 21 haribhadra dvArA jainetara matoM para kiyA gayA yaha vyaMga dhvaMsAtmaka nahIM hai, apitu asaMgata bAtoM ke parihAra ke lie sujhAva ke rUpa meM hai / sambhavataH dhUrtAkhyAna kA yaha vyaMga hindU purANoM ke sAtha-sAtha jainapurANoM kI bhI una avizvanIya bAtoM ke prati thA, jinakA mela jainadharma se nahIM thA / satya (dharma) ke doSoM kI parIkSA karane kI yaha eka paddhati thI, jisane dharma-parIkSA abhiprAya ko gati pradAna kii| jainAcAryoM dvArA dharmaparIkSA abhiprAya ko apanAne kA pramukha kAraNa thA- jaina dharma ke maulika svarUpa ko surakSita banAye rakhanA / ahiMsA kI pUrNa pratiSThA, svayaM ke puruSArtha dvArA mukti prApti kA prayatna, jIva aura ajIva ke bandhana-mukti kI naisargika prakriyA tathA dhyAna aura tapa kI sAdhanA kI anivAryatA Adi kucha jainadharma ke pramukha siddhAntoM ke virodha meM jo bhI sampradAya va dharma AtA thA, usakA khaNDana karanA jaina AcAryoM ke lie Avazyaka thaa| isake lie unhoMne kaI mAdhyama cune, jinameM dharmaparIkSA pramukha thA / uddyotanasUri ne dhUrtAkhyAna ke vyaMga ke sthAna meM eka khulI carcA ko hI pradhAnatA dii| eka sAtha sabhI AcAryoM kI upasthiti meM unhoMne dharma kI zreSThatA para vicAra karanA upayukta smjhaa| AThavIM zatAbdI meM vizvavidyAlayoM ke vikAsa ke kAraNa sambhava hai. dhArmika vidvAnoM kA isa prakAra kA sammelana bhI hone lagA ho| dhArmika AcAryoM dvArA dharma kA svarUpa sunakara rAjA kA dIkSita honA bhAratIya sAhitya meM eka kAvyarUr3hi hai| AcAryoM kA sthAna kahIM mantrI le lete haiM to kahIM purohita / bauddha sAhitya meM ullekha hai ki ajAtazatru ne dharma kA sahI svarUpa jAnane ke lie apane mantriyoM se dharma sunA thA / bauddha hone ke nAte usane bauddha matAvalambI mantrI ke kathana ko pradhAnatA dI thii| puSpadanta ke mahApurANa meM rAjA mahAbali ke cAra mantrioM ne kramazaH unheM cArvAka, bauddha, vedAnta tathA jainadharma kA svarUpa kahakara sunAyA thaa| ataH kuvalayamAlAkahA kA dharma-parIkSA sambadhI yaha prasaMga viSayavastu evaM svarUpa kI dRSTi se pUrvavartI loka-paramparA para AdhArita hai| kintu eka sAtha itane adhika matoM kI samIkSA prastuta karanA isakI vizeSatA hai| udyotanasUri ke bAda prAkRta, apabhraMza evaM saMskRta meM dharmaparIkSA nAma se svatantra grantha hI likhe jAne lge| udyotana ke lagabhaga do sau varSoM bAda apabhraMza meM hariSeNa ne 988 I. meM dhammaparIkkhA likhii| aura isake 26 varSa bAda I. san 1014 meM amatigati ne saMskRta meM dharmaparIkSA nAmaka grantha kI racanA kii| ina donoM granthoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana vidvAnoM ne prastuta kiyA hai| 22 usase jJAta hotA hai ki ye donoM grantha prAkRta meM jayarAma dvArA likhita dhammaparIkkhA para AdhArita haiN|23 yadyapi unapara prAkRta kI uparyukta racanAoM kA prabhAva bhI ho sakatA hai| jayarAma kI dhammaparikkhA Aja upalabdha nahIM hai / sambhavataH yaha udyotanasUrI ke bAda aura hariSeNa ke pUrva kisI samaya meM likhI gayI hogii| isase itanA to spaSTa hai ki 8 vIM se 11 vIM zatAbdI kA samaya dhArmika kSetra meM khaNDana- maNDana aura tarkaNA kA thA, jisameM jainadharma ke maulika svarUpa ko bacAye rakhane kA prayatna ina dharma-parIkSAoM ne kiyA hai| somadeva ke yazastilakacampU meM isakA vistRta vitaraNa prApta hotA hai| 24 kintu yaha kArya dArzanika stara para hI ho sakA hai| sAmAjika stara para to jainadharma anya dharmoM kI vizeSatAoM ke sAtha bahuta prabhAvita ho gayA thA,

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dharmaparIkSA - abhiprAya kI paramparA/107 jisakI pratikriyA zrAvakAcAra granthoM ke rUpa meM pragaTa huI hai|25 dharmika khaNDana-maNDana kI pravRtti 8vIM- 10 vIM zatAbdI meM itanI bar3hI ki apabhraza ke muktaka kavi pAravaNDoM para sIdhA prahAra karane lge| dharma-parIkSA ke ina kaviyoM ne bhI paurANika dharma para tIvra prahAra kiyaa| dhUtokhyAna kA saMtulita vyaMga ina racanAoM meM dUsarA rUpa le letA hai| usameM kuvalayamAlAkahA kI yaha bhAvanA nahIM hai, jahA~ rAjA sabhI AcAryoM ke mata kI samIkSA kara anta meM unheM sammAna pUrvaka bidA karatA hai tathA apane-apane dharma meM saMlagra rahane kI svatantratA detA hai| isake bAda meM 17 vIM zatAbdI taka vibhinna bhASAoM meM dharma-parIkSA grantha likhe jAte rahe hai jo pracAra-grantha adhika hai, kAvya-grantha km| kintu ina granthoM se satya ko tulanAtmaka dRSTi se parakhane kI paddhati kA avazya vikAsa huA hai, jo vartamAna anusaMdhAna ke kSetra meM bhI apanAyI jAtI hai| sandarbha 1. pro. eca. DI. velaNakara, jinaratnakoza, bhUmikA, pUnA, 1543 2. upAdhye, enalsa oNpha da bhaNDArakara oriyaNTala risarca insTITayUTa,rajata-jayantI aMka bhAga 23, 1942 3. kuvalayamAlAkahA, pR. 