Prakrit Bhasha

Author(s): Prabodh Bechardas Pandit
Publisher: Parshwanath Vidyapith
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010646/1

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pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama vyAkhyAnamAlA puSpa-1 prAkRta bhASA [ pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama dvArA Ayojita vyAkhyAnamAlA me hindu yUnivarsiTI me die gae tIna vyAkhyAna ] vyAkhyAtA prabodha becaradAsa paMDita M A, Ph D (London) saskRtAdhyApaka, lA0 da0 kAleja aura ma0 ga0 ___ sAinsa insTITyUTa, ahamadAbAda zrI pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama banArasa hindU yUnivarsiTI banArasa-5

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prakAzaka pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama banArasa hindU yUnivarsiTI 1654 Der3ha rupayA mudraka zAradA mudraNa bnaars|

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prakAzaka kI ora se zrI pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama kI bahuvidha pravRttiA me eka yaha bhI yojanA thI ki hindU yUnivarsiTI me samaya samaya para vizeSajJo ke dvArA jainadharma aura prAkRta bhASA se saMbaddha viSayo kI vyAkhyAnamAlA kA Ayojana ho / tadanusAra prathama vyAkhyAnamAlA kA Ayojana sitambara 1653 me huA aura DA0 prabodha paDita Ph D ke prAkRtabhASA ke viSaya me tIna vyAkhyAna hindU yUnivarsiTI ke bhAratI mahAvidyAlaya me hue| una vyAkhyAno ko prastuta pustikA ke rUpa meM prakAzita karate hue parama harpa ho rahA hai / yaha kahane kI AvazyakatA nahI hai ki jabataka prAkRta bhASA ke adhyayana ko gati nahIM milegI taba taka saskRta kula kI bhArata ko Adhunika bhASAo kA adhyayana bhASAdRSTi se adhUrA hI rahegA / prastuta vyAkhyAno me DA0 prabodha paDita ne prAkRta bhASA ke vikAsa kI kathA atisakSepa me dI hai| unakI mAtRbhASA gujarAtI hote hue bhI unhone rASTrabhASA hindI me hI vyAkhyAna die hai / isase hindIbhASI vidvAno kA dhyAna yadi prAkRta bhASA ke vizepAdhyayana kI ora AkRSTa huA to unakA zrama saphala hogaa| vyAkhyAnamAlA ke lie DA0 prabodha paMDita ahamadAbAda se banArasa Ae, DA0 rAjabalI pANDeya ne vyAkhyAnamAlA ko AyojanA apane bhAratI mahAvidyAlaya me kI, DA. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla, DA0 TI0 Ara0 vI0 mUrti tathA DA0 rAjabalI pANDeya ne vyAkhyAno ke avasara para adhyakSapada ko suzobhita kiyA-etadartha ina saba vidvAno kA mai AbhArI hU~ / pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama ke utsAhI maMtrI zrI harajasarAyajI jaina ke sapUrNa sahakAra ke vinA yaha Ayojana sabhava hI nahIM thA ataeva unako bhI dhanyavAda detA huuN| banArasa yUnivarsiTI tA0 27-4-24 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA sacAlaka, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama vyAkhyAnamAlA

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nivedana ye vyAkhyAna sitambara 1653 me pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama ke upakrama se kaoNleja oNva inDolojI, banArasa hindU yUnivarsiTI me jaise die gae the vaise hI chape hai| merI mAtRbhApA gujarAtI hai, aura merI hindI me jo kucha galatiyoM raha gaI ho use jaise zrotAjano ne kSantavya ginI thI vaise pAThakajana bhI ginege aisI AzA hai / vyAkhyAno me jo kucha kamI ho yA truTi ho usakI ora merA dhyAna khIcane kI pAThakajana se vinati hai| vyAkhyAno kI pADulipi dekha kara hindI sudhArane ke lie mai prAdhyA0 raNadhIra upAdhyAya ema0 e0 sAhityaratna kA aura vyAkhyAno kI chapAI me parizrama karane ke lie prAdhyA0 dalamukha mAlavaNiyA kA mai RNI huuN| prophesarsa kvArTarsa ) ahamadAbAda pra.be0 paMDita me, 1654 )

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prAkRta kI aitihAsika bhUmikA Arya bhASA kA itihAsa kAphI prAcIna hai| kisI bhASA kA itanA prAcIna itihAsa upalabdha nahIM hai| hamArI dRSTi se hama isako do vibhAgo me vibhAjita kara sakate hai| pahalA Arya IrAnI kula kA uttara kAlIna vikAsa aura dUsarA usakA pUrva svarUpa inDoyUropiyana bhASA kula se sabadha / vastuta , yaha dono itihAsa eka dUsare se salagna to hai hI, isa vAste eka kA adhyayana karate samaya dUsarI ora dRSTi rakhanA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| prastuta vyAkhyAno kA viSaya bhArata me AI huI Arya bhASA ke vikAsa kI mAtra eka avasthA prAkRta bhASA kI AlocanA karane kA hai-prAkRta bhApAe~ bhArata ke bhASAitihAsa kI eka atyanta Avazyaka bhUmikA hai| eka ora se vartamAna kAla kI bolacAla kI navya bhAratIya Arya bhASAeM aura dUsarI ora se prAcInatama bhAratIya Arya bhApA jaise ki veda kI bhASA, yaha dono svarUpo ke bIca kI jo bhAratIya bhASAitihAsa kI avasthA hai usako hama prAkRta kA nAma de sakate hai| kisI na kisI taraha ke prAkRta sakramaNa ke pazcAt hI prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA navya bhAratIya AryabhASA me pariNata ho skii| bhASAitihAsa kA eka mahattva kA siddhAta kramikatA (continutv) hai| dhvani sakramaNa Akasmika vA aniyatrita nahIM kintu kramaza aura suniyatrita hote hai, isI vajaha se kisI bhI bhASAsamAja ko apane purogAmI vA anugAmI sAmAjiko se vaha bhASAdRSTi se vicchinna ho gayA hai aisA anubhava nahIM hotaa| bhASA samAja kI eka dhAraka zakti hai aura isalie usakA vikAsa niyata kramika rUpa se hI hotA hai| bhArata me Arya bhASA ke prAcInatama svarUpa ko hama prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA kahate hai / jaba Arya prajAe~ vijetA kI haisiyata se

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bhArata meM AI taba unakI bhASAko aneka Aryetara prajAoM kI bhASA se mukAbalA karanA par3A aura usake bAda hI Arya bhASA ne bhArata meM apanI sAMskRtika pakar3a jamA lii| veda kAla se lekara brAhmaNa kAla taka Arya bhASA isa prakAra kI sAMskRtika spardhA meM pUrNatayA vijetA rhii| aura isa kAla kI Arya bhASA bhAratIya Arya bhASA kI prathama sUmikA hai / isa kAla ke bAda Arya bhASA kA sthala aura kAla dRSTi se gatizIla vikAsa hotA rahA, aura isa vikAsa ke sAtha hI Arya bhASA kI dUsarI sUmikA kA AraMbha hotA hai, yaha bhUmikA hai prAkRta / yaha Arya prajA jaba bhArata meM AI taba bhArata meM aneka bhASAbhASI anyAnya Aryetara prajAe~ vidyamAna thIM yaha hakIkata Aja suvidita hai| jaba AryapUrva prajAeM apanI bhASA chor3akara ina aAgantuka AryoM kI bhASA ko apanAne lagI hoMgI, aura vaha bhI bhinnabhinna sthala para aura bhinna-bhinna kAla meM taba aneka taraha kI prAkRtoM kA prAdurbhAva huA hogaa| aura isa dhAraNA se hama aneka taraha kI prAkRte pAne kI AzA rakha sakate haiM / kintu, jaba prAkRta sAhitya kI aura dRSTi karate haiM taba ajaga paristhiti upasthita hotI hai| upalabdha prAkRtoM meM prAcInatama prAkRta jaise ki azoka ke zilAlekha aura aise kucha namUnoM ko chor3akara uttarakAlIna prAkRta sAhitya meM vizeSataH eka hI taraha kI prAkRta hamako milatI hai| ziSTa saMskRtasAhitya ke namUne para hI, adhikatara ziSTa prAkRta hI sAhitya meM upalabdha hai / azoka ke bAda zaurasenI prAkRta, usake bAda mahArASTrI aura usake bAda ziSTa apabhraMzakAla aura sthala ke phalasvarUpa kucha bolIbheda ko chor3akara yaha eka mAtra ziSTa zailI kA prabAha hai, aura lekhaka uttara ke hoM yA dakkhina ke, pUrva ke hoM yA pazcima ke, likhate haiM isa eka hI ziSTa mAnya svarUpa meN| prAkRta sAhitya kA antima kAla- apabhraMza kAla -arvAcIna navya bhAratIya bhASAoM kA purogAmI hai, phira bhI pUrva yA pazcima ke apabhraMza meM pUrva yA pazcima kI navya bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kI bhAMti koI pharka nahIM hai| hama Age dekheMge ki yaha durbhAgya, bhArata ke samaya itihAsa kA hai| isa purANapriya deza meM lekhaka, kavi, vidvAna , saba, jaba likhanA prArambha karate the, taba hamezA prAcIna aura isI vAste ziSTa bhASA kA hI vyavahAra karate the| pharka itanA hI thA ki koI ziSTa saMskRta meM likhanA pasaMda karatA, to koI ziSTa prAkRta meM, zAyada viSayA

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( 3 ) nusAra bhASA pasada karate the| tatkAlIna bolacAla kI bhApA se unako koI sambandha na thaa| vartamAna kAlako chor3akara, bhAratame hamezA sAhitya aura saskRti me kAphI atara rahatA hI AyA hai| buddha aura mahAvIra se prAkRta kAla kA prArambha hotA hai, aura yaha kAla, sAhityasvarUpa me karIba-karIba vidyApati, jJAnezvara Adi navya bhAratIya Arya ApA ke Adi lekhako se cAra yA paoNca zatAbdI se pahale khatama ho jAtA hai| bhASAvijJAniyoM kI paribhASA me inako madhya bhAratIya Arya ( Middle Indo-Aryan ) kahate hai| usake bAda navya bhAratIya Arya bhASAo ( New Indo-Aryan ) kA Aragbha dasavI zatAbdI se hotA hai| hamArA prastuta adhyayana kA viSaya hai prAkRta kAla / yaha kAla karIbakarIba pandraha sau sAla taka isa vizAla bhArata deza me jArI rahA / koI bhI bhASA itane kAla taka sthira raha nahIM sakatI, khAsa karake isa vizAla deza me to kabhI nhiiN| bhinna-bhinna kAla me bhinna-bhinna sthala para taraha-taraha kI prAkRto kA vikAsa hotA calA hogA, ora unake taraha-taraha ke nAma bhI hoge / jaise eka ho laiTina bhApA kAlakrama se eka jagaha spenIza kahalAtI hai, dUsarI jagaha phreca kahalAtI hai, kahI provaoNsAla, kahI portugAlo, vaise hI eka prakAra ko prAkRta bhASA kAla sthala ke bheda se eka jagaha gujarAtI, dUsarI jagaha marAThI, kahI baeNgalA, kahI hindI aise nAma pAtI hai| prAkRta ke bahuta se bheda uttarakAlIna vaiyAkaraNo aura sAhityakAro ne batAye hai| kintu nAmo kI isa vipulatA se bhASAvaijJAnika ko kucha bhI ghabarAhaTa na honI cAhiye / amuka bhASA kA amuka nAma kyo ho gayA yaha to eka aitihAsika akasmAt hai, bhASAvaijJAnika ko usase khAsa matalaba naho, vaha jAnatA hai ki vaha nAmAbhidhAna bhASA kI kisI viziSTatA kA dyotaka nahIM hai / amuka bhApA ko gujarAtI kahanA aura amuka ko mAravAr3I yA bikAnerI kahanA, amuka ko baMgalA kahanA yA amuka ko maithilI isa abhidhAna se bhASAvaijJAnika ko koI jhagar3A nahIM / usako nAma se vAstA nahI, lakSaNa se hai| usa kAla me usa bhApA ke vyAvateka lakSaNa kyA the yaha hakIkata usako dRSTi se adhika mahattva kI hai| usI dRSTi se prAkRta kAla kI prAcInatama paristhiti kyA thI, kisa-kisa taraha ke bolIbheda

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uname the, jo bAda me bhinna-bhinna bhASAo me pariNata hue, unakA adhyayana ina vyAkhyAno kA pradhAna viSaya hai / isa viSaya kI AlocanA ke pahale Arya bhASA kA bhArata bAhara kA itihAsa aura aitihAsika aura tulanAtmaka paddhati kA vikAsa aura unakI maryAdAo para dRSTipAta karanA Avazyaka hai| "Aja se karIba-karIba do sadI pahale mAnava ke vikAsakrama ke abhyAsa ke sAtha-sAtha bhApA ke bhI vikAsa kA itihAsa hai aisI pratIti hone lgii| anyAnya bhASAoM kI tulanA zurU huI aura unake paraspara sambandha kI parIkSA huI / khAsa karake, prArambha me, bhApA ko eka itihAsa kI dRSTi se parakhane me DArvina kI vicAra saraNI se ThIka-ThIka vega milA / DArvina ne do gratha likhe 'DIsenTa oNva mena' aura 'orijina oNva spIzIjha' / inake atirikta jo anya lekha likhe usame unhone bhASA kI utpatti ke bAre me bhI UhApoha kiyA hai| bhASA kI utpatti kA yaha prazna Aja to bhASAvijJAniyo ne chor3a hI diyA hai, kintu DArvina kI vicAra paramparA ke asara se bhASAvijJAna ke prArambha kAla me hI jIvavijJAna kI tulanAtmaka paddhatiyo kA ThIka asara paDA, aura Aja taka aitihAsika aura tulanAtmaka paddhati me unhI kI paribhASA apanAI gaI hai| bAda me, yorapa kI prAcIna bhASAo kI tulanA hone lagI, aura unnIsavI zatAbdI ke prArambha me phreca aura agrejo ke dvArA saskRta kA paricaya una vidvAno ko huaa| saskRta ke paricaya ne bhASAvijJAna ko asAdhAraNa vega diyA, aura isame bhASAitihAsa kI nIva DAlI jarmano ne / aitihAsika aura tulanAtmaka paddhati ke agraNI jarmana vidvAn aura kucha Deniza vidvAn hI rahe / isa kAla me iNDoyUropiyana gaNa kI anyAnya bhASAoM ke itihAsa kI khoja huI, aura iNDoyUropiyana ke svarUpa kA bhI kAphI vicAra huA / prathama vizvayuddha taka isa viSaya me netRtva jarmana aura phreca vidvAno kA rhaa| usake bAda, yAni bIsavI zatAbdI ke dUsare aura tIsare dazako me, samAjavidyA ke anya ago kI taraha, bhASAvijJAna me bhI khUba parivartana A gyaa| dhvanivijJAna kA khUba vikAsa ho gayA / aura kAryakAraNabhAva kI khoja kI apekSA bhASA ke prakriyA aura svarUpa ( Process, Structure) kyA hai unakI khoja Age bar3hI / yaha svarUpavivecaka bhASAzAstra (Structural

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( 5 ) linguistics ) zurU huA phrAsa me hI, para phUlAphAlA iGgalaiDa aura amarIkA me, aura DenmArka me / bhASAvijJAna kI khoja me ina arvA - cIna paddhatiyoM ne purAnI tulanAtmaka aura aitihAsika dRSTi ko sa~vArane me kAphI bhAga baeNTAyA hai / aura Aja samaya AyA hai ki isa arvAcIna dRSTi ke nikaSa se iNDoyUropiyana bhASAo kA itihAsa parakhA jAya / inDoyuropiyana bhASAkA khayAla aitihAsika aura tulanAtmaka paddhati kI hI dena hai / TAITa, TokhAriyana, saskRta, purAnI phArasI, grIka, laiTina, AI - riza, gothika, lithuAnina, purAnI slAva, Armeniyana ina saba bhASA kI tulanA se mAlUma hotA hai ki ina bhASAoke vyAkaraNa, zabdakoSa ityAdi me asAdhAraNa sAmya hai / aisA sAmya honA Akasmika nahI / isa sAmya se to eka hI bAta niSpanna ho sakatI hai ki kisI eka kAlame eka jagaha jo eka bhASA vidyamAna thI usake ye saba anugAmI svarUpa hai / isa mUla bhASA me jo bolI bheda vidyamAna the-- aura hareka bhASA me bolI bheda honA svAbhAvika hI hai - ve kAlakrama se svataMtra bhASArUpa meM pariNata hue, aura usake phalasvarUpa hama laga-alaga bhASAye pAte hai / to ye bhASAye prArabha me boliyA~ thI para itanI vibhinna nahI ki paraspara arthabodha na ho ske| ye boliyA~ bAda me svataMtra bhASAoke svarUpa me vikasita huI hai kintu unake uttarakAlIna vikAsako alaga chor3akara unakI tulanA kI jAya to hama mUla inDoyuropiyana bhASA ke svarUpa kA khayAla pA sakate hai / aura, isa vidyamAna inDoyuropiyanake svarUpakA khyAla pAne kA yaha eka hI rAstA hai / aura isa inDoyuropiyana kA khyAla pAne ke bAda hI hama usakI ina boliyo ke anyAnya vyAkaraNa ke svarUpa evaM sabadha ke prazno hala kara sakate hai / tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa kA yaha eka mahattva kA siddhAta hai ki eka mUlabhASA kI apekSA se tajjanya bhASAo ke vyAkaraNa ke svarUpa ko aura dhvanisvarUpa ko spaSTa karanA / isakA udAharaNa hama bhArata kI bhASAo se spaSTa kara sakate hai / prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA kA svarUpa vaidika saMskRta ke rUpa me vidyamAna hai, aura madhya bharatIya AryabhASA kA svarUpa prAcIna pAli aura prAkRta rUpa me vidyamAna hai /

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( 6 ) mAna lIjie ki, arvAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke purogAmI svarUpa bilakula vidyamAna hai, aura arvAcIna bhASAo se hI gujarAtI, marAThI, baMgalA Adi kA paraspara saMbaMdha aura vyAkaraNa samajhAnA hai / kisI bhI bhAratIya Arya bhASA kA abhyAsa karate samaya itanA to AsAnI se taya ho jAyagA ki yaha inDoyuropiyana garaNa kI bhASA hai / udAharaNa-hidI usake sarvanAma ke rUpa, sajJA aura kriyA ko prakriyA ityAdi kA inDoyuropiyana se saMbaMdha lagAyA jA sakatA hai, kintu hidI kohI kendra me rakha kara anya navyabhAratIya bhASAe~ samajhAne me bahuta sI vyAkaraNa kI ghaTanAe~ binA samajhAye hI raha jAyeMgI / jaise ki hidI me nAnyatara nahIM hai, marAThI, gujarAtI, kokaNI aura maravAhI me nAnyatara hai, gujarAtI me sajJA hai ghoDo, hidI me hai ghor3A, hidI kA bhaviSyakAla hai 'pharU~gA', gujarAtI kA 'karIza', aisI aneka ghaTanAe~ hogI jo hidI se nahI samajhAI jA sakatI / isake liye to ina saba bhASA kI koI pUrvAvasthA kI kalpanA karanI hI par3egI jaise ki nAnyatara, jo prAcIna AryabhASA me thA vaha eka gaNa me gujarAtI, marAThI, kokaNI bhaddaravAhI me baca gayA, aura dUsare gaNa meM jaise ki hidI, bagalA Adi me bacA nahI / prAcIna svarUpa kI kalpanA se hI arvAcIna bhASA kA itihAsa samajhAyA jA sakegA / bhAratIya Arya bhASA me sadbhAgya se yaha prAcIna svarUpa vidyamAna hai, isalie kalpanA kI AvazyakatA nahI, kintu inDoyuropiyana ke viSaya me isase ulaTA hai / usakI boliyA~ to vidyamAna hai para prAcIna svarUpa vidyamAna nahI hai, vahA~ prAcIna svarUpa ki punarghaTanA (Hypothetical recons-_ truction ) se hI usakI boliyo kA vyAkaraNa samajhAyA jA sakatA hai / isa prayojana se hI gata zatAbdiyoM meM aura isa zatAbdI ke prAraMbhakAla me tulanAtmaka aura aitihAsika vyAkaraNa kI paddhati Age baDho, svarUpa nizcita kiyA gayA / isa taraha se jo svarUpa nizcita kiyA gayA hai usakI maryAdAe~ avazya hai, aura vaha kabhI nahI bhUlanI cAhiye | iyu zabda sirpha tajjanya boliyo ke vyAkaraNa aura dhvanisvarUpa samajhAne kI eka phArmyulA mAtra hai, iyu kA eka vAkya bhI una zabdo se banAyA nahI jA sakatA / ime na to kahAniyA~ likhI jA sakatI hai, na to vAkya likhe jA sakate hai / aise prayatna karanA bejimmedAra kAma ginA jAtA hai, aura

