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YAŠASTILAKA AND INDIAN CULTURE that they are composed by a writer who is not only a learned theologian but a religious poet of no mean order.
Far more comprehensive in treatment and simpler in style is the exposition of the Anuprekşās in Subhacandra's Jñānārnava, which calls them Bhāvanās and devotes more than 190 verses to the subject. Subhacandra may be assigned to about the eleventh century, and his Jñānārnava is an authoritative work on Yoga. Although the author discla pretensions (1. 19), he handles Sanskrit verse with remarkable felicity and sometimes employs elaborate metres. The following verses from the section on Anitya-bhāvanā will illustrate his style:
गीयते यत्र सानन्दं पूर्वाह्ने ललितं गृहे । तस्मिनोव हि मध्याहे सदुःखमिह रुद्यते॥ गगननगरकल्पं संगम वल्लभानां जलदपटलतुल्यं यौवनं वा धनं वा ।
सुजनसुतशरीरादीनि विद्युच्चलानि क्षणिकमिति समस्तं विद्धि संसारवृत्तम् ॥ Subhacandra concludes his exposition with an eloquent verse in praise of the Bhāvanās:
एता द्वादशभावनाः खलु सखे सख्योऽपवर्गश्रियस्तस्याः संगमलालसैर्घटयितुं मैत्री प्रयुक्ता बुधैः । एतासु प्रगुणीकृतासु नियतं मुक्त्यङ्गना जायते सानन्दा प्रणयप्रसन्नहृदया योगीश्वराणां मुदे ॥
Amitagati, whose Subhasitaratnasamdoha and Dharmaparikşā are wellknown works, wrote also a S'rāvakācāra Duties of laymen', of which the fourteenth chapter deals with the Anupreksās in 84 verses composed in a variety of metres (Rathoddhatā, Dodhaka, Upajāti, Puşpitāgrā. Vasantatilakā etc.). The following verses may serve as specimens :
यौवनं नगनदीस्यदोपमं शारदाम्बुदविलासजीवितम् । स्वपलब्धधनविभ्रमं धनं स्थावरं किमपि नास्ति तत्वतः ॥ 14. 1 पातकमाश्रवति स्थिररूपं संभृतिमात्मवतां न यतीनाम् । a n I TOTS Efa fwaff FACAS 14. 53
Vādībhasimha, who flourished in the early years of the eleventh century and wrote the poem Kşattracūļāmani and the prose romance Gadyacintāmani, devotes more than fifty verses to the Anuprekşās in the former work (11. 28-80). The verses are rather pedestrain in style and composed in the Sloka metre. In the last verse the Self is exhorted to have abiding faith in the exquisitely pure Jaina religion :
तवारमन्नारमनीनेऽस्मिन् जैनधर्मेऽतिनिर्मले । स्थवीयसी रुचिः स्थेयादा मुक्तेर्मुक्तिदायिनी ॥
After Vadibhasiṁha we may mention Hemacandra, who flourished in the twelfth century. He deals with the Anupreksās, called by him
1 Subhacandra wrote between 959 A. D., the date of composition of Yaśastilaka, which
is quoted by him in Jñānārnava, and 1227 A. D., the date of one of the manuscripts of his work. See Chap. I and Pt. Nathuram Premi's Jaina Sahitya aura Itihāsa p. 440.
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