Prachin Jain Sahitya Me Arthik Jivan

Author(s): Kamal Jain
Publisher: Parshwanath Vidyashram Shodh Samsthan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/022843/1

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pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama granthamAlA : 46 sampAdaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM Arthika jIvana eka adhyayana DaoN0 kamala jaina pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna vArANasI-5

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pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama granthamAlA 46 sampAdaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM Arthika jIvana (eka adhyayana) DaoN0 kamala jaina nArANasI.5. pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI

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prakAzaka pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, AI0 TI0 AI0 roDa, vArANasI 221005 phona : 66762 saMskaraNa : prathama 1988 mUlya : 60.00 PRACINA JAINA SAHITYA MEMN ARTHIKA JIVANA : EKA ADHYAYANA By Dr. Kamal Jain Edition : First 1988 Price Rs. OUR mudraka varddhamAna mudraNAlaya javAharanagara kAlonI, vArANasI-10

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prakAzakIya kArla mArksa ne mAnava ke samucita vikAsa ke lie Arthika utpAdana aura samucita vitaraNa para bala diyA hai, tAki mAnava jIvana kA bhautika stara U~cA ho ske| Aja se hajAroM sAla pahale jaina paraMparA ke Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ne eka artha-vyavasthA kA nirmANa kiyA thA jisameM utpAdana evaM vitaraNa ke kucha niyama nizcita hue the| jainoM kI mAnyatA ke anusAra jaba prakRti kI utpAdana kSamatA kSINa hone lagI thI aura prajA meM paraspara saMgharSa hone lage the to AditIrthaGkara ne apanI prajA kA saMgharSa miTAne ke lie svazrama se samucita utpAdana karane kI preraNA dI thii| kintu jaba saJcaya adhika hone lagA, to antima tIrthaGkara mahAvIra ne aparigraha ke siddhAnta dvArA dhanikavarga ko apanI atirikta saMpatti ko janakalyANa ke liye visarjita karane kI preraNA dekara samavitaraNa ke siddhAnta kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| __ jaina Agama aura Agamika-vyAkhyA-sAhitya meM jo Arthika viSayoM evaM praznoM se saMbaMdhita sUcanAe~ milatI haiM, DA0 kamala jaina ne unakA zodhapUrNa adhyayana karake prastuta grantha kI racanA kI hai| hindI meM isa prakAra kA grantha nahIM thaa| ataH saMsthAna ne isake prakAzana kA nirNaya liyA aura Aja hameM ise pAThakoM ko samarpita karate hue prasannatA kA anubhava ho rahA hai| hama grantha kI lekhikA DA0 kamala jaina evaM isa grantha kI racanA se lekara prakAzana taka sUtradhAra ke rUpa meM kArya karane vAle pro0 sAgaramala jaina ke prati bhI apanA AbhAra vyakta karate haiM / yadyapi ina donoM ke vidyAzrama se aise-nikaTa sambandha haiM ki yaha zAbdika AbhAra mAtra aupacArikatA kahA jaayegaa| isa grantha ke sampAdana evaM prUpha saMzodhana meM zrI azoka kumAra siMha ne athaka zrama kiyA, ataH unake prati bhI AbhAra vyakta karate haiM / anta meM isake sundara evaM satvara mudraNa ke lie varddhamAna mudraNAlaya ke prati tathA prakAzana vyavasthA ke lie DA0 zivaprasAda ke prati bhI AbhAra vyakta karate haiN| bhUpendranAtha jaina maMtrI

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purovAka nivRtti mArgI hone ke kAraNa jaina paramparA tapa, tyAga, saMyama Adi ke AdhyAtmika jIvana-mUlyoM para hI adhika bala detI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki isake sAhitya meM tapa, tyAga, sadAcAra jaise viSayoM kI hI vistRta carcA hai | parantu mere mana meM sadaiva yaha vicAra AtA rahA ki prAcInakAla se hI jaina paramparA ko mAnane vAlA gRhasthavarga bhI sadA rahA hai, jisameM sabhI varga aura varNa ke loga the phira usake sAhitya meM Arthika, sAmAjika aura rAjanaitika pakSoM kI nitAnta avahelanA kaise ho sakatI hai, avazya kucha aisA hai jise hama khoja nahIM pA rahe haiM / jaba DaoN0 motIcandra kI pustaka " sArthavAha" dekhI to lagA ki kucha prAcIna jaina grantha aise avazya haiM, jo mAnava-jIvana ke Arthika pakSoM ko ujAgara karate haiM / ye grantha adhikatara prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha haiM, jisase janasAdhAraNa hI nahIM apitu vidvadvarga bhI aparicita hai / ye sAmAnyatayA sabhI pustakAlayoM meM upalabdha bhI nahIM haiM / isalie merI yaha prabala icchA thI ki ina mUla srotoM ke AdhAra para koI aisA zodha kArya karanA cAhie jo tatkAlIna Arthika jIvana kA paricaya de sake / merI isa icchA ko sAkAra rUpa pro0 sAgaramala jaina ne diyA / jinhoMne na kevala mujhe kArya karane kI preraNA dI apitu merA mArga-darzana karate hue mujhe protsAhita bhI karate rahe / prastuta grantha meM maiMne prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana ko prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / isa viSaya para abhI taka adhika zodha pUrNa sAhitya prakAzita nahIM huA hai / DaoN0 jagadIza candra ne apanI pustaka 'Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja' meM tatkAlIna sAmAjika, dhArmika aura Arthika paristhitiyoM kA varNana avazya kiyA hai kintu unhoMne usameM varNita Arthika jIvana kA mAtra eka adhyAya meM saMkSipta paricaya hI diyA hai / isake atirikta DaoN0 dinendracandra jaina kI pustaka 'Economic life in India as depicted in Jain Canonical literature' bhI hai / ye donoM isa dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa haiM ki unhoMne Agama sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana kA adhyayana prastuta kiyA kintu DaoN0 jagadIzacandra jaina aura DaoN0 dinendra jaina donoM kI hI pustakeM mAtra Agama

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( 5 ) sAhitya para AdhArita hone ke kAraNa jaina - sAhitya meM varNita ArthikajIvana kA eka sImita adhyayana hI prastuta karatI haiM kintu yaha grantha AgamoM ke sAtha hI Agamika vyAkhyAoM vizeSataH bhASyoM aura cUrNiyoM tathA jaina kathA -granthoM para bhI AdhArita hai / maiMne jisa sAhitya kA upayoga kiyA hai usake kAlakrama ko samajha lenA isaliye Avazyaka hai ki isase isa bAta kA saMketa mila sake ki upalabdha sUcanAyeM kisa kAla aura pradeza se sambandhita haiM / jaina Agama sAhitya IsA pUrva tIsarI zatAbdIse IsA kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI taka apanA svarUpa letA rahA hai / ataH unameM vibhinna kAloM kI sAmagrI isa prakAra mizrita ho gaI hai ki kabhI-kabhI yaha nirNaya kara pAnA kaThina ho jAtA hai ki Agama granthoM meM Arthika jIvana se sambandhita katipaya sUcanAyeM kisa kAla kI haiM / yadyapi Agama granthoM aura niyuktiyoM kA kAla to bahuta kucha anizcita hai / unameM kAlika dRSTi se kaI stara haiM, kintu bhASyoM aura cUrNayoM kA kAla I0 san kI chaThIM sAtavIM zatAbdI nizcita hI hai / punaH ina bhASya aura cUrNiyoM meM upalabdha sAmagrI bhI hameM do rUpoM meM milatI hai - prathama Agama granthoM para likhI gaI vyAkhyAe~ haiM unameM AgamoM meM ullikhita tathya to Aye hI haiM sAtha hI vyAkhyA grantha hone se ve sAre tathya bhI unameM samAhita kara lie gaye haiM jo unake racanA kAla ke haiM / isa samasyA ko lekara aitihAsika dRSTi se kahIM-kahIM bhrAntiyA~ utpanna na hoM isaliye merI apekSA hai ki isa zodha-prabandha meM upalabdha sUcanAoM ke kAla ko samajhane ke liye usa sUcanA ko dene vAle graMtha kI kAlAvadhi ko dhyAna meM rakhanA hogA / isI prakAra usa sAmagrI ke kSetra ko samajhane ke liye ina graMthoM ke nirmANa kSetra para bhI vicAra kara lenA hogA / zvetAmbara paraMparA kA vipula prAkRta sAhitya jo ki AgamoM, niyuktiyoM, bhASyoM aura cUrNiyoM ke rUpa meM surakSita hai aura jisakA prastuta zodha-prabandha meM pracura mAtrA meM upayoga kiyA gayA hai vaha mukhyataH uttarI evaM uttarapazcimI bhArata se hI sambandhita hai unameM dakSiNa bhArata se sambandhita ghaTanAoM kA ullekha to hai, kintu alpa mAtrA meM hai / yadyapi digambara paraMparA ke kucha purANa graMtha avazya aise haiM jinakA racanA kSetra dakSiNa bhArata hI rahA / yadyapi ina srotoM kA upayoga prastuta zodha-prabandha meM kama hI huA hai / ataH kSetra kI dRSTi se isa graMtha meM varNita viSaya sAmagrI kA sambandha uttarI bhArata se hI adhika hai /

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Agama aitihAsika dRSTi se jahAM taka prastuta graMtha kI viSaya sAmagrI kI kAlAvadhi kA prazna hai somadeva ke nItivAkyAmRtam ke kucha saMdarbho ko chor3akara yaha maurya kAla se lekara guptakAla taka AtI hai| phira bhI isameM adhika sAmagrI guptakAla se hI sambandhita mAnI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki paravartI Agama, niyuktiyA~, bhASya aura cUNiyA~-ye sabhI lagabhaga guptakAla kI haiM / yadyapi zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya kA kAla nirdhAraNa karanA to atyanta kaThina hai phira bhI vidvAnoM ne unakI bhASA aura viSaya-vastu ko dhyAna meM rakhate huye mukhyarUpa se inakA vargIkaraNa isa prakAra kiyA hai| kAla AcArAMga prathama zrutaskandha evaM -IsApUrva cauthI-tIsarI zatI RSibhASita AcArAMga dvitIya zrutaskandha evaM -IsApUrva tIsarI-dUsarI zatI sUtrakRtAMga kalpasUtra, uttarAdhyayana aura -IsApUrva pahalI zatI se IsA dazavaikAlika bAda pahalI zato (yadyapi ina graMthoM kI kucha sAmagrI IsA pUrva tIsarI dUsarI zatI kI bhI haiM) zeSa Agama graMtha -IsA kI dUsarI zatI se cauthI zatI (yadyapi inameM bhagavatI kA kucha bhAga prAcIna mAnA jAtA hai) niyuktiyA~ -IsA kI dUsarI zatI se cauthI zatI bhASya aura cUrNiyA~ -IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI se sAtavIM zatI jaina purANa sAhitya kA kAla IsA kI sAtavIM-AThavIM zatI mAnya hai yadyapi isa sambandha meM bhI vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| bhASyoM aura cUNiyoM ko chor3akara zeSa Agama sAhitya kA kAla abhI taka bhI nizcita nahIM ho pAyA hai / yadyapi aitihAsika gaveSaNA kI dRSTi se maiM kAlAvadhi ke mahattva ko samajhatI hU~ kintu viSaya-sAmagrI se sambandhita granthoM ke kAlanirdhAraNa ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM kI anizcitatA vivaza kara detI hai aura hameM vivaza hokara unheM usI rUpa meM svIkAra kara lenA par3atA hai|

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( 7 ) prastuta graMtha meM prayukta jaina graMtha prAkRta bhASA meM likhe gaye haiN| yadyapi adhikAMza Agama graMthoM kA hindI aura kucha kA aMgrejI anuvAda upalabdha hai kintu bhASya, cUNi aura kathA-sAhitya jinameM sAMskRtika sAmagrI adhika mAtrA meM pAyI jAtI hai abhI bhI anUdita nahIM ho sakA hai| maiMne ina graMthoM ko inake mUlarUpa meM hI par3hane kA prayatna kiyA hai| bhASA kI jaTilatA ke kAraNa aneka sthAnoM para arthabodha meM kaThinAI bhI huI hai / maiMne prAkRta ke vidvAnoM se usa sambandha meM carcA karake use samajhane kA prayatna kiyA hai phira bhI ho sakatA hai ki kiJcit aspaSTatAyeM raha gaI hoN| sAtha hI maiMne kucha prAkRta zabdoM ko vaisA kA vaisA hI grahaNa kara liyA hai aura unakA hindI rUpAntara nahIM kiyA hai| AzA hai vidvajjana ina kaThinAiyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara prastuta grantha kA adhyayana krNge| hindU smRtiyoM kI taraha sAmAjika yA rAjanaitika vyavasthA kI dRSTi se jaina-sAhitya meM svatantra graMtha nahIM likhe gaye, prAyaH granthakAra dhArmika aura zramaNa-AcAra sambandhI viSayoM kA vizleSaNa karate hue prasaMgavazAt katipaya Arthika vicAroM kA ullekha kara dete haiN| yadyapi dasavIM zatAbdI ke somadeva kA nItivAkyAmRtam avazya aisA grantha hai jo jainoM kI sAmAjika aura rAjanaitika nItiyoM ko spaSTa karatA hai| mukhyataH jaina-sAhitya meM Arthika vyavasthA ko samajhane ke liye hameM vibhinna granthoM meM yatra-tatra bikharI sAmagriyoM kA hI sahArA lenA par3atA hai| isa sambandha meM tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke liye kauTilIya arthazAstra tathA jAtakagraMtha jinakA racanAkAla jaina Agama sAhitya ke Asa-pAsa hI hai kAphI sahAyaka siddha hote haiN| inake atirikta videzI yAtriyoM megasthanIja, phAhyAna ke yAtrA-vRttAnta aura prAcIna abhilekha bhI upayogI haiM aura maiMne hindU sAkSyoM se tulanA bhI kI hai jisase isa zodha kArya kI upayogitA suspaSTa ho jAtI hai| kisI bhI deza kA Arthika jIvana usakI sAmAjika, rAjanaitika aura dhArmika paristhitiyoM para bahuta kucha nirbhara karatA hai| isaliye AvazyakatAnusAra sAmAjika aura rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM kA bhI varNana kiyA hai kintu pramukhatA Arthika pakSa kI hI rahI hai| prAcIna kAla meM arthavyavasthA kA vibhAjana Aja kI bhA~ti utpAdana, vinimaya, vitaraNa, rAjasva vyavasthA aura upabhoga meM nahIM milatA hai| parantu maiMne viSaya ko samyaka rUpa se samajhane ke liye apane zodha-grantha ke adhyayanoM kA vibhAjana Adhunika arthazAstra ke anusAra hI kiyA hai /

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(8) Arthika kriyAoM ko sampanna karane ke liye dhana ke mahattva ko dekhate huye maiMne sarvaprathama artha kI mahattA kA vivecana kiyA hai / utpAdana ke mUlabhUta sAdhana-bhUmi, zrama, pU~jI, prabandha, jinakA DaoN. jagadIza candra jaina tathA dinendracandra jaina ne apane granthoM meM ullekha kiyA hai, kintu unake mahattva ko dekhate hue maiMne unakA adhika vistRta vivecana kiyA hai| vitaraNa vyavasthA para hI samAja kA Arthika jIvana nirbhara karatA hai, ataH vibhinna vargoM prApta rASTrIya Aya kA vitaraNa kisa prakAra hotA thA isakA maiMne vistRta adhyayana kiyA hai, jisa para pUrvalikhita ina graMthoM meM koI vicAra nahIM kiyA gayA thaa| maiMne apane adhyayana para AdhArita isa grantha ko nimna adhyAyoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| prathama adhyAya meM prAcIna jaina sAhitya ke sarvekSaNa meM prAcIna jaina Agama sAhitya tathA niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi Adi unake vyAkhyA grantha tathA jaina purANa aura kathA sAhitya kA sarvekSaNa kiyA hai| dvitIya adhyAya meM artha kA mahattva aura utpAdana ke sAdhana meM dhana ke mahattva evaM usake upArjana ke sAdhana-bhUmi, zrama, paMjI aura prabandha kA vizleSaNa kiyA hai| utpAdana-prakriyA kI viSayasAmagrI ke Adhikya ke kAraNa use kramazaH adhyAya tIna aura cAra meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| isa prakAra tRtIya adhyAya meM kRSi aura pazupAlana para prakAza DAlA hai aura cauthe adhyAya meM udyogadhandhe para vistRta varNana kiyA hai / pA~caveM adhyAya meM vinimaya, vyApAra, parivahana aura sikkoM kA varNana kiyA hai| chaThe adhyAya vitaraNa meM utpAdana ke sAdhanoM-bhUmi, zrama, pU~jI tathA prabandha se prApta hone vAle lAbhAMza lagAna, pArizramika, byAja aura lAbha para prakAza DAlA hai| sAtaveM adhyAya meM rAjasva vyavasthA meM rAjakIya Aya-vyaya ke srotoM ko spaSTa kiyA hai| AThaveM adhyAya meM sAmAnya jIvana-zailI ko spaSTa karane vAle tattva-bhojana, veza-bhUSA, AvAsa, manoraMjana, zikSA, svAsthya evaM cikitsA para prakAza DAlA hai / anta meM upasaMhAra hai| prastuta zodha-kArya ke nirdezana kA zreya pro0 sAgaramala jaina evaM AdaraNIyA DaoN0 vibhAvatI jI ko hai, jinhoMne madhura vyavahAra evaM vidvattApUrNa nirdezana se mere isa zodha-grantha ko pUrNa karAne meM sahayoga diyA hai| etadartha maiM unakI kRtajJa evaM RNI huuN| pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama ke

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( 9) granthAlayAdhikArI DaoN0 maMgala prakAza mehatA kI bhI AbhArI hU~, jinase mujhe nirantara sahayoga milatA rhaa| isI prakAra vidyAzrama ke zodhAdhikArI DaoN0 aruNa pratApa siMha aura DaoN0 ravizaMkara mizra bhI mujhe sadaiva sahayoga dete rhe| prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa saMskRti evaM purAtatva vibhAga ke pustakAlayAdhyakSa se bhI pustakoM kI sahAyatA prApta huI hai, jinake liye maiM unakI AbhArI huuN| isI prakAra kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya ke kendrIya pustakAlaya, vIra sevA mandira, dillI ke pustakAlaya, jaina zvetAmbara pustakAlaya, dillI ke pustakAlaya tathA javAharalAla neharU vizvavidyAlaya ke pUstakAlaya ke prati bhI AbhAra prakaTa karatI hU~ jahA~ se mujhe pustakIya sahAyatA milI hai| ___isa avasara para apane parijanoM kA sahayoga bhI vismRta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / sarvaprathama to maiM apane pitA zrIvajavantarAya jI kI RNI hU~, jinhone mujhe sadaiva hI adhyayana kI preraNA dI hai| unakI hArdika icchA thI ki maiM jaina Agama sAhitya ke kSetra meM zodha kArya kruuN| yaha unakI preraNA aura AzIrvAda kA hI pratiphala hai ki maiM isa kArya ko saphalatA pUrvaka sampanna kara skii| mere pati zrI Ara0 ke0 jaina se sneha aura sahayoga milatA rahA hai| yaha kevala unake protsAhana kA hI pariNAma hai ki isa graMtha ko likhane kA sAhasa kara skii| mere donoM putra savita aura gaurava bhI mere isa adhyayana ke sahayogI bne| isa jJAna yajJa kI pUrNAhuti kA zreya unheM hI hai / mere zvasura zrI pyArelAlajI jo paMjAba jaina samAja ke karmaTha kAryakartA rahe, Aja ise dekhane ko hamAre bIca nahIM haiN| yaha grantha merI zraddhAJjali ke rUpa meM unheM samarpita hai| -kamala jaina

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8-33 viSaya-sUcI adhyAya : 1 prAcIna jaina sAhitya kA sarvekSaNa 1-7 aMgasUtra 2, upAMgasUtra 3, mUlasUtra 3, chedasUtra 3, cUlikAsUtra 3, prakIrNaka 4, AgamoM kA racanAkAla 4, AgamoM kA vyAkhyA sAhitya 5, purANa tathA kathA sAhitya 6 / adhyAya: 2 artha kA mahattva aura utpAdana ke sAdhana arthazAstra kI paribhASA 8, jaina paramaparA meM arthazAstra ke ullekha 8, jaina paraparA meM artha kA mahattva 9, arthopArjana ke sAdhana 12 / (1) bhUmi 13, vanasampadA 13, khanija sampadA 14, jala sampadA 14, utpAdana meM bhUmi kA mahattva 15, bhUmi kA svAmitva 16, rAjya kA svAmitva 16, vyaktigata svAmitva 17, sAmUhika svAmitva 18 / (2) zrama 19, utpAdana meM zrama kA mahattva 19, khetihara zramika 21, dAsa-dAsI 21, zilpI 23, zramavibhAjana 24 / (3) pU~jI 25, utpAdana meM pUjI mahattva 25, bacata 27, lena-dena kA kArya karane vAlI saMsthAyeM 29 / / (4) prabandha 31, utpAdana meM prabandha kA mahattva 31, prabandha prastutakartA 31 / / adhyAya 3 kRSi aura pazupAlana 34-73 utpAdana kA mahattva 34, utpAdaka vyavasAya 34, (1) kRSi 38, kRSi-bhUmi 39, kRSi-zrama 41, kRSi upakaraNa 43, bhUrkaSaNa 45, siMcAI 47, khetoM kI surakSA 50, upaja kI kaTAI 51, dhAnya-bhaNDAraNa 52, pramukha upaja 53, prAkRtikavipadAye 56, Arthika jIvana meM grAmoM kA mahattva evaM vyavasthA 57, kRSi ke unnayana meM rAjya kA yogadAna 58, upavana-udyAnavATikA 59 / (2) pazupAlana 62, kukkuTapAlana 71, matsya pAlana 71 /

