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10. JAINA DOGMATICS AND MORAL AND SPIRITUAL DISCIPLINE
Speaking of theft, Somadeva difines it as taking possession of another's property, not being given by the owner, with the exception of such things which may be used by all. It is permissible to take possession of ungiven property only at the death of one's kinsmen; in case of the living, specific permission for the purpose is necessary." Those who take the vow of non-stealing must not take anything that is the property of others 'whether in a house or in the street or on water or in the woods or on the hills'. With regard to objects of unknown ownership, the king alone has the right to acquire them so that the produce of mines, large and small, belongs to none but the king. Falsification of measures, abetment of theft, receiving of stolen property, and the accumulation of wealth in war time are obstacles to the vow of non-stealing."
Somadeva mentions various degrees of truth and falsehood. Firstly, that which is to some extent true, though on the whole false, as when we say in common parlance, 'he cooks food or weaves cloths'. Secondly, what is to some extent false, though on the whole true, as when a man, after promising to give something at the end of a fortnight, gives it after a month or a year. Thirdly, that which is in all respects true. Fourthly, that which is completely false, as when a man promises to give something which he does not possess." The fourth item should always be avoided, but the transactions of everyday life are founded on the other three, and sometimes even a false statement ceases to be false if it pleases one's preceptor and others. Divulging of secrets, slander, backbiting, forgery and perjury are obstacles to truth. One should not also talk about the wives of others nor speak against the king nor indulge in anti-social talks: one should take care
1 अस्य परस्वस्य ग्रहणं स्तेयमुच्यते । सर्वभोग्याचदन्यत्र भावात्तोयतृणादितः । P. 344.
2 ज्ञातीनामत्यये वित्तमदत्तमपि संगतम् । जीवतां तु निदेशेन व्रतक्षतिरतोऽन्यथा ॥
3 मन्दिरे पदिरे नीरे कान्तारे धरणीधरे । तन्नान्यदीयमादेयं स्वापतेयं व्रताश्रयैः ॥
4 रिक्थं निधिनिधामोत्थं न राशोऽन्यस्य युज्यते । यत् स्वस्यास्वामिकस्येह दायादो मेदिनीपतिः ।। Ms. A remarks यो व्ययीकृतः क्षयं न याति स निधिः । यद् व्ययीकृतं सत् क्षयं याति तन्निधानमल्पमित्यर्थः ॥
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5 पौतवन्यूनताधिक्ये स्तेनकर्म ततो ग्रहः । विग्रहे संग्रहोऽर्थस्यास्तेयस्यैते निवर्तकाः ॥ The last item appears as fa in Tattvärthadhigamasutra VII. 27, which means 'Contraband trade with a hostile or prohibited country'. Siddhasena says in his commentary-Ink. राज्य निवासिन इतरस्य राज्यं प्रविशन्तीतरराज्यनिवासिनो वाऽन्यतरराज्यमभिगच्छन्तीति विरुद्धराज्यातिक्रमःPūjyapāda hints at profiteering from this source - विरुद्धराज्येऽतिक्रमः । तत्र हि अल्पमूल्यलभ्यानि महार्ष्याणि द्रव्याणीति प्रयत्नः ।
6 Properly speaking, one cooks rice etc. and weaves yarn.
7 असत्यं सत्यगं किंचित् सत्यमसत्यगम् । सत्यसत्यं पुनः किंचिदसत्यासत्यमेव च ॥ अस्येदमैदं पर्यमसत्यमपि किंचित् सत्यमेव यथान्धांसि रन्धयति व्यति वासांसीति etc. P. 349.
8 तुरीयं वर्जयेन्नित्यं लोकयात्रा त्रये स्थिता । सा मिथ्यापि न गीर्भिथ्या या गुर्वादिप्रसादिनी ॥
9 मत्रभेदः परीवादः पैशुन्यं कूटलेखनम् । मुधासाक्षिपदोक्तिश्च सत्यस्यैते विघातकाः ॥
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