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( 7 ) Ajakala koI aisA karatA bhI nhiiN| jaise-jaise bhASAvijJAna aura dhvanivijJAna kA gabhIra adhyayana hotA jA rahA hai, vaise mAlUma hotA hai kisI bhI bhASA ke uccAraNa kA khyAla sirpha aise akSara yA zabda vanAne se nahIM A sakatA / pada ke antargata kucha dhvaniyoM aisI hotI hai jo samagra uccAraNa ko badala detI hai| jaise ki dUra rahe ra kAra se 'na' kA 'Na' ho jAtA hai / yaha to eka suparicita prakriyA hai| aisI kaI prakriyA bhASA me hotI hai aura unakI khoja avazya karanI hogii| Ajaparyanna iyu ke svarUpa kI kalpanA me adhikatara eka-eka akSara ko alaga alaga kara samajhAne kI pravRtti se aisI prakriyAo kI upekSA huI hai| pichale kucha sAlo se isa dRSTi se bhApAvijJAna kI khoja me thoDI bahuta pravRtti hAne lagI hai / isa viSaya me landana skUla ke dhvanivaijJAnikoM ke nibadha evaM grantha kI ora ApakA dhyAna khIcatA hai| (Prof Firth-Sounds ard Prosodies", Trans actions of Philological Society, W.S. Allen-"Phonetics in Ancient India" 1953 Oxford Uni Press, ) ___ yaha hai inDoyuropiyana bhASA ke jJAna ke bAre meM hamArI maryAdA / iyu kI voliyo ke jJAna ke lie bhI IsA ke pUrvIya AdhAra bhUta likhita sAhitya sirpha cAra yA pAca boliyo me hI milatA hai| hiTAITa, inDoIrAniyana, grIka, gothika aura leTina / prAcIna sAhitya lipibaddha na hone ke aneka kAraNa ho sakate hai / usa kAla me lipijJAna maryAdita hogA / aura dUsarA bhI kAraNa ho sakatA hai / hama jAnate hai ki prAcInatama iyu prajJA me bhI kisI na kisI Dhaga se yajJa dvArA devatAo kA AhvAna karanA aura una devatAo kI sahAyatA se duzmano kA nAza karanA ina do pravRttiyoM ko karanevAle varga purohita aura vIra-dAtriya vidyamAna the / kramaza , iyu ke anugAmI hareka samAja me purohita kA mahattva baDhatA rahA, aura jahA-jahA iyu prajA gaI vahA~ purohita kA mahattva sthApita ho gyaa| yajJa kI, aura usake dvArA dharma kI rakSA karanA aura isase sambandhita sarva adhikAra apane pAsa rakhanA yaha purohita kA uddezya thaa| yAjJika saskRti kI yaha monopolI purohita ke pAsa hI raha gaI thI, aura usakI rakSA ke liye yajJa ke vidhi-vidhAna atyata jaTila aura gUDha banAye gaye tAki anya kisI vyakti ko isa rahasya kA patA AsAnI se na cala sake / anadhikAriyo ko purohita

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kI dRSTi se to usame praveza hI na thA, yaha bAta suvidita hai| agara yaha sAhitya lipibaddha ho jAya taba to sarvagamya ho jAne kA bhaya thA, aura purohita kI monopolI TUTane kA bhaya thaa| isI vAste iyu prajAo kA bahuta sA sAhitya sadiyo taka lipibaddha nahI huaa| anya prajAo se iyu logo ne lipi kA jJAna pAne ke bAda bhI lipi kA prayoga na karane me purohita ko dharmAdhikAra vRtti kA adhika hissA hai| zAyada isI liye, pahale pahala lipiprayoga kA Arambha purohitapradhAna Arya paramparA vAle dharma se na hokara adhika udAra dRSTi ke dharma jaise ki bauddha dharma se prabhAvita prajAo se hotA hai| bhArata me bhI lipiprayoga sarva prathama azoka ke zAsana me hI huA yaha isakA sUcaka hai| ___ jaise isa bhASA ke bAre me hamArA jJAna atyanta maryAdita hai, vaise isa prajA ke nivAsa sthAna ke bAre me itanA hI ajJAna hai| pichale kucha sAla me madhya eziyA me sazodhana hone se iyu prajA vahA~ se hokara bhArata me AI isakA pramANa milatA hai, aura isakI kucha tavArikhe bhI taya ho sakatI hai| I0 pU0 1400 me mesopoTemiyA me mitanni prajA ke avazeSo me Arya devatAoM ke nAma jaise in-da-ra, u-ru-vana milate hai, I0 pU0 1800 me bebIlona ke vijetA kAsAiTa kI bhASA me Arya devatAo ke nAma jaise Suriyas milate hai, ye saba Arya -iyu-prajA ke eziyAI paribhramaNa ke sUcaka hai| I0 pU0 2000 ke arase me isa prajA kA eziyAI paribhramaNa kA prArambha huA aura karIba pAMca sau sAla ke bAda vaha apane iNDoirAniyana sthAna para A gye| iyu prajA ke Adima nivAsa sthAna ke viSaya me bhI vivAda hai| vastutaH, hamAre pAsa sAmagrI itanI kama hai, ki usakA nirNaya ho nahI sktaa| kintu khyAla to avazya A sakatA hai ki ye prajAye lithuyAniyA se lekara dakSiNa raziyA ke bIca ke pradeza me kahI sthira rahI hogii| yaha khyAla hama iyu gaNa ke sarvasAdhAraNa zabdo ko lekara Linguistic paleontology ke AdhAra para kara sakate hai / koI eka zabda ke AdhAra para nirNaya karane ke bajAya eka taraha kA samagra zabdasamUha kA astitva aura dUsarI taraha kA samaya zabdasamUha kA abhAva hamako kucha dizA

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sUcana avazya kara sakatA hai| isa viSaya me pro0 beNDara apane pratha 'homa Ava dhI iNDoyuropiasa' prInsaTana, 1922 me likhate hai : ___ iNDoyuropIana gaNa kI prAcIna bhApAtro me nimnalikhita pazu, pakSiyo aura vRkSo ke liye vyavahRta jo zabda hai ve samAna nahI-hAthI, geDA, U~Ta, siha, bAgha, bandara, magara, totA, cAvala, baragada, baoNsa, tAr3a / kintu nimnalikhita cIjo ke liye to adhikAza samAna zabda hI hai-barpha, kar3Ake kI sardI, aosa, bIca, pAina, barca, volo, oTara, bIvara, polakeTa, mArTana, bIvara, rIcha, bher3iyA, hirana, kharagoza, cUhA, ghoDA, baila, bher3a, bakarI, sUara, kuttA, garur3a, bAja, ullU , je (Jay), hasa, battaka, ciDiyA, saoNpa, kachuA, cIMTI, madhumakkhI i i / / ___ isake AdhAra para hama usI sthAna kI kalpanA kara sakate hai jahA~ kI AbohavA isa prakAra ke prANI jIvana ke anukUla thii| usase Age jAkara bilakula niyata sthAna kI khoja karanA hakIkata se bAhara jAkara kalpanA vihAra karanA hogaa| aba rahI bAta 'inDoyuropiyana' nAma kii| yaha nAma pahale to aise diyA gayA thA-vizva me inDiyA se lekara yUropa taka jisa parivAra kI bhASAe~ bolI jAtI hai usa bhASAparivAra kA nAma inDoyuropiyana / Aja to isa parivAra kI bhASAe~ isa sImA se bAhara bhI bolI jAtI hai jaise agrejI, jo amerikA aura AsTreliyA me bolI jAtI hai / jarmana vidvAna isa parivAra ko inDojarmenika kahate the| kaI bhASAvijJAniyo ne eka zabda banAyA * Wiros jo iyu zabda hI hai, unakA saskRta hai vIra / isa bhASA ke lie 'Aryana' nAma istemAla kara sakate hai, yadi isa nAma kI maryAdA samajha lI jAya to| ye nAma sUcaka hai mAtra bhASA ke, isase koI viziSTa jAti se sabadha nhii| kaI jagaha yaha bhASA bolanevAle aneka jAti ke loga hoge, prAcInatama kAla me bhI yaha itanI hI saca hakIkata ho sakatI hai| prastuta vyAkhyAno me maine Arya zabda istemAla kiyA hai, usakA artha itanA hI hai, yaha sirpha eka bhASA kA abhidhAna hI hai| koI nayA nAma khojane ke bajAya yaha purAnA zabda istemAla kiyA hai, sirpha usake artha kI maryAdA hamezA khayAla me rakhI jAya /

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( 10 ) isa inDoyuropiyana gaNa kI pUrvI bolI, aura hamAre lie vizeSa mahattva kI hai inDoIrAniyana / bhArata kI prAcIna bhASA aura IrAna kI prAcIna bhApA me asAdhAraNa sAmya hai| aura isase hI aisA mAnA gayA hai ki ye dono eka prAcIna bhASA kI do zAkhAye hai| veda kI prAcIna bhASA se avestA kI gAthAo kA jitanA sAmya hai itanA sAmya inDoyuropiyana gaNa kI koI bhI do bhASAo me nhiiN| IrAna rAbda bho prAcIna zabda * AryA-nAm kA hI rUpa hai| Arya kA Sa0 ba0 va0 / AryAnAm , prAcIna phArasI meM 'erAna' aura arvAcIna phArasI me 'IrAna' / inDoyuropiyana gaNa ko kisI anya zAkhA ne Aja taka apane prAcIna nAma kA isa taraha saMrakSaNa nahIM kiyaa| bhArata ke Aye aura IrAna ke Arya pAmIra ke najadIka kisI sthala me kucha kAla taka ekatra rahe, aura usake bAda eka parivAra IrAna kI ora, aura dUsarA bhArata kI ora sthira hone lagA / jaba ye loga ekatra rahate the usa kAla kI unakI bhASA ko hama iNDoIrAniyana kahate hai| yaha iyu kI eka bolI hI hai, isalie iyu se sAgya hote hue bhI unakI apanI anokhI vizeSatAye bhI hai / inDoIrAnayina ke, isa dRSTi se kucha vyAvartaka lakSaNa nimna prakAra ke hai| __ iyu ke hrasva aura dIrgha 'e' aura 'zro' saba inDoIrAniyana me hrasva aura dIrgha 'a' ho jAte hai aura isa prakriyA se iyu ke ye tIna svara-hasva aura dIrya a, e, o-kA bheda inDoIrAniyana me lupta ho gayA hai| yaha dhvanivikAsa hote hI inDoIrAniyana ke rUpatatra me bhI kAphI parivartana A gyaa| iyu ghopa mahAprANa + aghopa alpaprANa>i IrA ghoSa alpaprANa + ghoSa mahAprANa-udA-batt>-bdu-( labh-t> lab dE-), AjJArtha tR pu. e va ukArAnta hotA hai udA sa. a bharat.i, jhenda-baratu, purAno phArasI bratuv inDoIrAniyana gaNa ko do prAcInatama zAkhAe~ hai veda kI bhASA, aura avestA / inakA paraspara sAmya kitanA adhika hai yaha nimnalikhita sarvanAma ke rUpAkhyAna se spaSTa hogaa|

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( 11 ) ba va sa. menda vaem mam asman mid mat prathamA aham ____azein vayam dvitIyA ferite mam mam mam asman ahma ahma (accented ) dvitIyAna (unaccented) Sa0 caturthI me me (unaccented) pa0 mabyam maihya asmakam ahmakam (accented) paJcamI mat __dIrghakAla taka ekatra rahane ke bAda jaba ye prajAe bhinna huI taba unakI bhASA aura sAhitya kI vikAsa dhArA alaga-alaga ho gii| IrAna me inake sAhitya ke do vibhAga ho sakate hai| 1-prAcIna phArasI yaha likhita svarUpa meM prAcInatama zilAlekho me samrATa dAriusa ke kAla me I0pU0 522 486 me milatI hai / hiTAiTa ke kucha namUno ko chor3aphara inDoyuropiyana kA yaha prAcInatama likhita sAhitya hai| 2-avestA bharathustra ke upadeza kA sAhitya isa bhApA me sagRhIta kiyA gayA hai| kintu, isa sAhitya kI sakalanA dera se hotI hai sAsAnI kAla me I0 chaThI zatAbdI me / isakA prAcInatama vibhAga gAthA / yaha, Rgveda se adhika rahasyavAdI ( mystical, philosophical ) sAhitya hai, kintu bhASAdRSTi se dono me sAmya adhika hai| __ bhArata me Aye hue Aryo kA prAcInatama sAhitya veda hai| bhinna hone ke bAda bhI bhAratIya Arya aura IrAniyana Arya ke bhASAitihAsa me ThIka-ThIka sAmya rahA hai| jaisI vikAsa rekhA prAcIna phArasI aura madhyakAlIna phArasI me hai vaimI hI vaidika saMskRta aura pAli prAkRto me hai|

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( 12 ) Rgveda eka vyakti yA eka kAla kA sAhitya nahI / jaba Arya prajAeM bhArata me AI taba unake pAsa jo paraparAgata mAnyatAeM thI, devasRSTi kI jo kalpanAe~ thI, aura yajJayAga kI jo paddhatiyoM thI vaha saba unakI bhASA kI taraha Arya IrAnI kAla kI dena thii| ___ Arya IrAnI nivAsasthAna se bhArata ke uttarapazcima pradezo me AryoM kA Agamana kramaza. Age bar3hatI prajA kA sUcaka hai / veda me aise spaSTa ullekha nahI hai, jahA~ patA cale ki AryaprajA apanA purAnA nivAsasthAna choDakara Age bar3ha rahI hai| isase sUcita hotA hai ki bhArata me AryoM kA bhagIratha kArya thA yahA~ unake pahale jo prajAe~ sthira ho cukI thI unako haTAkara apanA Adhipatya jamAnA / isa kAla me hotI hai veda kI racanA / yaha Arya prajA-inDoyuropiyana volatI prajA-apane aneka paribhramaNoM me jahA~ gaI hai vahaoN vijayI hotI hai| unake vijaya kI ku jI do cIja me rahI hai| eka hai unakI samAjavyavasthA, dUsarI unakI pragatizIlatA / unakI samAja vyavasthA ke do mahattva ke aga the devatAoM ko prArthanA karane vAle, unako yajJa se saMtuSTa karane vAle pUjArI ora duzmano se lar3ane vAle vIra yoddhA, choTe-choTe nRpati, vora netAgaNa / unakI pragatizIlatA hai, hamezA naye vAtAvaraNa ke anukUla honA, naye-naye tattvo ko apanI saskRti me apanAnA / isa zakti kA eka udAharaNa mohejodar3o ke avazeSo ko dekhane para milatA hai| isa nagara kA AyuSya karIba eka hajAra sAla kA thA, kintu usa kAla me unakA vyavahAra, rahana sahana kI paddhati, ghara bA~dhanA, vyavasAya karanA, vezabhUSA Adi me itane dIrgha kAla taka kucha pharka nahI hone pAyA thA / usa prajA me gatizIlatA kA abhAva thaa| aura yaha Arya prajA? ye hamezA badalate rahe hai, yaha Arya prajA, jo ghUmatIphiratI pazupAlaka prajA thI, jisako ghara bA~dhane kA, nagara basAne kA kucha bhI jJAna na thA, jo zilpa sthApatya se anabhijJa thI vaha bhArata me Ane ke pazcAt kucha hI kAla me, anya prajAo se sokhakara, bar3e bar3e gaNarAjya sthApita karatI hai, nagara vasAtI hai, aneka Aryetara prajAtro se milakara apanI saMskRti ko samRddha banAtI hai| AryoM ko samAjavyavasthA kA prabhAva unake sAhitya ke nirmANa para par3A / devatAo ko tuSTa karane ke lie yajJaprathA kama se kama Arya

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( 13 ) IrAnI kAla jitanI prAcIna to hai hii| yaha yajJaprathA Age calakara Arya saskRti kA kedra banatI hai| sidhu nado aura usakI upajIvaka anya nadiyo ke pradeza me phailate AryasamUho me puna puna dRzmano ke nAza ke lie, vIra putroM kI prApti ke lie, sAmarthya aura samRddhi ke lie, yajJa ke pUjArIo ne jina matroM kI racanA kI vaha hai hamArA veda saahity| yaha sAhitya pradhAnata yajJa ko lakSa me rakhakara hI likhA gayA hai| yajJo ke lie una vipro ne ina padyo kI racanA kI, isa liye yajJa karanevAlo ke cune hue pUjArI gaNa me upayukta zabdaprayoga, rUDhiyA~ i0 ko hI veda me adhika sthAna milA / veda ko acchI taraha se dekhane se mAlUma hotA hai ki veda Ama prajA kI racanA (popular poetry) nahI hai, purohita kA sAhitya (priestly poetry) hai / 'Rgveda rIpITIzansa' me blUmaphilDa ne yaha spaSTa batAyA hai ki Rgveda me karIba 1 / 5 pAda kA punarArvatana hI huA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki amuka taraha ke vAkya aura zabda prayoga nizcita svarUpa se yajJayAga ke niSNAta vipragaNo me pracalita the, aura jaba koI vipra padya kI racanA karatA thA taba vaha unhI pracalita vAkyo kA vyavahAra karatA thaa| Rgveda kA kavi bArabAra kahatA hai / jaise koI sUthAra ratha banAtA hai vaise mai apanA kAvya banAtA hU~, ratha ke bhinna-bhinna aMgo ko ikaTThA karake / vaidika sAhitya prAcIna Aryo ke sAmAjika jIvana ke eka aga kA Alekhana karatA hai| vaha, vipra kA pratinidhi sAhitya hai| bar3e-bar3e soma yajJa, zrautayajJa i0 me vyavahRta padyo kI bhASA bhI usa baDappana ke anurUpa honI cAhiye, kisI taraha kI grAmINa bolI isame ghusanI na caahiye| yaha dRSTi usa vipra gaNa ke liye svAbhAvika hI thii| isa vidhAna ko AdhAra milatA hai atharvaveda se / atharvaveda kI sRSTi Rgveda se nirAlI hai, roja ba roja ke rIta rivAja aura jIvana vyavahAra kI bAte aura mAnyatAye usame ThIka-ThIka pratibimbita hotI hai / samagra dRSTi se atharvaveda ke kucha aza Rgveda ke samakAlIna to hai hii| phira bhI, atharvaveda ke zabda aura zabdaprayoga Rgveda se kAphI nirAle hai| jina zabdo ko Rgveda me sthAna nahI, ve zabda atharvaveda me vyavahRta hote hai| kintu thor3e kAla ke bAda jaba atharvaveda kA pujArI, apanI lokopayogitA aura lokapriyatA se kSatriya rAjAo kA mahattvapUrNa sahAyaka banane lagA taba vipro ne