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( 11 ) adhyAya :4 udyoga-dhandhe 74-99 ArthikajIvana meM udyogoM kA mahattva 74, audyaugikazrama 74, udyogazAlAyeM 77, audyogika pU~jI 77, pramukha udyoga 79, 1-vastra-udyoga 79, sUtI vastra 80, rezamI vastra 81, UnI vastra, 81, carmavastra 82 vastra-udyoga ke prasiddha sthAna 83, 2-dhAtu-udyoga ke prasiddha sthAna 83, 2-dhAtu-udyoga 85, lauha-dyoga 85, svarNa-udyoga, 86, ratna-dyoga87, 3-bhANDa-udyoga 88, 4-kASTha-udyoga 90, 5-vAstu-udyoga 91, 6-khAMDa-udyoga 92, 7-tela-udyoga 93, 8-lavaNa udyoga 94,9-madya-udyoga 94, 10-carma-udyoga 95, 11-hAthIdA~ta-udyoga 96, 12-citra-udyoga 97, 13-prasAdhana-udyoga 98, 14-raMga-udyoga 98, 15-kuTora-udyoga 99 / adhyAya: 5 vinimaya 100-146 (1) vyApAra 100, vyApArI, 101, vyApArika saMsthAna 102, mApataula vidhiyA~ 106, kraya ke liye agrima dhana 109, mUlya nirdhAraNa 109, vijJApana 111, prAcIna bhArata ke sArthavAha 111, sArtha kA prasthAna 116, AyAta-niryAta 120 / (2) parivahana 123, sthala-mArga 124, sthalavAhana 127, vyApArika sthala-mArga 129, jala-mArga 130, jalavAhana 132, vyApArika jalamArga 134, vAyumArga 136 / (3) sikke 136, sikkoM kI nirmANa-vidhi 137, svarNasikke 138, rajata sikke 140, tAmra sikke 142, anya sikke 144, TakasAla 145, sikkoM kI kraya-zakti 145 / adhyAya : 6 vitaraNa 147-163 1. lagAna 147, 2. pArizramika tathA vetana 149, 3. vyAja 156, 4, lAbha 159, vitaraNa kA svarUpa 161 /

Page #13
( 12 ) adhyAya : 7 rAjasva vyavasthA 164-184 koza kA mahattva 164, kara nirdhAraNa ke siddhAnta 164, rAjya kI Aya ke mukhya srota 166, grAmakara 167, bhUmikara 168, vANijyakara 170, vartanIkara, 172, nisvAmikadhana 173, gRhakara 174, upahAra aura bheMTa 174, vijita rAjAoM se prApta dhana 174, artha-daNDa 175, veSTi 176, rAjakIya kara-saMgraha 176, kara kI ugAhI, kara mukti aura karApavaMcana 178,-rAjya ke vyaya ke strota 179, zAsana-vyavasthA para vyaya 179, sainya-vyavasthA para vyaya 180, nyAya-vyavasthA aura surakSA para vyaya, 181, aMtaHpura vyavasthA para vyaya 182 janakalyANa para vyaya 183 / adhyAya : 8 sAmAnya jIvana-zailI 185-197 upabhoga kA mahattva 185, bhojana 185, veza-bhUSA 198, AvAsa 191, manoraMjana 193, zikSA 195, svAsthya evaM cikitsA 195 / upasaMhAra 198-203 sandarbha grantha-sUcI 204-212

Page #14
prathama adhyAya prAcIna jaina sAhitya kA sarvekSaNa hindU tathA bauddha sAhitya ke samAna hI jaina sAhitya bhI bhAratIya jIvana ke vividha pakSoM ko udghATita karatA hai / jaina sAhitya kA prAcInatama bhAga aMga-Agama hai, jo ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM nibaddha hai / ' naMdIsUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki zrutajJAna ke mUlapraNetA tIrthaMkara mahAvIra haiM / jaina graMthoM meM kahA gayA hai ki mahAvIra ne jo pravacana diyA thA use gautama Adi gaNadharoM ne sUtrabaddha kiyA thA / bhadrabAhu ne bhI likhA hai ki 'arhatoM' ne dharma kA upadeza diyA tathA gaNadharoM ne dharmasaMgha ke hita ke liye use sUtra rUpa meM nibaddha kiyA / 3 isa prakAra mahAvIra ke pazcAt lagabhaga eka sahasra varSa taka arhatoM kI sUtrabaddha vANI smRti paraMparA se calatI rahI / itane dIrghakAla taka maukhika paraMparA meM rahane ke kAraNa inameM se bahuta kucha vismRti ke garbha meM calA gayA hogA aura bahuta kucha prakSipta bhI huA hogA / phira bhI isa tathya ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki isa vizAla sAhitya meM eka sahasra varSa kI paramparAgata vividha sAmagrI saMgrahIta hai / samavAyAMga meM Agama sAhitya ke do vibhAga kahe gaye haiM- " caturdaza pUrva " aura " dvAdazagaNipiTaka " / saMkhyA meM caudaha hone ke kAraNa pUrva "catudezapUrvaM" ke nAma se prasiddha huye / isI prakAra saMkhyA meM 12 hone ke kAraNa aMgasUtra "dvAdazagaNipiTaka " aura dvAdazAMgI ke nAma se prasiddha huye / mahAvIra ke pUrva ke jaina sAhitya ko " pUrva" kahA gayA hai / bhadrabAhu ke 1. bhagavaM ca NaM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe ghammamAkkhaI' - samavAyAMga 34 /21 2. 'jayai suANaM pabhavo mahAvIro' - naMdIsUtra, sUtra 2 3. atthaM bhAsai arahA sutta gaMthaMti gaNaharA' - Avazyaka niyukti gAthA 92 atha bhAi arihA tameva suttI kareMti gaNadhArI " - bRhatkalpabhASya 193 'atthaM bhaNati pagAseti arahA suttaM gaNaharA' - AvazyakacUrNi 4. samavAyAMga, 14/93 : naMdIsUtra, sUtra 89. 5. sUtrakRtAMga 2/1 : suya bArasaMga - siharaM, duvAlasaMga gaNi piDagaM - naMdIsUtra, 18-41

Page #15
2 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana anusAra pUrva, dvAdazAMgI ke pahale race gaye the / Avazyakaniyukti meM aisA ullekha hai ki dvAdazAMgI ko racanA se pUrva gaNadharoM dvArA arhat bhASita ke AdhAra para "caturdazapUrva' race gaye the| pUrvo meM nihita zruta, jJAna kI akSaya nidhi thA / jo zramaNa 14 pUrvo kA jJAna dhAraNa karate the unheM zruta kevalI kahA jAtA thaa| 'pUrva' sarvasAdhAraNa ke liye bodhagamya na hone ke kAraNa dvAdaza aMgoM kI racanA kI gaI aura pUrva sAhitya ko dRSTivAda ke antargata mAna liyA gyaa| aMgasatra jaina graMthoM meM sampUrNa Agama sAhitya kA vargIkaraNa aMga-praviSTa aura aMga-bAhya ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| aMga-praviSTa ke antargata dvAdaza aMga' aura aMga-bAhya ke antargata zeSa Agama sAhitya mAnA jAtA hai / " mahAvora ke, nirvANa ke lagabhaga eka sahasra varSa bAda devaddhikSamAzramaNa ne isa aMga sAhitya ke 11 aMgoM kA antima bAra saMkalana evaM sampAdana kiyA, jo aMgasatroM ke rUpa meM upalabdha haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra AgamoM meM bArahaveM aMgasUtra dRSTivAda jisakA eka bhAga pUrva sAhitya thA aura ekAdazAMgI ke katipaya aMzoM ko chor3akara, zeSa Agama sAhitya Aja bhI upalabdha hai jabaki digambara paramparA ke anusAra samagra Agama sAhitya vismRti ke garbha meM calA gyaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki upalabdha Agama sAhitya ke kucha aMza digambara paramparA ke anukUla nahIM haiM, isI se usase asahamata hone ke kAraNa usane sampUrNa Agama sAhitya ko hI vilupta mAna liyA hai| aMgapraviSTa mUlAgamoM ke bAda aMgabAhya AgamoM kA sthAna hai / bRhatkalpabhASya ke anusAra inakI racanA 14 pUrvadhArI aura 10 pUrvadhArI zrutakevalI sthaviroM (AcAryoM) ne apane ziSyoM ke lie kI thii| 1. AcArAMganiyukti gAthA 8-9. 2. naMdIsUtra, sUtra 51 : bRhatkalpabhASya, 145. 3. ahavA tu samAsao duvihaM paNNataM taM jahA aMgapaviddha aMgabAhiraM ca-naMdIsUtra, sUtra 45 4. naMdIsUtra, sUtra 45. 5. vahI, sUtra 44. 6. yad gaNadharai : kRtaM tadaGgapraviSTam / yatpunargaNadharakRtAdevasthaviranirmUDham tAnyanaMgapraviSTamiti 1-bRhatkalpabhASya, 144.

Page #16
prathama adhyAya : 3 aMgapraviSTa sAhityameM nimna 11 grantha haiM-1 AcArAMga, 2 sUtrakRtAMga, 3 sthAnAMga, 4 samavAyAMga, 5 bhagavatIsUtra, 6 jJAtAdharmakathA, 7 upAsakadazA, 8 antakRtadazA, 9 anuttaraupapAtikadazA, 10 praznavyAkaraNa aura 11 vipAkadazA, aMgabAhya Agama sAhitya ko pAMca bhAgoM-(1) upAMgasUtra, (2) mUlasUtra, (3) chedasUtra, (4) cUlikAsUtra aura (5) prakIrNaka meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| upAMgasUtra aMgoM ke samAna ye bhI saMkhyA meM dvAdaza haiM (1) opapAtika, (2) rAjapraznoya, (3) jIvAjIvAbhigama, (4) prajJApanA, (5) sUryaprajJapti, (6) jambUdvIpaprajJapti, (7) candraprajJapti, (8) nirayAvalikA, (9) kalpAvataMsikA, (10) puSpacUlikA, (11) puSpikA, (12) vRssnnidshaa| dvAdaza upAMgoM kA prAcIna granthoM meM kahIM eka sAtha ullekha nahIM 'miltaa| mUlasUtra ye saMkhyA meM cAra haiM(1) uttarAdhyayana, (2) dazavaikAlika, (3) Avazyaka aura (4) piMDaniyukti / chedasUtra ye saMkhyA meM chaH haiM(1) dazAzrutaskaMdha, (2) bRhatkalpa, (3) paMcakalpa athavA jItakalpa, (4) nizItha, (5) mahAnizItha aura (6) vyavahAra / cUlikAsUtra ye saMkhyA meM do haiM(1) nandIsUtra aura (2) anuyogadvAra / 1. ovavAiya rAyapaseNaiya jivAbhigama pannavaNA sUriyapaNNati candapaNNati jaMbudI papaNNati nirayAvalio kappavausiyAo puppha cUliAo prapphayAo vaNihadasAo -dozI,becaradAsa : jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 1 pR0 27. 2. uttaraunnayaNa dasaveyaliya Avassaya piMDanijjuti 1-vahI, 3. dasAsuyakhaMdha kappa, paMcakappa, nisIha, mahAnisIha, vavahAra / -vahI. 4. nandI anuyogadvAra, vahI.

Page #17
4 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana prakIrNaka ye saMkhyA meM dasa haiM (1) catuHzaraNa, (2) AturapratyAkhyAna, (3) mahApratyAkhyAna, (4) bhaktaparijJA, (5) tandulavaicArika, (6) saMstAraka, (7) gacchAcAra, (8) gaNividyA, (9) devendrastava aura (10) maraNasamAdhi / ' AgamoM kA racanAkAla Agama zruta paraMparA se cale A rahe the / ataH AgamoM kI racanA kA nizcita kAla nirdhArita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / AgamoM kA racanAkAla mahAvIra se pUrva aura valabhI vAcanA ke bAda kA nahIM ho sktaa| ataH sAmAnya taura para vidvAnoM ne AgamoM kA kAla pATaliputra kI vAcanA ke kAla ko mAnA hai / mUlataH AgamoM ko lipibaddha karane kA niSedha hone se unake paThana-pAThana kI paraMparA maukhika thii| lipibaddha na hone ke kAraNa aura smRtidurbalatA ke kAraNa Agama aMzataH vismRta hote gye| zruta ke hrAsa aura usameM AI anizcitatA ke nirAkaraNa ke uddezya se paravartI AcAryoM ne use saMkalita, suvyavasthita, sAtha hI sunizcita aura sampAdita karane ke liye cAra vAcanAya Ayojita kI thii| __ AvazyakacUNi se jJAta hotA hai ki prathama vAcanA mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga 160 varSa pazcAt arthAt 367 I0 pU0 meM maurya samrATa candragapta ke rAjyakAla meM sthUlabhadra kI adhyakSatA meM huii| dUsarI vAcanA mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga 827 athavA 840 varSa pazcAt san 300 se 313 I0 ke madhya mathurA meM skandila kI adhyakSatA meM, aura tRtIya vAcanA lagabhaga usI samaya valabhI meM nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM huI thI jise valabhI vAcanA kahA jAtA hai| caturtha aura antima vAcanA mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga 980 varSa pazcAt arthAt 454 I0 meM dervAddhagaNi kI adhyakSatA meM valabhI nagara meM huii| prathama-dvitIya aura tRtIya vAcanAoM 1. 1-ca usaraNa, 2-AurapaccakkhANa, 3-mahApaccakkhANa, 4-bhattapariNA 5-taMdulaveyAliyaM, 6-saMthAraga, 7-gacchAcAra, 8-gaNivijjA, 9-devIdatyaya, 10-maraNasamAho dozI, bevaradAsa : jaina sahityakA bRhaitihAsa,bhAga 1, pR0 27 2. vahI bhAga 1, pR0 51 3. AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 2,pR0 187 4. naMdIsUtra, sUtra 37 : naMdAcUNi, pR0 8

Page #18
prathama adhyAya: 5 meM AgamoM ko smRti ke AdhAra para maukhika rUpa se vyavasthita kiyA gayA / skandila aura nAgArjuna paraspara kabhI nahIM mila sake sambhavataH isI kAraNa dvitIya aura tRtIya vAcanAoM ke saMkalita sAhitya meM pAThAntara aura vAcanA-bheda hai / anantara devadvigaNi ne pAThAntara aura vAcanA-bheda Adi kA samanvaya karake unheM lipibaddha kara diyA / kAla prakRti aura vismRti janya doSoM ko dUra karake lipibaddha karane se AgamoM kA maulika svarUpa bahuta kucha surakSita ho gayA / dRSTivAda taba bhI upalabdha na ho sakane ke kAraNa lupta ghoSita kara diyA gayA / pAzcAtya vidvAn haramana jaikobI ke vicAra meM jainAgamoM kA racanAkAla jo bhI ho para unameM jina tathyoM kA saMgraha hai, ve prAcIna paramparA ke haiM aura isa prAcIna paramparA kA kAla IsvI pUrva tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI se lekara IsA kI tIsarI-cauthI ke madhyakAla taka mAnA jAtA hai / isa sAhitya meM prAcInatama jaina paramparAyeM, anuzrutiyAM, lokakathAyeM, rItirivAja, dharmopadeza ko paddhatiyAM, AcAravicAra, saMyama pAlana kI vidhiyAM, darzana, gaNita, jyotiSa, khagola- bhUgola, itihAsa, rAjanIti, samAja Adi viSayoM kA varNana hai jisake adhyayana se tatkAlIna Arthika, dhArmika, rAjanaitika aura sAmAjika avasthA kA jJAna prApta hotA hai / AgamoM kA vyAkhyA sAhitya AgamoM kI bhASA aura artha spaSTa karane ke liye vibhinna AcAryoM ne vipula sAhitya kA sRjana kiyA / AgAmoM ke isa vyAkhyAtmaka sAhitya kA prArambha niyukti se hotA hai / bhASA, zailI va viSaya kI dRSTi se vyAkhyA sAhitya meM ye prAcInatama hai / inakA racanAkAla IsA kI prathama dvitIya zatAbdI ke lagabhaga mAnA jAtA hai / ye prAkRta padyoM meM likhI gaI haiM aura saMkSepa meM viSaya kA pratipAdana karatI haiM / bhadrabAhu ne (1) Avazyaka, (2) dazavaikAlika, (6) uttarAdhyayana, (4) AcArAMga, (5) sUtrakRtAMga, (6) dazAzrutaskandha, (7) bRhatkalpa, (8) vyavahAra, (9) sUryaprajJapti aura (10) RSibhASita Agama granthoM para niyuktiyA~ likhIM / inameM antima do niyuktiyoM ke atirikta sabhI upalabdha haiM / AgamoM ke kucha prakaraNoM kI niyuktiyA~ muniyoM ke AcAra kI dRSTi itanI mahatva 1. vijayamuni munisamadarzI, Agama aura vyAkhyA sAhitya, pR0 14. 2. jaikobI, haramana, sekreDa buksa Apha da IsTa, khaNDa 22, pR0 34.

Page #19
6 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana pUrNa haiM ki ve Agama sAhitya meM svataMtra rUpa se pratiSThita ho gaI haiM, jaise piMDaniyukti aura oghaniyuikta / ' AgamoM aura niryaktiyoM ko spaSTa karane ke liye jinabhadragaNi aura saMghadAsagaNi Adi ne prAkRta gAthAoM meM hI (1) Avazyaka, (2) dazavaikAlika, (3) uttarAdhyayana, (4) bRhatkalpa, (5) paMcakalpa, (6) vyavahAra, (7) nizItha, (8) jItakalpa, (9) oghaniyukti, (10) piNDaniyukti para bhASya likhe| inakA racanAkAla IsA kI pA~cavIM-chaThI zatAbdI ke lagabhaga mAnA jAtA hai| ___ Agama graMthoM kI gadyAtmaka vizeSa vyAkhyA cuNi kahI jAtI hai / cUrNiyoM kI bhASA saMskRta mizrita prAkRta hai| (1) AcArAMga, (2) sUtrakRtAMga, (3) bhagavatI (4) jIvAbhigama, (5) nizItha, (3) mahAnizItha, (7) vyavahAra, (8) dazAzrutaskandha, (9) bRhatkalpa, (10) paMcakalpa, (11) oghaniyukti, (12) jItakalpa, (13) uttarAdhyayana, (14) Avazyaka (15) dazavaikAlika, (16) naMdI, (17) anuyogadvAra aura (18) jambUdvopaprajJapti para cUrNiyA~ likhI gaI haiN| inakA racanAkAla sAtavIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga mAnA jAtA hai| cUrNikAroM meM jinadAsagaNi pramukha haiN| paravartI kAla meM haribhadrasUri, abhayadeva, malayagiri Adi TIkAkAroM ne AgamoM para saMskRta bhASA meM TIkAoM kI racanA kI / AgamoM kI prAcIna TIkAoM kA racanAkAla AThavIM zatAbdI se dasavIM-gyArahavIM zatAbdI taka mAnA jAtA hai / purANa tathA kathA sAhitya samaya-samaya para dharmadezanA aura lokaraMjana ke liye dhArmika aura paurANika AkhyAnoM para svataMtra graMtha likhe gaye / purANoM meM jinasena kA AdipurANa, guNabhadra kA uttarapurANa aura ravisena kA padmapurANa evaM kathAoM meM saMghadAsagaNi kI vasudevahiNDI, vimalasUri kA paumacariyaM, udyotanasari kI kuvalayamAlAkahA aura haribhadrasUri kI samarAiccakahA tathA dhUrtAkhyAna aura somadeva kA yazastilaka campU mahattvapUrNa hai / inameM 1. mehatA, mohanalAla : jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa-2, pR0 68. 2. vahI, pR0 129. 3. vahI, pR0 290. 4. vahI, pR0 343.

