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9. SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
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views of the Bārhaspatya school are discussed by Vimuktātman in Istasiddhi VII. 18,' a work composed between 850 and 1050 A. D."
In spite of frequent references to the Lokāyatikas or the Cārvākas, as they are popularly called, in Indian philosophical literature, no systematic work of this school has come down to us, which we can point out as the source of the statements of Somadeva and other scholars who have dealt with Lokāyata doctrines. That there was a work called the Bārhaspatya Sūtra seems certain and possibly it was quite brief. Bhāskara in his Brahmasītra Bhâsya 3. 3. 53 refers, like Samkara, to the Lokāyatikas, and quotes some aphorisms of the Bārhaspatya school. He says:
तथा बाईस्पत्यानि सूत्राणि-पृथिव्यप्तेजो वायुरिति तत्त्वानि, तत्समुदाये शरीरेन्द्रियविषयसंज्ञा, तेभ्यश्चैतन्यं, किण्वादिभ्यो मदशक्तिवद्विज्ञानमिति । The first three of the aphorisms cited above are reproduced also in Vidyānanda's Tattvārtha-sloka-vārtika 1. 104 with slight variations:
पृथिव्यापस्तेजो वायुरिति तत्त्वानि, तत्समुदायः शरीरेन्द्रियसंज्ञाविषयः, तेभ्यश्चैतन्यम् । Bhaskara and Vidyānanda are assigned to the ninth century, and it may be assumed that the Bārhaspatya Sūtras were current in their time. In addition to the Sūtras quoted by them, the following Lokāyata aphorisms and dicta are cited in Kamalasila's commentary on Sántarakṣita's Tattvasaṁgraha (vv. 1858, 1872):
तथाहि तस्यैतत् सूत्रम्-'परलोकिनोऽभावात् परलोकाभावः' इति । तथाहि-पृथिव्यापस्तेजो वायुरिति चत्वारि तत्त्वानि, तेभ्यश्चैतन्यम्' इति । तत्र केचिदृत्तिकारा व्याचक्षते-उत्पद्यते तेभ्यश्चैतन्यम् , अन्ये अभिव्यज्यत इत्याहुः । (Under v. 1858).
यथोक्तम्-'एतावानेव पुरुषो यावानिन्द्रियगोचरः' तथा 'पुनरुक्तदेशान्तरं कालान्तरमवस्थान्तरं वा परलोक' इति । ( Under v. 1872). Sāntarakṣita quotes a Lokäyata aphorism in verse 1864 and attributes it to Kambalāśvatara :
कायादेन ततो शानं प्राणापानाधिष्टितात् । युक्तं जायत इत्येतत् कम्बलाचतरोदितम् ॥ Kamalasila remarks : तथा च सूत्रम-कायादेवेति। कम्बलाश्वतरोदितमिति. As pointed out bvG.N. Kaviraj, Samkara Bhasya on the Vedāntasutras 3. 3. 53 cites the following Lokavataaphorisms: 'तेभ्यश्चैतन्यम्' 'मदशक्तिवद्विज्ञानम् ' 'चैतन्यविशिष्टः कायः पुरुषः', and Sadananda in Advaita-brahma-siddhi cites two more: 'काम एवैकः पुरुषार्थः' 'मरणमेवापवर्गः'. It will be seen that the followers of the Lokayata school recognise four elements only, but Gunaratna tells us in his commentary on the relevant
1 अत्राहुर्बार्हस्पत्याः-भेदेऽभेदेऽप्ययुक्तत्वान्मुक्तेः पुंसोऽप्यदर्शनात् । देहायेवास्ति दृष्टत्वान्नात्मा मुक्तिश्च नेति चेत् ।। 9 See Introduction to the work in Gackwad's Oriental Sorics. 3 Sarasvati Bhavania Studies, Vol. III, p. 68.
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