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( 14 ) atharvaveda para bhI apanA adhikAra jamA liyA, aura atharva ko apane me samA liyA, tIno vedo ke sAtha usako bhI mAnya veda ginA gayA / vipro ke kabjA jamAne ke bAda atharvaveda ko ziSTa svarUpa dene kA, usame bhI vipra kI mahattA baDhAne kA, kAphI prayatna huA, aura usake phalasvarUpa atharvaveda kI jo saMhitA hamAre pAsa AtI hai vaha vipra kI AvRtti hai / Rgveda ke saMgrahaNa me Rgveda kI bhASA kI eka naI pravRti hotI hai / java RcA kA sahanana huA taba saMhitAkAra ke samaya kI bhASAparisthiti kisI na kisI rUpa se Rgveda meM pratibimbita huI / isa liye Rgveda meM kabhI-kabhI anyAnya boliyo ke rUpa eka sAtha mAlUma hote hai / jaise 'ra' aura 'la' kI vyavasthA / iNDoyuropiyana 'la' kA IzIna - yana me to 'ra' hI hotA hai, aura isase iyu 'ra' bhI irAniyana me 'ra' raha jAtA hai| Rgveda ke prAcInatama stara me yaha vyavasthA cAlU rahI hai, kyoki Rgveda kI racanA adhikAza bhArata ke uttarapazcima bhAga me kI gaI, aura usa pradeza kI voliyo kA IrAniyana se sAmya honA svAbhAvika hai / bhArata kI pUrva kI boliyo me to 'ra' aura 'la' ke sthAna para 'la' kA hI vyavahAra hotA thA, aura yaha 'la' vAle zabda bhI ThIka-ThIka Rgveda me A gaye hai| Rgveda kA 'car' lubh na irAniana me milatA hai, na Rgveda ke prAcInastara me, vaha dasave maDala me --jo kucha arvAcIna hai-- lobhayanti rUpa me milatA hai, isa 'la' kAra vAle dhAtu kA prAcInastara me avakAza na thA / Rgveda me tRtIyA ba va ke jo alaga-alaga pratyaya ebhi, ai milate hai unase bhI yaha sUcana hotA hai ki alaga-alaga boliyo me vyavahRta kiye gaye ye vyAkaraNa ke prayoga Rgveda ke saMhitAkAra ne sag kara liye hai / veda me adhikatara prayatna to viprasamata ziSTa bhASA kI surakSA karane kA kiyA gayA hai, sirpha anyAnya boliyo ke aise kucha svarUpa usame A gaye hai / Aryo ke bhArata me Agamana ke bAda, aura unake vikAsa ke bAda AryabhASA tIvra gati se vikAsazIla thI, kiMtu usa vikAsa ke phalasvarUpa anyAnya boliyo meM pariNata hue AryabhASA ke svarUpa kA patA veda se nahIM calatA /

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kAlakrama se, veda kI bhASA samajhanI bhI muzkila bana gii| isase vipro ko to veda kA Adhipatya rakhane me suvidhA ho gii| brAhmaNa kAla kA sAhitya yajJa saskRti kI bhASA me likhA gayA hai, usakI paramparA veda paramparA kI anugAmI hai| isase ziSTatA kA eka Adarza khar3A huA / uttara aura madhya deza ke yAjJiko kI bhASA-pAryo ke sAskRtika kendra kI bhASA-ziSTa ginI gii| iso bhASA kA advitIya vyAkaraNa pANini ne likhaa| isa taraha se, saskRta ke vikAsa me vipra aura ziSTa kA prabhAva hai| veda kAla se lekara bhArata kI aneka boliyA~ jo vipratva aura ziSTatA ke vartula se bAhara tho usakA svIkAra kabhI nahIM huaa| yaha boliyoM zrApa ho Apa vikasato calI, ziSTatA ke sahAre ke binA / jaina aura gaiddha dharma ne isako I pU-paoNcI zatAbdI se apanAyA, aura usake vAda bhAratIya mApAtro kI vikAsadhArA kA nayA pravAha zurU hotA hai| ye dharma pUrva meM paidA hue| vaidika aura brAhmaNa parasparA se alaga unakI AcAra aura vicAra vyavasthA, aura unako jana samAjako apanA dRSTikoNa samajhAne me vizeSa prayatna karanA paDA / isa prayatna me inako pUrva kI bolI me vyavahAra karanA anukUla hI thA, tAki jisa prajA ko upadeza karanA thA vaha prajA ugako bhASA samajha ske| ina do dharmoM kA Azaya milane sa pUrva kI boliyo ko nayA prANa milA, aura unakA pravAha, jo aba taka ziSTatA ke bala se avaruddha thA, aba ekadama gatimAna ho gayA / pUrva kI boliyo bhe lokapriya kathAye ora upadeza kA sAhitya bar3hatA calA, aura unako prAkRta jaigA jarA halakA nAma milane para bhI, yaha bhApA saskRta ko pUrva se haTAne lgii| prAkRta bhApA ke vikAsa kA gaharA prabhAva saskRta para par3A / prAkRta ke vikAsa se saskRta lupta nahIM hotI / svAbhAvika taura se yaha hI hotA ki kisI naye bhApA svarUpa ke vikAsa ke bAda purAnA svarUpa dhIre-dhIre naSTa ho jAtA / saskRta ke mAmale me dUsarI bAta huI / sarakRta bhI aura gatimAna ho gaI / buddha aura mahAvIra se pahale Aryo kI saMskRta bhASA adhikatara pajJa aura unake anuSThAna aura tattvacintana jairo ucca kakSA ke sAhitya ko sparza karatI thii| ziSTatA ke zikhara para hI unakA vyavahAra hotA thA, vaha dainika vipayo ko nahI chUtI thii| jaba prAkRto ne dharma ke atirikta prajAjIvana ke vyavahAra kI bAto ko bhI sAhitya

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( 16 ) svarUpa dene kA Arambha kiyA taba vaha eka svarUpa se, saskRta kI pratispardhI hone lagI / aura mAno saskRta ko apane astitva ke liye prAkRtA kI taraha lokapriya hone kA AhvAna milaa| saskRta ne isa AhvAna kA yogya uttara bhI diyaa| yajJayAga aura upaniSado kI carcA se Age bar3ha kara, samAja ke aneka vargo me apanA sthAna jamAne ke liye saskRta kA sAhitya bahulakSI huA / amuka vipaya taka hI paryApta na hokara aneka lokapriya (popular) vipayo me bhI saskRta kA vyavahAra baDhatA claa| isa kAla me Arya prajA ne usakI saskRti samagra bhArata para jamA lI thI, aura saskRta kA vyavahAra aneka Arya aura Aryetara loka bhI karane lage the / saskRta kA kSetra aba ekadama vizAla ho gyaa| aneka taraha ke sAhitya nirmANa kA prArambha huaa| isa pravRtti se saMskRta ke bhASAsvarUpa me bhI kucha parivartana huA / jaba koI eka bhASA anyabhASI prajAtro se vyavahRta hone lagatI hai tava usake vyAkaraNa ke svarUpa ko sakulatA kama hotI jAtI hai, aura sAdRzya kA vyApAra bar3ha jAtA hai| apavAdAtmaka vidhAna kama ho jAte hai, zabdA ke artha bhI badalane lagate hai| saskRta bhI isa taraha badalatI gii| kintu aba usakA vyavahArakSetra baDha gayA aura usake baDhane ke sAtha hI usakA zabdakoSa samRddha ho gayA / prAkRta bhASA ke vikAsakSetra para apane bar3hate hue zabdakoSa ke dvArA saskRta ne apanA AkramaNa jArI rkhaa| isa kAla ke kaI sAhitya svarUpa aise hai jo bAhara se saMskRta hai, jisa para saskRta kA AvaraNa hai, nIce pravAha hai prAkRta kA / yaha sAhitya samAja ke dono varga me-nAgarika aura grAmya prajA mesaphala hotA rhaa| isake AbAda namUne hai mahAbhArata jaisI vizAla racanAye / vastuta yaha mahAna gratha ke nIce pravAha hai prAkRta bhApA kA, unakA bAharI svarUpa hai saskRta / bhASAvijJAnI ke lie yaha bhApAsvarUpa eka mahatva ke sazodhana kA viSaya hai| __isa kAla ke bAda kI utkarSakAlIna (classical ) saskRta, sirpha ziSTo kI sAhitya racanA ke phalasvarUpa hai |sndhi ke kRtrima dhvani-parivartana, nAma vAkya kI kRtrima racanAye, vidvadbhogya samAsa se bharA huA utkarSakAlIna saMskRta sAhitya, bhASA ke lie kama vaijJAnika mahattva ke hai| vaha to sirpha vidvAno kI vidvAno ke lie kI gaI racanAye hai| bhAratIya bhASAvikAsa kI pravAhadhArA se unakA koI sIdhA sambandha nahI /

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prAkRta ke prAcIna bolI vibhAga veda aura prAcIna saMskRta sAhitya kI paraMparA ke nidarzana ke bAda prAkRtasAhitya kI paraparA kI AlocanA, aura usakI bhASAzAstra kI dRSTi se kucha jAMca karanA Avazyaka hai| pradhAnatayA prAkRtasAhitya ke do mukhya aMga hai / bauddha sAhitya aura jaina sAhitya / dono kA Ugama eka hI kAla me aura eka hI sthala me hote hue bhI, unakI vikAsadhArA alaga hai / pAli sAhitya vipula hai / paraparA ke anusAra bhagavAna budvake upadezo kI tIna AvRttiyA unake nirvANa ke bAda 236 sAla taka huii| ye tIna AvRttiyAM rAjagRha, vaizAlI aura pATalIputra kI paripado me saMpanna huii| ina AvRttiyo kI aitihAsikatA vivAda kA viSaya hote hue bhI, inase eka bAta spaSTa hai ki buddha ke upadezo ko unake anuyAiyo ne do tIna sadiyo me sakalita kiye| isa sakalana me mUla ke atirikta bhAva aura bhApA A jAne kI sabhAvanA to hai, kintu usake sAtha yaha bhI to mAnanA paDatA hai ki upadeza kI smRti vidyamAna thI, aura mUla se ThIka-ThIka nikaTa aisA vizvasanIya sAhitya sagRhIta huaa| isase yaha mAnanA paDegA ki hamAre pAsa prAcInatama prAkRta sAhitya ke bhASA svarUpa ke abhyAsa ke lie I0 pU0 kI pAcavI sadI se lekara mahattva kI sAmagrI vidyamAna hai| aba, jaba hama isa sAhitya ko anveSaNa kI dRSTi se dekhate hai taba usakI bhASA ke bAre me aneka taraha kI zakAye paidA hotI hai| paraparA ke anusAra, buddha ke upadeza bhinna-bhinna vihAro me, maTho me, bhikSuo kI smRti me sacita the| ye bhikSugaNa bhI bhinna-bhinna prAnta ke nivAsI the| paraparA ke anusAra dUsarI vAcanA ke samaya dUra-dUra ke pradeza ke bhikSu upasthita the| avanti kozAmbI, kannauja, sAkAzya, mathurA, aura vahA~ se AnevAle bhikSuo kI nijI bhApA bhI bhinna bhinna hogii| uttara aura pazcima kI boliyoM pUrva se ThIka-ThIka bhinna thii| vinaya kA jo sakalana kiyA gayA, usame ina saba bhinna-bhASI bhikSuo kA apanA hissA

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( (5) bhI hogA, aura usake phalasvarUpa bhASAparivartana bhI huA hogA / mRla ke upadeza the kozala ke rAjakumAra aura magadha ke bhikSu kI bhASA me, ziSTa mAgadhI me / jaba koI nAgarika dUsare prAnta kI bolI bolatA hai, taba vaha usa prAnta kI ziSTa bolI hI bolegA, vahAM kI grAmINa bolI se vaha paricita na hogaa| dUsarI vAcanA ke saMhanana meM anyAnya bhikSugaNa jo ki pazcima se Aye the, unakA prabhAva mUla upadeza kI isa ziSTa mAgadhI para paDA / usake bAda yaha sAhitya lipibaddha hotA hai / azoka ke samaya me hI yaha sAhitya kucha aza me lipibaddha ho cukA thA yaha bAta hamako bhAtru ke lekha se milatI hai / kintu, adhikAza cauddha sAhitya likhA gayA siMhaladvIpa me / bauddha sAhitya kA yaha dharmadUta, ujjaina meM jisakA bacapana bItA, vaha rAjakumAra mahendra, samrATa azoka kA putra thA / bauddha sAhitya ke vikAsa me ye choTI choTI hakIka bhASAdRSTi se khUpa sUcaka hai / ye hakIkate sAmane rakhakara aba nirNaya karanA hogA ki bauddha dhArmika sAhitya kI pAli bhASA kisI eka bhaugolika pradeza kI pracalita bhASA ho sakatI hai ? vidvAno ne puna puna pAli ko kunst sprache 'saMskRti ko bhApA' kadAcit 'mizrabhASA' bhI kahA hai / saMskRti kI bhASA ke mUla ge bhI hamezA kisI na kisI pradeza kI bolI hotI hai, isalie pAli ke tala me kisa bolI kA prabhAva hai isakA vivAda kiyA jAtA hai| vastuta prAcInatama bauddha sAhitya bhI, nirvANa ke bAda karIba cAra sau sAla ke bAda hI lipibaddha hotA hai, aura vaha bhI aneka taraha ke bhikSuo kI boliyo ke prabhAva ke bAda | isase yaha mAnanA svAbhAvika ho jAtA hai ki, jo pAli sAhitya hamArI samakSa hai vaha pUrva aura pazcima kI bhASAoM ke mizraNa ke bAda, dhArmika zailI me likhA gayA hai, sthala vA kAla kI spaSTa bheTa - rekhAye usame se milanI muzkila hai / prAkRta sAhitya kA dUsarA ga hai jaina Agama sAhitya | mahAvIra bhI pUrva me paidA hue, aura pUrva kI bhASA me hI unhone dharmopadeza kiyA / vaizAlI ke upanagara me unakA janma, aura ghUme magadha me / jaina paraMparA ke anusAra mahAvIra ne apanA upadeza unake paTTaziSyo ko samakAyA, aura ve paTTaziSya - gaNadhara - uma upadeza ke saMhananakAra bane / vaha upadeza magadha kI pracalita bhASA me thA / buddha bhI magadha me ghUme, kintu vaha paradesI the / unakA janma thA kosala me aura zikSA kosala

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(16) me pAI thii| mahAvIra magadha ke -uttara magadha ke-nivAsI the| yaha bheda unakI bhASA ke bheda samajhane ke lie spaSTa karanA Avazyaka hai| ___ gaNadharo se sagRhIta mahAvIra vANI hamako tIna vAcanA ke bAda hI milatI hai| jaise bauddha paramparA me tIna vAcanAye hai, vaise jaina paramparA me bhI tIna vAcanAye hai| mujhe to yaha eka atyata vilakSaNa akasmAt mAlUma hotA hai| dono kI aitihAsikatA bhI vivAdAspada hai| prathama vAcanA mahAvIra nirvANa ke 160 sAla ke bAda pATalIputra me hotI hai / paraparAnusAra vIra nirvANa ke 150 sAla ke bAda magadha-pATalIputra-me bhayAnaka akAla par3A, aura bhadrabAhu prabhRti jaina zramaNo ko vahA se dUra cale jAnA par3A, AtmarakSA ke lie / kucha zramaNa vahA rahe bhii| akAla ke bAda mAlUma huA, aise AghAto se smRtisaMcita upadeza naSTaprAya hote jAyege, unako vyavasthita karanA Avazyaka hai| tadanusAra pATalIputra me jaina zramaNa sagha kI pariSada milI, aura Agama sAhitya kI vyavasthA kI gaI / yaha huA karIba I0 pU0 kI cauthI sadI me / isa pariSada ke bAda karIba ATha sau sAla taka Agama sAhitya kI koI marammata nahIM hotI / dUsarI paripada milI matharA me, I0 kI cauthI sadI me / usake do sau sAla ke bAda tisarI pariSada milatI hai / devardhigaNi usake pramukha the| I0 kI chaTTI zatAbdI kI isa AkhirI paripada ke samaya aneka pratiyo ko milAkara AdhArabhUta pATha nirNaya karane kA prayatna hotA hai| bhinna-bhinna pratiyo ko milAkara jaba naI prati likhI jAtI hai, taba sAdhAraNatayA, zuddha pATha ke bajAya atyata mizrita pAThaparaparA khar3I hotI hai| jaise mahAbhArata ke TIkAkAra nIlakaTha likhate hai bahUnsamAnhRtya vibhinna dezyAn kozAnvinizcitya ca pAThamagyam / prAcAM garUNAmanasatya vAcamArabhyate bhAratabhAvadIpa // isase nIlakaMTha ke pATha ko svIkArane me mahAbhArata ke sapAdaka ko khUba sAvadhAnI rakhanI paDatI hai| ___ paraparAnusAra, Agama sAhitya me mahAvIra kA upadeza sacita hai, aura usa sAhitya kI bhASA ko ardhamAgadhI kahate hai / khuda Agama sAhitya me isa nAmakA ullekha AtA hai / jisa kAla me isa bhASA me upadeza diyA gayA, aura jisa kAla meM usakI sAhityika saghaTanA huI ina dono ke bIca karIba eka hajAra sAla kA atara hai, aura yaha hakI

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( 20) kata hI bhASAzAstrI ko nirAza karane ke lie kAphI hai| yaha satya hai ki smRtisaMcita upadeza- sAhitya- kAla ke badalane para bhASA bhI badalate hai| bauddha sAhitya kI vAcanAe~ buddha ke nirvANa ke bAda pAMca sau sAla me pUrI hotI hai, Agama sAhitya kI vAcanAye mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda eka hajAra sAla ke bAda pUrI hotI hai / isa dRSTi se sabhava hai ki Agama sAhitya kI bhASA piTako se arvAcIna ho / kintu, isame kucha tAratamya bhI hai / sthala dRSTi se jitane AghAta pA la sAhitya para hote hai utane Agama sAhitya para nahI hote / piTaka likhe gaye sihaladvIpa me, unako le jAnevAlA ujjaina se prabhAvita, unakI racanA huI thI pATalIputra me / alabatta, yaha saba hotA hai alpasamaya me, buddha ke upadeza kI smRti bhI tAjI hogI usame zaka nahIM / jaba samrATa azoka apane lekha me kahate hai ki ye dhammapaliyAya 'svayaM bhagavatA buddhena bhAsite' taba unako na mAnane ke lie koI pramANa nahIM / prAdezika boliyo kA usa bhASA para kucha prabhAva hote hue bhI mUla kA artha vyavasthita rahA hogA / Agama sAhitya me kucha alaga vyavasthA hai| usame bahuta sA sAhitya naSTaprAya ho gayA hogaa| kintu, jo kucha baca gayA usakI bhASA itanI mizrita nahI hai, jitanI pAlisAhitya kI hai| Agama sAhitya ke prAcInatama staro me magadha kI bhASA kA kucha khayAla milatA hai, aura spaSTatA se bhii| isakA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki jaina dharma kA prasAra parimita thA, sagha aura vihAra itane vipula na the, jitane bauddho ke, aura, paraMparAgata sAhitya kI surakSA karane me jaina sAdhu saMgha adhika jAgRta bhI thA / ina saba kAraNo se, sAmAnya dRSTise pAli se arvAcIna hote hue bhI, ardhamAgadhI sAhitya sthala dRSTise adhika AdhArabhUta hai| ___buddha aura mahAvIra ke kAla kI bhASAparisthiti samajhane ke lie dhArmika sAhitya ko choDakara yadi hama zilAlekho ke prAkRto kA nirIkSaNa kare to adhika AdhArabhUta sAmagrI prApta hotI hai / hamane dekhA ki jo ardhamAgadhI AgamasAhitya hamArI samakSa AtA hai vaha kAla-krama se ThIka ThIka parivartita svarUpa se AtA hai, yadyapi pUrva kI bolI ke kucha lakSaNa usame hai / pAli sAhitya me bhI prAcIna tattvo kI rakSA hotI hai, kintu pUrva kI apekSA usame madhyadeza kA adhika prabhAva hai| isalie isa sAhitya se prAcIna boliyo ke AdhArabhUta pramANa nikAlanA muzkila