204-207 4. prema sumana jaina, kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, vaizAlI, 1975 5. mekDonela, vaidika mAIthaoNlAjI 6. bhadanta Ananda kotsalyAyana, jAtaka, bhAga, 21251 7. jagadIzacandra jaina, prAkRta jaina kathA sAhitya, 1971 8. penjara, da ozana oNpha sTorIH kathAsaritsAgara 9. vimala prakAza jaina, jambUsAmicariu, bhUmikA 10. nemicandra zAstrI, haribhadra kI prAkRta kathAoM kA AlocanAtmaka parizIlana 11. hIrAlAla jaina, madaNaparAjayavariu 12. devendramani bhagavAna mahAvIra: eka anshiiln| 13. draSTavya-suttanipAta, samiyasutta 14. sUtrakRtAMgavRtti 1.12 15. muni hemacandra, praznavyAkaraNasUtra, dvitIya adhyayana 16. jekobI, paumacariyaM, prathama bhAga 17. saMkaTAprasAda upAdhyAya, kavi svayambhu 18. devendra kumAra jaina, apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya, pR.282-90 19. agravAla, kAdambarI-eka sAMskRtika adhyayana 20. agravAla, harSacarita-eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR. 197 21. dhUrtAkhyAna- iNTroDakzana 22. upAdhye, bha.o. ri.i. enalsa bhAga 23, 1942 tathA da jaina eNTIkverI, bhAga -9, pR. 21 23. jA jayarAmeM Asi viraiya gAha pNbNdhi| sA hammi dhammaparikkha sA paddhaDiya bNdhi|| - gha.pa. ha. 101 24. haNDikI, yazastilaka eNDa iMDiyana kalcara pR. 329-360 25. kailAzacandra zAstrI, upAsakAdhyayana, bhUmikA 26. baccaha tubabhe, kareha nniyy-dhmm-kmm-kiryaa-klaave|' kuva. 207-9 27. rAisa, kannarIja liTarecara pR. 37 evaM vinTaranitsa hisTrI Apha iMDiyana liTarecara, bhAga 2, pR.561 Jain Educationa International For Personal and Private Only

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trayodaza madhubindu abhiprAya kA vikAsa kathA-kahAnI kA sthAna bhAratIya sAhitya meM sabase purAtana hai| manovinoda aura jJAnavarddhana kA jitanA sugama aura upayukta sAdhana kathA hai, utanI sAhitya kI anya koI vidhA nhiiN| kathA-sAhitya kI isI sArvajanIna lokapriyatA ke kAraNa pratyeka bhAratIya-ciMtaka va yugapravartaka ne dhArmika-AcAra, AdhyAtmika tatvacintana tathA nIti aura kartavya kA upadeza kathAoM ke mAdhyama se diyA hai| prAkRta kathA-sAhitya isa artha meM paryApta samRddha hai| jIvana-darzana kI sUkSama abhivyakti ina kathAoM ke mAdhyayama se huI hai| prAkRta kathAoM meM aise aneka abhiprAya prayukta hue haiM, jinhoMne kisI cirantana satya ke udghATaka hone ke kAraNa vizvajanIna prasiddhi prApta kI hai| madhubindu abhiprAya unameM se eka hai| isa abhiprAya vizeSa ke adhyayana ke pUrva svayaM abhiprAya para vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai kyoMki bhAratIya kathA-sAhitya ke adhyetoM dvArA maulika rUpa se isa kSetra meM cintana bahuta kama huA hai| abhiprAya-adhyayana : kathAoM meM nihita abhiprAyoM kA saMgraha kara unake utsa kA patA lagAnA hI kathya ko dRdayaMgama karane kA sahI rAstA hai| abhiprAya kathA kA aparivartanIya aga hai| kathA kI zailI, kathAnaka-saMgaThana, bhASaNa Adi meM kramazaH dezagata va kAlagata parivartana hote rahate hai| kintu sudIrgha paramparA ke bAda bhI kathA kA abhiprAya (motif) nahIM bdltaa| mAnava-mana kI ajJAta aura aprApta ke prati tIvra jijJAsA ne hI aneka abhiprAyoM kA nirmANa kiyA hai, jinakA sambandha dharma, darzana aura naitika mUlyoM se jur3A huA hai aura jo kathA ke sAMskRtika AdhAra ke pratirUpa hote haiN| ataH abhiprAya-adhyayana dvArA na kevala kathAoM ke hArda taka pahuMcA jA sakatA hai, apitu mAnavIya mUlavRttiyoM kI vikasita-paramparA kA bhI jJAna hotA hai tathA vizva kI kathAoM kI ekatA kA drshn| ___ abhiprAya (motif ) zabda kA prayoga pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne aneka arthoM meM kiyA hai| Tempala, peMjara, veriyara elavina Adi vidvAnoM ne kathA kI kisI ghaTanA vizeSa yA pariNAma ko abhiprAya kahA hai| isI kA anukaraNa adhikAMza bhAratIya vidvAnoM dvArA huA hai| kintu ghaTanA aura pariNAma yA vicAra abhiprAya nahIM kahe jA skte| kyoMki paristhiti anusAra eka kathA meM aneka ghaTanAyeM, vicAra aura pariNAma ho sakate haiM, kintu paramparA meM sabhI kA sthira rahanA jarUrI nahIM hai aura na hI sabhI kathA ke antaraMga ke saMvAhaka hote haiN| ata: mAtra ghaTanAoM aura vicAro kI punarAvRtti ko abhiprAya mAnane kI apekSA unake janaka ko abhiprAya mAnanA adhika yukti-saMgata hogaa| isa prakAra mAnava-jIvana kI jo sukha aura duHkha se saMyukta zAzvata kathA hai, usake saMvAhaka bhAva ko abhiprAya kahA jA sakatA hai| bhale hama use kisI nAma se pukaareN| isa sandarbha