Page #20
prathama adhyAya : 7 rAjA, maMtrI, senApati, zreSThI, sArthavAha tathA janasAdhAraNa ke jIvana kA kuzalatA se citraNa kiyA gayA hai| inakA racanA kAla sAtavIM se dasavIM zatAbdI taka mAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi prAcIna jaina Agama sAhitya evaM Agama vyAkhyA sAhitya meM deza aura kAla kA spaSTa aura nizcita saMketa na hone se tathA prAyaH atizayoktipUrNa aura kahIM-kahIM doSapUrNa varNana hone ke kAraNa unakI viSayavastu ko aitihAsika dharAtala para kharA nahIM mAnA jA sakatA tathApi inase paramparAgata aura tatkAlIna aitihAsika, rAjanaitika, sAmAjika, dhArmika aura Arthika citra ke mUlyAMkana meM mahattvapUrNa sahAyatA milatI hai| ataH unakI upayogitA ko pUrNataH asvIkAra bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| itihAsa grantha na hokara bhI inameM deza aura kAlagata itihAsa saMcita haiN| yahI inake adhyayana kI mUlyavattA hai|

Page #21
dvitIya adhyAya artha kA mahattva aura utpAdana ke sAdhana arthazAstra kI paribhASA arthazAstra meM vyakti ke vyAvasAyika jIvana se sambandhita una kAryoM kA adhyayana kiyA jAtA hai jo dhana ke upArjana aura upabhoga se sambandhita hoN| kauTilya ne manuSya kI vRtti ko, artha aura bhUmi ko prApta karane tathA usake pAlana karane ke upAyoM ko arthazAstra kahA hai| pAzcAtya arthazAstriyoM ne arthazAstra ko dhana kA vijJAna mAnA hai / Adhunika arthazAstrIya siddhAntoM ke janmadAtA eDama smitha ke anusAra arthazAstra se kisI rASTra ke dhana kA adhyayana-parIkSaNa ho sakatA hai| sTuarTa mila ke anusAra arthazAstra manuSya se sambandhita dhana kA vijJAna hai / elapharDa mArzala ne arthazAstra ko jIvana ke sAdhAraNa vyavasAya meM mAnava jAti kA adhyayana kahA hai| vaha vyaktigata tathA sAmAjika kriyAoM ke usa bhAga kI jA~ca karatA hai jisakA sambandha bhautika sAdhanoM kI prApti tathA unake upayoga se ho| jaina paramparA meM arthazAstra ke ullekha ___ jaina graMtha nizIthacUNi meM dhana arjana karane kI prakriyA ko 'aTThappatti' arthAt arthaprApti kahA gayA hai / " praznavyAkaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki usa kAla meM 'atthasattha' arthAt arthazAstra viSayaka grantha likhe jAte the| bahatkalpabhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki AjIvikA arjana ke liye gahastha 'atthasattha' kA adhyayana karate the| naMdIsUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki 1. "manuSyANAM vRttirarthaH tasyA pRthivyAlAbhapAlanopAyaH zAstramarthazAstra iti", kauTilIya arthazAstra, 15/1/180 2. smitha eDama, veltha Apha nezansa, 3/1. 3. mila, jAna sTuarTa, prinsipalsa Apha poliTikala ikonomI, 1/1. 4. mArzala elapharDa, prinsipala Apha ikonomiksa, 1/2. 5. nizIthacUNi, bhAga 4/gA0 6397 (aThThappattI vavahAro). 6. praznavyAkaraNa 5/4. 7. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 1/pR0 388.

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dvitIya adhyAya : 9 vinaya se utpanna buddhi se manuSya arthazAstra tathA anya laukika zAstroM meM dakSa ho jAte haiM / ' dazavaikAlikacUrNa meM cANakya dvArA nirdiSTa artha upArjana ke vividha prakAroM kA ullekha milatA hai / " jainagraMthoM meM 'atthasattha' ke punapunaH ullekha se pratIta hotA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM arthazAstra nAmaka koI grantha avazya rahA hogA / sambhavataH yaha kauTilya kA arthazAstra ho sakatA hai / jaina paurANika paramparA meM prathama tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva ko arthavyavasthA kA saMsthApaka mAnA gayA hai, jinhoMne apane putra bharata cakravartI ke liye arthazAstra kA nirmANa kiyA thA / haribhadrasUri ne apane dhUrtAkhyAna meM dhUrtoM kI nAyikA khaNDApanA ko arthazAstra kA nirmAtA batAyA hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki zreNika kA putra abhayakumAra arthazAstra kA jJAtA thA / " vasudeva hiNDI se patA calatA hai ki agaDadatta kauzAmbIvAsI AcArya daDhappahAri ke pAsa arthazAstra sIkhane gayA thA / jambUdvIpaprajJapti se yaha sUcanA prApta hotI hai ki bharata kA senApati suSeNa arthazAstra aura nItizAstra meM catura thaa| jaina paramparA meM artha kA mahattva yadyapi jainoM kA kaThora aparigraha kA Adarza dhana ke mahattva kA virodhI hai| uttarAdhyayana meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki dhana se mokSa nahIM milatA parantu dUsarI ora jaina paramparA ke anusAra pratyeka tIrthaGkara ke janma para unakI mAtA dvArA dekhe gaye 14 svapnoM meM eka svapna lakSmI kA hotA hai / dhanadevI lakSmI kA svapna, kula meM dhana kI vRddhi kA sUcaka mAnA gayA hai / " 1. nimitte, atthasatthe a / naMdIsUtra, gA0 74. 2. dazavaikAlikacUrNi, pR0 102. 3. bharatAyArthazAstraM ca bharataM ca saMsaMgraham / adhyAyairativistIrNaiH sphuTIkRtya jagau guruH // AdipurANa 16 / 119. 4. atthasatyaNimAyA - haribhadra sUri, dhUrtAkhyAna, pR0 24. 5. jJAtAghakarmakathAMma, 1 /16. 6. Isa - atthasattha rahacariyasikkhAkusale | Ayariu - saMghadAsagaNi vasudevahiNDo bhAga 1, pR0 36. 7. jambUdvIpaprajJapti, 1/5. .8. 'abhiseyadAma', kalpasUtra, sUtra 5.

Page #23
10 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana isase phalita hotA hai ki sAmAjika jIvana meM dhana ke mahattva ko jainoM ne svIkAra kara liyA thaa| kauTilya kA abhimata hai ki dharma aura kAma artha para nirbhara haiN| somadeva ke kAla taka bhI yahI mAnyatA pracalita thii| unhoMne dharma, artha aura kAma meM artha kA mahattva batAte haye kahA hai ki artha ke binA dharma aura kAma saMbhava nahIM hai isaliye arthopArjana karanA hI zreSTha hai| somadeva ke anusAra jo manuSya kAma aura artha kI upekSA karake kevala dharma ko hI satat upAsanA karatA hai vaha pake huye kheta ko chor3akara jaMgala ko hI kATatA hai| sukhI aura saMtulita jIvana ke liye aisI apekSA kI jAtI thI ki manuSya dhArmikatA ke sAtha dhana kA saMgraha aura vyaya kare aura apane pAralaukika sukha kI kSati na karatA huA laukika sukha ko nyAyapUrvaka bhoge|" somadevasUri ke anusAra artha se saba prayojana siddha hote haiM" arthAt jIvana ko saba AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti artha se hI ho sakatI hai / isaliye jo vyakti aprApta dhana kI prApti, prApta dhana ko rakSA aura rakSita dhana kI vRddhi karatA hai vaha dhanADhya hotA hai / 6 jaina aura hindU donoM hI paraMparAoM meM artha kA bar3A mahattva thaa| rAmAyaNa meM artha ko dharma kA mUla batAte huye kahA gayA hai ki jaise parvata se nadiyA~ nikalatI haiM vaise hI artha se saba kiyAyeM hotI haiN| vAlmIki ke anusAra jisake pAsa saMpatti hai, usI ke bandhu haiM, vahI paNDita, parAkramI aura guNI kahalAtA hai| mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM kahA gayA hai ki binA arthasiddhi ke artha aura kAma apUrNa hai, saba kriyAyeM dhana se hI hotI haiM dhana se hI dhana AtA hai| jisa manuSya ke pAsa dhana hai, usI ke mitra 1. 'arthamUlau hi dharmakAmau'-kauTilIya arthazAstra 1/7/3. 2. 'kAlAsahatve punarartha eva dharmakAmayorarthamUlatvAt'-somadevasUri, nIti vAkyAmRta, 2/16,17 / 3. 'ya kAmArthAvupahatya dharmamevopAste saH pakvakSetraM parityajyAraNyaM karSati',vahI 1/47 4. vahI, 1/48. 5. 'yataH sarvaprayojanasiddhiH sorthaH', vahI 2/1. 6. 'alabdhalAbho labdha parirakSaNaM rakSita parivardhanam cArthAnubandha', vahI, 2/3. 7. vAlmIki rAmAyaNa, 6/83/21. 8. vahI, 6/83/39. 9. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva / 12/8/24.

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dvitIya adhyAya : 11 aura bAndhava haiM, vahI paNDita aura saccA puruSa hai| kauTilIya arthazAstra meM kahA gayA hai ki artha ke sAtha hI saba sambandha hote haiM, arthavAna hI sabakA AdaraNIya hotA hai, arthahIna vyakti kI hitakara bAta bhI nahIM sunI jAtI, usakI patnI bhI usakA apamAna kara detI hai / paumacariyaM meM dhana kA mahattva batAte huye kahA gayA hai ki jisake pAsa dhana hai vahI sukhI hai, vahI paNDita hai, vahI yazasvI hai, vahI mahAn hai, dharma bhI usake adhIna hai, ahiMsA ke upadeza vAle dharma ke pAlana meM bhI dhanavAn hI samartha ho sakatA hai| vasudevahiNDI meM kahA gayA hai ki artha se hI saba kArya sambhava hote haiM, dhana hone se hI loga Adara karate haiM, alpadhana jAnakara AtmIya bhI mu~ha mor3a lete haiM, parAyoM kA to kahanA ho kyaa| kuvalayamAlAkahA meM kahA gayA hai ki dhana ke binA dharma aura kAma nahIM ho sakate / " samarAicakahA meM kahA gayA hai ki artharahita puruSa ko puruSa nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki vaha na to yaza prApta kara sakatA hai aura na sajjanoM ko saMgati aura na hI paropakAra kara sakatA hai| vajjAlaggaM meM kahA gayA hai ki dhanahIna kA koI Adara nahIM krtaa| smRtiyoM meM bhI dhana ke mahattva ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| bRhaspati bhI dhana ko samasta kriyAoM kA udgama mAnate haiN| zukra ne bhI artha ko dharma, kAma aura mokSa kA AdhAra mAnA hai| 1. mahAbhArata zAntiparva 4/9/26. 2. jassa'ttho tassa suha, jassa'tyo paNDio ya so loe / jassa'ttho so guruo, atthavihUNo ya lahuo u / tassa mahatyo ya jaso, dhammo vi ya tassa hoi saahiinno| dhammo vi so samattho, jassa ahiMsA samudiTThA-vimalasUri, paumacariyaM 35 / 66,67. 3. kauTilIya arthazAstra, cANakyasUtrANi 190,254,291, 292 4. atthasya kie jAo vesANa vi niyamuhAI aypati aypA jANaM vese puroNu. kihaM vallaho tAsiM, vasudevahiNDI 1/34. 5. dhammattho kAmovinhohii atthAso sesapi-kuvalayamAlAkahA, pR0 57. 6. haribhadrasUri, samarAiccakahA, 4246. 7. jayavallabha, vajjAlagga gAthA 143. 8. bRhaspatismRti vyavahArakANDa 6/24. 9. zukranIti 1/84.

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"12 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana * arthopArjana ke sAdhana kisI bhI deza kI Arthika samRddhi meM vahA~ kI bhogaulika paristhitiyoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hotA hai / saubhAgya se yahA~ kI jalavAyu bhUmi, vana, khanija, nadiyoM Adi ne deza ko samRddha banAyA hai / ukta sAdhanoM ke atirikta jina sAdhanoM ke sahayoga se dhana kA utpAdana hotA hai unheM utpAdana ke sAdhana kahA jAtA hai / Adhunika arthazAstrI elapharDa mArzala ne dhanopArjana ke sAdhanoM kA vargIkaraNa bhUmi, zrama, pU~jI aura prabandha ke rUpa meM kiyA hai / unake anusAra bhUmi ke binA kucha bhI utpAdana sambhava nahIM hai ataH utpatti kA prathama aura AdhArabhUta sAdhana bhUmi mAnA gayA hai cU~ki zrama ke yoga ke binA bhUmi se utpatti sambhava nahIM hai isaliye zrama ko utpatti kA dUsarA sAdhana mAnA jAtA hai / cU~ki bhUmi aura zrama ke hote huye bhI pU~jI ke binA samucita utpAdana sambhava nahIM hai ataH pU~jI ko utpatti kA tIsarA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai / bhUmi, zrama aura pU~jI ke upalabdha hone para bhI yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki utpAdana vyavasthita ho / ina sabhI sAdhanoM ko utpAdana kArya meM lagAne ke liye tathA unameM samanvaya sthApita karane ke liye ucita prabandha kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai isa kAraNa prabandha ko utpatti kA cauthA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai / ' jaina graMthoM meM utpatti ke sAdhanoM kA aisA vargIkaraNa nahIM milatA hai, parantu adhyayana kI dRSTi se maiMne upalabdha sAmagrI ko uparilikhita vargIkaraNa meM vyavasthita kiyA hai / bhUmi bhUmi artha utpatti kA mahattvapUrNa sAdhana hai / mauryakAla meM adhika utpAdana dene vAlI, artha prApti meM sahAyaka, sukha samRddhi kI dAyaka ratnagarbhA bhUmi ko hI rAjya kA mukhya AdhAra mAnA gayA thA / somadevasUri ne bhI anna, jala, suvarNa, cAMdI, pazu-pakSI dene vAlI ko pRthvI kahA hai / Adhunika paribhASA meM bhUmi kA artha bar3A vyApaka hai, usameM mAtra kRSibhUmi kA hI nahIM varan arthotpatti ke srota, bhUmi se prApta hone vAle, sabhI 1. mArzala elapharDa, prinsipalsa Apha ikonAmiksa, khaNDa 4 / pR0 115. 2. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 15 / 180. 3. " dhAnyahiraNyapazu kupyavRSTiphaladA ca pRthivI", somadeva, nItivAkyAmRta, 54

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dvitIya adhyAya : 13 prAkRtika padArtha Ate haiN| isa prakAra vana sampadA, khanija sampadA aura jalasampadA kI gaNanA bhI bhUmi ke antargata ko jAtI hai| vana sampadA prAcIna bhArata ke Arthika jIvana meM vanoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna thA vana vibhinna prakAra ke latA, gulma aura auSadhiyoM se paripUrNa the / jainasAhitya meM bar3e-bar3e vanoM kA ullekha AtA hai| uttarAdhyayanacUNi se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjagRha ke bAhara 18 yojana kI aTavI thii| aupapAtikasUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki campA nagarI ke vanoM meM tilaka, bakula, lakuca, chatropa, zirISa, saptaparNa, dadhiparNa, laudhadhana, candana, nIma, kur3aca, kadamba, panasa, dADima, zAla, tamAla, priya, priyaMgu, paropaga Adi vRkSoM kI saghana paMktiyA~ thIM jo sabhI RtuoM ke phaloM aura puSpoM se ladI rahatI thiiN| vanoM meM totA, mora, mainA, koyala, bhaMgAraka, koNDalavA, cakora, naMdImukha, tItara, baTera, battaka, cakravAka, kalahaMsa, sArasa, Adi aura bakare, kharagoza, meSa, rIcha, sAMbhara, sUara, cItA, zera, hAthI, camarI gAya Adi jAnavara pAye jAte the| bahatkalpabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki lakar3ahAroM, ghasiyAroM, pattahArakoM, zikAriyoM aura jaMgalI jAtiyoM kI jIvikA vanoM se hI calatI thii| carma, kastUrI, caMvara aura hAthIdA~ta jinakA nagaroM meM bahuvidha pracAra thA, vanya pazuoM se prApta hote the / vanoM para vividha udyoga AdhArita the| jinameM kASTha, carma, hAthIdA~ta, lAkha Adi para AdhA1. mArzala elapharDa, prinsipalsa Apha ikonAmiksa, khaNDa 4, pR0 115. 2. bhagavatI sUtra, 1/1/33 : prajJApanA 1/40 : aupapAtikasUtra 3. 3. uttarAdhyayanaNi, 8/258 4. 'seNaM asogavarapAyave aNNehiM bahUhi tilaehiM, lauehittovehiM, sirIsehi, sattavaNNehi, dahivaNehi, loddhehi, dhahiM, caMdaNehi, ajjuNehiM, NIhi, kuDaehiM, kalaMhiM, savvehi, phaNasehi, dADimehiM, sAlehi, tAhi, tamAlehiM, piyaehiM, piyaMgUhi, purovahi, rAyaru khehi, naMdIruvakhehi savvao sametA saMparikkhatteM aupapAtikasUtra, 6. 5. praznavyAkaraNa 1/9. 6. vipAka 4/6 : praznavyAkaraNa 1/6. 7. bRhatkalpabhASya, 2/1097. 8. praznavyAkaraNa 4/5 : danta hastyAdInAM, 'campA' vagdhAdINa 'vAlA' camaroNaM, nizIcUNi bhAga 2, gA0 1032.

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:14 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana rita udyoga pramukha the / ' upAsakadasAMga meM vanakarma arthAt lakar3I kATane, aMgArakarma arthAt koyalA banAne kA ullekha hai, jo vanoM para hI AdhArita the / AcArAMga se vanotpAdita vastuoM meM lakar3I kA Arthika mahattva jJAta hotA hai| khanija sampadA jaina granthoM meM vividha prakAra ke khanija padArtho ke ullekhoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki prArambhika zatAbdiyoM meM logoM ko khanija padArthoM kA paryApta jJAna thaa| jisa sthAna para lohA, tA~bA Adi khanija dravya nikAle jAte the use "Akara" kahA jAtA thaa|" uttarAdhyayana Adi jaina granthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki khAnoM se khArI miTTI, lohA, tA~bA, sIsA, cA~dI, sUvarNa vajra, haritAla, manasila, zasyaka, aMjana, pravAla, abhrapaTala, abhramAluka, gomedaka, rucaka, aMkaratna, sphaTika, lohitAkSa, marakata, masAragalla, bhujamocaka, indranola, candana, geruka, haMsagarbha, pulaka, saugandhika, candrAprabha, vaidarya, jalakAnta, sUryakAnta Adi khanija padArtha nikAle jAte the / kauTilIya arthazAstra se bhI mauryakAla meM pAye jAne vAle ukta khanija padArthoM kI puSTi hotI hai| deza kI khanija sampadA se dhAtu udyoga meM bar3I unnati huI thii| jala sampadA sarvatra mAnava sabhyatA kA vikAsa nadiyoM kI upajAU ghATiyoM meM hI huA, jisase jala kI suvidhA ke sAtha-sAtha kRSi hetu upayukta bhUmi va 1. upAsakadazAMga, 1/38. 2. vahI, 1/38. 3. AcArAMga, 2/4/1/138. 4. prajJApanA 1/24 : jIvAbhigama, 3/2/21. 5. bRhalkapabhASya, 2|1090. 6. aya-taMba tauya-sIsaga-ruppa-suvaNNe ya vaire ya, hariyAle-hiMgulue, maNosilA, sAsagajaMgapavAle abha paDala'bhavAlaya bAdarakAe maNivihANAyomejjae ya ruyage aMke phalihe ya lohiyakkhe ya maragaya masAragalle bhuyamoyaga iMdanIle ya caMdaNa geruya haMsagabtha pulaye saugaMdhie ya bodhavve candappaha-verulie jalakate sUkantejaca-uttarAdhyayana 36/73/76; sUtrakRtAMga 2/2/745; prajJApanA 1/24, jIvAbhigama 1/2/21. 17. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 2/6/24.

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dvitIya adhyAya : 15 pazupAlana ke liye upayukta carAgAha bhI sulabha ho jAtA thA / bhArata meM jala sampadA kA kabhI abhAva na thA / kRSi aura yAtAyAta ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM nadiyoM kA bar3A mahattva thA / rudradAma ke jUnAgar3ha abhilekha se sUcita hotA hai ki mahAkSatrapa ne candragupta maurya ke kAla meM banavAI gaI sudarzana jhIla aura usa para bane bA~dha kA jIrNoddhAra karAyA thA / isa prasaMga se mauryakAla se hI siMcAI ke liye jhIla aura bA~dha kI upayogitA para prakAza par3atA hai / ' paumacariyaM meM siMcAI ke liye nadiyoM para bA~dha banAne kA ullekha hai / " praznavyAkaraNa meM siMcAI ke liye puSkariNI, bAvar3I, kuA~, tAlAba, sarovara Adi kA ullekha hai| nadiyoM aura sarovaroM se muktA, zaMkha, aMka aura kaur3iyAM prApta hotI thIM / vipAkasUtra meM nadiyoM, sarovaroM aura tAlAboM meM matsya pAlana hone kA bhI ullekha hai / utpAdana meM bhUmi kA mahattva prAcInakAla meM manuSya ke AvAsa, kRSi aura udyogoM ke lie paryApta bhUmi thI / deza kA adhikAMza bhAga ghane jaMgaloM se AcchAdita thA / praznavyAkaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki kRSi kI mAMga bar3hane para vana bhUmi ko kRSi bhUmi meM badalane ke liye jaMgaloM ko jalAkara sApha kara liyA jAtA thA / kauTilya ke anusAra jo kisAna baMjara yA Usara bhUmi ko apane zrama se kRSi yogya banAtA thA, vaha jaba taka rAjya ko kara detA rahatA thA, bhUmi para usakA adhikAra banA rahatA thA / manusmRti ke anusAra jo vRkSa Adi kATakara vanya-bhUmi ko kRSi yogya banAtA thA, vahI usakA svAmI ho jAtA thA / ina ullekhoM se pratIta hotA hai ki mauryakAla aura guptakAla meM kRSi aura udyogoM kI vRddhi ke kAraNa kRSi bhUmi kI mA~ga bar3ha gaI thI, jisakI pUrti vanya bhUmi sApha kara kI jAtI thI / 1. rudradAma kA jUnAgar3ha abhilekha - nArAyaNa, e0 ke0 : prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha 2, pR0 43. 2. viviha jalajantaviraiya - niruddhajalabhariya kUlatIrAe - paumacariyaM 10 / 36. 3. praznavyAkaraNa 1/14, 1/3. 4. vipAkasUtra, 8/3. 5. gahaNAI vaNAI kheta khillabhUmi vallarAI utaNadyaNa saMkaDAI - praznavyAkaraNa 2/13. 6. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 2/1/19. 7. manusmRti, 9 / 44.