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( 21 ) ho jAtA hai / isame hamako adhika sahAya to samrATa azoka ke zilAlekha-jo I0 pU0270-250 ke arase me likhe gae hai-se milatI hai| unake vizAla sAmrAjya kI phailI huI sImAo para khudavAye gaye ina zilAlekho ko sacamuca hI bhArata kA prathama ligvIsTIka sarve kA nAma milA hai / azoka ne ye zilAlekha unake dharma ko phailAne ke lie va unake rAjyAdhikArIo ko unakI dRSTi samajhAne ke lie khudavAye / yadyapi ye zilAlekha eka hI zelI me likhe gae hai, phira bhI unakI bhASA me sthalAnusAra bheda mAlUma hotA hai / dUra uttarapUrva me zAhabAjhagaDhI aura mAnaserA me likhe gae lekha dakSiNa-pazcima ke giranAra ke lekha se bhASAdRSTi se bhinna hai| ina zilAlekho ke sabhI bhASAbheda yadyapi samajhAnA muzkila he to bhI ye zilAlekha tatkAlIna bhApAparisthiti samajhane ke lie eka anokhA sAhitya hai / ye lekha likhe gae I0 pU0 ke tIsare zataka me, aura unakI bhASA hai azoka kI rAjabhApA, unake administration aura court kI bhASA / rAjabhASA hamezA bolacAla ko bhApA se kucha prAcIna ( archaic) Dhaga kI hoto hai| usase usakI ziSTatA nibhatI hai / I0 pU0 ke tIsare zataka ko rAjabhASA, I0 pU0 ke paoNcave zataka ki pUrvI boliyo se adhika bhinna na hogI aisA anumAna karane me khAsa bAdhA nahIM / isase, azoka kI bhASA kA adhyayana hamako buddha aura mahAvIra kI samakAlIna bhApA ke nikaTa le jAtA hai| bhASAdRSTi se azoka ke lekha cAra vibhAga me baoNTa sakate hai-uttara pazcima ke lekha, giranAra kA lekha, gagA jamanA se lekara mahAnadI taka ke lekha, aura dakSiNa ke lekha / jisa pradeza kI rAjabhApA se azoka kI rAjabhASA khAsa taura se bhinna na ho, athavA jahA~ azoka kI rAjabhASA AsAnI se samajhI jA sakatI ho vahA~ azoka ke lekha apanI nijI pUrvI bolI me hI likhe jAyeM yaha svAbhAvika anumAna ho sakatA hai / isa dRSTi se gagA jamunA se lekara mahAnadI taka ke unake lekha kucha-kucha bheda choDakara azoka kI rAjabhASA me hI likhe gae hai| kintu jo pradeza dUra dUra ke hai, jahA~ kI bhASA azoka kI rAjabhApA se atyanta bhinna hai, vahA~ ke lekha usI pradeza ko bhASA se atyanta prabhAvita hote hai, tAki vahA~ ke loga azoka ke anuzAsana ko acchI taraha se samajha sake / uttarapazcima ke lekha vahA~ kI bolI ke namUne hai / giranAra kA zilAlekha

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( 22 ) saurASTra kI bolI kA - yadyapi yahA~ madhyadeza kA kAphI prabhAva mAlUma hotA hai-purogAmI hai / dakSiNa me paristhiti jarA alaga hai / dakSiNa kI bhASA Arya bhASA se bilakula bhinna hone vahA~ kI bhASA kA koI prabhAva azoka kI bhASA para jama nahI sakatA / adhikAMza ye lekha pUrva kI rAjabhASA me hI likhe gae hai, jo kucha bheda najara me AtA hai| vaha pazcima kA asara hone se mAlUma hotA hai / isase inakI bhASA kA saoNcI, bairATa aura rUpanAtha ke lekha se kucha sAmya milatA hai / azoka ke lekho me bolo bheda kA jo nidarzana hotA hai usako hama pUrvanidarzita sAhitya ke vibhAjana ke sAtha milA sakate hai / vaidika sAhitya, sAhitya kA prAkRta aura azoka ke lekha, ina tIno ko milAkara hama buddha aura mahAvIra ke samaya kI bhASA kA khayAla thoDA bahuta spaSTa kara sakege / azoka ke uttarapazcima ke lekho ke sAtha bhArata ke bAhara mile hue prAkRta sAhitya kA bhI saMbadha hai / gozRga kI guphA se phrenca yAtrotrya da haoN ko kharoSThI lipi me jo dhammapada milA vaha prAkRta dhammapada ke nAma se prasiddha hai / zAyada yaha uttarapazcima me hI likhA gayA hogA aisA mAnA jAtA hai| usakA kAla I0 kI dUsarI sadI ginA jAtA hai / uttarapazcima kI kucha vizeSatAe~ isa dhammapada me bhI pAI jAtI hai, aura ve azoka ke yahA~ ke lekhoM me bhI milatI hai / IrAnIya boliyo kI kucha viziSTatAe~ bhI iname maujUda hai jo bhaugolika dRSTi se svAbhAvika hI hai / usake bAda, sara orela sTAina ko cAinI turkastAna se mile hue kucha khatapatra bhI isake sAtha ginane cAhie | ye khatapatra I0 ke tIsare zataka me likhe gae hai / yaha sAhitya khoTanakustAna- -kI sarahada se, jagaha kA nAma hai niya-- prAcIna nAma caDota - kharoSThI lipi me likhA huA milatA hai / isako niya prAkRta ke nAma se bhI jAnate hai / yaha sAhitya rAjavyavahAra ke lie likhA gayA hai, aura usakI bhASA se mAlUma hotA hai ki usakA udbhava pezAvara ke najadIka hI huA hogA / isakI bhASA kA saMbadha, eka ora se trya dahA se aura dusarI ora se vartamAna darada bhASA se, khAsa karake toravAlI se, aura azoka ke uttarakAlIna kharoSThI lekho se hai / giranAra ke lekha kI bhASA kA sabadha sAhityika pAli se hai, usakA kAraNa yahI ho sakatA hai ki sAhityika pAla kA adhika saMbaMdha madhyadeza kI bhASA se hai, aura giranAra ke lekha kI bhASA para jo

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( 23 ) mavyadeza kI bhASA kA prabhAva hai vaha unako pAli kI ora khicatA hai| gagA jamanA se lekara mahAnadI paryanta ke pUrva ke zilAlekho kI bhASA se sabaMdha hai nATako kI mAgadhI kA / dakSiNa ke Alekha Aryetara bhASAbhApI prajA ke bIca me likhe gae hai, isalie pradhAnata ye Alekha pUrva ke Alekho kI bhApA se tAttvika dRSTi se bhinna nahIM, aura jo kucha bhinnatA mAlUma hotI hai vaha bhinnatA unako jainA kI ardhamAgadhI kI ora khica jAtI hai / kucha aza se bairATa, saoNcI aura rUpanAtha ke lekha bhI inase sAraya rakhate hai yaha bAta Age sUcita kI gaI hai| sAhityika prAkutA ora lekho ke prAkRta kA saMbaMdha hamako tatkAlIna bolI vibhAgo kA kucha khyAla avazya spaSTa karAtA hai / alabatta, yaha bhApAcitra kitanA apUrNa hai, usame kitane zaMkAsthAna hai, usakA khyAla to jaba hama yaha vividha bhApAsAmagrI kA vivaraNa karege taya hI aaygaa| prAcIna bolI vibhAgo ke abhyAsa me kucha dizAsUcana nATako ke prAkRta se bhI milatA hai / saskRta nATako me prAkRta kA prayoga karane kI praNAlikA saskRta nATakA ke jitanI hI purAnI hai / nATyazAstra ke vidhAno se pUrva hI nATako me vividha pAtro ke lie vividha prakAra ke prAkRto kA prayoga karanA aisI rUDhi hogii| kauna se pAtra kisa taraha kA prAkRta kA vyavahAra kare isa vipaya me jo nirNaya kie gae hai usakA prAcIna bolI vibhAjana se kucha sabaMdha hai ? saskRta nATaka, jisa rUpa me vaha hamAre sAmane hai usako kyA prAcIna loka jIvana kA citra ginA jA sakatA hai ? silvA levhI ne ThIka hI kahA hai ki kAvya aura AkhyAnasavAda (Fpc) ko sAhitya se takhto para le jAne kA jo prayoga vahI hai saskRta nATaka / usakA samarthana karate hue, unake zipya mula blokhane bhI ThIka hI likhA hai ki agara hama saskRta nATaka ko loka jIvana kA pratibiba mAnege to bhrAnti hogii| aura khAsa taura se saMskRta nATaka me bhASA kI jo rUDhiyoM hai unakA to pratyakSa jIvana se koI sabaMdha nahIM / pradhAnatayA tIna bhASAo kA vyavahAra saMskRta nATaka me hotA hai-saskRta, zaurasenI aura maagdhii| ziSTajana saMskRta ma vyavahAra karate hai, zikSita strIvarga aura azikSita puruSavarga zaurasenI me vyavahAra karate hai, aura jinakI majAka karanI hai, jo nIca kula ke hai, ve mAgadhI me vyavahAra karate hai| ye vibhAga kyA kisI bolI

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( 24 ) bheda ke viziSTa vyajaka ho sakate hai ? zaurasenI uccakula kI striyo aura madhyamavarga ke puruSoM kI bhASA nahI, kintu vaha sUcaka hai mathurA me vikasita naTavarga kI bolacAla ke ziSTa pratIka kii| pUrva ke loka, madhyadeza kI apekSA hamezA asaskRta aura aziSTa mAne jAte the, isalie jisa pAtra ko nIca mAnanA ho, jisakI majAka karane kI ho usake mukha me mAgadhI rakhanA eka rUDhi hI bana gaI / prAcInatama nATako me, aura khAsa karake azvaghopa ke nATako me uttarakAlIna nATako kI apekSA, anya prakAra kI praNAlI dikhAI detI hai / azvaghoSa ke nATaka kuzAnakAla kI brAhmI me likhe hue mAlUma hote hai, aura unakA samaya hai I0 kA dUsarA zataka / ina prAcIna nATako kI bhASApraNAlI, uttarakAlIna nATako se kucha bhinna hai / uttarakAlIna nATako me anupalabdha, kitu bharatavihita, nATako kI ardhamAgadhI bhI yahA~ prApta hotI hai| yahA~ zaurasenI, mAgadhI, ardhamAgadhI ke prAcIna svarUpo kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| tadanantara, bhAsa ke nATako me prAcIna prAkRto kA vyavahAra milatA hai, aura prAkRto kA vaividhya dekhane ko milatA hai zUdraka ke mRcchakaTika me, yadyapi zUdraka kA prAkRta bhAsa se ThIka ThIka arvAcIna hai| bhArata ke bAhara jo prAkRte milatI hai unase eka viziSTa dizAsUcana hotA hai| niyaprAkRta ke vyAkaraNa kA svarUpa atyata vikasita hai / jo vikAsa apabhraza kAla me bhArata me hotA hai vaha vikAsa I0 ke dUsare aura tIsare zataka ke isa niyaprAkRta me hotA hai / ina prAkRto kA dhvanisvarUpa prAcIna hI hai, sirpha vyAkaraNa kA svarUpa atyata vikasita hai| isase anumAna to yahI hotA hai ki bhArata ke sAhityika prAkRta pradhAnatayA rUDhicusta (conservative) the, vaiyAkaraNo ke vidhividhAna se hI likhe jAte the, aura saMskRta ko Adarza rakhakara kevala ziSTasvarUpa me likhe jAte the, kintu saskRta ke prabhAva se dUra jo prAkRta likhe gaye ve adhika vikAsazIla the| prAkRto ke abhyAsa me hame yaha dekhanA hogA ki usame bhI ziSTatA kA prabhAva kitanA hai, aura hama tatkAlIna bolacAla se kitane dUra vA nikaTa hai| __prAkRtA ke prAcInatama svarUpa kA khayAla pAne ke lie hamako sAhityika prAkRta, lekho ke prAkRta, nATako ke prAkRta aura bhArata bAhara ke prAkRto kA tulanAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana karanA hogA, saba me se aMzataH

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( 25 ) sahAyatA milegii| ina saba me se lekho ke prAkRta tatkAlIna bhASA svarUpa ke khayAla ko vizada karane me adhika sahAyakAraka hai, isa vAste unako kendra me rakhakara buddha aura mahAvIra ke kAla kI bhASAparisthiti kA kucha citra upasthita hogA / uttarapazcima kI bhASA kA khayAla hamako mAnaserA aura zAhabAjha gaDhI ke lekhoM se milatA hai / taduparAta bhArata bAhara ke prAkRta aura uttarakAlIna kharoSThI lekho kA sabadha bhI uttara ke sAtha hI hai / R kA vikAsa do taraha se hotA hai - ri, ru, kvacit 'ra' bhI hotA hai / isa 'ra' ke prabhAva se anugAmI datya kA mUrdhaya zAhabAjhagaDhI me hotA hai, mAnaserA me aisA nahIM hotA / zAha muga, kiTa, grahatha, vuDheSu, mAna gi, vudhe (vRddheSu ) / pradhAnatayA svarAntargata asayukta vyajana mUla rUpa me hI rahate hai / for prAkRta me kucha vizeSa parivartana hote hai / svarAntargata ka ca Ta ta pa kA ghoSabhAva hotA hai, aura ina ghoSavarNo kA gharSabhAva hotA hai / yaha ghaTanA vyaMjano ke sapUrNa nAza ke pUrva kI Avazyaka avAntara avasthA hai. / / 1 1 1 avakAza--'avagaja, pracura -- prazura, kukkuTa - kakuDa, koTi-koDi yaha viziSTatA bhArata ke kharoSThI lekho se bhI milatI hai / niya prAkRta azoka ke lekho se adhika vikasita bhUmikA hai, isase adhikAMza svarAntargata mahAprAraNA kA 'ha' hotA hai - 'ehi, lihati ( likhati ), samuha, pramuha, suha, mahu ( asmabhyam ), tumahu, lahati ( labhante ), parihaSa (paribhASA), gohomi, goma, gohUma ( godhUma ) / pradhAnatayA za Sa aura sa vyavasthita rUpa se pAye jAte hai| zAha0 mAna0, dopa, priyadazi, zata, oSaDhini, i i / - jisakA anta bhAga hai aise saMyukta vyajano me -ya kA lopa hotA haizAha0 mA0 kalara ( kalyANa - ), kaTava ( kartavya - ), zAha0 apaca, mAna0 apaye ( apatya ), zAha0 ekatie, mAna0 ekatiya ( -tya ), 1 - zabda ke Upara daNDa ' ' gharSatva sUcaka hai /

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niya prA0 ( 26 ) raja ( rAjya ), jeTha (jyeSTha- ), jaya dya aja, khaja, dhya vi-ti, bhya abomata (abhyavamata - ) vya dadavyo, vo, zya avaza, nazati, Sya karizadi, manuza, z, Sya, kA yaha vikAsa uttara me sArvatrika hai azoka me abhizati, manuza, anapezati, prAkRta dhammapada me bhI devamanuzana | rayukta vyajana yathAsvarUpa rahate hai zAha mAna praja, bramana, bhrama, dazana, apavAda zAha0 diyaDha, mAna0 DiyaTa (dvi- ardha ) / niya arjunama, artha, garbha, visarjida, arga ( - ) vyagra ( vyAghra ) / ra lopa ke jo kucha udAharaNa milate hai ve sabhavata pUrva se Agantuka zabda ho sakate hai, unake dono hI svarUpa ra yukta aura ra lupta sAtha hI milate hai, jo isa anumAna ko sAdhAra karate haiM sava (sarva), (ardha ) / sayukta vyajano me ra kA sthAnaparivartana uttarapazcima kI viziSTatA hai / azoka me aura prAkRta dhammapada me usake udAharaNa milate hai, niya prAkRta me vA uttarakAlIna kharoSThI Alekho me yaha prakriyA dRSTigocara nahI hotI / zAha0 mAna0 grabhagara, bhrama, krama, drazana, pruva, tryahaoN drugati, drumedhino, dudha, pravata, kintu niyame unake udAharaNa kama hai trubhicha ( durbhikSa ) / la yukta sayukta vyaMjano kA lopa azoka ke uttara pazcima ke lekho me hotA hai, kintu niyame prAcIna rUpa la yukta milate hai zAha0 mAna0 apa, kapa / niya jalpita, alpa, jalma ( jAlma - ), zilpigaM / dU sAmAnyatayA tva aura ke azoka ke AlekhoM me ta ( giranAra pa) aura duva ( giranAra me dva, zAhabAjhagaDhI me ba ) hote hai / vaidika uccAraNa me jahA tva aura dUva ke uccAraNa dvimAtrika ( dissyllabic) tu,

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( 27 ) a hote the vahAM svAbhAvikatayA ta aura da milate hai,aura dvi kA uccAraNa ekamAtrika monosyllabic hone se usakA bi hone kI zakyatA hai| niyaprAkRta me aura uttarakAlIna kharoSThI Alekho me bhI tva> pa>pa hotA hai niya capariza (catvAriMzat ), kharoSThI A0 sapa- (matva-), ekacaparizai ( ekacatvArizat), niyaprAkRta me dva ke ba aura dva dono milate hai-badaza, biti, dvadaza, dvi, mada, dvr| kSa aura tsa ke cha aura sa hote hai| iname cha pazcimottara kI vizeSatA hai, sa to rAba Alekho kI sAmAnya prakriyA hai| zAha0 mAna0 mocha (mokSa) cikisA (cikitsA), apavAda zAha0 khudraka, mAna0 khuda (kssudr-)| niyaprAkRta me kSa kA cha hotA hai kintu tsa vaise hI raha jAtA hai| niya prA0 kSa chetra, yogachema, bhichu, dachina, apavAda khoritaga ( sura-), bhighu (bhikSu-) tsa saMvatsara, vatsa, apavAda tsa aosuka (autsuky-)| sa yukta sayukta vyajana kacit anugAmI datya ki nati karatA hai, kacit datya baca bhI jAtA hai| dUsare Alekho ki apekSA vaha natibhAva ullekhanIya hai| zAha0 mAna0 * grahatha, asti, uThana ( usthAna,-), zAha0 : asta, vitriTena (vistRtena ), mAna0 . aDha (aSTan ), zAha ke Alekha me daMtya aura mUrdhanya kI niyatatA nahIM, jaise restamati, sneThama, astavaSa (mAna-aThavapa), isase anumAna ho sakatA hai ki vahA mUrdhanyo kA uccAraNa vartya hogaa| sma> sva> spa / sAtamI va kA smi (smin ) hotA hai| spagrama (mvargam ) / niya prAkRta me sma > mma, aura sAtamI e va. kA mmi hotA hai| tadanusAra kharoSThI Alekho me bhI / prAkRta dhammapada me tIno rUpasma, sva aura sa milate hai anusmaro, asmi, svadi, pratisvado,-sa