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madhubindu - abhiprAya kA vikAsa / 109 meM mandhubindu abhiprAya udAharaNa-svarUpa prastuta hai| arthavattA : madhubindu abhiprAya kI arthavattA sAMsArika jIvana ke yathArtha-darzana se sambandhita hai| jahA~ kahIM bhI yaha dRSTAMta prayukta huA hai, mUla rUpa meM vahA~ sAMsArika duHkha aura sukha ko yathAvat udghATita kiyA gayA hai| vaise yaha abhiprAya AdhyAtmaciMtana se adhika samprakta lagatA hai, kintu mUlarUpa meM isakA sambandha mAnavIya asad pravRtti se jur3A huA hai| mAnava jIvana kA utthAna - pattana sad-asad mUlavRttiyoM kI prakAzana- sthiti para AdhArita hai| isa abhiprAya dvArA tRSNA asaddRti ubhara kara sAmane AI hai, mAyA, Asakti Adi jisake apara nAma haiN| saMsAra bhramaNa kA mUla kAraNa tRSNA hai, isa bAta ko prAyaH sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai| tRSNA ke vazIbhUta hokara jIva moha kA bandha karatA hai aura vAstavika duHkhoM ke na gitanA huA kSaNika sukha meM phaMsA rahatA hai| prastuta abhiprAya 'saMsAra meM dukhoM kI ananta rAziyoM meM sukha rAI ke eka kaNa ke barAbara haiM isa satya ko ajAgara karatA hai tathA saMsAra-saMkaToM se chUTane ke prayatna jaisI sadvRti para tRSNA asavRti ke dabAva kA pradarzana bhI / madhubindu abhiprAya kI mUla kathA se usakI arthavattA spaSTa hotI hai| prAkRta kathAoM meM isa abhiprAya kA prArammi rUpa isa prakAra hai: aneka dezoM meM vicaraNa karane vAlA koI puruSa sArtha se vilaga hokara vana meM praviSTa huA aura coroM ke dvArA lUTa liyA gyaa| vaha akelA puruSa pathabhraSTa hokara idhara- udhara ghUma rahA thaa| eka madonmatta vanahasti ne usakA pIchA kiyaa| usa puruSa ne bhAgate hue tRNa-latAoM se AcchAdita eka purAne kuMe ko dekhaa| kuMe ke taTa para vizAla baTa kA eka vRkSa thaa| usakI zAkhAoM se jaTAeM kuMe meM pravRSTa thiiN| vaha bhayAtura puruSa prAroha ko pakar3akara kuMe meM laTaka gyaa| nIce dekhane para use dikhAI diyA ki mahAkAla ke sadRza eka. ajagara muMha phAr3e use khAne ke lie taiyAra hai| usa puruSa ne tirache dekhA ki kuMe kI davAloM para cAroM ora cAra bhISaNa sarpa use khAne ke lie sthita haiN| prAroha ke UparIbhAga ko do kAle aura sapheda cUhe kATa rahe haiN| hAthI ne Akara apanI suMDa se usa vRkSa ko hilAyA / usa vRkSa para madhumakkhiyoM kA eka bar3A chattA thA / vRkSa hilane se madhumakkhiyAM ur3IM aura usa puruSa ke zarIra se cipaka kara kATane lgiiN| tabhI usa chatte se madhughakI eka bindu usa puruSa ke mukha meM girii| vaha usakA AsvAda lene lgaa| isa kathAnaka meM puruSa saMsArI jIva hai, saghana vana janma-jarA- roga maraNa se saMzliSTa saMsAra / vanahasthI mRtyu hai, kuMA manuSya janma tathA devagati, ajagara tirthanca aura naraka gati kA pratIka hai, cAra sarpa durgatiyoM meM le jAne vAle krodha mAna-mAyA - lobha cAra kaSAya haiN| praroha jIvana - Ayu hai aura zveta kRSNa mUSaka dina-rAta haiM, jo nirantara Ayu ko kSINa karate haiN| vRkSa karmabandhana kA kAraNa, ajJAna va mithyAtva kA pratIka hai| madhu kA bindu pAMcoM indriyoM kA sukha hai, tathA madhumakkhiyAM zarIra meM honevAlI vyAdhiyAM haiN| 2 utsa : madhubindu abhiprAya kA prayoga saMsAra- darzana ke lie sarvaprathama kaba kiyA gayA tathA isakA

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110/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana prAraMbhika svarUpa kyA thA, isa para kisI ne vicAra kiyA hai, yaha jJAta nhiiN| vinTaranitsa ne hisTrI Apha inDiyana liTarecara ke prathama bhAga pR.40 meM isake viSaya meM thor3I carcA kI hai| unhone I. kuha ke isa mata kA khaNDana karate hue ki yaha dRSTAnta mUlrUpa se bauddha dharma kA hai, ise jaina evaM anya bhAratIya AdhyAtmika vicAradhArAoM se sambandhita mAnA hai| yaha ho sakatA hai ki dRSTAnta kA bauddhaspa hI sarva prathama pAzcAtya-sAhitya meM praviSTa huA ho| isase spaSTa hai ki madhubindu dRSTAnta bauddha aura jaina sAhitya kI racanA ke pUrva hI bhAratIya sAhitya meM vidyamAna thaa| vintaranitsa ne isI jagaha eka sUcanA yaha bhI dI hai ki jarmana vidvAn i. kuha ne vizvasAhitya kA adhyayana kara isa dRSTAnta ke sandarbha khejane kA prayatna kiyA hai| brAhamaNa, mahAbhArata, jaina, bauddha, musalamAna aura yahUdI kathAoM ke sAtha isakI tulanA kI hai| yahI sUcanA jaikobI dvarA sampAdita hemacandra ke pariziSTaparva pR. 22 meM dI gayI hai| madhubindu dRSTAnta kA prArambhika spa mahAbhArata kA hai| dhutarASTra ke zoka kA nivAraNa karane ke liye vidura ne isa dRSTAnta dvArA saghana saMsAra kA citra upasthita kiyA hai| dRSTAnta ko prArambha karate samaya vidura ne yaha bAta svIkAra kI hai ki maiMgahana vana ke usa svarUpa kA varNana karatA hU~ jisakA nirUpaNa bar3e bar3e maharSi karate haiN| unakA yaha kathya sUcita karatA hai ki mahAbhArata ke pUrva bhI isa dRSTAnta kA upayoga hotA rahA hai| upaniSadoM meM yadyapi madhubindu kA yaha svaspa to nahIM milatA, kintu madhu aura