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16 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana bhUmi kA svAmitva prAcInakAla meM bhUmi svAmitva ke prazna ko lekara bar3A matabheda hai / / upalabdha tathyoM ke AdhAra para bhUmi para tIna prakAra kA adhikAra parilakSita hotA hai ( 1 ) rAjya kA svAmitva, (2) vyaktigata svAmitva, ( 3 ) sAmUhika svAmitva / rAjya kA svAmitva bRhatkalpabhASya meM rAjA ko pRthvI kA svAmI kahA gayA hai / ' kauTilIya arthazAstra ke anusAra bhUmi rAjya kI sampadA thii| yUnAnI yAtrI maigasthanIja ke yAtrAvRttAnta se bhI isa bAta kI puSTi hotI hai / kauTilya ke anusAra jo bhUmi rAjyAdhikAriyoM ko vetana svarUpa dI jAtI thI mAtra usakI Aya kA hI ve upabhoga kara sakate the, usakA vikraya aura use bandhaka rakhanA unake adhikAra kSetra se bAhara thA / rAjA se dAna meM prApta bhUmi kI mAtra Aya ke upabhoga kA hI adhikAra bAhmaNoM, uccAdhikAriyoM aura bauddha saMghoM ko thA, vikraya karane kA nhiiN| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki ve dAna meM prApta bhUmi ke svAmI nahIM hote the| phalataH mauryakAla aura guptakAla meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM rAjA kA ho bhUmi para adhikAra hotA thA / kauTilIya arthazAstra meM vanoM, khanija padArthoM aura bhUmistha nidhi para rAjA kA adhikAra batAyA gayA hai| nizIthacUNi se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki usa kAla taka bhI bhUmistha nidhi para rAjA kA hI adhikAra thA / 1. bRhakalpabhASya, 4/3757. 2. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 2/1/19. 3. repasana I0 je0 : da kaimbija hisTro Apha iNDiyA dvitIya bhAga, pR. 368. 4. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 2 1/19. 5. pravarasena kA camakapura tAmra lekha; phlITa, jAna phethaphula bhAratIya-abhilekha saMgraha pR0 297. 6. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 4/1/76, 7. ekkeNaM vaNieNaM Nihi ukkhaNiyo taM aNNehi NAu raNNo NiveiyaM vaNio. daDio NihIya se har3o, nizIthacUrNi, 4/6522.

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dvitIya adhyAya : 17 jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki naMdana-maNikAra ne rAjA zreNika ko dhana bheMTa karake puSkariNI banAne kI AjJA prApta kI thii| vasudevahiNDI meM nagara ke bAhara aise khetoM kA varNana hai jinheM rAjA ne kRSakoM ko kRSi ke liye diyA thaa| jo kisAna khetoM ko hAni pahu~cAte the, unheM apanA ghoSita karate the, unheM daNDita karake daNDa ke rUpa meM prApta dhana rAjakoSa meM jamA kara diyA jAtA thaa| yadyapi rAjA bhUmi kA pUrNa svAmI thA tathApi usakA adhikAra kevala bhUmi kI upaja ke nizcita bhAga taka hI sImita thaa| vyaktigata svAmitva rAjya meM rAjakIya sampadA ke atirikta nijI sampadA bhI hotI thii| praznavyAkaraNa ke anusAra aisI sampadA meM dhana, dhAnya, kheta, ghara, dAsadAsI aura pazu kI gaNanA kI jAtI thii|3 icchA parimANa vrata ke pA~ca aticAroM ( doSoM ) meM eka kSetra-vAstu parimANAtikramaNa thA / kheta aura gRha ke parimANa se bhUmi para vyaktigata svAmitva kI puSTi hotI hai| jaina sAhitya ke kucha saMdarbho se jJAta hotA hai ki gAthApati aura dhanikoM ke pAsa paryApta bhUmi huA karatI thI jaise upAsakadazAMga ke anusAra Ananda gAthApati 500 hala bhUmi kA svAmI thaa| grAmoM kI kRSi yogya bhUmi meM kisAnoM kI vyaktigata paTTiyAM hotI thiiN| jinako eka dUsare se alaga karane ke liye sImA-cihna yA siMcAI kI nAliyAM hotI thiiN| vyavahArabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki eka kisAna ne apane khetoM para isa prakAra jutAI kara dI ki usake sImA-cihna hI miTa gye|6 manusmRti meM bhI kRSikarma vaizyoM kA dharma batAyA gayA hai| ataH unake pAsa 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 13/15 2. ete nagarasya bahiyA suttavibhattA eyANi jaNassa nayaravAsiNo khettANi AjIviosahisaM pAiNaNimittaM"tANi amhaM khettANi / "tti vuccati... tato te viNayatthaMdaNDo dosAnurUvo / so amhaM kosaM pavisai,-vasudevahiNDI bhAga 1 pR0 91. 3. hiraNasuvaNNakhettavatthu, NadAsI-dAsa-bhayaga-pesa-haya-gaya, gavelagaMva,-praznavyA___karaNa 2/5/156; bRhatkalpabhASya 2/825; AvazyakacUNi 2/292. 4. khettavatthuvihi parimANaM karei-upAsakadazAMga 1/pR0 27. 5. paMcahiM halasaehiM niyattaNasaieNaM haleNaM, vahI, 1/pR0 27. 6. vyavahArabhASya, bhAga 7/443.

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/ 18 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana bhU-sampatti avazya hotI hogii|' guptakAla ke kaI tAmralekhoM se bhUmi ke vidhivat vikraya kA patA calatA hai / dAmodarapura tAmrapatra ke anusAra tIna dInAra meM eka kulyAvAya bhUmi kharIdI jA sakatI thii| isI prakAra pahAr3apura ke tAmrapatra lekha ke anusAra puNDavardhana bhukti meM eka brAhmaNa dampatti ne tIna dInAra meM Der3ha kulyAvAya bhUmi kraya karane ke liye rAjA ko prArthanA-patra diyA thaa| pustakapAla aura rAjyAdhikAriyoM kI svIkRti ke bAda gA~va ke mukhiyA, sabhyajana aura rAjyAdhikAriyoM ke sAmane bhUmi mApa kara, usakA kSetra nizcita karake vikraya kI jAtI thii| bhUmi ke mUlya kA 1/6 bhAga rAjakoSa ko diyA jAtA thaa| rAjA kabhI-kabhI rAjya kI surakSA karane vAle sAmantoM aura uccAdhikAriyoM kI sevA se prasanna hokara unheM bhUmi dAna kara dete the| vipAkasUtra meM aise hI rASTrakaTa (raTThakUDa) kA varNana hai jo vijaya-vardhamAnakheTa ke 500 gA~voM kA adhipati thaa| sAmUhika svAmitva __jisa bhUmi para eka se adhika vyaktiyoM kA saMyukta adhikAra hotA thA use sAmUhika svAmitva vAlI bhUmi kahA jAtA thaa| grAmINa sAmUhika rUpa se aisI bhUmi kI surakSA aura prabandha ke uttaradAyI hote the / AcArAMga ke varNana se jJAta hotA hai ki carAgAha para sAmUhika svAmitva thaa| ina para grAmavAsiyoM kA samAna adhikAra thA aura gA~va ke sabhI pazu usa para carate the / manusmRti ke anusAra gA~voM ke cAroM ora 100 dhanuSa kI bhUmi sAmUhika saMpatti thii| AcArAMga se sUcita hotA hai ki gAMva kI vaMjara bhUmi ko carAgAhoM meM badala diyA jAtA thA aura cAre kI suvidhA anusAra carAgAheM bhI badalatI rahatI thiiN| pANini ne bhI kahA hai ki carAgAhoM meM 1. manusmRti, 1/90. 2. upAdhyAya vasudeva, prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana, pR0 161. 3. maiTo, esa0 ke0 : ikonAmika lAipha Apha iNDiyA ina gupta pIrieDa, pR0 59. 4. vahI, pR0 49. 5. vipAkasUtra, 1/9. 6. AcArAMga, 2/10/166 7. manusmRti, 8/257 8. AcArAMga, 2/10/166

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dvitIya adhyAya : 19 pazu svacchanda carate the aura unake liye cAre kI upalabdhi ke anusAra naI-naI jagaha goSTha banA lete the|' isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bhUmi para rAjya kA, vyaktigata aura sAmhika tInoM hI taraha kA svAmitva pracalita thaa| vaidhAnika rUpa se bhami kA svAmI koI bhI rahA ho kRSaka apane parizrama se dhAnya-phala utpanna karate the aura usakA upabhoga karate the| bhUmi rAjya se prApta kI gaI ho athavA kraya kI gaI ho usake svAmI ko rAjasva denA par3atA thA para 'dharmArtha saMghoM ko dAna dI huI bhUmi rAjasva se mukta hotI thii| utpAdana meM zrama kA mahattva zrama utpAdana kA mUlabhUta sAdhana hai| zrama se hI deza meM upalabdha prAkRtika sAdhanoM kA paryApta vidohana sambhava hai| Adhunika arthazAstrIya dRSTikoNa se zrama ke antargata zArIrika aura mAnasika donoM taraha ke zrama samAhita haiN| isa prakAra zrama karane vAloM meM kRSi aura udyogoM meM kAma karane vAle zramikoM aura zilpiyoM ke atirikta adhikArI, vaidya, vyApArI Adi bhI A jAte haiM / arthazAstra meM vyakti kI pratyeka kriyA zrama nahIM mAnI jAtI / vahI kriyA zrama mAnI jA sakatI hai jisase sevA yA kisI prakAra kI sAmagrI kA nirmANa ho aura jo Arthika uddezya se kI gaI ho| sUtrakRtAMga kI racanA ke kAla meM zrama paryApta thA, gRhapatiyoM ke pAsa kAma karane vAloM meM bhAgIdAra, karmakara, bhRtaka, kuTumbI, sevaka, saMdezavAhaka aura dAsa-dAsiyoM kA ullekha hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki usa kAla meM zrama 1. pANini aSTAdhyAyI, 3/3/119, 5/2/18. 2. mahArAja hastina kA khoha tAmrapatra abhilekha aura mahArAja dharasena dvitIya kA tAmrapatra abhilekha : phlITa, jAMnapheyaphula : prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha, pR0 124 aura 201. 3. elaparDa mArzala : prisipala Apha ikonomiksa, ullikhita, vIrendra TaNDana arthazAstra ke siddhAnta, pR0 168. 4. bAhiriyA parisA bhavai, taMjahA-dAse ti vA pese ti vA bhayae ti bhAillevA kammakarai ti vA bhogapurisei-sUtrakRtAMga 2/713 : praznavyAkaraNa 10/3, bRhatkalpabhASya, 3/2634.

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20 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana kA abhAva nahIM thaa| vyavahArabhASya meM ullekha hai ki dAsa jIvanaparyanta svAmI ke pAsa rahakara usakI sevA karate the / bhRtya dhana lekara asthAyI * kAla ke liye kAma karate the| nizothaNi se jJAta hotA hai ki karmakara dIrghakAla ke liye anubandhita hokara apane svAmI ke khetoM meM hala calAte, bIja bote aura khetoM ko rakSA karate the| praznavyAkaraNa meM batAyA gayA hai ki saMdezavAhaka dUsare gAMva meM saMdeza pahu~cAte aura vahA~ se sandeza lAte the, bhAgIdAra baTAI para khetI karate the / prAcIna bhArata meM manuSya prAyaH zArIrika zrama para hI nirbhara karatA thA jaisA ki nizIthacUNi meM batAyA gayA hai ki kRSi aura kuTIra udyoga zArIrika zrama para hI AdhArita the| zramika aura karmakara kiso vizeSa vyavasAya kI dakSatA nahIM rakhate the balki ve zArIrika zrama karake jIvikopArjana karate the| vasudevahiNDo meM ullekha hai ki akuzala zramika sArA dina parizrama karake kucha 'kahApana' hI ajita kara pAtA hai jabaki kuzala zramika buddhibala se kama parizrama karake bhI adhika dhana arjita karatA hai|" pANini ne bhI kisI prakAra kA zilpa vizeSa na jAnane vAle mAtra zArIrika zrama karane vAle sAdhAraNa akuzala zramika ko karmakara aura usake pArizramika ko bhRtti tathA zilpa jAnane vAloM ko zilpI yA kAri aura unakI bhRtti ko vetana kahA hai| __Adhunika arthazAstra kI paribhASA meM majadUra Adi sAdhAraNa zramika ko "akuzala zramika' aura dUsare zilpa jAnane vAloM ko kuzala zramika kahA jAtA hai| inake atirikta kucha adhikArI, AcArya, adhyakSa, vaidya Adi bhI the jinako gaNanA na to zilpiyoM meM kI jAtI thI aura na zramikoM meN| ye apanI sevAoM ke badale vetana pAte the / inakI sevAoM se yadyapi pratyakSa rUpa se koI utpatti nahIM hotI thI parantu parokSa rUpa se dekhA jAye to unako sevAoM se rAjya ko kucha na kucha lAbha avazya hotA thaa| 1. vyavahArabhASya 9/3. * 2. nizIthacUNi, 3/4848. 3. praznavyAkaraNa 10/3 : vyavahArabhASya, 6/163, 164. 4. nizIthacUNi, 2/522 5. vasudevahiNDI, 2/264 6. pANini aSTAdhyAyI, 1/2/22, 3/1/26.

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dvitIya adhyAya : 21 khetihara zramika vasUdevahiNDI meM varNita hai ki prAyaH kRSaka aura usakA parivAra svayaM hI mila kara khetI karate the / ' kintu bRhatkalpabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki kucha samartha kRSaka, jinheM kuTumbina kahA jAtA thA, apanI khetI ke liye karmakaroM, bhAgIdAroM aura dAsoM ko niyukti karate the| dAsa-dAsI sevA ke liye zrama karane vAloM meM dAsa-dAsI kA bar3A mahattva thA / jainagrathoM meM vyaktigata sampatti meM dhanadhAnya, kSetra, vAstU, sonA-cAMdI, gRhopayogI upakaraNoM Adi ke sAtha dAsa-dAsI kI bhI gaNanA kI gaI hai|3 vyavahArabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki sAdhAraNa gRhastha bhI dAsa rakhate the, jo khetI meM sahayoga karate the / jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki gRha-kArya hetu bhI dAsa-dAsiyA~ sulabha thIM, jo ghara meM khAnA banAnA, kUTanA, pIsanA, kue~ se pAnI lAnA aura svAmI kI sevA karanA Adi sabhI kArya karatI thiiN|" rAjaparivAroM aura sampanna parivAroM meM zizuoM ke lAlana-pAlana hetu dhAtriyA~ niyukta kI jAtI thiiN| AcArAMga meM pAMca prakAra kI dhAtriyoM kA ullekha hai| yathA-kSIradhAtrI (dUdha pilAne vAlI), maNDanadhAtrI (vastrAbhUSita karane vAlI), majjanadhAtrI (snAna karAne vAlI), aMkadhAtrI (goda lene vAlI), krIDApanadhAtrI (khela khilAne vaalii)| jaina sAhitya meM dAsa-dAsiyoM ko videzoM se maMgAye jAne kA bhI ullekha hai| aupapAtika meM ullekha hai ki ve apane deza ko vezabhUSA meM rahate the aura bhAratIya bhASA ko na jAnane ke kAraNa saMketoM ke mAdhyama se bAteM karate the| jambUdvIpaprajJapti se jJAta hotA hai ki bharatacakravartI ke antaHpura kI dekhabhAla videzoM se AI huI dAsiyA~ karatI thoM / ' 1, vasudevahiNDo, bhAga 1, pR0 30. 2. vRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 2/988. 3. praznavyAkaraNa 10/3 : bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3/2203. 4. vyavahArabhASya, bhAga 6/208. 5. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 2/25, 7/29 : sUtrakRtAMga 1/4/577. 6. AcArAMga 2/15/176; jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/82. 7. aupapAtika, sUtra 55 : jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/82. 8. jambUdvIpaprajJapti, 2/7.

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22 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana nizIthacUrNi meM dAsoM ke chaH bheda batAye gaye haiM-' gavvA (janmajAta dAsa) kItA (krIta kiye hue dAsa) anayA (RNa na cukA sakane ke kAraNa banAye gaye dAsa) savarahA (rAjA dvArA kisI vizeSa aparAdha ke lie daNDa svarUpa banAe gae dAsa) Niruddha (aise dAsa jo yuddha meM parAjita bandI the) dubhikkhA (aise dAsa jo durbhikSa se saMtrasta hokara bana gaye the)| kauTilIya arthazAstra meM kaI prakAra ke dAsoM kA ullekha haidhvajAhuta (yuddha meM bandI) AtmavikrayI (apane Apa ko becane vAle) udaradAsa (dAsI se utpanna) ahitika (RNa ke kAraNa dAsa vRti apanAne vAle) daNDaprANita (rAja daNDa ke kAraNa dAsatA svIkAra karane vaale)| manusmRti meM 6 prakAra ke dAsoM kA ullekha huA haidhvajAhato (yuddha meM jItA huA) bhatadAso (bhojana ke (bhojana ke lie dAsa vRtti apanAne vAlA) krIta (krIta) datrimau (upahAra meM prApta) paitriko (janmajAta) aura daNDa dAsa (daNDita hokara banA dAsa)3 dAsoM ke uparilikhita vargIkaraNa ke AdhAra para hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki dAsakula meM janma, yuddha meM parAjaya, daNDa, dhana kA abhAva tathA durbhikSa dAsatA ke mUla kAraNa the| dAsa cUki nijI sampatti the isalie inakA vikraya, upahAra meM denA tathA giravI rakhanA zAstra mAnya thaa| dAsoM ko kisI prakAra kA vaidhAnika adhikAra prApta nahIM thaa| ghara meM unake sAtha snehapUrNa vyavahAra kiyA jAtA thA, para kabhI-kabhI dAsoM ke 1. gabbhe kIte aNae, dubhikkhe sAvarAharUddha vA-nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 3/3676 2. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 3/13/55 3. manusmRti, 8/415

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dvitIya adhyAya : 23 prati kaThora vyavahAra kA bhI udAharaNa milatA hai| bRhatkalpabhASya ke dRSTAnta se jJAta hotA hai ki kisI eka vaNik ne apanI vRddhA dAsI ko lakar3I lAne hetu jaMgala bhejA, dopahara ko jaba vaha binA lakar3I lie lauTI to usake svAmI ne use pITA aura bhUkhI pyAsI dAsI ko punaH lakar3I lAne ke lie bheja diyaa|' sUtrakRtAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki dAsa trasta hokara ghara se palAyita bhI ho jAyA karate the| nizothaNi se sUcanA milatI hai ki kucha svAmI, dAsiyoM kA upabhoga bhI kara lete the / kauTilIya arthazAstra ke anusAra agara dAsI ko svAmo se santAna ho jAtI thI, to vaha dAsatA se mukta ho jAtI thii| agara dAsa apanA mUlya cukA de, to bhI use dAsatA se mukti mila jAtI thii|5 kaI bAra svAmI dAsa ke kArya se prasanna hokara use dAsatA se mukta kara dete the| rAjA zreNika ne putra-janma kA sukhada samAcAra dene vAlI dAsI ko dAsatA se mukta kara diyA thaa| isI prakAra vyavahArabhASya se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki eka kuTumbI ne apanI dAsI kI sevAoM se prasanna hokara usakA mastaka dhokara use dAsatA se mukta kara diyA thaa| zilpI prAcIna jaina graMthoM se patA calatA hai ki apane zilpa meM siddhahasta zilpiyoM kA bAhulya thA / jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM zilpa jAnane vAlI 18 zreNiyoM kA varNana hai| prajJApanAsUtra meM bhI vibhinna zilpiyoM kA ullekha huA hai-dossiyA (dUSayaka), sauttiyA (sautrika), kappAsiyA (kArpAsika) suttaveyaliyA (sUtravaitAlika), (bhaMDaveyaliyA (bhANDavaitAlika), kolIlayA (kaulAlika), garadAvaNiyA (naravAhamika), tuNNAgA (raphUgara), taMtuvAyA 1. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 2/1205. 2. sUtrakRtAMga, bhAga 2/2/710. 3. nizIthacUNi, bhAga 4/5/78. 4. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 3/13/65. 5. vahI. 6. matthayadhoyAo karei, puttANu prattiyaM vitti kappei, kappettA paDivisa taa, jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/75. 7. vyavahArabhASya, bhAga 6/208. 8. jambUdvIpaprajJapti, 3/10 prajJApanA, 1/105, 106. 9. jambUdvIpaprajJapti, 3/10.