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/ 28 ) (saptamI e0 va0 me) asmi loke parasa ca / isase mAlUma hotA hai ki pazcimottara me saptamI vibhakti ke prayoga me kAphI vikalpa vidyamAna the| ___ vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se isa vibhAga kI eka do hakIkate khAsa ullekhanIya hai / sabadhaka bhUtakRdatakA pratyaya yahAM tvI hai / veda me isa pratyayakA kAphI prayoga milatA hai| niyaprAkRta me bhI ti milatA hai zruniti (zrutvA ), achiti (apRssttvaa)| prAkRta dhammapada me bhI upajiti, parivajeti / ullekhanIya bAta to yaha hai ki yahA sAmAnyata tva kA pa hote hue bhI bhUtakRdata me tva cAlU rahatA hai / hetvartha kA prayoga azoka me aura niyaprAkRta me-'naye' hai kSamanaye / anyatra tave milatA hai / niya me tum ke kucha rUpa milate hai kartu, agantu / ___ yaha pazcimottara vibhAga me akArAnta nAmo ke prathamA e0 va0 ke dono pratyaya - e aura - o pracalita mAlUma hote hai / pradhAnata zAha0 me -o hai, mAna0 me-e / niya prAkRta me bhI- e adhika pracalita hai| uttarakAlIna kharoSThI lekho me to dono kA prayoga hai, sindhu nadI ke pazcima ke lekho me- e, anyatra -o / prAkRtadhammapada me -zro aura -u milate hai, -u adhika arvAcInatA ke prabhAva kA sUcaka hai| niya prAkRta me paMcamI e0 va0 kA - Ata kA bhI - e pracalita hai - tade, caDodade, goThade, zavathade / hama Age dekheMge ki yaha e pratyaya mAgadhI kI viziTatA mAnA jAtA hai| dhvani kI apekSA niya prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa kA svarUpa atyaMta vikasita hai / bhArata ke anya prAkRta sAhitya para saskRta kA prabhAva gaharA hai, kintu niya prAkRta bhArata bAhara surakSita hone se zAyada isa prabhAva se mukta rahA, vahI usakA kAraNa ho sakatA hai / niya prAkRta kA kAla I kI tIsarI sadI hai, kintu usake vyAkaraNa kA svarUpa tatkAlIna bhArata ke anya prAkRta sAhitya kI tulanA me adhika vikasita hai| usake kucha udAharaNa ullekhanIya hai| nAma ke saba rUpAkhyAna akArAnta nAmo ke anusAra hote hai| -i -u LRkArAnta nAmo ko -a lagA dene se aisI paristhiti banAI gaI hai jisase apabhraMza kI yAda AtI hai| apabhraza kI taraha prathamA aura dvitIyA me pratyayabheda nahI / bhUtakAla karmaNibhUtakRdaMta se sUcita

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( 26 ) hotA hai---active bhUtakAla - isake udAharaNa to hamako navya bhAratIya Arya bhASAo se hI milege / udA--niya me 'dA' kA active bhUtakAla aisA hogA e. va dimi ditesi dita va va ditama ditetha ditanti - isakI vikAsa rekhA isa prakAra sUcita kI gaI hai dita asmi - ditemi, ditA sma - ditama, isakA AdhAra bhI milatA hai, kyoMki prapu eva me kahI - zrasmi bhI milatA hai, jo mUla rUpa ko sUcita karatA hai / jahAeN karmaNibhUta kA sUcana karanA ho vahA~ - ka kA Agama hotA hai jaise dita 'diyA', ditaga ( vA ditae ) ' diyA huA' | isa graMtha ke samaya ko lakSya me rakhate hue, bhUtakAla kA yaha prayoga atyanta mahattva kA ho jAtA hai / navya bhAratIya Arya bhASA me aise prayoga pracalita hai, aura isa vipaya me jhulU blokhane AlocanA kI hai (laoNdo AryA pR0 276 ) / prAcIna sihalI aura arvAcIna siMhalI me dunmo - (* dina sma ) 'hamane diyA, ' arvAcIna siMhalI me kapuvemi (* kalpitako smi ) 'maine kATA, ' bihArI me dekhale hU~- 'maine dekhA,' baeNgalA tR. pu. e va dekhila 'usane dekhA' i i / -- giranAra ke lekha kI bhASA pazcimottara aura pUrva se bhinna bhASA pradeza sUcita karatI hai / isa bhASA kI kucha vizeSatAe ise sAhityika pAli ke nikaTa le jAtI hai / pazcimottara kA kucha prabhAva to giranAra me mAlUma hotA hI hai, aura vaha gujarAta saurASTra kI bhASAsthiti ke 'hI hai / pAli pradhAnatayA madhyadeza me vikasita sAhityika bhASA hai, aura usakA sambandha prAcIna zaurasenI se hogA / kintu madhyadeza jo azoka ke lekha hai unakI bhASA pUrva kI hI magadha kI hai / madhyadeza meM zoka kI rAjabhASA samajhanA dusAdhya na hone se vahA~ ke lekho para sthAnika prabhAva par3ane kI koI AvazyakatA na thI / pazci mottara aura pazcima dakSiNa ke pradeza dUra hone se, vahA~ kI bhASA ne azoka ke zilAlekha kI bhASA ko unake nijI DhA~ce me DAlI, yaha bhI utanA hI svAbhAvika hai /

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(30') R kA sAmAnyata a hotA hai, oSThyavarNa ke sAnidhya me umaga (mRga - ), mata (mRta - ), daDha (dRDha - ) katatA ( kRtajJatA ), vRtta ( vRtta - ) madhyadeza me sAmAnyata RR kA i hotA hai / Sa sa kA bheda nahI rahatA, ina sabake liye sa hI milatA hai / pazcimottara ke anusAra kSa kA cha hotA hai / madhyadeza me usakA kha milatA hai| chA, chuda (kSudra ) / apavAda - ithIjhakha | sayukta sayukta vyajana me sa vaisA hI rahatA hai / asti, hasti, sasTi, sraSTi / sthA usake IrAnI rUpa me - / stA rUpa me milatA hai, kintu usakA mUrdhanyabhAva bhI hotA hai / sTA-sTitA, tisTaMto, gharasta / sAmAnyatayA madhyadeza me isakA TTha ho jAtA hai / ra aura ya yukta sayukta vyaMjano kA sAvarNya hotA hai ( assimlation ) / vya vaisA hI rahatA hai atikAta (atikrAnta), tI (tri0), paratA (tra), saba, apacaM, kalAna (kalyANa) ithI (strI- adhyakSa - ) / magavya, katavya | tva aura tma kA tpa hotA hai catpAro, cAtpa / prAcIna zaurasenI me ttA milatA hai, tadanusAra sambandhaka bhUtakRdaMta mevA > milatA hai hetvartha - chamitave ( * kSamitum ) dvAdasa me milatA hai / duve dve kA prayoga bhI milatA hai / akArAnta pu0 prathamA e0 va0 kA pratyaya sAmAnyata :- hai, saptamI e0 0 kA mhi / zoka ke zilAlekhA me madhyadeza kI bhASA ke namUne vyavasthita rUpa se nahIM milate, kintu yadi uttarakAlIna sAhitya para dRSTipAta kare to azvaghoSa ke nATako kI nAyikA aura vidUSaka kI bhASA

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( 31 ) jisako lyUDarsa yathArtha prAcIna zaurasenI kahate hai-kI tulanA azoka ke giranAra ke lekha ke sAtha ho skegii| madhyadeza kI bhASA ke kucha lakSaNa hamako giranAra me milate hai, ora giranAra ke sAtha azvaghoSa kI bhASA kA sAdhaya vaidhaye kitanA hai usakA patA laga sakatA hai| madhyadeza ke kucha lakSaNa sarvasAmAnya hai - as kA o, za, Sa, sa kA sa / azvaghoSa kI zaurasenI me jJa kA bba hotA hai, yadyapi uttarakAlIna vaiyAkaraNo ne praNa kA vidhAna kiyA hai, kintu giranAra me bhI ba milatA hai kRtavatA / ra yukta sayukta vyajano kA sAvaNya azvaghopa kI zaurasenI me bhI hotA hai / madhyadeza ko sAmAnya prakriyA R > i azvaghoSa me milatI hai, giranAra me nahI / sayukta vyajano me vya > vva hotA hai, giranAra me nahI / STa, STha kA ha hotA hai, giranAra me sTa ho raha jAtA hai / madhyadeza kI viziSTatA kSa > kha azvaghoSa kI zaurasenI me milatI hai, giranAra me sAmAnyatayA cha milatA hai| azvaghoSa ke nATako kI bhASA prAcIna hai hI, isase isako prAcIna zaurasenI kahanA ThIka ho hai / yaha prAcIna zauraseno isa avasthA me hai jahA ekAdha apavAda ko choDakara svarAtargata vyajano kA ghoSabhAva- ta kA da, jo bAda me zaurasenI kA pradhAna lakSaNa ho jAtA hai- milatA nahIM / prAya saba svarAntargata vyajana avikRta rahate hai / isa prAcIna zaurasenI ko mathurA ke lekho se-jo zaurasenI kA prabhava sthAna ho sakatA hai-tulanA karanA muzkila hai, kintu yaha abhyAsa svatatra citanakA viSaya to hai hii| ina lekho kI bhASApara se saskRta kA AvaraNa haTA kara-jo vahAM kI bolI para lAdA gayA hai- jaba usakA abhyAsa hogA, taba ina hakIkato para adhika prakAza jarUra DAlA jA skegaa| azoka ke pUrva ke lekho ke sAtha kevala pUrva ke hI nahIM kintu magadha ke pazcima me likhe gae kucha lekho ko bhI ginanA hogA / hamane Age isa bAta kI carcA kI hai ki jahA magadha kI rAjabhASA durbodha na thI, vahAM ke zilAlekha prAya pUrva kI hI zailI meM likhe ge| khAsa taura se madhyadeza me jo lekha milate hai unase yaha bAta spaSTa hotI hai / vahA ke rAjyAdhikArI azoka kI rAjabhASA se suparicita hoge isase madhyadeza kI chAyA una lekho para khAsa mAlUma nahIM hotI, aura isase madhyadeza kI bolI ke udAharaNa hamako azoka ke lekho me nahI milate /

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( 32 ) isa vajaha se kAlasI ToparA i0 ke lekha pUrva ke dhaulI jaugaDa se khAsa bhinna nahI / pUrva me jo dhvanibheda sArvatrika hai vaha kAlasI ToparA me vaikalpika hai / aisI eka do vizeSatAe~ jarUra hai pUrva me ra kA la,-zro kA-e, zabdAntargata- jaise kaleti (karoti) sArvatrika hai, kAlasI ToparA me ye vaikalpika hai| __pazcimottara ke lekhoM ko choDakara saba jagaha za pa sa kA sa hotA hai, tadanusAra isa vibhAga me bhI sa hI milatA hai| kAlasI me paristhiti anokhI hai, vahA~ za pa kA bhI prayoga milatA hai| pahale nau lekho me kAlasI me giranAra kI taraha za Sa kI jagaha sa hI milatA hai, eka do apavAda ko choDakara / usake bAda aneka sthAna para zaSa kA prayoga bhI zurU hotA hai / yaha prayoga itanA aniyatritatA se hotA hai, ki mUla saskRta ke za pa sa se bhI usakA koI sambandha nhiiN| usake kucha udAharaNamUrdhanya pa-piyadapA, yaSo, apapalApave (apaparisrava ) uSuTena, uSaTena, uzatA, heDiSe ( IdRza ) dhamaSaMvibhAge, dhaMmaSabadhe, SamyAparipati (samyak pratipatti ), puSuSA, dAzabhatakaSi, aThavaSAbhisitapA (-sya ), piyapa (-sya,) pAnaSatapahaSe (prANazatasahastre), zataSahaSa (zatasahastramAtra), anuSaye (anuzaya ), dhamAnuzathi (dharmAnuziSTi-), SamacaliyaM ( samacaryA,) i0 i0|| tAlavya za-pazavati (prasUte ), zavapAzaDAna (sarvapApaNDAnAM) zAlavaDhi ( sAravRddhi ), ziyA ( syAt ) pakalanazi (prakaraNe ) i0 i0 - za Sa ke ina aniyatrita prayogo se vidvAno ne aisA nirNaya kiyA hai ki kAlasI me sAmAnya pracAra sa kA hI mAnanA cAhiye, ye za aura * Sa lekhaka ke (lahiyA ke) lipidoSa se A gae hai| Age calakara, ina za kAra aura sa kAra kI carcA karanI hogii| pUrva ke lekho me svArtha ka kA prayoga baDhatA jAtA hai| kAlA sI ToparA ke lekho me yaha prayoga adhika hotA hai / yahA~ ke lekho kI eka aura vizeSatA ka aura ga kA tAlukaraNa hai, khAsa taura se ka kA

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( 33 ) kAlasI - nAtikya, cilathitikya, cilaThitiya, vAmikyena, kaligyeSu, alikyaSudale / ToparA - aDhakosikya (*aSTakrozikya ), avAvaDikya (AmravA ttikaa)| kvacit kvacita svarAntargata ka kA ghopabhAva hotA hai / antiyoga-Antrochus (giranAra-antiyaka), adhiginya, hida logam / ma aura ra yukta sayukta vyajano me sa aura ra kA mAvarNya hotA hai ___ aTha ( aSTan,-artha-), sava, athi (asthi-)| nikhamatu avaa-(aaamr-)| sayukta vyajano me ta aura va ke anugAmI ya kA iya hotA hai, na aura ka ke anugAmI ya kA sAvarNya hotA hai| aja (adya), majha (madhya-), udAna (udyAna-), kayAna (kalyANa-), pajohataviye (prahotavya ), kaTaviye ( kartavya ), ekatiyA (giranAra-ekacA), apaviyAtA (alpavyayatA), viyajanate (vyajanata ), diviyAni ( kaalso-divyaani),| anyatra bhI-madhuliyAye ( madhuratAyai ), sayukta vyajano me vyajana ke anugAmI va kA uva hotA hai, kintu zabdAntargata tva kA tta hotA hai suvAmikena ( svAmikena ), kuvApi (kkApi), pAtulanA (AtvaraNA) cattAli (ctvaari)| ___sma, Sma kA pha hotA hai, kintu saptamI e0 va0 kA pratyaya smi si hI hai tuphe, aphAka, yetaphA (etasmAt ) kSa kA sAmAnyata kha hotA hai, kucha apavAda bhI hai mokha, khuda ! chaNati (kssnnti)| akArAnta pu0 nAma ke pra0 e0 va0 ke, -as kA -e sArvatrika hai| vartamAna kRdanta ke-mIna, dhaulI jIgaDa me milate hai pAyamIna, vipatipAdyamIna /

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( 34 ) pUrva kI bhASA ke ye lakSaNa hamAre lie mAgadhI ardhamAgadhI ke prAcInatama udAharaNa hai| mAgadhI ardhamAgadhI ke lakSaNo kI carcAeM kAphI ho cukI hai| mAgadhI kA dUsarA prAcInatama udAharaNa jogImArA-rAmagaDha kA hai / yaha udAharaNa hai choTAsA, phintu karIbakarIba azoka kA samakAlIna hai, aura lyuDarsa ne isakI bhASA kI ThIka AlocanA kI hai| zutanuka nAma devadazikyi ta kamayitha valanazeye devadine nama lupdkhe| isa choTe se lekha kI bhASA kI sabhI vizeSatAo kI tulanA azoka kI pUrva kI bhASA ke sAtha ho sakatI hai| ka kA tAlubhAva devadazikyi, akArAta pu0 pra000 va0 kA - pratyaya, ra kA la lupadakhe, balanazeye / isake atirikta sa aura za kA za honA, jo mAgadhI kI viziSTatA hai ki tu azoka ke pUrva ke lekho me bhI anupalabdha hai vaha hame yahA~ milatI hai / azoka ke lekho me pUrva kA za nahIM milatA, madhyadeza kA sa kAra hI milatA hai| mAgadhI kA za kAra hai to purAnA isame zaka nahIM / DaoN ceTarjI kA sUcana hai ki za kAra prAgya ginA jAtA hogA, isase isako azoka kI rAjabhASA me praveza na milA, aura sa kAra ziSTatA kI vajaha se prayukta hotA hai| zakAra ko grAmyatA ke dUsare AdhAra bhI milate hai| nATako ke prAkRto me nIca pAtra mAgadhI kA vyavahAra karate hai, aura yahA~ sa za kA za honA unakI mAgadhI kI khAsa viziSTatA hai| azvaghoSa ke nATako maM- jo nATako ke prAkRta ke prAcInatama udAharaNa hai- lyUDarsa ke matAnusAra, prAcIna mAgadhI kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| unake eka nATaka kA khalapAtra 'duSTa', mAgadhI kA prayoga karatA hai| isa pAtra kI bhASA kI azoka kI pUrva kI bhApA ke sAtha aura jogImArA kI mAgadhI ke sAtha tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| azvaghopa kA prAkRta, azoka ke prAkRta se tIna cAra zataka arvAcIna hote hue sI, sAhityika zailI meM likhe jAne se, hamAre purANapriya deza meM kucha purAnApana nibhAtA hai, yaha svAbhAvika hI hai| 'duSTa' kI bhApA ke ye lakSaNa-ra kA la, sa za kA za, akArAnta pu0pra0 e0va0 kA -e

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( 35 ) mAgadhI ke lakSaNa hI hai| inake atirikta kaI lakSaNa aise bhI hai jo uttarakAlIna vaiyAkaraNo kI mAgadhI se milate nahI, kintu ve prAcIna mAgadhI ke sUcaka hai-svarAntargata asayukta vyajana avikRta rahate hai, na kA mUrdhanyabhAva nahIM hotA, sarvanAma ke rUpAkhyAno me vyakti vAcaka ke pra pu e va. me ahakam- jo hage kA purogAmI hai- kA prayoga hotA hai| ina AdhAro para lyUDarsa khalapAtra kI isa bhASA ko prAcIna mAgadhI kahate hai, aura nATako kI mAgadhI kA yaha purogAmI svarUpa hai aisA abhiprAya pradarzita karate hai| agara ise prAcIna mAgadhI kahA jAya aura yaha kahane meM koI khAsa dikkata nahI to ardhamAgadhI kA svarUpa kyA hogA? ardhamAgadhI zabda kA artha kyA ? Agama sAhitya me bArabAra aisA kahA gayA hai ki bhagavAna ardhamAgadhI bhASA me upadeza karate hai| azvaghoSa ke nATako kI bhApA kI sahAyatA isa bAre me mila sakatI hai| unake nATakoM kA eka pAtra gobaM. lyUDarsa ke mata ke anusAra, ardhamAgadhI kA vyavahAra karatA hai| usakI bhASA ke lakSaNa ye hai / as>-e, ra>la, aura za, sa>sa / prathama do lakSaNa usako mAgadhI ke sAtha milAte hai, kintu tIsarA usako mAgadhI se alaga karatA hai| isake atirikta akArAnta nAnyatara nAmo ke dvi va. va ke pupphA, vAkyasadhi me pupphA yeva, hetvartha kRdaMta bhu jitaye, vartamAna kRDhata gacchamAne, svArthika-ka kI bahulatA ye saba lakSaNa ullekhanIya hai / pugphA aura muMjitaye kA sAmya ardhamAgadhI se hI hai, aura za, sasa honA ardhamAgadhI kA hI lakSaNa hai| ina AdhAro se lyUDarsa isa pAtra kI bhASA ko prAcIna ardhamAgadhI kahate hai| bharata ke nATyazAstra ke prakhyAta vidhAna ke anusAra, nATako me ardhamAgadhI kA prayoga svAbhAvika hI hai| uttarakAlIna nATako me yaha prayoga nahIM milatA, kintu azvaghoSa ke pAtra kI bhASA ko prAdhIna ardhamAgadhI kahane meM koI Apatti nhii| vastuta , agara bhApA kI dRSTi se dekhA jAya to, isa samaya kI, pUrva kI bhASA ke bolIbheda kitane ? aura kisa taraha ke ? azoka kI pUrva kI bhASA ke lakSaNa-as>-e, ra>la, za, sa>sa, aura kaMThayo kA tAlukaraNa / azvaghopa kI prAcIna mAgadhI ke lakSaNa-as >-e. rala, za, saza / eka ora hama azvaghoSa kI mAgadhI aura