madhumakkhiyoM ko upamA kA viSaya avazya banayA gayA hai| Aditya kI madhurupa meM kalpanA', sad-AtmA hI sabakA mUla hai jaisa madhurasa ityaadi| ho sakatA hai, saMsArasukha kI madhubindu dvarA upamA dene kI preraNA yahIM se udbhUta huI ho| bAda meM kramazaH vaha kathA kA rUpa dhAraNa karatI gayI ho| bauddha kathAoM meM bhI madhu-tRSNA se sambandhita aneka kathAyeM mahAbhArata meM madhubindu dRSTAnta kA kathA-mAnaka rUpa isa prakAra hai:1. koI brAhamaNa yAtrA kara rahA thaa| 2. vaha durgama vana ke durgama pradeza meM jA phuNcaa| 3. vaha bana cAroM ora se jAla se ghirA huA thaa| 4. eka bhayaMkara strI dvArA bhujAoM se AveSThita thaa| 5. tRNa latA Adi se DhakA huA eka kuMA thaa| 6. brAhmaNa usa kuMe meM gira pdd'aa| latAoM meM phaMsa jAne se vaha nIce nahIM giraa| 7. Upara ko paira aura nIce ko sira kiye hue vaha laTakA rhaa| 8. kuMe kI tala meM eka ajagara thaa| 9. mukhabandha para chaH mukha aura 12 paira vAlA kAlA sapheda hAthI thaa| 10. vRkSa kI jisa zAkhA meM vaha laTakA thA usI kI TahaniyoM para madhu kA eka chatA thaa| 11. madhukI dhArAoM ko vaha brAhmaNa pI rahA thaa| 12. phira bhI vaha atRpta thaa|' dRSTAnta kA yaha rUpa Age calakara parivartita aura pariSkRta huA hai| isa para vicAra karane ke pUrva isa dRSTAnta kA spaSTIkaraNa mahAbhAratakAra ne jo diyA hai, use dekha lenA Avazyaka hai| isameM durgama vana mahA saMsAra hai, durgama pradeza saMsAra kI gahanatA aura sarpa vividha rog| sImA para sthita bhayaMkara nArI vRddhAvasthA hai, kuMA shriir| ajagara kAla mRtyu hai, brAhmaNa dvarA pakar3I huI

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madhubindu - abhiprAya kA vikAsa / 111 latA jIvitAzA (aayu)| hAthI samvatsara hai| usake chaH mukha chaH RtueM evaM bAraha paira 12 mAha / do cUhe dina rAta haiN| madhu makkhiyAM kAmanAeM haiM aura madhu kI dhArAeM kAmarasa, jisameM mAnava DUba jAte haiN| 10 uparyukta spaSTIkaraNa na kevala pratIkoM kI vyAkhyA karatA hai kintu kucha nayI sUcanAyeM bhI detA hai| spaSTIkaraNa meM sarpoM ko vividha roga aura cUhoM ko dinarAta kA pratIka svIkArA hai. jabaki ukta dRSTAnta meM sarpoM aura cUhoM kA ullekha taka nahIM hai| isI taraha kI asaMgati ukta kathAnaka meM bhI hai| hAthI ko sapheda aura kAlA donoM raMgavAlA kahA hai 1 ina asaMgatiyoM se kucha samabhAvanAyeM janmatI haiN| yathAH (1 ) dRSTAnta - aMza mahAbhAratakAra ne kisI eka srota se grahaNa kiyA hai aura spaSTIkaraNa aMza kisI dUsare srota se / athavA (2) dRSTAnta aMza ke zlokoM ke sampAdana meM koI zloka chUTa gayA hai, jisameM sarpa aura cUhoM kA bhI ullekha rahA hogaa| sAhittiyaka ullekha kI dRSTi se madhubindu abhiprAya kA utsa mahAbhArata ke isa prasaMga ko svIkArA jA sakatA hai, jaba taka isa prasaMga ke kisI anya srota kA patA nahIM calatA / kintu madhubindu abhiprAya ke nirmANa meM jo eka dArzanika vicAra dhArA nihita hai, yadi usa para vicAra kiyA jAya to isa abhiprAya kA utsa bahuta prAcIna ThaharatA hai| isa abhiprAya ke nirmANa meM isa vicAradhArA kA ki saMsAra meM meru parvata ke sadRza dukha aura rAI ke dAne barAbara sukha hai, pramukha yogadAna hai| punarjanma aura mokSa ko svIkArane vAle prAyaH sabhI darzana isa bAta ko svIkAra kara calate haiM ki sAMsArika jIvana meM jIva dukha kA adhika aura sukha kA kama anubhava karatA hai / sAMsArika sukha antataH dukharUpa hI haiN| zAzvata sukha mokSa kI prApti hai| isa vicAra dhArA se madhubindu abhiprAya kA dhaniSTha sambandha hai| isa sandarbha meM isa abhiprAya kA utsa nizcita rUpa se AraNyaka evaM brAhmaNoM se hotA huA vaidika vicAradhArA taka pahu~ca jAtA hai| sUkSmatA se vicAra karane para isa abhiprAya kA zramaNa vicAradhArA se adhika ghaniSTha sambandha sthApita hotA hai| vaidika vicAradhArA meM saMsAra dukharUpa hai, kintu sAMsArika sukhoM kI avahelanA bhI nahIM kI jA sktii| isaliye vaidika sanyasta jIvana gRhastha sukhoM se jur3A huA hai jabaki zramaNa vicAradhArA sanyasta jIvana meM kisI bhI gRhastha sukha ko svIkAra nahIM krtii| isIlie usake lie sAMsArika dukha merU sadRza aura sukha sarSapa dAne ke barAbara hai| 12 madhubindu abhiprAya ke rUpAntaroM meM ina donoM vicAradhArAoM kA pratinidhitva huA hai| mahAbhArata meM kuMe kA brAhmaNa nAnA duHkhoM ko sahatA huA madhu kI dhArAoM kA pAna karatA hai 13, eka-do bUMda madhu kA nahIM / ataH vaha madhudhArAoM ke sadRza nAnA sukhoM ke lie sAMsArika duHkhoM ko saha bhI sakatA hai, jabaki prAkRta kathAoM ke kUpanara ko bar3I pratIkSA ke bAda madhu kI eka bUMda prApta hotI hai| 14 ataH itane se sukha kA tyAgakara vaha pUrNa rUpa se virakti ho sakatA hai| abhiprAya kI yaha phalazruti hai / ataH vicAradhArA ke AdhAra para madhu bindu abhiprAya zramaNa paramparA kI prAcInatA ke sAtha jur3a jAtA hai| vikAsa : madhubindu - abhiprAya kI rupAntara - paramparA nirantara vikasita hotI rahI hai| yaha eka itanA