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24 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana (julAhe), pahagArA (paTakAra), deyar3A (camar3e kI mazaka banAne vAle), varaNA (rassI banAne vAle), chabbiyA (caTAI banAne vAle), kaTThapAuyAro (lakaDI kI pAdukA banAne vAle), chattArA (chAtA banAne vAle), bajjhArA vAhana banAne vAle), leppArA (lipAI-putAI karane vAle), cittArA (citrakAra), saMkhArA (zaMkhakAra), daMtArA (daMtakAra), bhaMDArA (bartana banAne vAle), selayArA (pASANa para kAma karane vAle), koDiyArA (kaur3iyoM kI mAlA banAne vaale)|' ___inake atirikta aupapAtika meM naTa, nartaka, rassI para khela karane vAle bAjIgara, mallayuddha karane vAle, muSTi-yuddha karane vAle, vidUSaka, bhA~Da, kathA vAcaka, rAsa gAyaka Adi pezevara kalAkAroM kA bhI ullekha huA hai jo logoM kA manoraMjana karake apanI AjIvikA arjana karate the| zrama vibhAjana . eka hI vyakti sabhI kArya kuzalatA se nahIM kara sktaa| ataH prAcInakAla se hI zrama-vibhAjana ko mahattva diyA gayA thA / jaina paramparA meM zrama vibhAjana kA AdhAra karma thA jabaki hindU paraMparA meM zrama vibhAjana kA AdhAra janma thaa| eka hI kArya ko bAra-bAra karate rahane se usameM dakSatA A jAtI hai| naMdosUtra meM prasaMgavaza batAyA gayA hai ki kevala sone kA hI kAma karane vAlA svarNakAra apane vyavasAya meM itanA kuzala ho jAtA hai ki aMdhakAra hone para bhI sparzamAtra se svarNa aura cA~dI kA antara batA sakatA hai| vaise ho kumhAra pratidina ke abhyAsa se miTTI kA utanA hI bar3A piNDa uThAtA hai jitanA bhANDa vizeSa ke nirmANa ke lie apekSita hotA hai / bRhatkalpabhASya meM batAyA gayA hai ki moTA vastra banAne vAlA julAhA bArambAra abhyAsa ke kAraNa sundara paTTa vastra banAne lagatA hai| vizeSa zilpoM athavA vyavasAyoM meM lage hue logoM ke alaga 1. prajJApanA, 1/105, 106. 2. aupapAtika, 1/2. 3. utarAdhyayana, 25/33; paumacariyaM, 2/103, 115, 117. 4. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 1/3/1; manusmRti, 1/89,90. 5. naMdIsUtra, sUtra 53. 6. vahI, sUtra 77. 7. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 1/231.

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dvitIya adhyAya : 25 do svarNakAroM kI gA~va hI basa jAte the yathA - vANijyagrAma, niSAdagrAma, kumhAragrAma, brAhmaNagrAma, kSatriyagrAma / jAtaka graMthoM meM to aise bar3haI aura lohAra grAmoM kA varNana hai jahA~ 500 bar3haI aura 500 lohAra rahate the / jIvikA kI khoja meM ye zilpI eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para bhI cale jAte the / jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki mithilA ke zreNI vArANasI meM basa gaI thI / samudravINaka jAtaka se ki 500 bar3haiyoM ke parivAra AjIvikA kI khoja meM the| isI prakAra kumAragupta ke prastara abhilekha ke anusAra lATa meM base paTTvAyoM kI zreNI dazapura nagara meM jAkara vividha vyavasAya karane lagI thI / " bRhatkalpabhASya meM bhI AjIvikA kI khoja meM bhramaNa karane vAle 'audArika sArtha' kA ullekha hai / prAcIna kAla meM bekArI jaisI samasyA nahIM dikhatI / kRSi, udyoga aura vyApAra itane vikasita the ki vaha adhika se adhika logoM ko rojagAra dene meM sakSama the / bhI patA calatA hai anyatra cale gaye pU~jI utpAdana meM pU~jI kA mahattva dhanArjana kA tIsarA mahattvapUrNa sAdhana pU~jI hai / Aja bhI udyoga aura vyavasAya kI samRddhi hetu pracura pU~jI upalabdha honA Avazyaka hai / - praznavyAkaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki kSetra, vAstu, hiraNya, suvarNa, dhana-dhAnya, dvipada, catuSpada, dAsa-dAsI, kupya, (gRha sambandhI upakaraNa ), dhAtu Adi saba manuSya kI sampatti mAne jAte the / upAsakadazAMga meM gAthApati Ananda kI sampatti kA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki usake pAsa 12 1. upAsakadazAMga 1/4; vipAkasUtra, 8/6 11 / 111. bhagavatIsUtra 9 / 33/1, 24; 2. sUcI jAtaka, samuddhavaNika jAtaka - Ananda kausalyAyana, jAtaka kathA, bhAga 4, pR0 358, bhAga 3, pR0 434. 3. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 8/117. 4. samuddhavaNika jAtaka Ananda kausalyAyana - jAtaka kathA, bhAga 4, pR0 358. 5. kumAragupta prathama tathA vandhuvarmana kA mandasaura abhilekha : e0 ke0 nArAyaNaH prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha 9, pR0 123. 6. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3, gA0 3036. 7. praznavyAkaraNa sUtra 10 / 3, uttarAdhyayana 3 / 17. dekhie - adhyAya 2 : dAsa-dAsiyA~

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26 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana karor3a suvarNa mudrAyeM thIM jinameM cAra karor3a koza meM saMcita thIM, cAra karor3a vANijya meM lagI thI aura 4 karor3a ghara tathA tatsambandhI upakaraNoM meM lagI thii| usake pAsa 4000 pazu the, 500 zakaTa yAtrA ke liye aura 500 mAla Dhone ke liye the| cAra yAtrI aura mAla vAhaka jalayAna the| usake pAsa 500 hala pramANa bhUmi thii| kauTilIya arthazAstra meM bhI dhAnya, pazu, hiraNa, suvarNa, kupya tathA zramikoM ko saMpatti kahA gayA hai| pUMjI ke AdhAra para dhanavAn logoM kA vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA thaa| jisake pAsa hasti-pramANa, maNi, muktA, pravAla, suvarNa, rajata Adi dravya hoM use "jaghanya ibhya" kahA jAtA thA aura jisake pAsa hasti-pramANa, vajra, hIre, maNi, mANikya hoM use "madhyama ibhya" aura jisake pAsa hastipramANa kevala vajra hIroM kI rAzi ho use "utkRSTa ibhya" kahA jAtA thaa| __ arthazAstra kI paribhASA meM saba prakAra kI sampatti ko pUjI nahIM mAnA jaataa| vahI sampatti jo utpAdana ke lie prayukta ho, pUMjI kahI jAtI hai| jaina graMthoM meM aise kaI sandarbha Aye haiM jinase pratIta hotA hai ki utpAdana ke lie pUMjI kA vyavahAra hotA thA / upAsakadazAMga meM aise 10 gAthApatiyoM kA varNana hai jo byAja para RNa dete the| tuMgikA nagarI ke zramaNopAsaka vRddhi ke liye dhana ko (vyAja para) dete the| striyA~ bhI lena-dena kA kArya karatI thii| kAkaMdI nagarI kI bhadrA sArthavAhI nyAyapUrvaka AjIvikA karane vAloM ko RNa detI thI / aSTA1. cattAri hiraNNakoDIo nihANapauttAo, cattAri hiraNNa-koDoo vuDDhapau tAo cattAri hiraNNa-koDIo pavitthapauttAo, cattAri vavyA dasagosAhassieNaM, paMcahiM halasaehiM NiyataNasaieNaM haleNaM, paMcahiM sagaDasaehiM disAyattiehiM paMcahiM sagaDasaehi, saMvAhaNiehiM, cauhi vAhaNehiM saMvAhaNiehiM / cauhiM vAhaNehiM disAyattiehiM upAsakadazAMga, 1/2-28. 2. dhAnyapazuhiraNyakupyaviSTipradAna-kauTilIya arthazAstra, 1/4/1. 3. antakRtadazAMga, 1/5. 4. bhagavatIsUtra, sUtra /25/11 ( tuMgikA nagarI kI sthiti rAjagiri ke Asa pAsa mAnI jAtI hai)| 5. anuttaropapAtika dazA, 3/1/10 (kAkaMdI nagarI isakI sthiti vihAra ke muMgera jile meM mAnI jAtI hai / DI0 sI0 sarakAra : sTaDIja ina jyogrAphI Apha enziyeMTa iNDiyA, pR0 254.

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dvitIya adhyAya : 27. ghyAyo meM pUMjI ko 'vasna' kahA gayA hai| jo vyApArI svayaM kraya-vikraya na karake kevala apanI pUMjo lagAkara lAbha prApta karate the unheM vasnika kahA gayA hai| bacata utpAdana ke lie pUjI ke mahattva ko pahacAnA gayA thaa| somadeva ke anusAra dravya se hI dravya kA upArjana hotA hai / pUjI ke mAdhyama se adhika dhana kA upArjana kiyA jA sakatA hai| pU~jI ke mahattva ko svIkArate hue jainagranthoM meM tIna prakAra se pU~jI prApta karane ke ullekha Aye haiM (1) kRSi athavA vyApAra dvArA navIna dhana kI prApti, (2) bacata dvArA ekatrita kI huI pUjo, (3) paitRka dhana jise pitA-pitAmaha chor3a gaye hoN| manusmRti meM bhI pUrvajoM kI sampatti, vyApAra se ajita sampatti, jIta kara prApta kI huI, vyAja dvArA ajita ko huI, kRSi aura dAna dvArA prApta kI huI sampatti ko dharmamAnya kahA gayA hai| ___ somadevasUri manuSya ko apanI Aya kA cauthAI bhAga pUMjI vRddhi hetu nirdhArita karane, cauthAI vyApAra hetu, cauthAI upabhoga ke lie aura cauthAI bhAga apane AzritoM ke bharaNa-poSaNa meM vyaya karane kA parAmarza dete haiN|' nItivAkyAmRta meM manuSya ko niyamita rUpa se kucha dhana jamA karate rahane kI salAha dI gaI hai| saMcita rAzi kucha samaya pazcAt eka bRhad rAzi ke rUpa meM ekatrita ho jAtI hai| apane pitA-pitAmaha dvArA ajita dhana meM vRddhi karane vAlA puruSa uttama mAnA jAtA thA, isameM hrAsa karane vAlA madhyama mAnA jAtA thA aura jo upabhoga meM hI 1. pANini aSTAdhyAyI, 5/1/156. 2. arthanArthopArjanam sUri somadeva, nItivAkyAmRta, 29/97 3. vahI, 29/105. 4. manusmRti, 10 / 115. 5. pAdamAyA nIvi kRpAMtpAdaM vittAya kalpayate dharmApabhogayo pAdaM pAdaM bhartavya poSaNaiH-somadeva ri, yazastilakacampU, 7/104 / 6. kAlena saMcayimAnaH paramANurapi jAyate meruH-nItivAkyAmRta, 1/31 /

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-28 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana sArA dhana naSTa kara detA thA vaha adhama mAnA jAtA thaa| kauTilya ne bhI mUlapUjI vyaya karane vAle ko 'mUlahara' nAma diyA hai tathA aise vyakti ko jo jitanA ajita kare utanA hI vyaya kare 'tAdatki' kahA hai aura jo bhRtya Adi ko pIr3A dekhakara dhana ikaTThA kare use 'kadarpa' kahA hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki mauryakAla aura guptakAla donoM meM hI nyAya se paMjI ajita karane para bala diyA gayA thaa| prAyaH yaha dhAraNA hai ki dhArmika vicAroM ke kAraNa jainadharma meM saMgrahapravRtti para aMkuza thA / AvazyakatA se adhika dhana saMgraha karanA acchA nahIM mAnA jAtA thaa| loga dhana ko utpAdana meM lagAne kI apekSA paropakAra aura dhArmika kRtyoM meM lagAnA acchA mAnate the, isalie udyogoM ke lie pUMjI kA abhAva thA, parantu yaha dhAraNA satya nahIM hai / upAsakadazAMga meM mahAvIra ke pAsa Ananda, mahAzataka, cUlanIpitA, sakaDAlaputra aura kAmadeva jaise karor3apati gAthApatiyoM ke Ane kA ullekha hai, jisase spaSTa hotA hai ki usa samaya bhI dhana-saMgraha kI pravRtti vidyamAna thii| unhoMne zrAvakadharma grahaNa karate samaya bhI sampUrNa sampatti kA tyAga nahIM kiyA thA, parantu usako maryAdA nizcita ko tho aura utpAdana hetu paryApta dhana para apanA svAmitva banAye rakhA thA / yadyapi sAdhu jIvana ke lie pUrNa dhana kA tyAga Avazyaka thA parantu gRhastha jIvana meM nyAya-noti se arjana kiyA huA dhana burA nahIM mAnA jAtA thaa| AcArAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki manuSya apane bhaviSya kI surakSA, santAna ke pAlana-poSaNa aura apane sAmAjika dAyitva nibhAne ke lie dhana saMcaya karatA thaa| parantu use utpAdana meM niyojita karane kI apekSA use surakSita rakhane hetu bhUmi ke nIce chipA dete the| sthUlabhadra AcArya ke pUrvajanma ke mitra ke ghara usake pUrvajoM ke dvArA eka stambha ke nIce gar3A 1. tattha atye utamo jA piu-piyAmahajjiyaM atyaMparibhujaMto vaDDhAvei, jo Na parihAvei so majjhimo, jo khAvei so adhamo-saMghadAsagaNi, vasudeva hiNDo, bhAga 1 pR0 101 / 2. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 1/9/27 / 3. upAsakadazAMga, 1/2-10 / 4. AcArAMga 1/2/4/84 /

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dvitIya adhyAya : 29 haA ratnoM kA kalaza milA thaa|' AcArAMga meM ullekha hai ki manuSya dAsa-dAsI aura pazuoM ko sahAyatA se itanA dravya upArjana kara lete the jo bhogoparAnta bhI paryApta mAtrA meM baca jAtA thA aura vahI bacata pU~jI ke rUpa meM prayukta hoto thii| usa samaya mauryakAla kI aitihAsika rAjanItika ekatA aura tatpazcAt Antarika evaM bAhya vyApArika pragati se pU~jI meM atyadhika vRddhi huI thii| lena-dena kA kArya karane vAlI saMsthAyeM __ IsA kI dusarI-tIsarI zatAbdI meM Aja ke samAna baiMka nahIM the aura na hI koI aimI rAjakIya saMsthA thI jo vyApArI aura udyogakarmiyoM ko RNa de ske| RNa dene kA kArya vaiyaktika vyavasAya ke rUpa meM pracalita thaa| bar3e-bar3e sArthavAha, gAthApati, nigama zreNiyA~ aura audyogika saMsthAyeM byAja para pUjI detI thiiN| ye saMsthAyeM Adhunika baiMkoM kI bhUmikA nibhAtI thii| vyApAriyoM kI aisI saMsthAoM ko jinake apane nizcita kAnUna the 'nigama' kahA jAtA thaa| nizIthacUNi se jJAta hotA hai ki nigama aura saMvAha meM rehana, baTTe kA kAma hotA thaa| vyApArika saMgaThana aura zreNiyA~ apane vyavasAya se upArjita dhana ko Arthika yojanAoM ke utpAdana tathA vitaraNa meM lagAtI thiiN| ina saMsthAoM kA nagara kI pramukha maMDiyoM, lenadena evaM udyogoM para anuzAsana thaa| ye zreNiyA~ vaibhavapUrNa tathA janatA kI vizvAsapAtra hotI thiiN| aisI saMsthAyeM vyaktiyoM, vyApAriyoM ke surakSita dhana para byAja detI thIM aura usI dhana ko punaH byAja para dekara utpAdana ko bar3hAtI thIM / ina zreNiyoM kI itanI sAkha thI ki rAjA bhI kabhI-kabhI apanA dhana ina zreNiyoM meM jamA karate the| nAsika ke 120 I0 ke layanalekha ke anusAra zakarAja nahapAna ke dAmAda uSavadatta ne julAhoM kI zreNI meM 2000 kArSApaNa (prAcInakAla kA pracalita sikkA ) jamA kiye the aura dUsarI zreNI meM 1000 kArSApaNa, jisakA vyAja kramazaH 1 pratizata mAsika aura 3/4 pratizata mAsika thA / dUsarI zatAbdI ke huviSka ke mathurA 1. uttarAvyayanacUNi, bhAga 2 pR0 122, 130 / 2. AcArAMga, 1/2/3/81 / 3. aNuvaTTaviteNa saha egaLaM saMvAso, nizIthacUNi, bhAga 3/3763 / 4. nahapANa kA nAsika guhAlekha, pakti 2/3 : nArAyaNa e0 ke0 : prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha 2, pR0 33 /

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- 30 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana prastara lekha ke anusAra eka dhArmika vyakti ne 560 kArSApaNa ko do dhana rAziyA~ sthAyI mUladhana ke rUpa meM jamA karavAI jisake vyAja se brAhmaNa aura dIna-dukhiyoM ko bhojana milatA thA / vasudevahiNDI ke anusAra surendradatta ne videza jAte samaya 3 karor3a kA dhana apane mitra rudradatta ke pAsa surakSita rakha diyA thA aura usase Ane vAle vyAja kA dhana jinAyatana meM pUjA aura bhoga ke lie nizcita kara diyA thA / utpAdana ke lie prayukta hone vAle RNoM kA jaina sAhitya meM spaSTa vivaraNa nahIM milatA / pANini ne RtuoM ke anusAra deya RNa kA varNana kiyA hai| jisase pratIta hotA hai ki yaha RNa kRSi kI AvazyakatA ko dekhate hue diye jAte the / paricita tathA jinake pAsa gRha, bhUmi Adi acala sampatti ho unhIM * logoM ke sAtha RNa vyavahAra kiyA jAtA thA / dazavaikAlika se jJAta hotA hai ki loga paropakAra ke lie bhI dhana kA sadupayoga karate the / deza meM dharmArthaM saMsthAyeM bahuta thIM jo dhanecchukoM kI sahAyatA karatI thIM / 5 isa prakAra janakalyANa aura utpAdana donoM ke lie hI pU~jI eka Avazyaka sAdhana thI / sampatti ke arjana, upabhoga, rakSaka hetu vyakti svataMtra thA / pratyakSa rUpa se yadyapi samAja aura rAjya kA usameM koI hastakSepa nahIM thA, parokSarUpa meM dhArmika niyama use prerita karate the ki vaha apanI sampatti kA parisImana karake atirikta dhana ko loka kalyANa meM lagAye / isase hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki jaina paramparA kA sampatti - siddhAnta na to pU~jIvAdI svatantra nirapekSatA kA siddhAnta thA aura na hI samAjavAdI vyApaka pratibandha kA hI siddhAnta thA / nyAyocita sAdhanoM se apanI arjita kI huI sampatti kA vyakti svecchAnusAra upabhoga kara sakatA thA yA saMcita kara sakatA thA / isa prakAra vaha pU~jIvAdI aura samAjavAdI donoM siddhAntoM ke doSoM tathA guNoM kA samanvaya kara eka samRddha Arthika vyavasthA ko sUcita karatA thA / 1. huviSka kA mathurA prastara lekha, prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha 2, pR024 / 2. saMghadAsagaNi, vasudeva hiNDo, bhAga 1 / 112 / 3. aSTAdhyAyI, 4/3/49. 4. nizcalaiH parivitaizca saha vyavahAro vaNijAM nidhiH - nItivAkyAmRtam, 7 / 40. 5. dazavekAlika 3/3. 6. upAsakadazAMga, 1/28.