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( 36 ) jogImArA lekha rakha sakate hai, aura dUsarI ora azoka kI pUrva kI bhApA aura azvaghopa kI ardhamAgadhI ko rakha sakate hai / ina do boliyo kA eka mAtra bhedaka lakSaNa za aura sa kA uccAraNa hai / itane kama AdhAra para volIbhada niyata nahIM kie jAte / eka hI bolIvistAra me voliyo kI bhedarekhA khicate samaya hamAre sAmane, kucha adhika pramANa me aura spaSTa rUpa me dhvanibheda kI rekhAe~ honI caahie| buddha aura mahAvIra prAya eka hI kAla me aura eka hI sthala me dharmopadeza karate the, isase dono kI vyavahAra bhASA bhI eka hI hogii| usa pradeza kI mAnya bhApA, jo ki sarvatra samajhI jAtI hogI, unakI vyavahAra bhASA hogI / atyata grAmya prayoga unakI bhApA meM Ane kA sabhava kama hai, aura phira bhI jina AcAryoM ne unake upadezo kA saMgraha kiyA unhone bhI aise grAmya prayogoM ko unake sAhitya me rakkhA nahIM hogaa| isase aisA bhI ho sakatA hai ki za aura sa do bolIvibhAgo kI bhedarekhA na ho kintu ziSTatA aura grAmINatA kA sUcaka ho / usa pradeza kA svAbhAvika uccAraNa za ho, kintu ziSTa uccAraNa sa ho, aura aisI paristhiti asAdhAraNa nahI / vartamAna bhApApradezo me bhI aise aneka udAharaNa milege / buddha aura mahAvIra ucca kula ke rAjakumAra the, unakI rahana-sahana, zikSA i ke prabhAva se ziSTa prayoga hI unake mukha se hue ho yaha svAbhAvika hai| taba, isa samaya me-IsA ke pahale prathama pAMca zatako me-pUrva kI bhASA ke bolIbheda niyata karane ke mAgadhI ardhamAgadhI ke bheda niyata karane ke koI AdhAra hamAre pAsa nahIM / jisa bhASA me mahAvIra ne upadeza kiyA hogA, vaha bhASA, uparikathita pUrva kI bhASA ke lakSaNo se yukta bhASA hogI, itanA hI anumAna ho sakatA hai| ___ hamane Age carcA kI hai ki buddha aura mahAvIra ke upadeza unakI hI bhASA me milanA Aja sabhava nahI, bauddho kI pAli vA mAgadhI, jaino kI ardhamAgadhI, mUla upadeza kI savardhita-vivardhita AvRttiyA ho ho sakatI hai, kahI alpa parivartana, kahI adhika parivartana / jaina Agamo kI bhApA, jinako sAmAnyatayA ardhamAgadhI kahA jAtA hai, vaha uparikathita pUrva kI bhApA se do taraha se bhinna hai| sthala dRSTi

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( 37 ) se aura kAla dRSTi se / Agamo ko prAkRta vikasita prAkRta hai| usakA sthAna, prAcIna kI apekSA madhyakAlIna prAkRtA ke sAtha hai| prAkRta bhApAo ke vikAsa ko bhASAitihAsa kI dRSTi se tIna vA cAra khaDa ge vibhAjita karate hai| prAcInatama prAkRta ke udAharaNa azoka ke lekho me aura pAli sAhitya ke kucha prAcIna azo me milate hai| isa kAla kI vizepatAe sakSepa me ye hai-Raura lU kA prayoga khatma hotA hai| ye au, aya ava kA e, o, atya vyajana aura visarga kA lopa, isa atima prakriyA se saba zabda svarAnta hote hai, aura kucha avikRta rahate hai / sayukta vyajano me se kucha ne sAvarNya hotA hai, aura kucha avikRta rahate hai vizepata ra yukta, aura kahI kahI la yukta / svarAntargata vyajano kA ghopabhAva -jaise ka kA ga- apavAdAtmaka rUpa se hotA hai, ki tu virala hai, yaha apavAda bhASA kI bhaviSya kI gati kA sUcaka hotA hai / yaha prAkRto kI prathama bhuumikaa| dUsarI bhUmikA ke prAkRto me niya prAkRta, azvaghopa ke nATako ke prAkRta, prAkRta dhammapada aura kharoSThI lekhA kI prAkRte AtI hai| isa bhUmikA me svarAntargata asaMyukta vyajano kA ghopabhAva aura tadanantara gharpabhAva hotA hai / gharSabhAva kI prakriyA niyaprAkRta me spaSTatA milatI hai / yaha avasthA zabdAntargata asayukta vyajanoM ke saMpUrNa lAsa kI pUrvAvasthA hai| prAcIna ardhamAgadhI- Agamo kI bhApA se jo kucha prAcIna hisse milate hai jaise ki AcArAga aura sUtrakRtAga ke kucha aza, isa bhUnikA kI antimAvasthA me A sakate hai| isa samaya me ghopasAva kI prakriyA sarvasAmAnya hai, ki tu svarAntargata vyajano kA sarvathA lopa nahIM hotA, svarAntargata mahAprANo kA ha bhI sarvathA nahIM hotaa| ___tIsarI bhUmikA me Ate hai sAhityika prAkRta, nATako ke prAkRta, aura vaiyAkaraNo ke prAkRta / ina prAkRto me anyAnya voliyo ke kucha avazepa raha jAte hai, ki tu inakA svarUpa kevala sAhityika hI hai| usa bhUmikA me svarAntargata vyajano kA sarvathA hrAsa hotA hai, aura mahAprANoM kA sarvathA ha hotA hai / mUrdhanyo kA vyavahAra vaDha jAtA hai| cauthI bhUmikA ke prAkRta - antima prAkRta - ko hama apabhraza kahate

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( 38 ) hai / yaha sAhityika svarUpa hamArI navya bhAratIya Arya bhASAo kA purogAmI sAhitya hai| yaha kevala sAhityaka svarUpa hai, bolI bheda atyata nyUna pramANa me dRSTigocara hote hai| adhikAza, pUrva se pazcima taka eka hI zailI me likhA gayA yaha kevala kAvya sAhitya hai| prAcIna Agama sAhitya ko hama dUsarI aura tIsarI bhUmikA ke sakramaNa kAla me aura zepa Agama sAhitya ko tIsarI bhUmikA me rakha sakate hai / sthala kI dRSTi se, ardhamAgadhI pUrva kI bhApA hote hue bhI kAlakrama se pazcima-madhyadeza ke prabhAva se aMkita hone lgii| isa vAste pUrva ke za kI jagaha ardhamAgadhI me sa kA prayoga zurU hotA hai, pUrva ke as>-e kI jagaha pazcima kA -o bhI Agamo me vyavahRta hotA hai, yadyapi prAcIna -e bhI Agamo meM kaI jagaha surakSita hai hii| pUrva ke la kI jagaha pazcima kA ra bhI dhIre-dhIre vyavahRta hotA jAtA hai| ina sabase yahI sUcita hotA hai ki Agamo kI pUrva kI bhApA kA pazcimI sarakaraNa Agamo kI bhApA kA mahattva kA prakAra hai / jainadharbha pUrva me paidA hokara pazcima aura dakSiNa me phailo, aura vahA hI usake sAhitya ke prathama saskaraNa hue| isakA dUsarA kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki magadha-pATaliputra ke hrAsa ke bAda sAhitya aura saskRti ke kendra bhI pazcima meM jA rahe the|

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prAkRta kA uttarakAlIna vikAsa buddha aura mahAvIra ke kAla me pratiSThita hone ke bAda prAkRto kA vikAsa samagra Arya bhAratIya bhApApradeza me hotA hai / azvaghoSa ke samaya me to ye prAkRte sAhityika svarUpa prApta kara lete hai / anyAya nATako me taraha taraha ke pAtro ke lie bhinna bhinna prakAra ke prAkRto kA vyavahAra hotA hai isase yaha sUcana hotA hai ki prAkRta sthira sAhityika svarUpa me bar3ha rahe the / aba, prAkRto kA vikAsa jArI rahatA hai, kintu sthalakAla ko dRSTi se inakA itihAsa milanA muzkila ho jAtA hai / sAhityika svarUpa phailate cale, aura eka taraha kA ziSTa prAkRta pedA huA jisane anya prAkRto kI viziSTatAe apanA lI-jaise, aneka boliyome se java eka bolI ziSTa svarUpa pAtI hai taba vaha anya boliyo kI aneka viziSTatAe apanA kara Age baDhatI hai / isase hamArI samakSa eka hI prAkRta vividha rUpase pragaTa hotA hai / prathama zaurasenI prAkRta ke rUpa me, pazcAt mahArASTrI ke rUpa me| ye prAkRta, unake nAma ke anusAra kisI viziSTa pradeza kI bhApAe nahIM, ki tu prAkRto ko do aitihAsika bhUmikA mAtra hai / zorasenI me svarAntargata asayukta vyajano kA ghopabhAva hotA hai, aura vaha ghoSa vyajana hokara mahArASTrI me sapUrNatayA naSTa hotA hai ta kA da hokara a- gharSabhAva kI isa bhUmikA ke udAharaNa hamako bhAratIya bhASAo se milate nahIM, kintu, dhvanidRSTi se vyajana lopa ke pUrva yaha Avazyaka bhUmikA hai| aura niyaprAkRta me hamako gharSavyajana milate hai, jisase yaha prakriyA sAdhAraNa banatI hai| gharpabhAva kI yaha bhUmikA IsA kI prathama zatAbdI ke kAla me AryabhApAoM me vyApaka honI cAhie, isakA anugAmI vikAsa- vyajanokA sarvathA lopa- bhAratIya bhASAo me sArvatrika hI hai| isa kAla me, bhAratIya lipi me gharSabhAva vyakta karane kI koI sajJA na hone se lekhako ke sAmane kaThinAI paidA huI hogii| kharoSThI lipi me likhe gae prAkRta sAhitya me lahiyAo ne gharSabhAva vyakta karane kA yaha prazna vyajana ko ra vA ya joDa kara hala kiyA hai| brAhmI lipi me aisI koI vyavasthA na hone se gharSabhAva vyakta karane ke lie ghopa vyajana likhanA yA aghoSa.

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(80) yA likhanA aise prazna bArabAra lahiyAo ke sAmane Ate hoge / ke lie, ke lie ta, ke ke lie ga, ga ke lie ka, vA saba ke lie ya, a, aise bhrama jaba niyaprAkRta meM hamako milate hai, taba usake uttarakAlIna prAkRtasAhitya meM jahA yaha dhvani vikAsa sArvatrika ho rahA thA vahA yaha prazna adhika saMkula ho gayA hogA / zaurasenI me yaha pravRtti zurU hokara mahArASTrI me pUrNa hotI hai / kharAntargata sayukta vyajana kA sarvathA lopa hotA hai / yaha hote hI aneka zabda, jo prAcIna bhASA me vividha the, ve samAna vvanivAle bana jAte hai maya-mada-, mata-, mRga, mRta-, koI bhI bhASA itanA arthabhAra sahana nahI kara makatI / isakA pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki usa bhASA ke zabdakoSa meM khUna parivartana hotA hai, aura alaga alaga artha pradarzita karane ke lie naye naye zabda paDausI bhApAyo se bhI lie jAte hai / eka hI gAtha zabdo kA hrAsa aura vRddhi hotI clii| ina uddatta svaroM ke sthAna para gama sAhitya meM kabhI kabhI kAra yAtA hai / yaha ta kAra adhikAza do svaro ko nikaTa na Ane ke lie likhA jAtA hai / kabhI kabhI bhASA 'vyajanoM kA aisA Agama hotA hai jaise phrainca me bhI aisI paristhiti meta kAra prayukta hotA hai / vyajano kI gharSabhUmikA ke kArA meM lipikI truTi se ghopopa kI aura vyajanaloya kI gaDabaDhI ko lakSya se rakhakara, gamo kI isa ta zrutikA mUlyAkana karanA caahie| adhikAMza yaha ta kAra lipi kI eka praNAlikA kA sUcaka hai bolacAla kA nahI, yaha khyAla karanA cAhie / zaurasenI, vA unakA prakRSTa svarUpa vikasita svarUpa-gahArASTrI, hamArI samakSa kisI pradeza vA samaya kI vyavahAra bhASA kI haisiyata se yAtI nahI, hama usako sirpha sAhityika svarUpa me hI pAte hai / isa dRSTi se prAkRtoM kA vikAsa, saMskRta kI taraha hI hotA hai / uttarakAlIna prAkRto me hamAre pAsa sirpha eka hI taraha kI prAkRta bhASA kA pradhAnatayA sAhitya vidyamAna hai / agara vyavahAra kA prAkRta hamAre lie bacA hotA, to isa vizAla bhArata deza me aneka prakAra ke prAkRta pAe jAte / jaise vartamAna kAla me pUrva pazcima vA madhyadeza aura uttara meM aneka prakAra kI Arya bhAratIya bhApAe vidyamAna hai vaise hI aneka taraha ke bhinna bhinna prAkRta vyavahAra me hoge / vaiyAkaraNo ne bhI pradhAnatayA eka hI prAkRta kI AlocanA kI hai, bolIbheda ke bahuta kama nirdeza iname

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( 41 ) milate haiN| adhikAMza to dhvani aura vyAkaraNa ke bheda kI apekSA vaiyAkaraNoM ne anya prAkRtoM ke nAma lekara bhinna bhinna prakAra ke kucha zabda prayogoM kI ora lakSya khiMcA hai / sAhityakAroM ne bhI jo bhinna bhinna nAma diye haiM jaise prAcyA, avantijA i. vahAM bhI bolIbheda kI bajAya sirpha zabdabheda (changes of vocabulary ) ke ullekha kie haiN| samagra bhArata meM sAhityika svarUpa meM to eka hI taraha prAkRtakA vyavahAra hotA rahA hai| pahale jo saMskRta kI dazA thI vaha Age cala kara prAkRta kI dazA hotI hai, aura usase Age apabhraMza kI bhI vahI dazA hai / bhAratIya bhASAitihAsa kI yaha eka viziSTatA hai-- prAcIna kAla kI koI bhI bhASA saMskRta, prAkala vA apabhraMza tatkAlIna vyavahAra bhASA se sIdhe sambandha na rakhakara ziSTa DhaMga se vikasita hotI rhii| ziSTa praNAlikA anusAra unameM kucha na kucha vikAsa hotA rahA, bolacAla kI bhASA ke prativimva unameM par3ate rahe, kintu bAmaprajA kA jIvana aura ziSToM kA sAhitya donoM kI bIca eka spaSTa vyavadhAna rahatA AyA hai / sApAabhyAsiyoM ke lie ina ziSTa svarUpoM kA mahattva bharyAdita hai| vartamAna vyavahArabhASAoM kI sahAyatA se hI vaha prAcIna kAla kI boliyoM kA anumAna kara sakatA hai, aura isa anumAna ke lie upalabdha prAcIna ziSTabhASAoM se jo sahAyatA milI hai vaha kevala pUraka ho sakatI hai| ina ziSTabhASAoM meM vyavahArabhASA ke pratibimba avazya Ate rahe haiM, aura unako alaga karake vaha bhASA itihAsa ko susambaddha kara sakatA hai| Rgveda meM svarAntargata-Da-aura-Dha-kA uccAraNa - aura Laha- hotA hai aisA vidhAna hamako milatA hai| yaha uccAraNa Rgveda ke bAda sAhitya meM milatA nhiiN| yaha khAsIyata tatkAlIna udicya kI bolI kI hai, isase hI hamako dvAdaza ke lie * duvADasa > duvAlasa aura usake bAda bhAratIya bhASAoM ke 'bAraha', 'bAra' i0 milate haiN| udicya kA yaha 'prAsya' ucAraNa Rgveda ko chor3a kara kahIM bhI milatA nhiiN| usakA kAraNa hai, ziSTatA kA Agraha ! aisA dUsarA udAharaNa hamako milatA hai svArthika -ka kaa| vartamAna bhAratIya bhASAoM ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se yaha ki pratyaya mahattva kA hai| vartamAna bolacAla kI bhASA ke adhikAMza zabda isa ka dvArA vikasita saMskRta zabdoM se paidA hue haiN| prAcIna saMskRta meM bhI-i-u vA-a yukta -ka prayukta hotA thA, avestA se bhI kucha udAharaNa milate haiN| saM.

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( 42 ) zuSka, a0 huSka, saM-asmAkam, ave0 amhAkam / pahale yaha ka zAyada laghutA sUcaka hogA, kintu kaI jagaha usakA prayoga isake sivA bhI hotA hai -jaise sana, sanaka, vIra, vIraka i0 / vyavahAra me dIgha svara yukta -ka -Ika, -Uka, Aka, ke prayoga bhI kAphI hoge / veda me hamako pAvaka zabda milatA hai, jisakA uccAraNa pavAka honA cAhie, usakA AdhAra hai vaidika chanda vyavasthA, mUla pavA- hone se hI usakA strIliga milatA hai pAvakA / agara mUla meM pAvaka uccAra hotA to vyAkaraNa ke anusAra usakA strIliga pAvikA honA cAhie / vyavahAra ke ye dIrghasvarayukta -ka yukta uccAraNa ziSTabhApA me jIte nahI, kintu kabhI-kabhI unake pratibimba milate hI hai, jaise-choTe jIva-jatu ke nAma, jo prAya bolacAla kI bhASA kI ziSTatA ko dena hogI, maNDUka, ulUka, pRdAku, valmIka I0 / yahA~ dIrgharavarayukta -ka kA prayoga vyavahAra kI dena hai / balmoka kA -la pUrva kI bolI kA sUcaka hai, rayukta zabda bhI milatA hai vana, vamraka / ( dekho, vAkaranAgela, AltIdiza grAmAtika II. I. 45, blokha 'laoNdo AryA' pR0 111, baTakRSNa ghopa 'ligvisTika indroDakzana Tu saskRta' prakaraNa tiisraa)| __prAkRto kA vikAsa saskRta ke anusAra hotA hai| saca to yaha hai ki saskRta se bhI adhika kRtrimatA se yaha sAhitya baDhA hai| saskRta jaisI viSayo kI vipulatA prAkRta me nahIM, prAya prAkRta amuka dharma ke anuyAyiyo ko hI bhApA banI rahI, aura eka hI taraha kI zailI aura rUDhi kA prayoga hone se usakA zabdakoSa itanA vipula nahIM / prAkRto ke Arambha kAla ke bAda bhI bhAratIya itihAsa me saskRta kA udaya kAla Ane se par3he-likhe sabhI ziSTajana phira se saskRta meM hI racanAye karane lage, aura prAkRto kA vikAsa kuNThita hI raha gyaa| isa dRSTi se 'prakRti saMskRtam' kA eka hI artha ho sakatA hai-prAkRta kA Adarza ( model ) hai saskRta / usa Adarza ke anusAra prAkRta kA vikAsa hotA hai / jaise mUla me ziSTatA kA Adara hai vaise unakI pratikRti me bhii| bhASAabhyAsI ke lie ina prAkRto kI mahattA isa lie hai ki yaha sAhitya vaidika kAlakI AryabhASA aura vartamAna kAla kI bola-cAla kI Arya bhASA kI eka Avazyaka avAntara avasthA hai / yadyapi vyAvahArika bolI me upalabdha sthala kAla ke bheda usame milane muzkila hai, tathApi usakI yaha mahattA to hai hii| sthalakAla ke bheda to hamako varta