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112/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana pracalita aura prabhAvaka rUpaka rahA hai ki dhamagata aura dezagata sImAoM ko lAghakara isane vizvayAtrA kI hai| isake vikAsakrama ko tIna kSetroM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiN| (1) sAhityaka (2) laukika aura (3) kalAgata pryog| sAhityika rUpAntara : madhubindu abhiprAya ke sAhityaka vikAsa kA artha kevala vibhinna granthoM meM usakA ullikhita honA nahIM hai, balki usake sAhitthika rUpAntaroM se hai| cUMki yahA~ adhyayana kA kSetra prAkRta-sAhitya taka hI sImita hai| ataH usameM ullikhita madhubindu abhiprAya ke spAntaroM para hI vicAra ho skegaa| abhI taka 1- vasudevahiNDI 2- upadezamAlA (dharmadAsagaNi) 3- samArAiccakahA 4dharmopadezamAlAvivaraNa (jayasiMhasUri) 5. subhASitaratnasaMdoha 6- dharmaparIkSA (abhitagati) 7dhammaparIvakhA (hariSeNa) 8- bahatkathAkoza 9- jambucariyaM (guNapAlamuni) 10- pariziSTaparvan ( hemacandra) 11- samarAditya saMkSepa ( pradmasUri) 12- sirijaMbusAmicariyaM (gadya, jinavijaya) 13- pariziSTaparva ( gadya, zubhaMkara vijaya) 14- samarAdityakevalinorAsa (padmavijaya) 15- zrI sajjAyamAlA meM madhubindu kathAnaka ke saMdarbhaprApta hote hai| kucha anya granthoM meM isakI sambhAvanA hone para bhI grantha upalabdha na hone se unheM khojA nahIM jA sakA / madhubindu kI sAhityika sandarbha kI paramparA ina granthoM ke atirikta aura bhI vistAra pAne kI apekSA rakhatI hai:16 ukta granthoM meM madhubindu dRSTAnta kramazaH sAhityika varNanoM se yukta aura spAnirita bhI huA hai| vasudevahiNDI ke sarala kathAnaka ko samarAhaccakahA meM sAhityika banAyA gayA hai| kUpa aTavI Adi kA varNana sAMgopAMga kiyA gayA hai| abhiprAya ke sAhityika rUpa dhammaparIkkhA, sirIjaMbusAmicariyaM, pariziSTaparva gadya meM bhI prApta hote haiN| ukta sandarbha granthoM meM pramukha rUpa se isa abhiprAya ke cAra rupAntara prApta hote haiN| yathA (1) vasudevahiNDI meM pathika jagalI hAthI ke bhaya se kuMe meM giratA hai, jabaki samarAiccakahA meM talavAra lie eka bhayaMkara rAkSasI kA bhaya upasthita kiyA gayA hai| isa rupAntara ke viSaya meM anya grantha mauna haiN| sammavataH haribhadra kI rAkSasI mahAbhAratakAra kI bhayAnaka strI kA rUpAntara hai| isa rUpAntara ke kAraNa yahAM eka yaha sammAvanA aura janma letI hai ki kahIM mahAbhArata meM madhubindu dRSTAnta kA ullekha haribhadra ke bAda kA prakSepaNa to nahIM hai ? kintu isameM koI tathya dikhAyI nahIM pdd'taa| kyoMki yadi mahAmArata kA ullekha prakSepaNa hotA to vaha bhI madhubindu ke nAma se hotA, saMsAragahana-dRSTAnta ke nAma se nhiiN| (2) prAyaH sabhI sanrdabha granthoM meM vanahasthI kA bhaya pathika ko dikhAyA gayA hai aura use mRtyu kA pratIka mAnA gayA hai| kintu bRhatkatha koza meM vanahasthI kA sthAna bAgha ne le liyA hai| prastuta abhiprAya ke pratIkoM kA adhyayana karate samaya isa rUpAntara para vicAra kiyA jA skegaa| (3) prAcIna sabhI sandarmoM meM pathika madhubindu kI AzA meM laTakA huA raha jAtA hai, sabhI duHkhoM ko sahana karatA rahatA hai| kintu usakI saMkaTa-mukti kA koI prayatna kisI granthakAra ne nahIM kiyA hai| jabaki bAda ke sandarbhagranthoM meM yaha bAta dekhane ko milatI hai| gadya meM likhita pariziSTaparva meM yaha kalpanA kI gayI hai ki yadi koI vidyAdhara yA deva usa pathika ko sekaToM se chur3AnA cAhe to kyA vaha mukta honA cAhegA ?17

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madhubindu-abhiprAya kA vikAsa/113 (4) aura yaha kalpanA sirijambUsAmicariyaM meM sAkAra ho gayI hai| usameM vidyAdhara aura vidyAdharI usa pathika ke sakaTa se dravita hote haiM aura use saMkaTamukta karane kA prayatna karate hai|18 laukika prayoga : madhubindu abhiprAya kI vikAsa-yAtrA lokamAnasa se gujarI huI pratIta hotI hai| kyoMki isakA jo mUla kathAnaka hai, vaha zuddha laukika hai| bAda meM usameM purANa-kathA aura sampradAyakathA ke tatva sammilita hue haiN| tRSNA se sambaMdhita aneka loka kathAeM pracalita haiN| paMcatantra kI kabUtaroM kI kahAnI isase adhika sambandhita hai| Aja bhI loka meM zahada lipaTI talavAra kA muhAvarA pracalita hai| yaha spaSTa rUpa se madhubindu dRSTAnta kA laukika saMkSiptIkaraNa hai| isameM zahada madhuvindu kA pratIka hai, talavAra ke antargata ukta dRSTAnta ke sabhI saMkaTa A gaye haiN| ukta antima do rUpAntara, jinameM vidyAdhara va vidyAdharI kI sahAyatA kA ullekha hai, dRSTAnta ke laukika vikAsa se hI sambandhita haiN| prAyaH