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dvitIya adhyAya : 31 prabandha utpAdana meM prabandhaka kA mahattva utpAdana kA cauthA sAdhana prabandha hai / prabandha kA artha hai utpatti ke vibhinna sAdhana-bhUmi, zrama aura pUMjI kA ucita samanvaya kara alpatama vyaya meM adhikatama utpAdana karake lAbha arjita krnaa| vibhinna sAdhanoM meM samanvaya sthApita kara vyApAra aura udyoga kI nItiyA~ nirdhArita karanA aura unako kAryAnvita karake paryApta lAbha prApta karanA hI prabandhakartA kA mukhya uddezya hotA hai| Arthika vikAsa kI prArambhika avasthA meM utpAdana ke lie prabandhaka kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| kArya kI suvyavasthita yojanA banAnA, paryApta mAtrA meM utpatti ke sAdhana juTAnA, utpatti kI mAtrA nirdhArita karanA, 'nirmita vastu kI vikraya-vyavasthA karanA, anusaMdhAna dvArA utpatti ke tathA saste padArthoM kI khoja karanA usakA dAyitva thA / prabandha prastutakartA sArthavAha, zreSThi, gAthApati, nigama aura zreNiyA~ prabandha prastuta karatI thiiN| ucita prabandha ke binA vyApAra aura udyoga unnati nahIM kara skte| vyavahArabhASya meM do bhAiyoM kI kathA AtI hai jinhoMne dhana kA samAna vibhAjana kiyA thA / eka ne apanI sUjhabUjha, buddhimattA aura acche prabandha se prabhUta dhana ajita kiyA, isake viparIta vyApArika sUjhabUjha ke abhAva meM aura pUrNatayA naukaroM para nirbhara hone ke kAraNa dUsare kA sArA vyApAra naSTa ho gayA / ' AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki acchA vyApArI lAbha kI AkAMkSA rakhatA huA vANijya meM sAhasa karane ko taiyAra rahatA thaa| eka kuzala vyApArI apanI dUradarzitA aura sUjhabUjha se isa bAta kA nirNaya karatA thA ki kisa vastu kA kraya kiyA jAya aura kisakA vikraya kiyA jAya, kisakA saMgraha kiyA jAye, jisase bhaviSya meM pracura lAbha ho / ve naI-naI maMDiyA~ DhU~r3hate ? jahA~ unake mAla kI khapata ho / vyApArI lAbha aura hAni ko acchI taraha jAnate 1 vyavahArabhASya, 4/53. 2. AcArAMga, 1/2/1 / 67 ( akaDaM karissAmiti ). 3. lAbhAtyigo paradesaM agatuMkAgassa varasa se lAbho bhavissiti tti gamaNaM karoti imaM davvaM kINahi imaM vikkiNIhi, kammAraMbhavo saNNitAhi imammikamArame payaTTasu evaM te lAbha / bhavissati-nizIthacUNi, 3/2691, 4362

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32 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana hue sAhasa karane ko taiyAra rahate aura sadA vahI kArya karane kA prayatna karate jinase unako pracura lAbha ho / ' uttama vyApArI zulka, yAtrA kara, karmakaroM kA pArizramika Adi dekara yadi lAbha dekhate tabhI ve usa vyApAra kI ceSTA karate aura yadi lAbha kI AzA na hotI to usa vastu meM vyApAra nahIM karate / kauTilya ke anusAra bhI vyApArI apane paNyadravyoM kA malya, zulka, vartanI deya ( sar3aka kara ) gulmadeya, ( anya pulisa kA deya thA ), bhATaka ( vAhana kA kirAyA ), bhakta ( bhojana ), taradeya ( ghATakara ) Adi kara dekara jo lAbha bacatA hai usakA soca vicAra kara jisa mArga se unheM paryApta lAbha ho usI mArga kA anusaraNa karate the| vyApArI apane maladhana kI surakSA karate aura hAni kI AzaMkA vAle dravya ko nahIM kharIdate / rAjapraznIyasUtra meM aise vyApAriyoM kI kathA hai jinhoMne apanI sUjhabUjha se pracura dhana ajita kiyA thA aura eka mUrkha kA bhI vRttAnta hai jisa ne apanI murkhatA se pUrva saMcita dhana ko kho diyA thaa| eka bAra kucha vyApAriyoM ne paryApta mAtrA meM vastu lekara dhana prApti hetu prasthAna kiyaa| mArga meM eka vizAla jaMgala meM unhoMne lohe kI khAne dekhIM sabane lauha grahaNa kiyA aura Age bar3he kucha dUra calane para unhoMne trapu ( rA~gA ) kI khAne dekhiiN| rA~gA ki lohe se adhika mUlyavAna thA, ataH unhoMne lauha ko chor3a diyA aura rAge ko hI le liyA lekina eka mUrkha vyApArI ne yaha kaha kara rAMgA chor3a diyA ki use jo pahale milA hai vaha usI se santuSTa hai / jyoM-jyoM ve Age bar3hate gaye kramazaH tAmra, rUpya, suvarNa aura ratna kI khAneM milIM / buddhimAn vyApArI alpa mUlya vAlI vastuoM kA tyAga kara mUlyavAna vastu lekara Age bar3hate gaye phira apane-apane janapada meM pahu~cakara unhoMne una mUlyavAna vastuoM kA vikraya kara bahuta dhana prApta kiyA / lekina vaha vyApArI jo kevala lohA hI lAyA thA adhika dhana 1. bRhatkalpabhASya, 4/4350. 2. jahA vaNito desaMtara bhaMDaM NeDakAmo jai sukaMsaddho AdisaddhAto, bhAMDagakambha karavitIe parisuddhAe jati lAbhassa satI to vaNito vANejja ceddhaM Arabhati, ahalAbho na bhavati to na Arabhati-nizIthacUNi 3/4811. 3. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 2/16/22 ( adhi. ). 4. jahAM lAbhatthI vaNio mUlaM jeNa tuTTati tArisaM paNNaM No kiNAti jattha lAbhaM pecchati taM kiNAti / -nizIthacUrNi, 3/3532.

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dvitIya adhyAya : 33 prApta na kara sakA / ' sArAMza yaha hai ki vyApArika sUjhabUjha se adhika dhana kI prApti kI jA sakatI hai| yadyapi udyoga aura vyApAra Aja ko bhA~ti vikasita nahIM the / prAyaH prabandhakartA vahI vyakti hotA thA jisakI apanI bhUmi aura apanI pU~jI hotI thI aura usake svayaM ke zrama se hI utpAdana hotA thA / aisI sthiti meM lAbha-hAni kA uttaradAyI bhI vaha svayaM hI hotA thA / kintu upAsakadazAMga meM kucha aise ullekha Aye haiM jinameM pravandhaka kA mahattva spaSTa hotA hai / AnandagAthApati kI vistRta kRSi aura lena-dena tathA saka DAlaputra ke vistRta bhANDa udyoga ke liye kuzala prabandhaka kA vizeSa mahattva thaa| kucha vyakti apane kisI sAmAnya uddezya kI pUrti ke lie kucha nizcita niyamoM ke antargata adhikatama lAbha hetu saMyukta rUpa se vyApAra karate the| saMyukta rUpa se kAma karane vAloM ke madhya eka anubandha hotA thA, jisameM vyApArika prabandha ke sAmAnya siddhAntoM ko spaSTa kiyA jAtA thA / pratyeka sadasya sammilita koza meM apanA-apanA aMza pradAna karatA thA aura antataH pUMjI ke anupAta meM unake madhya lAbha-vitaraNa kara diyA jAtA thaa| nizIthacUrNi meM pA~ca vaNikoM kA kathAnaka AtA hai, jinhoMne samAna pUMjI lagAkara vyApAra Arambha kiyA thA, bAda meM alaga hote samaya unhoMne pUrva nivezita aMza ke anusAra hI Apasa meM dhana vibhakta kara liyA thaa| vasudevahiNDI se jJAta hotA hai ki kaMcaNapura ke do vyApArI ratna kharIdane ke lie samAna mAtrA meM dhana lekara siMhadvIpa gaye the| jAtaka kathAoM meM bhI aise vyApAriyoM kA varNana milatA hai jo sammilita vyApAra karate the / " adhika lAbha ke lie vyApArI paraspara saMyukta ho jAyA karate the, jisase ve eka dUsare ke anubhavoM kA lAbha uThA skeN| isa prakAra ke prabandha kA adhikAdhika lAbha uThAne kA prayatna karate rahate the| 1. rAjapraznIya, sUtra 74 2. upAsakadazAMga, 1/28, 7/6. 3. paMcavaNiyA samabhAga samAittA vavaharaMti savvammi vibhatte kharA vibhayAmo tti / -nizIthacUNi, bhAga 4, gA0 6404, 4. vasudeva hiNDI, bhAga 1 pR0 111 (kaMcaNapura ur3IsA kA eka pramukha nagara thA). 5. kUTavaNika jAtaka, jAtaka kathA--Ananda kausalyAyana, bhAga 2 pR0 529.

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tRtIya adhyAya kRSi aura pazupAlana utpAdana kA mahattva __sAmAnyataH kisI vastu athavA padArtha kA nirmANa utpatti kahA jAtA hai parantu arthazAstrIya zabdAvalI meM upayogI Arthika vastuoM kA utpAdana ho utpatti hai / AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti tathA Arthika samRddhi utpAdana para nirbhara karatI hai| jisa deza meM utpAdana bRhadstara para hotA hai vaha deza Arthika dRSTi se samRddhizAlI ho jAtA hai| adhika utpAdana se deza ke vANijya aura vyApAra meM unnati hotI hai| jaina granthoM ke anuzIlana se spaSTa hotA hai ki Agamika kAla meM utpAdana meM vRddhi karane vAle vividha vyavasAyoM kA vikAsa ho cukA thaa| utpAdaka vyavasAya ___ jaina paurANika paramparA ke anusAra RSabhedava kA kAla sabhyatA kI prArambhika avasthA kA kAla thaa| prArambhika yuga meM manuSya apanI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke liye prakRti pradatta vastuoM para hI nirbhara thaa| loga prakRti pradatta kandamUla, phala-phUla tathA jaMgaloM meM utpanna dhAnyoM ko hI khAyA karate the| lekina jaba prAkRtika utpAdana kama hone lagA aura prajA meM saMgharSa bar3hane lagA to Adi-tIrthakara RSabhadeva ne utpAdana meM vRddhi hetu apanI prajA ko 100 prakAra ke zilpa sikhAye / / praznavyAkaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki asi, masi, kRSi, vANijya aura zilpa AjIvikA ke sAdhana the|3 dazavaikAlikacUNi meM ullekha hai ki cANakya ne arthopArjana ke vividha sAdhana nirdiSTa kiye the|4 __ AdipurANa ke anusAra RSabhadeva ne prajA hetu AjIvikA ke chaH sAdhana batAye the :-5 1. Avazyaka cUNi, bhAga 1 pR0 55. 2. kalpasUtra 196; AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1 pR0 156. 3 sippasevaM, asi-masi kisi-vANijja, vavahAraM, atyasatthaIsatthaccharuppagayaM / -praznavyAkaraNa 5/5 4. dazavakAlikacUNi, pR0 102 5. asimaSiH kRSividyA vANijyaM zilpameva ca / karmANImAni SoDhA syu : prajAjIvanahetavaH / / AdipurANa 16/179

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tRtIya adhyAya : 35 1. asikarma : astra-zastra dvArA jIvikopArjana asikarma kahA jAtA thaa| 2. masikarma : prazAsana ke kSetra meM lekhaka yA gaNaka kA kAma karake jIvikopArjana masikarma kahA jAtA thaa| 3. kRSikarma : bhUmi jotanA, bonA, siMcAI karanA, phasala kATanA aura dhAnya kA saMgraha kara jIvikopArjana karanA kRSikarma kahalAtA thaa| 4. vidyA : adhyayana evaM paThana-pAThana bhI jIvikopArjana kA sAdhana thaa| 5. vANijya : vastuoM kA kraya-vikraya kara AjIvikopArjana karanA vyApAra kahA jAtA thaa| 6. zilpa : vividha zilpa bhI jIvikopArjana ke sAdhana batAye gaye haiM / manuSya kI upArjana paddhati usakI vRtti ko bahuta adhika prabhAvita karatI hai| isalie isa bAta kA dhyAna rakhA jAtA thA ki manuSya kI utpAdana paddhati aisI ho jisase manuSya kI manuSyatA kA vikAsa ho / aneka vyavasAya Arthika dRSTi se lAbhadAyaka hone para bhI naitika dRSTi se heya hone ke kAraNa tyAjya the| upAsakadazAMgasUtra aura AvazyakacUrNi meM isa prakAra ke 15 varjita vyavasAyoM kA ullekha hai :1. iMgAlakamme (aMgAra karma) lakar3I ke koyale banAnA; kucha TIkAkAroM ne ITa pakAne Adi bhaTTiyoM se sambandhita vyavasAyoM ko bhI isameM sammilita kiyA hai| kintu yaha ucita nahIM pratIta hotA hai kyoMki mahAvIra kA pramukha zrAvaka sakaDAlaputra aisA vyavasAya karatA thA / kucha anya TIkAkAra isakA artha vanoM meM Aga lagAkara kRSi-bhUmi prApta karanA, karate haiN| yaha artha ucita pratIta hotA hai kyoMki aisA karane meM vAnaspatika jIvoM ke atirikta anya prANiyoM kI bhI hiMsA hotI hai| 2. vaNakamme (vanakarma)-jaMgala kATane kA vyavasAya, AcArya hemacandra ne yogazAstra meM bagIce lagAkara zAka-sabjI ke vyavasAya ko bhI isameM sammilita kiyA hai / 1. upAsakadazAMga 1/38; AvazyakacUNi, bhAga 2 pR0 296. 2. draSTavya-upAsakadazAMga para abhayadeva kI vRtti 1/47. 3. hemacandra--yogazAstra 3/102.

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36 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana 3. bhADIkamme : (bhATakarma) : pazuoM ko kirAye para denA / 4. sADI kamme (zakaTakarma ) - yAnoM, vAhanoM kA nirmANa | kucha AcArya isakA arthaM vastuoM ko sar3Akara unase mAdaka peya banAnA, karate haiM / 5. phoDI kamme (sphoTakarma ) - ) -- khAna khodane aura patthara tor3ane kA kArya | 6. daMtavANijje (daMta vANijya ) - hAthI dA~ta kA udyoga / upalakSaNa se camar3e aura haDDI ke vyavasAya ko bhI isameM sammilita kiyA gayA hai / ' 7. lakhavANijje (lAkha vANijya) : lAkha udyoga / 8. kesa vANijje (keza vANijya ) - camarI gAya, bher3a Adi ke bAloM kA udyoga / 9. rasa- vANijje ( rasa vANijya ) - madya kA nirmANa / 10. visa vANijje (viSa vANijya ) - viSa nirmANa / 11. jaMtapIlaNakamme ( yaMtrapIr3ana karma ) - ghANi ( kolhuoM ) Adi kA vyavasAya | 12. nilaMchaNakamme (napuMsakakarma ) - baila Adi ko badhiyA banAnA / 13. dAvAggidAvaNayA ( dAvAgni dAvaNa ) -- jaMgala meM Aga lagAnA / 14. saradahatalAgaparisosaNayA ( sara, hRda, tar3Aga parizoSaNa. ) --sarovara evaM tAlAba Adi ko sukhAnA / 15. asaIjanaposaNAya : (durAcArI logoM kA poSaNa ) -- vyabhicAra Adi ke lie vezyAlaya calAnA / jaina dharma meM ahiMsA kI pradhAnatA hone se uparokta vyavasAya varjita the, kyoMki inameM kisI na kisI prakAra se hiMsA hotI thI / ve hI vyavasAya uttama mAne jAte the jo hiMsA aura zoSaNa se rahita, manuSya ke parizrama para AdhArita hoM / jainAcArya udyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlAkahA meM dhanArjana ke prazasta evaM aprazasta sAdhanoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / inameM dezAntara yAtrA, sAjhIdAra banAnA, rAjA kI sevA, dhAtuvAda, suvarNasiddhi, maMtra sAdhanA, deva-ArAdhanA, samudra pAra karanA, parvatArohaNa, parvata khanana karanA, vyavasAya karanA Adi dhanArjana ke prazasta upAya mAne gaye haiM / dhanArjana ke ina prazasta sAdhanoM ke atirikta kucha aprazasta sAdhana bhI the, jo samAja 1. AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 2 pR0 296.

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tRtIya adhyAya : 37 ko mAnya nahIM the / jaise juA khelanA, seMdha lagAnA, ( corI karanA), zahagIroM ko lUTanA, mAyAjAla karanA / ' mahAtmA buddha ne bhI jIvikopArjana ke sAdhanoM kI zuddhatA ko Avazyaka mAnA hai / aMguttaranikAya ke anusAra pAMca vyApAra upAsaka ke liye akaraNIya the - ( 1 ) satthavaNijjA ( zastroM kA vyApAra), (2) satvavaNijjA ( prANiyoM kA vyApAra), (3) maMsavaNijjA ( mAMsa kA vyApAra ), (4) majjavaNijjA ( madya kA vyApAra ), (5) visa vaNijjA ( viSa kA vyApAra )+- / jAtaka meM aise dasa vyavasAyoM kA ullekha huA hai jo vipatti ke samaya brAhmaNa kara sakate the, jaise cikitsA, sevA, gAr3I hA~kanA, patha pradarzaka bananA aura rAjA kI naukarI karanA / 3 manusmRti meM bhI vidyA, zilpa, bhRti, sevA, gorakSA, vyApAra, pazupAlana, cikitsA, bhikSA tathA byAja, dhanArjana ke sAdhana batAye gaye haiM / yAjJavalkyasmRti meM bhI Apatti - kAla meM brAhmaNa kI AjIvikA ke liye kRSi, zilpa, bhRtti, adhyApana, byAja para dhana denA, bhAr3e para gAr3I calAnA, parvata se tRNa (lakar3I) ikaTThI karake AjIvikA upArjana karanA, rAjA kI sevA karanA, rAjA se yAcanA tathA bhikSAvRtti kA ullekha hai / " yAjJavalkya ne vaizya ke liye byAja, kRSi, vANijya aura pazupAlana karma batAye haiM / zukranIti meM paThana-pAThana karake dhanArjana karanA, rAjA kI sevA karanA, senA meM praviSTa honA, kRSi karanA, RNa denA, zilpa aura vyavasAya karanA, bhikSA mAMganA Adi 1. disigamaNaM hoi mittakaraNaM ca / Naravara-sevA kusalataNaM ca mANavpamANesuM dhAuvAo maMtaM ca devayA rAhaNaM ca kesi ca sAyara-taraNaM taha rohaNammi khaNaNaM vaNijjaM NANAvicakammaM, vijjA, sippAi~ ca / - kuvalayamAlAkahA, pR0 57. 2. aMguttaranikAya, bhAga 2 pR0 401 3. brAhmaNa jAtaka - Ananda kausalyAyana, jAtaka kathA, bhAga 4 pR0 569 / 4. "vidyA zilpaM bhRtiH sevA gorakSayaM vipaNiH kRSiH dhRtibhaikSyaM kusIdaM ca daza jIvanahetavaH " manusmRti 10 / 116. 5. " kRSi, zilpaM, bhRti, vidyA kuzIdaM zakaTaM giriH sevAnUpaM nRpo bhaikSyApattI jIvanAni ca / " - yAjJavalkyasmRti prAyazcittAdhyAya sUtra 42 6. vahI, AcArAdhyAyaH sUtra 53.