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mAna bhApAyI ko choDa kara samagra bhAratIya bhASAo ma kahA~ milate hai? bhAratIya bhApAo ke abhyAsa kI samagra dRSTi se AlocanA karate hue jhula blokha unake gratha 'laoNdo AryA du veda po tA morna' pR0 371-72 me kahate hai____"yorapIya bhApAtro kI tulanA me suvikasita bhAratIya Arya bhASAo kA zabda kopa vipula hai| kintu yorapIya bhASAo ke zabdo me jaisI artha kI sUkSmatA aura mAnasika sandarbha ( subtlety and psychclogical associations ) hai, vaise uname nahI / romAsa bhASAgaNa aura bhAratIya Arya bhAgAgaNa ke vikAsa meM asAdhAraNa sAmya hote hue bhI yaha spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke vikAsa me ziSTo kA lekhana Arya janatA meM praveza pA na sakA, aura Ama janatA me se unameM naye naye pravAha A na sake, gati na milii| isa taraha sAhitya aura saskRti ke bIca vyavadhAna bar3hatA claa| paThana pAThana kI praNAlikA to prAcIna kAla se calI AI hai, kintu usa prAlikA meM bhASA kI samRddhi aura sUkSmatA kA gaharAI se adhyayana jesA yorapa meM hotA thA vaisA yahA~ hotA nhiiN| isa taraha kA adhyayana kevala Adhunika hI hai / hamezA eka hI bhASA kA adhyayana, hotA rahA, vaha bhApA thI saMskRta / yaha bhApA vidvAno me maryAdita thI aura usakA prayoga jJAna kA avataraNa aura ucca prakAra ke citana ke lie hI sImita thA / bolacAla kI bhASAo ke namUne hamAre pAsa kitane kama hai / marAThI ke kucha bhakti ke graMtha aura zilAlekha, thor3e se rAjapUta kAvya, baMgAla se upalabdha kahAvato ke do sagraha, ye saba yA to bhATI ke kavitta hai yA dhArmika yA vyAvahArika kAvya hai| adhikAza, yaha sAhitya brAhmaNo ke baDApana kA virodhI hai, aura grAma prajA ke lie likhA gayA hai| usakI preraNA to brAhmaNa sAhitya se AtI hai, aura usakA Adarza usa paMDitAU sAhitya ko haTAne kA nahIM, sirpha lokabhogya racanA karane kA hI hai| ___ mahArASTrI kAvyo aura saskRta nATako ke prAkRta Arya prajA kI bhApA se kisI taraha se sabaddha nahIM aura saskRti kA jo citraNa uname hai vaha bhI maryAdita ucca varga kI prajA kA hai, jinakA Adarza to saMmkata hI thA / paizAcI me likhI gaI mazahUra bRhata thA ke jo kucha

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aza upalabdha hai unase mAlUma hotA hai ki ye bhI Ama jIvana se kAphI ina saba hakIkato se prazna uThatA hai hamAre pAsa bolacAla kI bhASA ke prAcIna namUne kitane hai ? agara kahA jAya ki azoka ke zilAlekha aura jaino tathA bauddho ke dhArmika grathoM ko namUne ke tora para gina sakate hai to unameM bhI azoka ke zilAlasya niyata vAkya ra panA (rigid syntax ) ke hI hai, aura isa saba mAhitya kA Adarza to saskRta hI rahA hai aura usI ziSTa rAskRti kI haga una para Tigocara hotI hai|" 'bhApA vijJAna kA eka siddhAta hai -mApA zUnya meM vikasatI nhiiN| kamo bhI bhASA aya mApAe aura samAja se sasaga ge hI bar3hatI hai| 'zuddha' bhASA jaisA kucha nahIM, jaise "zuddha prajA jaisA kucha nahIM / prathaga vyAkhyAna meM hI maine batAyA hai ki jisako hama Arya bhApA, Arya bhASA gaNa, iNDo yuropiyana, Arya IrAnI, Arya bhAratIya ityAdi abhidhAna lagAte hai ve sirpha sahuliyata ke lie hai| sirpha lavala hai| naye nAma pracalita na hone se hama ye purAne nAma istemAla karate hai| abhI to Indo-Iranian, Indo Aryan kI jagaha sirpha Irandi, Indian aise abhidhAna istamAla karane kA maukA A gayA hai / hama aba jAnate hai ki isa bhASA kA vyavahAra karane vAle sirpha 'Arya' kabhI ye nhiiN| amuka bhApA kA vyavahAra karane vAlA eka pagalamUha thA, aura isa janasamUha kI bhApA ko hama Arya bhASA kahate hai / yaha zRlanA na cAhiye ki usa janasamUha me hamezA aneka taraha kI jAtiyoM kI vastI hogii| AryoM ke Agamana ke pUrva bhArata me anaka taraha kI Aryetara gagAe~ vidyamAna thii| unake Agamana kAla meM pazcima me aura dakSiNa ma aura hirodotama ke AdhAra para-yoka -diDi, saskRta, damyu phArasI-biha 'vasAhatI pradeza"-dara uttara meM bhI drAviDo kI vastI thI, madhya meM munDA aura pUrva me sInotiveTana bhApAe vidyamAna thii| ina sana para, kramaza AryoM kA prabhutva bar3hatA gyaa| isa pravRtti kA svAbhAvika pariNAma yahI ho sakatA hai ki ina talabhApAyoM ke( ubstratum lamruages) aneka tattva Arya bhASA gaNa meM sammilita ho gaye hoNge| prAcIna saMskRta me bhI ina Aryetara tattvo kI khoja ThIka ThIka Age bar3hI hai / silavA levhi, mA prijhulaskI aurala jhu blokha ke nibaMdha sagraha

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prI Aryana PNDa prI draviDIana, Do ceTarjI, Do baro i0 vidvAnA ke nitha, isa vipatra kA dizAsUcana karate hai| isa kSetra meM abhI bahuta sI yAte vicAraNIya hai / ina talabhApAtro kA prAcIna sAhitya vidyamAna nahIM, hamArA una bhApAnI kA jJAna bhI maryAdita hai, aura vartamAna Ayatara bhApAo para saskRta kA pracaDa prabhAva, ye saba bAte isa vipara ko adhika sakula karatI hai, aura hamako una talabhApAtro kA anumAna tulanAtmaka aura aitihAsika paddhati se karanA paDatA hai / oksapharDa ke adhyApaka Do0 baro aura amerikA ke prophesara imeno draviDa bhApAtro kA tulanAtmaka koSa taiyAra karate hai, aura AzA hai ki yaha kopa, hamAre lie Do0 Tanara ke nepAlI kopa kA pUraka hogaa| isa prakAra ke anusaMdhAna ke bAda hI talabhApAo kA Arya bhApA para ke prabhAva kA kucha anumAna ho skegaa| isa sthAna para bhApAvijJAna ke eka mahattva ke prazna kI kucha AlocanA Avazyaka hai-talabhApA parabhASA ko kisa taraha se prabhAvita karatI hai ? bhApA vijJAna me isa prazna kI bAra bAra AlocanA hotI hai| aura sava jagaha spaSTa cetAvanI dI jAtI hai-khAsa AdhAra na ho vahA talabhApA ke prabhAva ko over-estimate nahI karanA caahie| __ bhASA atyata gatizIla tattva hai| bhASA kA dhvanisvarUpa hamezA sUkSma rIti se palaTatA rahatA hai| jaba dhvanisvarUpa badalatA hai taba usa para sthita vyAkaraNa svarUpa bhI badala jAtA hai| hareka bhASA ka usakI anokhI dhvaniracanA hotI hai, aura usa bhASAsamAja kA hareka vyakti una vvaniyoM kA svAbhAvika rIti se vyavahAra kara sakatA hai| parabhApA ke dhvani kA uccAraNa, kisI bhI khAsa tAlIma vA vAtAvaraNa kA prabhAva na milane para, yathAsvarUpa rahatA nhiiN| isase jaba kisI bhApA para parabhASA kA prabhAva zurU hotA hai, aura parabhASA ke zabdo kA Agamana hotA hai, taba una talabhASA me Ate hue parabhASI zabdo kI dhvaniyAM palaTa jAtI hai| sAmAnyata Agantuka paradesI zabdo kI dhvaniyAM tala bhASA ke zabdo kI dhvaniyA se milatI julatI bana jAtI hai| jaise agrejI zabda roDa-road ( roud ) goal (gonl ) ke svara maMdhyakSara svarUpa-ou-hai, gujarAtI me aise svarayugma zabda ke

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( 46 ) Adi vA madhya me pAye jAte nahIM, isase aise aMgrejI svarayugmavAle zabda jaba gujarAtI me Ate hai, taba ve unake dhvanimvarUpa chor3akara gujarAtI me 'zro' svara se prayukta hote hai-roDa, gola / agrejI kA 'ra' varNa gharSa vvani hai, aura zabda me jaba svara ke bAda AtA hai taba usakA uccAraNa hotA hI nahI, jaba yaha 'ra' varNa vAle aMgrejI zabda gujarAtI meM Ate hai, taba vaha gujarAtI ke 'ra' caNe- jo tapped dhvani hai -kI taraha bolA jAtA hai / isa taraha naye Agantuka zabda apanI nijI dhvaniyA choDa dete hai aura unake sthAna para dezI bhASA kI unakI nikaTatama dhvaniyoM ko apanA lete hai| ___ hamAre zabda jaba agrejI me jAte hai, taba unakI dhvaniyA agrejI ke dhvanitatra ke anusAra badala jAtI hai| samagra prajA kabhI apanA umAraNatatra badalatI nahIM, Agatuka zabdoM ko hI unakA uccAraNatatra palaTanA paDatA hai / Agantuka zabda dUsarI bhASA kI uccAraNavyavasthA ko badalate nahIM, Apa hI badala jAte hai| __ prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA jaba aneka Aryetara prajAo ke sasarga me Ane lagI taba usake zabda bhaDAra para vipula asara hone lgaa| Arya paradesI the / isa pradeza kI vanaspati aura pazusRSTi, bhaugolika paristhiti, janasamUha ke rojabaroja ke rItarasama aura dhArmikamAnyatAe , ina sabake lie zabda to unako yahAM ke nivAsiyo se hI lene pdd'e| sirpha zabdabhaMDAra hI nahIM, kintu aneka taraha kA sAmAjika aura sAMskRtika prabhAva Aryo para paDA hogaa| isa prabhAva se Arya prajA ke jIvana aura bhASA me palaTA bhI AyA / __ isa Aryetara prabhAva ke mUla to veda se hI milate hai| veda me aneka Aryetara zabda hai, aura unakI khoja bhI ThIka ThIka ho cukI hai / veda brAhmaNarakSita sAhitya hone se, Ama jIvana kI paraMparA maryAdita rUpase hI hama ko milatI hai, isase veda me Aryetara prabhAva kA kucha igitamAtra hI mila sakatA hai| kintu, Aryetara prabhAva prabala thA pUrva ke bolI pradezo me, jo ki Aryo ke sAMskRtika prabhAva se dUra the, jahAM udicya aura antarvedikI sAMskRtika pakaDa itanI majabUta na thI, aura jahAM Arya bhASA Aryetara prajAo ke bIca me vikasatI thI, prAkRto kA

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( 47 ) vikAsa udhara hotA hai| isase vahA kI AryabhApA ke vikAsa me Aryetara prajAyo gA vizeSa himmA ho sakatA hai| ___ yahA, jo Age kahA gayA hai, usakA smaraNa rakhanA caahie| ye dezI bhApAra - Aryanara bhApAga- Arya bhASA ko prabhAvita karatI hai, kitu unake prabhAva se prAryabhApAoM ke dhvanisvarUpa meM parivartana nahIM hotaa| bhApA svabhAva se hI gatizIla tattva hai, usakI gatikA dizAsUcana usake nijI dhvanitatra se hI hotA hai, paDosI bhApAosa to usakomilatA hai vaha gatikA preraka cala / kvacit hI, eka bhApA dUsarI bhApA ke vvaniyo ko apanAtI hai| eka nayA varNa ( Phoneme ) bhASA me Ane se bhASA ke samagra dhvanimvarUpa ora vyA raNasvarUpa ko palaTanA paDatA hai| kucha udAharaNo se yaha vidhAna spaSTa hogaa| __mUrdhanya varNoM kA vikAsa bhAratIya Arya bhApAtro kI eka viziSTatA hai| ye mUrdhanya baniyA samagra inDoyuropiana bhApAgaNa me khAsa saMyogo me svIDIza aura nArvejiyanako choDakara mirpha bhAratIya gaNa me hI pAI jAtI hai| drAviDI aura muDA bhApA vibhAgo me daMtya aura mUrdhaca kI do spaSTa varNamAlAeM hai| svAbhAvika hai ki aisA tarka hogA -AryoM ke mUrdhanya vi sa ko drAviDI ora munDA ke mUrdha yo ke sAtha kucha saMbaMdha hai| aitihAsika bhApAzAstra se mAlUma hotA hai ki prAcInatama Arya bhAratIya mApAstara meM hI mUrdhanyo kA vi sa prArabha ho cu aa thA / inDoyuropiyana ke tAlukalpa kaMThAvarNa (Palatal gutturals- k, kh, g,gh saskRta me za cha ja ha (jha) rUpo me vi sate haiM / ina za cha ja ha ke sAnnidhya me Ane vAle daMtyavarNa mUrdhanya ho jAte hai / alabattA, ina za cha jaha ke prAcIna uccAraNa kucha bhinna prAra ke hoge / mRj + ta=mRSTagaja +tra = rASTra-, yaja kA ayAT , vaha kA avATa / isa vidhAna kI samagra carcA Apo baTakRSNa ghoSa, vAkeranAgela ityAdi saMskRta bhASA ke itihAsa gratho me milegii| hamAre lie yaha mAhitI itanA sUcana karatI hai ki prAcInatama Arya bhAratIya me hI, amuka niyata sayogo me datyo ke mUrdhanya hone kA prArabha ho cuma thA / isake alAvA, inDoyuropiyana jha ke sAnnidhya me AnevAle datyavarNa mUrdhanya hote hai

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( 48 ) vaidika duLama <* dUDama *dUSa-dabh < dUjha - da , noDa <*nijhaDa-a< ni-jhad-a< ani-sda-a -e| usakA prArambha to hotA hai veda kAla me hii| amuka niyata sayogo me hI- jahA~ anugAmI dantya thA vahA~ as kA -e hotA thA sure duhitA, edhi (ajha - dhi < *as dhi)| kAlakrama se yaha -e, pUrva kI boliyo ke prabhAva se, kadAcit yahA~ kI tala bhApA kA prabhAva ho, mArvatrika hokara pUrva kI bolI kA viziSTa aga banatA hai| talabhASA gatipreraka bala hai, kintu mUla me jahA~ gati kI sambhAvanA bhI na ho, vahA~ vaha naI prakriyA paidA nahIM kara sktii| saMyukta vyajanoM kA uccAraNa prAkRto ke vvani vikAsa kA eka mahatva kA lakSaNa hai| prAcIna bhAratIya Arya me jana bhakta, rakta jaise saMyukta vyaMjano ke uccAraNa me unake aMgabhUta dono vyajano kA sphoTa hotA thA-kta meM k aura ta kA sphoTa ( explosion ) hotA thaa| Do ceTarjI ne unake Indo Aryan and Hindi me isa prakriyA kI vizada AlocanA kI hai| usa kAla me uccAraNa karane vAlI prajA me

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( 46 ) dhAtu aura pratyaya kI bhAvanA ( root-sense ) jAgRta thI, isase yaha Adata usa kAla kI uccAraNa prakriyA kI viziSTatA thii| rakta bhakta me ja+ta aura maja + ta aisA khyAla spaSTa thaa| jaba hama kisI vyajana ( stop consonant ) kA uccAraNa karate hai taba do pravRttiyA~ hotI hai implosion aura (xplosion | pahale kSaNa, jIbha andara se bAhara Ate vAyu ko roka kara tAlu ke kisI bhAga vA buccal cavity ke kisI bhAga ke sAtha cipaka kara rahatI hai| dUsare kSaNa usa vAyu ko mukta karane ke liye phira apane sthAna para A jAtI hai| pahalI kSaNa imposion kahI jAtI hai, dUsarI explosion | pahalI kSaNa me uccAraNa zrAvya nahI, kintu vaha dUsarI kSaNa kI Avazyaka pUrvAvasthA hai / dUsarI kSaNa me zrAvyamANa dhvani kA AkAra isa pahalI kSaNa me hI niyata hotA hai| dUsarI kSaNa me vaha dhvani sphuTa hotI hai / prAcIna bhAratIya Arya ke sayukta vyajana ke uccAraNa me, jaba root sen-e jAgRta thI, taba rakta aura bhakta jaise zabdo me kta ke dono vyaMjano kA sphoTa hotA thaa| donoM explosive hote the| Aja kala aMgrejI me bhI aisA hotA hai kAlakrama se isa root-sense kA vismaraNa hone se uccAraNa me ra - kta, bha - kta jaise vibhAga hone lage, aura vahAM sayukta vyajana me jo balavAna thA usakA hI explosion huA, dUsarA implosive hI raha gayA / kAlakrama se implosive varNakA sAvaj ( assimilation) hone se eka hI vyajana kA uccAraNa hone lagA / yaha prakriyA bhI ThIka ThIka prAcIna hai, prAtizAkhyo me isakI AlocanA kI gaI hai / sayukta vyaMjana kA pahalA vyajana -sannatara-poDitakahA jAtA hai, usakA abhinidhAna-sadhAraNa hotA hai / jaba dono varNoM kA sphoTa hotA hai, rak-ta taba pahalA syllable savRta ( close) hogA, kintu jaba eka kA hI sphoTa hogA ra-kta, taba pahalA syllable vivRta (open) hogaa| isase isa prakriyA ke pariNAma se close syllable kA uccAraNa open ho gayA / isake phalasvarUpa svaro ke hrasvadIrghatva, svarAghAta, (stress accent) sabame parivartana ho gyaa| prAcIna AryabhASA kI nAdapradhAna uccAraNa paddhati badala kara madhya bhAratIya Arya ke kAla me bala pradhAna ho gii| alabattA, isa vipaya me Aja hamArA jJAna sImita hai, aura anusadhAna bhI kama huA hai| isa taraha ke heraphera hone para bhI prAkRto kI vyajana vyavasthA

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( 50 ) tAttvika dRSTi se saskRta se bhinna nahI / pAMca varga-kaMThya, tAlu, mUrdhanya, daMtya, aoSThaya, hareka varga me eka alpaprANa ghoSa aura aghopa, eka mahAprANa ghoSa aura aghopa, aura eka eka anunAsika / jo kucha parivartana hotA hai vaha sparzavoM ke prayatnabheda kA hai, vyavasthA system kA nahIM / prAcIna bhAratIya se madhya bhAratIya Arya kA yaha vikAsa avestA se phArasI me hote hue vikAsa se alaga hai| hamane dekhA ki sapta madhya bhAratIya Arya me satta hogA / phArasI meM vyaMjana kA sAvarNya nahIM hotA kintu pahalA vyajana gharpa ho jAtA hai, aura taba hapta se hamako haphta milatA hai / isa prakriyA se phArasI me naI dhvaniyo kA vikAsa hotA hai, madhya bhAratIya Arya me aise vikAsa kI koI AvazyakatA na rhii| manya bhAratIya Arya kA yaha vyajana vikAsa prAkRta bolanevAlo kI zithilatA anAna, Alasya kA pariNAma hai aisI mAnyatA galata hai| bhApA kA yaha krama hI hai ki prAcIna tattvo ko choDatI jAya aura naye kA svIkAra karatI jAya / Ajakala ke hindI bolane vAlo ko patA na hogA ki Asauja zabda ke azva-yuja aise do bhAga the, gujarAtI bolane vAlo ko patA nahIM ki padhAro zabda padarahavI zatAbdI me 'pAudhArau' bolA jAtA thaa| aisA jJAna na honA zithilatA vA Alasya nahI / jo prakriyA pichalI poDhI me ho gaI, usakA khyAla AnevAlI pIDhI ko kaise ho sakatA hai ? usa prakriyA kA prabhAva ( 'ogical effects ) to par3atA hai, kintu usake kAraNa kA khayAla sabako kaise ho sakatA hai ? aura, agara prAkRto ke vyajano kA sAvarNya ko Alasya ginA jAya to phArasI ke gharSabhAva ko AdhA Alasya ginanA rahA na ? ___ bhASAparivartana ke bIja usakI dhvAne vyavasthA me paDe hote hai| koI uccAraNa sarala yA kaThina nhii| hareka bhASA kI apanI nirAlI dhvani vyavasthA hotI hai| eka sarala yA dUsarI kaThina isa taraha kisI bhASA ke bAre me kahanA sAhasa hai, aura ziSTo ko jabAna kaThina aura grAmINo kI sarala yaha bhI itanI hI sAhasa kI bAta hai| vyaMjanoM ke sAvarya kI yaha ghaTanA hai to prAkRta kAla ko viziSTatA kintu yaha prakriyA kAphI prAcIna hai, aura veda meM bhI milatI hai| uccA me ut-alaga hai, avestA me milatA hai us-ca, majja-majjati kA saMbadha milatA hai 'madgu' pAnI me rahatI machalI se / I0 pU0 ke tIsare