adhikAMza laukika kathAoM meM hama pAte haiM ki jaba koI vyakti adhika kaSTa pA rahA hotA hai to zivapArvatI prakaTa hote hai| pArvatI ziva se usa saMkaTasta prANI ko mukta karane kA Agraha karatI haiM aura ziva usa prANI ko saMkaTa mukta karate haiN|19 sirijaMbUsAmicariyaM meM vidyAdhara aura vidyAdharI kA ullekha pUrNarUpa se ziva-pArvatI kA rUpAntara hai| thAmasana ne moTipha inDekas meM dharmaggAthA- abhiprAya ke antargata saMsAra ke saMkaTa nAmaka abhiprAya kA ullekha kiyA hai20 tathA zaratcandra mitra ne barna mahodayA ke sattara kathA-mAnaka rupoM meM tIna aura bhArata ke kathA-mAnaka rUpa jor3e haiM, jinameM eka 'zahada kI bUda nAmaka kathA-mAnaka rUpa bhI hai21 ina doMno ullekhoM ke vistRta-vivecana isa samatha upalabdha nahIM ho sake anyathA madhubindu abhiprAya ke laukika vikAsa para kucha aura prakAza pdd'taa| kalAgata prayoga : bhAratIya kalA meM sAmAnya rUpa se mAnavIya rAgAtmaka vRttiyoM se sambadhita kalAkRtiyAM adhika pAyI jAtI haiN| kyoMki kalA kA prayoga adhikAMza saundarya-bhAvanA kI tRpti ke lie hotA hai, bhale hI usake pIche dArzanika ciMtana kI eka nizcita paramparA vidyamAna rahI ho| yatra-tatra AdhyAtma-citana se saMbaMdhita aneka kalAkRtiyAM va citra Adi upalabdha hote haiN| jaina citrakalA isa sandarbha meM apanI nijI vizeSatA rakhatI hai| usane dharmAzraya aura rAjAzraya pAkara AdhyAtmika, naitika aura sAmAjika tathA prAkRtika rahasyoM kA sUkSama DhaMga se udghATana kiyA hai| jaina citrakalA kI isa vyApakatA ke pariveza meM nizcita rUpa se madhubandu abhiprAya ekAdhika bAra citrita huA hogaa| mandiroM, upAsaroM kI bhittiyoM, prAcIna hastalikhita granthoM tathA unake AvaraNoM para madhubindu abhiprAya kA citrAMkana upalabdha hone kI adhika sambhavanA hai| yaha aneka jagaha upalabdha hai bhI, kintu sAdhanahInatA aura samayAbhAva ke kAraNa unakA mUlyAMkana yahA~ nahIM kiyA jA skaa| / zrI agaracandajI nAhaTA ke kalA-bhavana meM eka pustaka-paTTikA meM madhubindu abhiprAya citrita dekhane ko milaa| yaha citra bhiticitroM se pUrva kA evaM lagabhaga 18 vIM sadI kA hai| isameM madhuvindu

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114/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana dRSTAnta ke sAtha hI bhayAnaka bana kA bhI citraNa hai| bIkAnera sthita jayacandrajI ke upAsare meM bhI madhubindu kA eka bhitti citra dekhane ko milA, jo lagabhaga abase 80 varSa pUrva kA hai| citrakArazrI nathamala cANDaka, jayapura ne bhI madhubindu abhiprAya ke citra prakAzita kiye haiM, jo jaina zrAvakoM ke gharoM para lage milate haiN| bIkAnera ke AdinAtha maMdira meM unakA eka citra dekhane ko milaa| citra kA zIrSaka lobha se mutyu diyA gayA hai| bhitti-citroM se yaha citra bhinna hai| madhubindu abhiprAya saMgamaramara kI kalAkRtiyoM meM bhI utkIrNa huA hai| rAjasthAna ke kucha jaina-mandiroM kI saMgamaramara kI paTTiyoM meM madhubindu dRSTAnta utkIrNa huA hai|22 sAgara tathA ArA Adi sthAnoM ke mAnastammoM meM bhI isa abhiprAya ko citrita kiyA gayA hai| isa taraha anya aneka kalAgata sandarbha madhu-bindu abhiprAya ke upalabdha ho sakate haiM, jinake svatantra adhyayana kI AvazyakatA hai| madhubindu ke pratIka hastI vaTavRkSa Adi to bhAratIya kalA ke abhinna aMga haiN| aneka jagaha unakA citraNa huA hai| abhiprAya ke pratIka : prastuta abhiprAya meM bimbapratIkoM dvArA saMsAra-saMkaToM ko pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| dRSTAnta ke vibhinna rUpAntaroM meM kucha pratIkoM kI yojanA yathAvata hai, kucha pratIkoM meM parivartana hai| yahAM para kucha pramukha pratIkoM para vicAra kara lene se yaha spaSTa ho jaaygaa| 1. pathabhraSTa rAhI - mahAbhArata meM isake likhe brAhmaNa ko cunA gayA hai| prAkRta kathAoM meM eka sAmAnya puruSa hai| brAhmaNa kI daridratA evaM atRptavRtti ke kAraNa hI sambhavataH mahAbhAratakAra ne use dRSTAnta kA kendrabindu banAyA hai| spaSTIkaraNa meM brAhmaNa kisakA pratIka hai, yaha nahIM batAyA gyaa| prAkRta-kathAoM kA puruSa jIva kA pratIka hai| jisa taraha puruSa bana meM pathabhraSTa hokara idhara-udhara ghUmatA hai, usI prakAra yaha jIva ajJAna-vaza cAroM gatiyoM ke cakkara lagAtA hai| 2. vanahastI - mahAbhArata meM hAthI kA svarupa hI vicitra hai aura usakI pratIka yojanA bhii| sambhavataH samavatsara, RtuoM evaM mAha se sambandha biThAne ke liye hI hAthI ko 6 mukha, 12 pAMva evaM zveta kRSNa raMga vAlA mAnA gayA hai| prAkRta rUpAntaroM meM sarvatra hAthI ko mRtyu kA pratIka svIkAra kiyA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti aura sAhitya ke lie yaha eka naI pratIka-yojanA hai| bhAratIya kalA aura sAhitya meM hAthI kA pratIka sarvAdhika prayukta huA hai| kamala