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38 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana dhanArjana ke sAdhana batAye gaye haiM / hotA hai ki Aja se 2000 kRSi aura pazupAlana hI thA / jaina granthoM ke anuzIlana se spaSTa varSa pahale Arthika jIvana kA mukhya AdhAra kRSi kRSi mAnava jIvana kA AdhAra hai / isase manuSyoM tathA pazuoM ke lie bhojana tathA udyogoM ke lie kaccA mAla prApta hotA hai / isI kAraNa prAcInakAla se hI kRSi kA utpAdana meM sarvAdhika mahattva rahA hai / prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM bhI kRSi ko Arthika jIvana meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna diyA gayA hai | ahiMsA pradhAna jaina dharma meM kRSi karma nindya nahIM hai / khetI karane vAle zreSTha hI mAne jAte the / jaina zrAvaka saMkalpIhiMsA aura anarthIhaMsA ko tyAgate hue, jIvikopArjana kara sakate the / jaina granthoM meM aneka gAthApatiyoM kA varNana hai jo kRSi karma karate the aura samAja meM unako ucita sammAna milatA thA / Ananda gAthApati, mahAvIra ke mukhya zrAvakoM meM thA / usake pAsa 500 hala -pramANa bhUmi thI aura vaha kRSi karavAtA thA / bharata cakravartI kA gAthApati ratna kRSi karma karavAtA thA / bRhatkalpabhASya meM kRSi ko jIvanadAyinI kahA gayA hai / kRSi kI vRddhi ke lie hala devatA kI pUjA kI jAtI thI / usake sammAna meM sItAyajJa nAmaka utsava manAyA jAtA thA / " somadevasUri ke anusAra vArtA arthAt kRSi aura vyApAra Adi kA yuktipUrvaka prayoga karane vAlA samasta janatA ko sukhI banAtA hai tathA svayaM bhI bhautika sukha prApta karatA hai / bauddhaparamparA kI jAtakakathA ke anusAra rAjA zuddhodhana bhI "hala karSaNotsava" bar3e dhUmadhAma se manAte the / sArA nagara AkarSaka DhaMga se sajAyA 1. suvidyayA susevAbhiH zauryeNa kRSibhistathA kausIda vRddhayA pANyeNa kalA bhiraka pratigrahaiH yathA kathA cApi vRtyA dhanavAn syAttathA caret / " zukranIti 1 / 181. 2. sthAnAMga 5 / 79 / 3. upAsakadazAMga 1 /28 / 4. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 2 / 22 / 5. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 4 / gAthA 3647 / 6. Ananda kausalyAyana, jAtaka kathA, bhAga 1 /207 /

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tRtIya adhyAya : 39 jAtA thA / rAjA kA hala svarNa-jaTita hotA thaa| tUryadhvani ke sAtha rAjA bhUkarSaNa Arambha karatA thaa| isake sAtha hI amAtya aura puravAsI bhI apanA hala pakar3ate aura striyA~ maMgalagAna karatI thiiN|' ___hindU paramparA meM kRSi kA mahattva batAte hue parAzara ne kahA hai ki kRSi ke atirikta na to koI dharma hai aura na koI lAbha aura na koI sukha / kRSi-bhUmi AgamoM ke racanAkAla meM kRSi ke liye paryApta bhUmi thii| Aja kI bhA~ti uttama kRSi hetu bhUmi kI guNavattA kA jJAna Avazyaka mAnA jAtA thA / utpAdana kI dRSTi se bhUmi ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA thA uddhAta upajAU arthAt kAlI bhUmi, anuddhat arthAt patharIlI athavA Usara bhuumi| kAlI bhUmi vAlA kSetra uttama mAnA jAtA thaa| yaha bhUmi narama hotI thI aura hala Adi se saralatA se khodI jA sakatI thii| kAlI bhUmi kRSi kArya hetu uttama mAnI jAtI thI kyoMki vaha varSA hone para pAnI ko sokha letI thii| bRhatkalpabhASya meM ullikhita hai ki patharIlI bhUmi meM hala calAnA duSkara hotA hai isaliye usameM upaja acchI nahIM ho skto|" gA~va aura nagara kI jisa bhUmi ko hala se jotA jAtA thA aura jahA~ yava Adi dhAnya utpanna hotA thA, use kheta yA kSetra kahate the / pANini ne bhI khetI ko bhUmi jo alaga-alaga khaNDoM meM vibhakta rahatI thI usa kSetra ko kheta kahA hai| kheta gharoM se adhika dUra nahIM hote the / ' 1. "yuktitaH pravartayan vArtA sarvamapi jIvalokamabhinandayati labhate ca sarvAnapi kAmAn" / somadeva sUri-nItivAkyAmRta 5/52 2. parAzarasmRti 5/184-185 3. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 5/ gAthA 489 4. vuThe vi doNa mehe, na kaNhabhomAu lotttte| gahaNa-dharaNAsamatthe iya deyama chittikArimmi / bRhadkalpabhASya bhAga 1/ gAthA 338 5. khalie patyarasIyA, milie missANi dhannavAvaNayA / vahI bhAga 1/gAthA297 6. "kSIyate iti kSetra grAma nagara yavAdisyAni atrotpadyante" uttarAdhyayanacUNi gAthA 187 7. aSTAdhyAyI 5/2/1 8. nizIthacUNi bhAga 2/gAthA 893

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40 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana sImAoM dvArA kheta alaga-alaga vibhakta kiye jAte the| aupapAtika se jJAta hotA hai ki campAnagarI ke kheta sImAyukta the / ' vyavahArabhASya meM ullekha hai ki kisI kuTumbI ne kSetra vibhAjana sImA ke pAsa kucha isaprakAra jutAI kI ki kuTumbI kI sImA-cihna hI miTa gye| jAtaka kathA se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki khetoM ko paraspara pRthak karane hetu madhya meM siMcAI kI nAliyA~ nirmita kI jAtI thiiN|3 khetoM ke vibhAjana se sUcita hotA hai ki bhUmi ke mApane kA prabandha thaa| khetoM ko mApane vAle rajjuka kahe jAte the| inakA kAryAlaya rajjukasabhA kahA jAtA thaa| rajjuka saMbhavataH Aja ke paTavArI kI bhA~ti rAjya ke karmacArI the jo rassI se bhUmi kI mApa karate the| mahAvIra apane jIvana ke antima varSAkAla meM pAvA kI rajjukasabhA meM Thahare the| jAtaka kathA meM bhI khetoM kI mApa karane vAle ko rajjuka vAhaka kahA gayA hai|" sAdhAraNa kRSakoM ke pAsa kheta choTe hI hote the jinheM vaha svayaM hI jotate the| lekina bar3e-bar3e khetoM kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai / Ananda gAthApati ke pAsa 500 hala-pramANa bhUmi thii| isI prakAra uttarAdhyayanaNi se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki magadha deza ke parAsara kuTumbI ke kheta itane bar3e the ki usameM 500 halavAhe kAma karate the| jAtaka kathA se bhI bar3e khetoM kI puSTi hotI hai| brAhmaNa gA~va meM eka kisAna ke pAsa eka sahasra karISa kA kheta thA jisameM usane dhAna kI buAI kI thii| khetoM meM vividhaprakAra ke dhAnya ugAye jAte the| sUtrakRtAMga meM zAli, vrIhi, kodrava ( dhAna-vizeSa ) kaMgu ( kaMgano) paraka, rAla Adi 1. "paNNatase sImA' aupapAtikasUtra 1/1 2. vyavahArabhASya 7/443 3. nidAna jAtaka, jAtaka kathA Ananda kausalyAyana, 1/75 4. kalpasUtra sUtra 84 5. kAma jAtaka-Ananda kausalyAyana, jAtaka kathA 5/367 6. vyavahArabhASya 7/443 7. upAsakadazAMga 1/28 8. jinadAsagaNi-uttarAdhyayanacUNi gAthA 118 9. zAlikedArajAtaka-Ananda kausalyAyana, jAtaka kathA 4/479

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tRtIya adhyAya : 41 dhAnyoM ke khetoM kA varNana hai| AcArAMga meM zAka-sabjI ke khetoM meM, bIja pradhAna khetoM meM tathA zAli, vrIhi, mASa, mUga, kulattha Adi dhAnyoM ke khetoM meM sAdhu ko yatnapUrvaka calane kA Adeza diyA gayA hai| varSa meM sAdhAraNatayA do phasaleM ugAI jAtI thiiN| pANini ne to varSa meM tIna phasaloM kA ullekha kiyA hai| Azvina meM boI jAne vAlI phasala Azvayuja, grISma meM boI jAne vAlo gRSmaka aura vasanta meM boI jAne vAlI vAsantaka kahI jAtI thii| Ajakala bhI jahA~ siMcAI kI suvidhA hotI hai varSa meM tIna phasaleM lagAI jAtI haiM / kRSi-zrama nizIthaNi meM do prakAra ke kisAna kahe gaye haiM -(1) kuTumbI, (2) karmakara / kuTumbI ve kisAna hote the jinake pAsa prabhUta sAdhana hote the / ve apane khetoM meM karmakara niyakta karate the| dUsare bhUmi-hIna kisAna hote the jinheM karmakara kahA jAtA thA / " prasiddha vyAkaraNakartA pANini ne bhI tIna prakAra ke kisAna batAye haiM 1. ahali : jinake pAsa hala na ho| 2. suhala suhali : jinake pAsa uttama hala ho / 3. duhela durhali : jinake hala jIrNa-zIrNa ho / ___ somadevasUri ne hala calAkara jIvikopArjana karane vAle ko 'halAyudhajIvi' kahA hai| sambhavataH ve kRSaka apanA hala-baila le jAkara dUsaroM kI khetI karate the| jina kRSakoM ke kheta aura upakaraNa apane hote the unheM gopa kahA gayA hai| jAtaka kathA se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki kucha zramika hala ityAdi kRSi upakaraNa rakhate the aura mA~gane para dUsaroM ko bhI dete 1. sAlINi vA vIhINi vA koddhavANi vA kegUNi vA paragANi vA rAlANi, sUtrakRtAMga 2/2/698 2. AcArAMga 2/10/166 3. dazavaikAlikacUNi pR0 74 4. aSTAdhyAyI 4/2/49 5. vyavahArabhASya 6/163, 164 6. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2/24/41 7. somadevasUri--yazastilakacampU pR0 9 8. vahI pR0 9

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42 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana the|' nizIthacUNi se jJAta hotA hai ki kucha kRSaka bhUmi kirAye para lekara usameM kRSi-karma karate the| __ kRSaka prAyaH apane parivAra ke sahayoga se khetI karate the / nizIthacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki eka kRSaka ke cAra putra the, ve saba milakara kRSi-karma karate the / 3 dhano aura sAdhana-sampanna kisAna, jinheM kuTumbI kahA jAtA thA, apane kheta svayaM na jotakara usake lie karmakara niyukta karate the aura usake badale meM unheM utpAdana kA kucha bhAga de dete the| piNDaniyukti se jJAta hotA hai ki kevala bhojana para bhI karmakaroM ko niyukta kiyA jAtA thaa| eka kuTumbo hala calAne ke bAda halavAhoM ko unake kArya ke anusAra, pRthaka-pRthak bhojana detA thA / magadha ke parAzara nAmaka kuTumbI ke pAsa 500 halavAhe ( kRSaka ) the jo varSA Rtu ke Agamana para usake kheta meM hala calAte the / 6 vyavahArabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki kucha choTe kRSaka bhI kRSi meM sahAyatA ke liye karmakaroM ko niyukta karate the| eka kRSaka ne kRSi-karma Arambha kiyA, vaha svayaM bhI kArya karatA thA aura karmakaroM se bhI sahAyatA letA thaa| kramAnusAra ucita bhRtti bhI detA thA, yahA~ taka ki akAla meM bhI pUrA bhojana detA thaa| baTAI para bhI zramika rakhe jAte the jinheM bhAilagga ( bhAgIdAra ) kahA jAtA thaa| ve nizcita zarta ke anusAra kAma karake utpAdana kA kucha bhAga prApta karate the|' vyavahArabhASya meM eka aise kuTumbI kA ullekha hai jo kRSikArya meM dUsare kRSakoM ko sahAyatA letA thA aura unake zrama se utpanna dhAnya kA nizcita aMza bhI unheM detA thaa| 1. somadevasUri--yazastilakacampU pR0 10 2. gAmanI caMDa jAtaka, jAtaka kathA, Ananda kausalyAyana, 3/257 3. nizIthacUNi bhAga 3 / gAthA 3499 4. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2/ gAthA 288 5. piMDaniyukti gAthA 384 6. uttarAdhyayanacuNi, gAthA 118 7. ujjato kamme ucita bhattippadANaM akAlahINaM ca privddddii| vyavahArabhASya 4/83 8. praznavyAkaraNa 2/13 9. vyavahArabhASya 6/163, 164

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tRtIya adhyAya : 43 kauTilya ke anusAra jo kRSaka rAjya kI bhUmi para kRSi karate the AdhI upaja ke adhikArI hote the| jina kRSakoM ko khetI ke upakaraNa aura bIja rAjya kI ora se diye jAte the unheM upaja kA cauthA yA pA~cavA~ bhAga prApta hotA thaa| kaI bAra kuTumbI khetoM meM asthAyI karmakaroM kI bhI niyukti kara lete the / vyavahArabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki eka kuTumbI ne zAli kATane ke lie mUlya dekara asthAyI karmakara rakhe the| ve ThIka se kAma kareM isalie unakI nigarAnI kuTumbI kI eka dAsI kara rahI thii| kRSaka apane kArya meM bar3e dakSa hote the| AvazyakacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki eka kRSaka itanA dakSa thA ki vaha eka hAtha se hala calAtA thA aura dUsare hAtha se phala tor3atA thaa| kRSi-upakaraNa praznavyAkaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki uttama phasala ke lie kRSi ke vividha upakaraNoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| kRSi meM prayakta upakaraNoM meM hala, kuliya, kudAla, kaiMcI, sUpa, pATA, mer3hI Adi ulilikhata haiN| khetI ke lie tIna prakAra ke haloM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA--hala, kuliya dntaalg| __ sAdhAraNa prakAra kA hala jisake Age nukIlA lohA lagA rahatA thA aura jo bhUmi ko tor3atA calA jAtA thA hala kahA jAtA thaa|6 lohe ke tIkSNa dhAra vAle hala ko saurASTra meM "kuliya" kahA jAtA thaa| isakI lambAI do hAtha hotI thI aura isase miTTI tor3I jAto thii| sAmane kI ora lohe ke dAMtoM se yukta hone ke kAraNa isa prakAra kA hala dantAlaga kahA jAtA thA / AvazyakacUNi meM ullikhita hala negala bhI dantAlaga kI. 1. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2/24/41 2. vyavahArabhASya bhAga 6/208 3. AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 2 pR0 153 4. praznavyAkaraNa 1/17, 18,28 5. vahI 1/18; nizIthacUNi bhAga 1 gAthA 60, "haladaMtAlA "kulita" 6. nizIthacUNi bhAga 1/ gAthA 60 7. "kulitaM NAma suraTThAvisate duhatthappamANaM kaTheM tassa aMte ayakIlagA tesu egAyao ya lohapaTTo aDijjati taNaM taM savvaM chidaMto"-vahI

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44 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana 1 koTi kA hala pratIta hotA hai / ' nizIthacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki kASTha 'nirmita eka upakaraNa jise "kaTholla" kahA jAtA thA miTTI ko vidorNa kara detA thA / ` hala calAne ke bAda bhI jo bhUmi kar3I raha jAtI thI use kudAla se tor3A jAtA thA / 6 isake pazcAt kASTha nirmita upakaraNa " meiya" ( pATA ) se bhUmi samatala kI jAtI thI / avAMchita ghAsa-pAta nikAlane hetu 'satya' nAmaka upakaraNa kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thA / " anumAnataH vaha lohe kA eka khurpI jaisA choTA upakaraNa thA / bhagavatIsUtra meM taiyAra phasaloM ko kATane ke lie tIkSNa dhAra vAle asiDa kA ullekha hai, jise ha~suA aura drAMti se samIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM drAMti se phasala kATane kA ullekha hai / nizIthacUrNa meM bhI drA~ti aura haMsue se phasala kATane ke ullekha haiM / ' phasala kaTa jAne para bailoM se mar3AI karake "suppa" . ( bAMsa ke bane upakaraNa ) se dhAnya aura bhUse ko alaga kiyA jAtA thA / nizIthacUrNi se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki phasala kATane ke bAda anAja kI mar3AI karake use sUpa se phaTakA jAtA thA / 1deg jaina granthoM meM khetoM meM urvaraka DAlane kA vizeSa ullekha upalabdha nahIM hai para kRSi kI unnatAvasthA se spaSTa hai ki khetoM meM urvaraka kA prayoga avazya hotA thA / magadha janapada ke "gobbara" ( gobara ) gAMva kI zAli acchI mAnI jAtI thI / " sambhavataH usa grAma meM gobara kI sulabhatA ke kAraNa usakA nAma gobara gAMva par3a gayA hogA aura vahAM gobara kI khAda sahaja 1. AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 1 pR0 81 2. kaTTholla kaTThaNAma halAdiNA vAhiyaM - nizIthacUrgi bhAga 1 gAthA 147 3. "koddAlaku liyadAlaNa" praznavyAkaraNa 1 / 35 4. praznavyAkaraNa 1 / 18 5. satyaM NisirejjA" sUtrakRtAMga 2 / 2 / 698 6. bhagavatIsUtra 94/7/7 7. nizIthacUrNi bhAga 1 / gAthA 293, 8. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 7 / 15 9. praznavyAkaraNa 1 / 17 10. " vAvaNaM jAtemu lU nesu malitesu pUtesu" nizothacUrNi bhAga 1 /gAthA 293 11. piMDaniyukti gAthA 118

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tRtIya adhyAya : 45. sulabha hotI hogii| pazuoM kI adhikatA ke kAraNa gobara aura rAkha bhI pracura mAtrA meM sulabha hotI hogii| nizcita hI isakA upayoga urvaraka ke lie hotA rahA hogA / jaMgaloM meM vRkSoM ke sar3e pattoM kA upayoga bhI isI prakAra urvaraka ke lie hotA rahA hogA / AvazyakacUrNi meM pazu ke sIMgoM, haDDiyoM aura ganne ke pattoM ko jalAkara khAda banAne kA ullekha hai|' dazavakAlikacUrNi meM eka vyApArI kA ullekha hai jo eka gAr3I U~Ta kI ler3I ujjayinI le gayA thaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki U~Ta kI ler3I kA khAda ke lie upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| lagabhaga usI kAla meM likhe gaye harSacarita meM khetoM meM khAda DAlane kA spaSTa ullekha huA hai| kisAna khAda aura kUr3e ke DheroM ko gAr3iyoM meM bharakara una khetoM meM DAlate the jinakI urvarA zakti kama ho gaI thii| kisAnoM kI khetI kA mUla AdhAra baila thA / hala jotane hetu, kuoM se pAnI nikAlane ke lie, anna kI mar3AI karane hetu tathA anAja Dhone hetu bailoM kA prayoga hotA thaa| kRSi ke lie bailoM ko badhiyA kiyA jAtA thaa|" vajjAlagga meM kahA gayA hai ki bahuta sA godhana hone para bhI, kRSaka eka hI uttama baila se Anandita rahatA thA kyoMki vahI zakaTa meM aura vahI pITha para bhAra vahana karatA thA / bhUkarSaNa __kRSi kA zubhArambha, bhUkarSaNa se hotA thaa| upAsakadazAMga meM ise "phoDIkamma' kahA gayA hai| zubha muhUrta dekhakara bhUkarSaNa prArambha kiyA jAtA thaa| varSA Rtu ke Agamana ke pUrva hI kisAna khetI ke lie Avazyaka vastuoM ko ikaTThA kara lete the| 1. jaina jagadIza candra-prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pRSTha 248 2. dazavakAlikacUNi pRSTha 56 3. agravAla vAsudeva, harSa carita kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pRSTha 183 4. praznavyAkaraNa 2/13; bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2 gAthA 1219 5. praznavyAkaraNa 2.13; upAsakadazAMga 2/38; dazavaikAlika 7/24-25 6. jayavallabha-vajjAlagga, gAyA 184 7. upAsakadazAMga 1/51 8. nizIthacUNi bhAga 3 gAthA 3152

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46 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana hala, kalika aura bailoM ko sahAyatA se kheta ko bAra-bAra jotakara taiyAra kiyA jAtA thaa|' campA nagarI ke khetoM kI bhUmi saikar3oM haloM se jotI jAtI thii| isalie usakI miTTI bhurabhurI aura kaMkar3apattharoM se rahita ho gaI thii| sAdhAraNataH eka kheta meM eka samaya para eka hI phasala boI jAtI thii| jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki varSA Rtu ke Agamana para svAminI rohiNI ke sevakoM ne jamIna ko acchI taraha taiyAra karake, bAr3a lagAkara zAli ke bIja boye the|" sUtrakRtAMga meM zAli, vrIhi, kodrava, kaMgu, rAla Adi ke khetoM kA varNana hai| kintu kahIM-kahIM eka kheta meM eka sAtha do phasaleM lagAne ke bhI ullekha milate haiM / uttarAdhyayanacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki kisI kisAna ne Ikha ke sAtha kad bhI boyA thaa| prAcInakAla meM bhAratIyoM ko acche bIjoM ke mahattva kA bhI jJAna thaa| jainasAhitya meM dhAnya bIjoM kI aMkuraNa kSamatA banAye rakhane ke lie kRSakoM dvArA kI jAne vAlI paryApta vyavasthA kA ullekha hai| kisAna buAI ke lie uttama bIja kA prayoga karate the| kauTilIya arthazAstra meM bIjoM ko saMrakSita karane kA ullekha hai| sthAnAMga meM dhAnyoM ke bone kI cAra vidhiyA~ nirdiSTa haiM 1. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 1 gAthA 260 2. "halasayasahassasaMkiTTha-vikiTTha-laTTha" aupapAtika sUtra 1/1 3. khuDDAgaM keyAraM suparikammiyaM kareti sAliakkhae vavIta, vADiparikkhevaM kareti jJAtAdharmakathAMga 7/12 4. sUtrakRtAMga 2/698 . 5. tagAye ucchu roviyaM tubIyo ca- uttarAdhyayanacUNi pRSTha 133 kalAya-masUra-tila mugga-mAsa-NipphAva-kulattha -AlisaMdaga satINa palimaMthaga mAdINaM / jahaNNaNaM aMtomUhutta ukkoseNaM paMca saMvaccharAI / ayasi-kusubhaMgakoddhava-kaMgu-varaga-rAlaga-kodUsaga-saNa sarisava mUlagabIya mAdoNaMhaM eesi NaM dhannANaM koTThAutANaM pallAuttANaM maMcAuttANaM mAlAuttANao lattANaM pihitANaM muddhiyANAM lachiyANaM / jahaNNeNaM aMtomuhutta ukkosaMNa satta saMvaccharAI / 131; bhagavatIsUtra 6/7 / 1,1,3 7. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 1 gAthA 220 .8. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2 / 24 / 41