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zataka ke candragupta nAma ke grIka saskaraNa meM milatA Sandrakottos bhI isI prakriyA kA sUcaka hai| prAkRto ke ina mahattva ke dhvani parivartano me aura bhI kucha ginA jA sakatA hai| Arya IrAnI kAla ke *ai au sadhyakSara prAcIna bhAratIya Arya me e aura o ho jAte hai, aura * Ai * Au kA ai aura au hotA hai| prAkRta kAla me -madhyabhAratIya Arya me -ye e ai o au ke e aura o hote hai| svaro kA jo parivartana vaidika kAla me hI zurU ho cukA thA vaha prAkRta me Age bar3hA / ___ R kA vikAsa a i u me hotA hai, aura isa vikAsa ke bIja Rgveda me kAphI hai| usake aneka udAharaNa Rgveda me bhI milege| prAkRtakAla me atya vyaMjana kA uccAraNa sphuTa nahIM hotA thA, isase aMtya vyaMjano kA lopa hotA hai| aMtya uSmavarNa aura m kA sparzatva bhI kama- nahivat-ho gayA thaa| sparza varNo kI uccAraNa vyavasthA jaisI thI vaisI hI rahatI hai| Adi me sparza vaisA hI rahatA hai| mahAprANa ghoSavarNa bha aura gha ke sparzatva kA lopa prAcIna hai / aghoSa sparza varNa kucha adhi: samaya, Tikate hai, I. pU 300 se I pU 100 taka ina sabakA ghoSabhAva ho jAtA hai| purAne ghoSavarNo kI jagaha para vyaMjanazruti svara A jAte hai-Da aura Dha chodd'kr| hamane dekhA kI dhvani-yavasthA ke mahattva ke parivartana ke bIja prAcIna bhAratIya Arya me par3e hI the, tala bhASAo ne inako vega dekara Age baDhAe / tala bhASA kA Arya bhASA para kA prabhAva isa dRSTi se hI evaluate karanA cAhie / isase jyAdA nhiiN| jaba dhvanivyavasthA palaTatI hai, taba apane Apa vyAkaraNa vyavasthA bhI palaTI hai| jaba koI eka varNa palaTatA hai taba jahA~ jahA~ vaha varNa AyagA vahA~ saba jagaha palaTA hogA, aura yaha parivartana sAre vyAkaraNa taMtra ko bhI palaTA degaa| isa dRSTi se yadi hama prAkRto ke vyAkaraNI taMtra para dRSTipAta karege to mAlUma hogA ki usake parivartita vyAkaraNo taMtra kA sArA AdhAra usake parivartita dhvanitatra para hI hai|

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prAkRto me atya vyaMjana ke lopa se, vyajanAMta zabda rahate nhiiN| yaha parivatana hote hI nAma ke rUpAkhyAno me palaTA A jAtA hai| saMskRta ke anekavidha rUpAkhyAno kI jagaha mukhyatve -a-i-u antavAle nAma hI raha jAte hai, aura unake hI rUpAkhyAna rahate hai / antyasvara ke hrasvadIrghatva kA parivartana hone se (length of the final vowels) prAkRta ke rUpAkhyAno me hrasva dIrgha ke rUpAkhyAno kA bheda naSTa ho gyaa| zabdo kI jAti (grammatical gender) me bhI palaTA Ane lagA, kyo ki unake astitva kA AdhAra zabda kA antima bhAga hI thA, aura vaha palaTane lagA thA / isa parivartana kA saba kAraNa yahI hai-zabda kA aMtima varNa ke uccAraNa ko prominence ghaTatI calI, isase usakA uccAraNa durbala hokara kAlakrama se naSTa ho gayA, aura usake phalara rUpa zabda ke antima bhAga para AdhAra rakhane galI jitanI vyAkaraNI prakriyAe~ thI una sabakI bheda rekhAeM kama ho gii| ___dhvanitatra ke parivartana para AdhAra rakhanevAlA dUsarA mahattva kA vyAkaraNI parivartana hai -saMvyakSaro kA vikAsa / prAcIna bhAratIya Arya me hI AryairAnI kAla ke * ai * au ke e, o ho gae the, sirpha Ai * Au kA ai aura au hotA thaa| yaha prakriyA Age bar3hI aura prAkRta me ina sabakA, e, ai, o, au kA, e aura o ho gyaa| ai aura au ke ye parivartana hone se hI ina do vargoM para AdhAra rakhanevAlI jitanI vyAkaraNI prakriyAe thI una saba para prabhAva par3A, aura mahattva ke parivartana ho ge| pahale to dvivacana kA nAza ho gayA, kAraNa dvivacana ke-au vAle rUpa prAkRta me -zro vAle ho jAyege aura aisA hote hI prAkRta ke prathamA ekavacana ke-zro kAra me aura dvivacana ke okAra me bheda hI na rahA, aura bhASA aisI ambiguity sahana nahIM kara sakatI isalie dvivacana ko bidA lenA pddaa| tRtIyA bahuvacana ke- ai kA -e hote hI vaha -e saptamI ke -e ke sAtha TakarAtA hai / isase eka vilakSaNa parivartana huA ki ta ba. va. ke lie- ai kI jagaha prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA kA eka purAnA

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( 53 ) bolI svarUpa-ebhi' ko punarjI na milA aura tR ba va. ke lie -ehi kA pracAra huaaa| ___prAkRta ikArAnta aura ukArAnta (hrasva dIrgha-i-I-u-U ke bheda prAkRta me miTa cuke hai ) nAmo ke caturthI aura SaSThI e va. ke pratyaya hai -iNo, -uNo-imiNo, bhAguNo i0| au kA o hote hI yahA~ saptamI aura paSThI kI avyavasthA hogI, isase pAli me to yaha saptamI bahuta jagaha para avyayo ke lie maryAdita ho gaI, jaise Ado-Adau, ratto-rAtrau, prAkRto me caturthI SaSThI kA bhI bheda nahI, isalie adhika bhrama paidA hone kI sambhAvanA thI isase ikArAnta aura ukArAnta nAma ke caturthI SaSThI ke pratyayo ke rUpAkhyAna me tRtIyA kI taraha -Na kA Agama ho gayA / ( dekho-vAkaranAgela, AltIndiza prAmAtika 1II 41) antya vyajana kA nAza hote hI amarAnta nAma ke pacamI e va. kA rUpa prathamA ba0 va0 ke sAtha hI TakarAyagA, yaha bhrama TAlane ke lie 'paMcamI ke lie purAne sArvanAmika pratyayA kA AdhAra liyA gayA / jaise smAt- pAli vIrasmA, prAkRta vIramhA / antya vyajana kA nAza, aura svarA ke ina parivartano se purAnI pratyaya vyavasthA TUTa par3I, aura isase aneka prakAra ke post-pos1tions kA vikAsa huA, jisakA mahattva ( morphological function ) vartamAna bhAratIya Aya bhASA me bar3ha gayA hai| isa taraha se vyAkaraNItantra ke parivartana ke bIja par3e hote hai dhvanitantra ke parivartana me| Aja to samaya bhI nahIM hai, aura merI guMjAiza bhI itanI nahI, kintu vAstara me madhya bhAratIya Arya bhASA kA samagra vyAkaraNItantra ko dhvanitantra ke pari tana se samajhanA cAhie / bhASA dRSTi se abhI taka prAkRto kA vyAkaraNa likhA gayA hI nahIM / yaha kArya bhaviSya kA hai| yaha kaha kara mai isa bAta para ApakA dhyAna AkarSita karanA cAhatA hUM ki saskRta se prAkRta me, prAcIna bhAratIya Arya se madhya bhAratIya Arya me, dhvani tantra ke jo parivartana hote hai, unake bIja to prAcIna bhAratIya Arya me hI maujUda the| kAlakrama se unakA vikAsa hotA hai,

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( 54 ) Aryetara bhASAo se unako gati milatI hai| dhvanitantra ke parivartana se hI samagra vyAkaraNItantra me palaTA A jAtA hai| isa dRSTi se jaba vicAra karate hai taba bhAratIya Arya bhASAo ke vikAsa kA dUsarA mahattva kA tattva dRSTigocara hotA hai / vaha hai bhAratIya Arya bhASAo kI ekatA / Arya bhApA bhArata me aneka Aryetara prajAtro ke bIca meM vikasI, sthira huii| ina Aryetara bhASAo me kaI bhASAye kAphI vikasita thI, unakA sAhitya bhI vidyamAna thaa| itane vizAla deza me Arya bhApA uttara se dakSiNa aura pUrva se pazcima taka phaila gaI, aura aneka Aryetara bhASAo ke gAr3ha samparka meM Ane para bhI hamako Arya bhASA kA itihAsa avicchinna rUpa se milatA hai| usakI ekasUtratA hama spaSTatA se pratyakSa kara sakate hai / aisI ekatA ke udAharaNa samaya iNDoyuropiyana gaNa me, romAnsa gaNa ko chor3akara kahIM bhI milate nahI / itanA avicchinna vikAsa kisI anya iNDoyuropiyana bhASA kA milatA nahI / isakA kAraNa zAyada vahI hogA jisakI hamane garhaNA kI hai-ziSTo kA prabhAva-unake prayatna se hI, zAyada yaha bhApA chinna, vicchinna nahIM hone pAI, eka taraha kI ekatA surakSita rhii| isa ekatA ne bhAratIya saMskRti kI ekatA paidA karane me apanA hissA diyA hai| bhAratIya bhASAzAstra ke kina ago kA anusaMdhAna aba Avazyaka hai / usakI AlocanA mula vlokha ne apane 'phauMga lekcarsa' me kAphI kI hai, aura isame kucha kahane kA rahA nahI / kintu prAkRto ko lakSya me rakhakara, jaina sAhitya ke anusadhAna me hama kyA kara sakate hai vaha mai Apako kucha sUcita karane kA sAhasa karatA huuN| pAli sAhitya kA saMzodhana zrImAna aura zrImatI rAisa DevIsa ke prayatnA se pAlI TekasTa sosAiTI dvArA kAphI ho cukA hai / mUla graMtho ke saMzodhita prakAzano se pAli bhASA aura sAhitya ke saMzodhana ko vega milA / gAigara kA pAli bhASA aura sAhitya, cAIlDarsa kA pAli koza, malAla sekara kA pAli vizeSanAmo kA koza, aura enDarsana, helmara smItha, ejarTana ityAdi ke pAli bhASA ke viSaya me anusadhAna, isa saba pravRtti se pAli bhASA aura sAhitya kA adhyayana Aja saMgIna ho gayA hai / mUla atho ke saMzodhita prakAzana ke bAda hI bhASAkIya vA sAMskRtika saMzodhana sagIna ho sakate hai /

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( 55 ) zilAlekha ke prAkRto kI AdhArabhUta AvRttiyA~ epigrAphikA iNDikA dvArA, ojhA jI, sanAra, huLahA, vulnara, konAu ke sazodhanA se hamArI samakSa vyavasthita svarUpa se prApta hai| isase AvRttiyo ke AdhAra para zilAlekho ke prAkRto kI bhASA kA adhyayana bhI ho sakA hai / mendale kA sthala kAla kI maryAdAoM ko lakSya me rakhakara kiyA huA zilAlekho ke prAkRtoM kI bhASA kA adhyayana, blokha kA azoka kI bhASA kA abhyAsa, ityAdi mahattva ke sazodhana hamako milate hai / * bhArata bAhara ke prAkRto kI AvRttiyAM aura unakI bhASA ke saMzodhana lyUDarsa ke brukaTuka Dera buddhisTizana DrAmena se, Do baro ke aura sanA aura rUke adhyayano se milate hai / nATaka ke prAkRta, aura vaiyAkaraNo ke prAkRto ke bhI kAphI prakAho cuke hai| prInTrsa kA aura sukhathanakara kA bhAsakI bhASA kA abhyAsa, griyarsana, vaidya, nittidolacI i0 kA prAkRta vyA karaNo kA sapAdana sazodhana ho cukA hai / kintu Ajaparyanta nATako ke prAkRta ke saMpAdana me bilakula arAjakatA phailI huI hai / hamAre vidyApITho me saMskRta, prAkRta aura pAli ke abhyAsakrama me itane watertight_compartments hai ki bhAratIya bhASA aura sAhitya kA avicchinna itihAsa ema e taka ke abhyAsa meM kimI vidyArthI ko nahIM karAyA jAtA / jahA~ taka bhASAo ke abhyAsa me hamArI STi vizAla na hogI vahAM taka yaha arAjakatA rahegI hI / isa vipaya me adhika kahatA nahI, kintu Apako pa. sukhalAla jI kA lakhanau prAcyavidyA pariSada me prAkRta vibhAga ke pramukhapada se diyA huA vyAkhyAna paDhane kA sUcanA ratA hU / prAkRto ke yaha saba ago ke saMpAdana sazodhana me mahattva kI truTi rahatI hai jaina sAhitya ke anusadhAna kI aura vizeSa rUpa se Agama sAhitya ke sapAdana kI / sAhityika prAkRto kI kucha AvRttiyA hamAre pAsa hai| muni caturavijaya, puNyavijaya saMpAdita sudeva hiDI, vebara kI gAthAsaptazatI, Do upAdhye ke aneka mahattva ke sapAdana dvArA hamArI samakSa prAkRta sAhitya kA kucha AzAspada sagraha ho cUkA hai / kintu Agama sAhitya ke horle ke uvAsagadasAo, zubriga ke AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskaMdha, aura zArpAntie ke uttarAdhyayana ko choDakara Agamo kI

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( 56 ) acchI AvRttiyAM kahA ? Aja sabase adhika mahattva prAkRta sAhitya ke saMzodhana me ina Agamo ke vyavasthita sapAdana kA hai| pichale kaI sAlo se muni puNyavijaya ke parizrama se pATaNa, khabhAta, jaisalamera inake bhaMDAro se aneka prAcIna pratiyo kA punaruddhAra ho rahA hai, aura purogAmI vidvAno ko upalabdha na thI aisI kaI pratiyA~ prakAza me AI hai, aura Aja, hamako una pratiyo kA upayoga karanA cAhie / pAThanirNaya ke zAstrIya siddhAMto ke anusAra pratiyo kI pAThaparaparA niyata karane ke bAda hI vyavasthita saMpAdana zakya hogA / hareka Agama kI AvRtti ke sAtha usakA zabdakoSa, usakI bhASA, usakA anya prAkRta sAhitya se saMbaMdha, anya paraparA se usakI tulanA, ityAdi saba kAma honA cAhie / isa sazodhana kA AnupaMgika kAma cUrNi aura niyuktiyo kA sapAdana hogaa| ina graMtho kI bhASA zailI kA abhyAsa madhya bhAratIya Arya ke bhASA f kAsa para mahattvapUrNa prakAza DAlatA hai, yaha bAta Aja to ejarTana ke budhisTa saskRta ke mUlyavAna sazodhano me spaSTa hai / ___ Apane dekhA hogA ki pichale kucha sAlo se isa zAstrIya saMpAdana ke kArya se bhAratIya bhASAvijJAna ke adhyayana ko asAdhAraNa vega milA hai| pUnA ke mahAbhArata ke sapAdana se mahAbhArata ke nIce bahatA prAkRto kA pravAha spaSTa hotA jA rahA hai| isa taraha se jaina Agamo ke vyavasthita sapAdana sazodhana se hama jaina, bauddha, hidu, ardhamAgadhI pAli vA mahAbhArata kI bhASAparaparA eka dUsare se kitanI nikaTa thI vaha bhI hama dekha sakege / aise sapAdano se hI hamAre pAsa prAkata koza taiyAra hogaa| aura aise koza ke bAda hI prAkRta vyAkaraNa likhA jA skegaa| pIzala kA prAkRta vyAkaraNa pacAsa sAla pahale prakAzita huA unako samakSa nathI saMzodhita zrAvRttiyaoN, na unhoMne zilAlekho kA upayoga kiyA, na pAli kA |aajto aise vyAkaraNa AvazyakatA hai jahA~ hama saba taraha ke prAkRto kA jaina vA bauddha dhArmika sAhitya, zilAlekho ke prAkRta, nATakA ke prAkRta, sAhityika prAkRta, vaiyAkaraNo ke prAkRta aura bhArata bAhara ke prAkRta kA samagra dRSTi se khyAla kara sake / aisA vyAkaraNa hI eka ora vaidika aura dUsarI ora se apabhraMza aura navya bhAratIya Arya bhASA ko saMlagna kara skegaa| saMpAdana aura koza ke pahale vyAkaraNa nahIM ho

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skegaa| rotha aura bothalika ke bRhat koza ke bAda hI vhinI aura vAkaranAgela ke mazahUra vyAkaraNa zakya ho sake / Agamo kA saMpAdana sazodhana hamArA pahalA kAma hai| Aja jaina samAja apane sAhitya aura itihAsa ko udAratA se dekha sakatA hai / prastuta vyAkhyAno kA Ayojana bhI usa udAra dRSTi kA pariNAma hai / aneka taraha kI sazodhana pravRttiyo ko usase sahArA milA hai| mANikyacadra prathamAlA, sighI prathamAlA, sanmati prakAzana, i0 ke dvArA sazodhana ko vega mila rahA hai| aneka vyakti aura sasthAe~ isa prakAra ke mahattvapUrNa sazodhana bauddhika udAratA se kara rahe hai / muni puNyavijaya, pa0 sukhalAla jI to Apa hI saMsthArUpa hai, aura aisI kaI pravRttiyo ko vega de rahe hai| ina saba vyaktiyo aura saMsthAo ko hama vinati karate hai ki aba Agamo kA sapAdana sazodhana bhI aisI udAra dRSTi se kiyA jAya / se kAma ke binA jaina sAhitya aura saskRti kA itihAsa apUrNa hI raha jAyagA, aura bhAratIya bhASA itihAsa kA eka prakaraNa alikhita raha jAyagA / mujhe AzA hai ki merI isa apIla me Apa saba sAtha dege, aura yaha kAma zIghra hI prArabha hogaa|

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sandarbha graMtha sUcI (ina vyAkhyAno me bhApA vipayaka jina gratho kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai, unhI kI sUcI yahA~ dI jAtI hai|) Intioduction a letade comparative des langues indo europeenres. Antoine Meillet Paris, 7th edition 1931. Les dialectes indo europeens. Antoine Maillet second edition Paris, L' Indo-Aryen du Veda au temps modernes Jules Blccb, Paris 1931 Altindische Grammatik, Jacob Wackernagel vols I, II, 1., III Gottingen, 1896, 1905 & 1930 Grammatik der Prakrit-Sprachen, R Pischel. Strassburg 1900 Pali Language and Literature ( Eny. Trani W. Geiger Inscriptions of Asoka Hultzch Oxfod 1925. Historical Grammar of Inscriptional Prakrits M. A, Mabendale Poona 1948 Comparative Grammar of Middle Indo Aryan Sukumar Sep. Calcutta 1951 Bruchstucke Buddistischer Dramen II. Lueders. The Language of the Kbarost by Documents T Burrow London 1937 Some Problems of Indo-Aryan Philology. Furlong Lectures by Jules Bloch published in the Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies vol V. 4, 1930 Prakrit Languages and their contribution to Tndian culture S M Katre Bombay 1945