aura hAthI ke pratIkoM ke binA koI kalAkRti pUrNa nahIM samajhI jAtI thii| pro.DA. nAravane ne 'da elIphenTa eNDa loTase nAmaka pustaka meM vistAra se hAthI ke pratIkoM para vicAra kiyA hai, kintu kahIM bhI unhoMne hAthI ko mRtyu kA pratIka nahIM maanaa| sAmAnya rUpa se bhI hAthI parAkrama, vizAlatA evaM zubha kA pratIka rahA hai| bhagavAn buddha kA pratIka hAthI ko gAnakara usakI arcanA kI jAtI rahI hai| jaina-sAhitya meM mAtA ke svapnoM meM hastI-darzana, tIrthakara ke cinha meM hastI, indra aura airAvata hastI, anekAnta-darzana meM hastI aura aMdhe ityAdi aneka jagaha hastI pratIka kA prayoga huA hai| kintu kahIM bhI use mRtyu evaM azubha kA pratIka nahIM mAnA gyaa| isa abhiprAya meM-vaha mRtyu kA pratIka kaise ho gayA, yaha vicAraNIya hai| prastuta abhiprAya ke adhikAMza rUpAMtaroM ne hastI ko mRtyu kA pratIka mAnA hai| mRtyu ko

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bindu - abhiprAya kA vikAsa / 115 anivArya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| usake hAthoM se bacakara jIva kahIM bhAga nahIM sakatA / mRtyu aMdhakAramaya aura vyApaka hai| sambhavataH isa vicAradhArA ne hI hAthI ko mRtyu kA pratIka mAnane ke lie majabUra kiyA ho / jaMgala ke anya sabhI pazuoM meM hAthI sUMr3a ke kAraNa viziSTa hai| usakI sUMDa mRtyu kI dIrgha bhujA kA pratIka hai, vizAlatA mutyukI vyApakatA kA tathA kRSNavarNa mRtyu ke aMdhakAra kA / mAgha ne bhI eka jagaha aMdhakAra kI upamA hAthI se dI hai| 24 ataH hAthI ko mRtyu kA pratIka svIkAranA asaMgata nahIM hai| dUsarI bAta hAthI ko jahA~ kahIM zubha mAnA gayA hai, prAyaH vahA~ zvetahastI kA ullekha hai, kRSNa kA nahIM / ataH mRtyu ko jItane vAle buddha kA pratIka yadi zvetahastI ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai to koI asaMgati nahIM hai| bhAratIya saMskRti va sAhitya meM hastI ke anya prasaMga bhI usake mRtyu- pratIka ke sAtha jur3e hue haiN| gaja aura grAha kA prasaMga isa bAta kA rUpaka hai ki mRtyu kitanI bhI balazAlI kyoM na ho usa para bhI vijaya prApta kI jA sakatI hai| kisI nAyaka vizeSa dvArA hAthI ko vaza meM karane ke prasaMga bhI mRtyu- vijaya kI ora saMketa karate haiN| kamala aura hastI kA saMyoga bahuta ( pracalita hai| jIvana aura mRtyu ke ye spaSTa pratIka haiN| sarovara meM khilatA huA kamala jIvana aura usako naSTa kara DAlane vAlA hastI mRtyu hai / isa abhiprAya ke mahAbhArata rUpAMtara meM jo hastI ko samvatsara kA pratIka mAnA hai, prakArAMtara se vaha bhI mRtyu se jur3A huA hai| jIva kI mRtyu Ayu samApta hone para hotI hai| Ayu ko kSINa karane vAlA samaya hai, jo varSa, Rtu evaM mAsa Adi meM vibhakta hai| ataH hastI ko mRtyu kA pratIka svIkAranA asaMgata pratIta nahIM hotaa| jisa vRhatkathA koza vAle rUpAMtara meM hAthI ke sthAna meM vyAghra kA prayoga huA hai, vahA~ mRtyu kA bhayAvaha rUpa hI spaSTa ho sakA hai I 3. vaTapAdapa mahAbhArata meM jaMgala ke sAmAnya vRkSoM kA ullekha hai, jabaki kucha prAkRta rUpAntaroM meM vaTavRkSa vizeSa kA / isIkI jaTA athavA jar3a ko pakar3a kara pathika kuMe meM laTakA rahatA hai| vaTavRkSa ko mokSa kA pratIka kahA hai| diSayAtura manuSya isa para nahIM car3ha sakatA aura na mRtyu hI isakA kucha bigAr3a sakatI hai| vaTapAdapa ko mokSa kA pratIka mAnanA aura hAthI kA usake sammukha zAnta rahanA isa sambhAvanA ko janma detA hai ki zAyada yaha bauddha dharma ke bodhivRkSa aura hastI kA rUpAntara hai| aneka jagaha bodhivRkSa kA hastI dvArA abhivAdana karane ke ullekha milate hai | 25 - 4. kUpa :- madhubindu abhiprAya ke sabhI rUpAntaroM meM kuMe kA ullekha hai| mahAbhArata meM kUpa hI pradhAna hai| vahA~ kuMA zarIra kA pratIka hai, usameM girane vAlA brAhmaNa jIva kA / kuMe meM brAhmaNa kI ulTe ho laTakane kI sthiti garbha-sthiti kI dyotaka hai / vinTaranitsa ne sambhavataH madhubindu abhiprAya ke isI rUpa ko sarva prathama dekhA thA, isIlie unhoMne isa kA anuvAda main in the well 'kUpanara' kiyA hai| 26 isa zabda dvArA saMsAra ke saMkaToM kI abhivyakti to hotI hai, kintu isake lie madhuvindu zabda pUrNa sArthaka hai| madhubandhu abhiprAya kI uparyukta vyApakatA evaM arthavattA hameM yaha socane ke lie majabUra karatI hai ki prAkRta kathAoM meM aise aneka abhiprAyoM kA yadi tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA jAya to isase kathAoM kA hArda spaSTa hogA aura unakI sAMskRtika pRSThabhUmi bhI ubhara karA sAmane A sakegI, jo bhAratIya kathAoM ke mahatva ko vizvakathA sAhitya meM duganA kara degii| bhAratIya kathA-sAhitya meM prAkRta kathA sAhitya kI samRddhatA ko dekhate hue yaha kArya kisI eka vidvAn ke

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116/prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana vaza kA nahIM hai| isake lie sAmUhika aura yojanA-baddha prayatna apekSita hai| pAzcAtya viddhana ke vicAroM kA anukaraNa karane kI bajAya yadi unakI kSamatA aura kArya-paddhati kA anukaraNa kiyA jAya to apane sAhitya kA mUlyAMkana hameM dUsaroM kI AMkhe se nahIM dekhanA pdd'egaa| sandarbha 1. vAiDa avekasTorIja me die gaye noTsa osana Ava da sTorIja, bhAga 1-101 2. vasudevahiNDI kayotpatti 8 evaM jnyaataadhrmkyaa| 3. hisTrI Apha iMDiyana liTarecara vintaranitsa pArTa-1 pR. 408 4. vahI, pRSTha 4091 5. prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - DA. jagadIzacandra 6. yathA saMsAragahanaM badanti maharSibhiH strIparva 5-2 7. chAndogyopaniSad (3-2 evaM 6-9) 8. vatamigajAtaka (2-42), gumbiyajAtaka (3-366) Adi / 9. strIparva, a 5, zloka 1-241 10. vahI, a.6 zloka 1-14 11. mahAbhArata a.5, zloka 14 12. pariziSTa parva 2-1901 13. teSaM madhUnAM vahu dhArA prasavate tdaa| AlambamAnaH sa pumAn dhArAM pivati srvdaa|| 14. bAtavidhUyA mahubindU tassa purisamsa keI muhamAvisaMti, te ca AsAei / basudevahiMDI, pR.8| 15. (1) kathotpati, pRSTha 81 (2) dvitIya vizrAma (3) dvitIya bhava (4) 72 vIM gAthA (5) gAyA 94 / (6) 2.5.211 (7) 3, 841 (8) 92 kathAnaka (9) sAMtavAM uddezya (10) padya 2, 90-2181 (11) zloka 321-441 (12) gadya pR. 17-18 (13) pR. 381 (14) sAtavIM ddhaal| (15) madhuvinduyAni sjjaay| 16. vizeSarUpa se dRSTavya (1) hisTarI Ava iNDiyana liTarecara 1 pR. 408 (2) zrI jainasAhitya-prakAza, varSa-12, aM. 5, pR. 131 (3) bRhatkathAkoza, e.ena. upAdhye pR. 388 / 17. pariziSTaparva (gadya-zubhaMkaravijaya) pR. 35-39 18. teNa samaraNaM kovi vijjAhare sabhArie vimANaTThie vijjAe aMbaratalaM gacchamANe vaDapAyavopari uvaage| pR. 17-18 19. loka sAhitya vijJAna- DA. satyendra, saMkaTabhaMjana abhipraay| 20. moTipha-inDeksa-dharmAgAthA-abhiprAya e-1000-e. 1099 21. loka sAhitya vijJAna, pR. 244 22. zrI nIraja jaina, satanA kI sUcanA ke AdhAra pr| 23. SaDvaktraH kunjaroM rAjan sa tu samvatsaraH smRtaH / mukhAni Rtavo mAsAH pAdA dvAdaza kIrtitAH / / -6, 10-11 24. zizupAlabadha, 4.20 25. eliphenTa eNDa loTasa, pRSTha, 8 26. hisTarI Apha iNDiyana liTarecara, pR.408

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020 Our nAva 34 30.20 Jain Educationa latemational DaoN. prema sumana jaina janma : 1 agasta, 1942, sihU~r3I (jabalapura) zikSA : kaTanI, vArANasI, vaizAlI evaM bodhagayA meM saMskRta, pAli, prakRta, jainadharma tathA bhAratIya saMskRti kA vizeSa adhyayana / 'kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana' viSaya para pI-eca. DI. / aba taka 21 pustakoM kA lekhana-sampAdana evaM lagabhaga 125 zodhapatra bhI prakAzita / sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura ke jainavidyA evaM prAkRta vibhAga ke adhyakSa pada para vigata 13 varSoM se kAryarata / deza-videza ke vibhinna sammelanoM meM zodhapatra vAcana / 1984 meM amerikA evaM 1990 meM yUropa - yAtrA ke daurAna vizvadharma sammelanoM meM jaina darzana kA pratinidhitva evaM jainavidyA para vibhinna vyAkhyAna sampanna | samprati- prAkRta, apabhraMza kI prAcIna pANDulipiyoM ke sampAdana- kArya meM saMlagna / prAkRta - adhyayana prasAra saMsthAna, udayapura ke mAnada nidezaka evaM traimAsika zodha patrikA 'prAkRta vidyA' ke sampAdaka / For Personal and Private Use Only samparka : 29, sundaravAsa (uttarI) udayapura - 313001 (rAja0) .

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grantha-catuSTaya (DaoN. prema sumana jaina) - jaina dhama aura jIvana-mUlya zramaNadharma kI paramparA, anekAnta, samatA, ahiMsA, aparigraha, svAdhyAya Adi jainadharma ke jIvana-mUlyoM para vartamAna sandarbho ke pariprekSya meM prakAza DAlane vAlI ciMtana-pradhAna pustk| ru. 90.00 prAkRta-kathA sAhitya parizolana prAkRta kathA sAhitya ke udbhava evaM vikAsa, bheda-prabheda, pratIka kathAoM, pratinidhi kathA-granthoM evaM pramukha abhiprAyoM (Motifs) para abhinava sAmagrI prastuta karane vAlI zodhapUrNa pustaka / ru.95.00 prAkRta, apabhraza aura saMskRti bhAratIya bhASAoM ke vikAsa meM prAkRta, apabhraMza bhASAoM kA krama evaM yogadAna, prAkRta ke bheda-prabheda, bhAratIya bhASAoM ke sAtha sambandha, pramukha bhASAvidoM evaM granthakAroM kA avadAna, sAMskRtika mUlyAMkana aura loka saMskRti ko ujAgara karane vAlI pustaka / jaina sAhitya kI sAMskRtika bhUmikA jaina sAhitya kA aitihAsika evaM sAmAjika mahatva, vibhinna sAmAjika saMsthAoM, saMskRta kI jaina racanAoM aura kaviyoM tathA bibhinna granthoM ke vaiziSTya ko rekhAMkita karane vAlI pustk| ru.95.00 ru.95.00 saMghI mShasan ( pura Jain Educationa Intemational For Personal and Private Use Del www.janelibrary.org