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tRtIya adhyAya : 47 1 - vApitAH - dhAnya ko eka bAra ropanA / 2-parivApitAH--dhAnyoM ko eka sthAna se ukhAr3akara punaH ropita karanA / Aja bhI isI vidhi se dhAna lagAye jAte haiM / 3-niditAH - khetoM meM se ghAsa Adi nikAla kara dhAnya lagAnA / 4- pariniMditAH - dhAnya lagAkara do-tIna bAra ghAsa nikAlanA / 4 Aja bhI uttama upaja ke lie khetoM se bAra-bAra khara-patavAra nikAlanA Avazyaka samajhA jAtA hai| khetoM meM bIja DAlane kI viziSTa praNAlI hotI thI / bIjoM ko isa prakAra DAlA jAtA thA ki aMkura samyag rUpa se nikala AyeM / " sicAI 1. sthAnAMga 4 / 576 2. AvazyakacUrNi 1 / 556 3. " karisaNa - pokkharaNI vAvi vayyiNa-kUpa-sara- taDAga " bIjoM ko bone ke bAda acchI paidAvAra prApta karane hetu khetoM ko sIMcanA atyAvazyaka thA / yadyapi kisAna siMcAI ke lie varSA para adhika nirbhara karate the phira bhI siMcAI ke lie puSkariNI, bAvar3I, kuA, tAlAba, sarovara Adi nirmita kiye jAte the / loga tAlAba khudavAnA dharma mAnate the / 3 aSTAdhyAyI meM nahara, tathA kuoM se dhAna ke kheta sIMcane kA ullekha hai / siMcAI ke lie prAkRtika tathA aprAkRtika donoM sAdhanoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA / rahaTa Adi kRtrima sAdhanoM se sIMce jAne cAle khetoM ko setu kahA jAtA thA / kevala varSA ke pAnI se sIMce jAne vAle kheta ketu kahe jAte the| " nadiyoM para yaMtroM kI sahAyatA se bA~dha bA~dhe jAte the jisase AvazyakatAnusAra pAnI ko roka liyA jAtA thA aura AvazyakatA na hone para pAnI chor3a diyA jAtA thA / bauddha granthoM meM bhI nadiyoM para bA~dha bA~dhakara sicAI karane ke ullekha haiM / zAkya deza meM zAkya aura praznavyAkaraNa 1 / 14 4. "dharma nimitaM taDAgaM khanati" vyavahArasUtra pIThikA pR0 13; bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 1 | gAthA 262 5. aSTAdhyAyI 1 / 1 / 24 tathA 3 / 3 / 123 6. "khettaM seu - u N, seya arahaTTAi keu variseNaM' 7. vimalasUri - paumacariyaM 10 35,51 - bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2 | gAthA 826

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48 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana koliya jAtiyoM ne milakara rohiNI nadI para bA~dha banAyA thA aura usa jala se donoM jAtiyAM apane kheta sIMcatI thiiN| siMcAI ke liye kuMoM aura tAlAboM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| guptakAla ke vizvavarmana ke gaMdhAra prastara-lekha se jJAta hotA hai ki vizvavarmana ne nadI taTa para base nagara meM siMcAI ke liye kUpoM aura tar3AgoM kA nirmANa karavAyA / nadiyoM se choTIchoTI nahareM nikAlI jAtI thiiN| tosali nivAsI varSA ke abhAva meM nadiyoM tathA naharoM ke pAnI se kheta sIMcate the / 2 jaina sAdhuoM ke lie pAnI ke udgamasthAnoM, tAlAboM tathA khetoM kI ora jAne vAlI pAnI kI nAliyoM para mala-mUtra tyAga karanA vajita thA / prAyaH kRSaka siMcAI hetu pAnI ko corI bhI kara lete the| nizIthacaNi meM eka aise kisAna kA varNana hai jo cupake se dUsare kisAna kI bArI para apane kheta meM pAnI le letA thaa|" isI prakAra eka dUsare kRSaka dvArA dUsare ke kheta ko jAne vAlI nAlI ko lakar3I, pattoM, miTTo Adi se bAdhita kara pAnI kA pravAha apane kheta kI ora mor3a lene kA ullekha hai| vasudevahiNDI ke anusAra ugrasena kA kuTumbI puruSa rAta meM khetoM para mer3a bA~dhakara pAnI detA thaa| merugrAmaNI ne usakI mer3a tor3akara apane khetoM meM pAnI le liyA / ugrasena ne rAjyAdhikAriyoM se isakI zikAyata kii| aparAdha siddha hone para rAjA ne merugrAmaNI ko daNDita kiyaa| pAnI kI corI rAjakIya aparAdha thaa| isalie grAmaNI hone para bhI meru ko apane aparAdha ke lie daNDa bhugatanA pdd'aa| bhinna-bhinna dezoM meM 1. vizvavarmana kA gaMdhAra prastara abhilekha, phlITa, jAna phethaphula, prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha, pR0 96 2, "ANuga jaMgala dese, vAseNa viNA vi tosaliggahaNaM / bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2 / gAthA 1061 3, "ochAMyayaNesa yA seyaNavahesi" AcArAMga 2 / 10 / 166 4. "karisagA vArageNa sAriNIe khettAdI pajjeMti" nizIthacUNi bhAga 1 / gAthA 329 5. "aNNassa vArae aNNAvadesA pAdeNa Nikka bhettUNa appaNo khette pANiyaM chubhati / vahI 6. vahI 4 / 6602 7. saMdhadAsagaNi-vasudevahiNDo, 1/295

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tRtIya adhyAya : 49 bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke siMcAI ke sAdhanoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa|' bRhatkalpabhASya ke vRttikAra ke anusAra lATa deza meM pramukha rUpa se varSA ke jala se siMcAI hotI thI, sindhu deza meM nadI ke jala se, dravir3a meM tAlAba se tathA uttara bhArata meM kueM ke jala se siMcAI hotI thii| isI prakAra nadiyoM kI bAr3ha ke pAnI se bhI siMcAI karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiM / kAnana dvIpa meM pAnI kI adhikatA ke kAraNa nAvoM para khetI hoto thii| Aja bhI kazmIra meM Dalaleka meM lakar3I ke pAToM para miTTI DAlakara khetI ko jAtI hai aise khetoM ko calate-phirate kheta kahA jAtA hai| rAjya dvArA kI gaI siMcAI vyavasthA kA kyA svarUpa thA, isakA koI vizeSa ullekha jaina granthoM meM nahIM prApta hotA hai| anya srotoM se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjya kI ora se siMcAI kA samucita prabandha kiyA jAtA thaa| prAcIna abhilekhoM aura prazastiyoM meM rAjAoM dvArA nirmita jalAzaya, kUpa, vApI, prapA ( pyAU ), sarovara, taDAga Adi jala-srotoM kA ullekha hai| lagabhaga 150 I0 ke rudradAmana ke giranAra zilAlekha se jJAta hotA hai ki mauryakAlIna saurASTra ke prazAsaka puSyamitra ne sudarzana sarovara banavAyA thaa| isake jala kA upayoga siMcAI ke lie hotA thaa| eka bAra adhika varSA hone ke kAraNa usakA bA~dha TUTa gayA / rudradAman ne usa bA~dha ko punaH bNdhvaayaa| skandagupta ne bhI isa bA~dha kA jIrNoddhAra karavAyA thaa| 1. "anbhe nadI TalAe, kUve aipUrae ya nAva vaNI' -bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2 gAthA 1239 2. sasyaM niSpadyate vRSTipAnIyarityarthaH, yathA lATaviSaye, kvApi nadIpAnIyaH, yathA sindhudeze, kvacittu, yathA draviDaviSaye, kvApi kUpapAnIyaiH yathA uttarApathe, kvacidatipUrakeNa, yathA bannAsAyAM pUrAdavaricyamAnAyAM tatpUrapAnIyabhAvitAyAM kSetrabhUmau dhAnyAni prakIryante, yathA vA Dimbharelake mahirAvaNa pureNa dhAnyAni vapanti / "nAva' iti yatra nAvamAropya dhAnya mAnItamupabhujyate yathA kAnanadvIpe vaNitti / vahI, bhAga 2 pR0 1239 3. "vizvavarmana kA gaMgadhAra prastara lekha" ___phlITa jAna phethaphula, bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA saMgraha; pRSTha 96 4. rudradAmana kA jUnAgar3ha zilA-abhilekha-paMkti 15 nArAyana e0 ke0, prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha (2) pRSTha 43 5. skandagupta kA jUnAgar3ha zilA-abhilekha, vahI (2) pR0 133 .

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50 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana kaliMga ke rAjA khAravela ne prabhUta dhana vyaya karake tanasulI se nahara nikalavAI thI jo siMcAI aura AvAgamana kI dRSTi se bahuta upayogI siddha huI thI / kauTilIya arthazAstra ke anusAra siMcAI kA prabandha karane vAle kRSakoM ko rAjya protsAhana detA thA / agara koI kRSaka siMcAI ke lie naye sImAbaMdha banAtA thA to pA~ca sAla ke lie use kara mukta kara diyA jAtA thA aura yadi TUTe-phUTe kue~ kI marammata karake use siMcAI yogya banAtA thA to cAra sAla ke lie aura agara bane hue sAdhanoM ko sudhAratA thA to use tIna sAla ke lie kara mukta kara diyA jAtA thA / isase pratIta hotA hai ki rAjya siMcAI kara bhI letA thA para jainagranthoM meM siMcAI kara kA ullekha nahIM huA hai / khetoM kI surakSA jAnavaroM se phasaloM kI surakSA ke lie bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke upAya kiye jAte the / dhanavAn kRSaka khetoM kI rakhavAlI hetu rakSaka -puruSa niyukta karate the / bRhatkalpabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki eka kRSaka ne yava ke kheta kI rakhavAlI ke lie "khettapAla" ( kSetrapAla) kI niyukti kI thii| jAtaka granthoM meM bhI khetoM kI rakSA hetu rakSaka puruSa niyukta karane ke udAharaNa milate haiM / zAlikedAra jAtaka ke anusAra eka brAhmaNa ne zAli ke kheta kI rakSA hetu rakSaka -puruSa niyukta kiyA thA, jo kheta meM hI kuTI banAkara rakhavAlI karatA thA / dhAnya ke khetoM kI jAnavaroM se rakSA karane ke lie bAr3a banAye jAte the / " bRhatkalpabhASya se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki khetoM ke cAroM ora kA~TedAra bAr3a lagAyI jAtI thI yA khAI khoda dI jAtI tho / jAnavaroM ko bhagAne ke lie lAThI aura pattharoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA / ' ukta bhASya ke anusAra kisI kuTumbI ne gannA lagAyA thA lekina rakSA ke lie na to kA~TedAra bAr3ha hI lagAI, na khAI khodI aura 1. "khAravela kA hAthIguphA guhA - abhilekha, paMkti 6 vahI (2), pRSTha 67 2. taTAka setu bandhAnAM nava pravartane pAJcavarSikAH parihAraH bhavanotsRSTAnAM kauTilIya arthazAstra 3/9/51 cAturvarSikaH samupArUDhAnAM trivarSikaH / 1 3. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2 gAthA 1156 4. zAlikedAra jAtaka Ananda kausalyAyana, jAtakakathA 4/480 5. " vADiparikkheva kareti' jJAtAdharmakathAMga 7/12 6. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 1 gAthA 722, bhAga 1 gAthA 77

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tRtIya adhyAya : 51 na pazuoM evaM pathikoM ko rokane ke lie koI upAya hI kiye, isase usakI sArI phasala naSTa ho gii| ganne kI phasala ko zRgAla (siyAra) kA bar3A bhaya rahatA thA ve phasaloM ko naSTa kara dete the, isalie kisAna khetoM ke cAroM ora khAI khoda dete the| sIMga Adi bajAkara bhI siyAroM ko bhagAte the|2 khetoM kI rakhavAlI ke lie bAlikAoM tathA striyoM ko bhI niyukta kiyA jAtA thaa| bRhatkalpabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki naMdagopa kI bAlikA kheta kI rakSA karatI huI gAya aura bachar3oM ko bhagAne ke lie "TiT TiT' zabda karatI thI aura agara isa para bhI ve nahIM bhAgate the to lAThI kA prayoga karatI thii| khetoM ko bAr3a Adi se surakSita karanA kRSaka kA kartavya mAnA jAtA thaa| kauTilIya arthazAstra ke anusAra, yadi bAr3a se surakSita khetoM ko pazu kSati pahu~cAte the to pazuoM kA svAmI daNDa kA bhAgI hotA thA, kintu yadi kheta bAr3a rahita ho to usake liye vaha uttaradAyI nahIM hotA thaa| gautama dharmasUtra ke anusAra gAya dvArA kheta ko hAni pahu~cAne para pA~ca mAsa, U~Ta aura gadhe dvArA naSTa karane para chaH mAsa, bher3a aura bakarI dvArA naSTa karane para do mAsa aura agara pUrI phasala hI naSTa ho jAye to pUrI phasala kA mUlya daNDa-svarUpa pazu ke svAmI se grahaNa kiyA jAtA thaa| lekina manusmRti meM ullekha hai ki bAr3a rahita khetoM ko agara pazu naSTa karate haiM to pazupAlaka daNDa kA bhAgI nahIM ho sakatA aura agara bAr3a vAle khetoM ko pazu naSTa kareM to pazupAlaka ko daNDa denA caahiye| upaja kI kaTAI upaja kI kaTAI ko "lavaNa" kahA jAtA thaa| jaba dhAnya paka jAte the to unako kATane kA prabandha kiyA jAtA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM 1. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 2 gAthA 988 2. vahI, bhAga 1 gAthA 721; dazavaikAlikacUNi pRSTha 79 3. TiTTi ti naMdagovassa bAliyA vacchae nivArei / TiTi tti ya muddhaDae, sese laTThInivAeNaM / bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 1 gAthA 77 4. kauTilIya arthazAstra 3 / 10 / 62 5. gautama dharmasUtra 2 / 3 / 10, 20, 21, 22, 23, 6. manusmRti 8 / 238 *7. vahI 8 / 241

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52: prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana phasala kATane ke kArya ko "asisahi" kahA gayA hai| prAyaH kRSaka phasala kATane kA kArya svayaM hI karate the| ve bar3I sAvadhAnI se dhAnya ko pakar3akara tIkSNa dhAra vAlI talavAra (hasuA) se kATate the| para kabhI-kabhI phasaloM ko kATane ke liye asthAyI karmakara bhI niyukta kiye jAte the|3 kATane ke bAda dhAnya ko khalihAna meM, jise "khalavADA" kahate the, ekatrita karate the|4 paMktibaddha bailoM se dhAnya kI mar3AI kI jAtI thI jise "malana" kahA jAtA thaa| dhAnya ko bhUse se alaga karane ke lie sUpa se phaTakA jAtA thaa| vAyu kI dizA ko dekhate hue dhAnya ko Upara se nIce girAyA jAtA, jisase dhAnya aura bhUsA alagaalaga ho jaate| rAjapraznIyasUtra meM eka khalihAna kA bar3A sundara varNana AyA hai jisameM eka tarapha dhAnya ke Dhera lage huye the aura dUsarI ora ur3AvanI ho rahI thii| rakSaka puruSa bhojana kara rahe the| Aja bhI gAMvoM meM prAyaH yahI paddhati apanAyI jAtI hai| jisa sthAna para dhAnya kUTe jAte the usa sthAna ko "gaMjasAlA' kahA jAtA thaa|' dhAnya-bhaNDAraNa jaina granthoM meM dhAnya ke vaijJAnika bhaNDAraNa kA ullekha milatA hai| isa vidhi se dhAnya kaI varSoM taka surakSita rakhA jA sakatA thaa| bRhatkalpabhASya ke anusAra dhAnya ke liye bhaNDAraNa-gRha nirmita kiye jAte the / phUsa aura pattiyoM se koThAra banAye jAte the aura andara kI bhUmi ko pahale gobara se lIpA jAtA thA aura phira dIvAra ke sahAre dhAnya kA Dhera lagAyA jAtA thA; phira use bAMsa aura phUsa se Dhakakara gobara se lIpa diyA jAtA thaa| varSA Rtu meM dhAnya ko koThe meM, doroM meM, maMca, TANa 1. asipahi juNati-jJAtAdharmakathAMga 7 / 6 2. bhagavatIsUtra 14 / 7 / 51 3. vyavahArabhASya 6 / 204 4. rAjapraznIya sUtra 82; jJAtAdharmakathAMga 7 / 19 5. praznavyAkaraNa 1 / 17, 2 / 13; jJAtAdharmakathAMga 7 / 19 6. nizIthacUNi bhAga 1, gAthA 293; bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2, gAthA 1219 7. rAjapraznIya sU0 82 8. nizIthacUrNi bhAga 2, gAthA 2554 9. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 4, gAthA 3310

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tRtIya adhyAya : 53 athavA ghara ke Upara bane hue koThoM meM rakhA jAtA thA / koThe ke dvAra ko Dha~kakara pUrNataH banda kara diyA jAtA thA aura usakA mukha gobara aura miTTI se lIpa diyA jAtA thA / ' Aja bhI koThaloM ( koThAroM ) ke mukhoM ko banda karane ke liye gobara meM miTTI mizrita karake lIpA jAtA hai / bhagavatI sUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki zAli, vrIhi, godhUma, yava, kalAya, masUra, tila, mUMga, mANa, kulattha, alimandaka, tuara, alasI, kusumbha kodrava, kaMganI, rAla, sana Adi dhAnyoM ko bAMsa ke chabaMDe, macAna yA pAtra vizeSa meM rakhakara usakA mukha gobara se lopa diyA jAtA thA phira unheM mudrita aura cihnita karake rakhA jAtA thA isase dhAnyoM kI aMkuraNa zakti dIrgha kAla taka rahatI thIM / kauTilIya arthazAstra meM bhI aise bhaNDAraNa kA ullekha huA hai / ye U~ce sthAnoM para banAye jAte the aura itane dRDha hote the ki varSA aura AMdhI se bho prabhAvita nahIM hote the / gA~va se dUra kabhI-kabhI parvatoM aura viSama pradezoM meM bhI aise bhaNDAra banAye jAte the, jinheM 'sambandha' kahA jAtA thA / kRSaka apanA dhAnya gAr3iyoM para lAdakara yahAM taka pahu~cAte the / isase pratIta hotA hai ki sArvajanika bhaNDAra-gRha bhI the jahA~ kisAna sammilita rUpa se dhAnya rakhate the / vyavahArabhASya meM aise kuTumbI kA ullekha hai jo ApakAla ke liye apane dhAnya ko koSThAgAra meM bharakara rakhatA thA / " dhAnya-bhaNDAraNa hetu miTTI ke bar3e-bar3e bhANDoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA jAtA thA / jisameM idura - sUta yA bAloM kI banI borI / Alinda -- dhAnya rakhane kA eka bartana aura upacAri - vizAla koThe kA ullekha milatA hai / pramukha upaja nizItha cUrNi se spaSTa hotA hai ki kRSi udyoga bar3I unnati para thA, vividha prakAra ke dhAnya ugAye jAte the / jinameM yava, godhUma, zAli, 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 7 / 20 2. kauTilIya arthazAstra 25/41 3. savAho saMvodu vasati jahi pavvayAivisamesu -- bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 2, gAthA 1092 4. vyavahArabhASya, bhAga 6, pR0 30 5. anuyogadvArasUtra 144 6. vahI

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54 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana vrIhi, sAThI, kodrava, makkA, kaMgu, bAjarA, rAlaka, tila, mUga, mASa, alasI, canA, masUra, NikAva ( cavalagA ), ikSu, tUvara, kalAya, dhANaga aura maTara Adi the|' bRhatkalpabhASya meM 17 prakAra ke dhAnyoM kA ullekha huA haiM jinameM se nimna mahattvapUrNa haiMyava isakI khetI kama upajAU bhUmi para kI jAtI thii| bhojana meM isakA paryApta prayoga hotA thA / yava se "yavAg' banAyA jAtA thA jo usa samaya kA prasiddha peya thA / pANini ne bhI isakA ullekha kiyA hai| cAvala dhAnyoM meM pramukha cAvala thaa| isakI khetI bahutAyata se hotI thii| zAli aura vrIhi, cAvaloM kI zreSTha jAtiyA~ mAnI jAtI thiiN| inake atirikta nimna prakAra ke cAvala bhI the jinheM nivAra aura sATho kahA jAtA thA / yaha nirdhana logoM kA mukhya bhojana thA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM zAli kI phasala ugAne kA varNana AyA hai| varSAkAla ke Arambha meM acchI vRSTi ho jAne ke bAda choTI-choTI kyAriyA~ banAkara zAli-kaNoM kI buAI kara dI jAtI thii| jaba paudhe kucha bar3e ho jAte the to unheM ukhAr3akara dUsare sthAna para punaH ropa diyA jAtA thaa| jaba paudhe khUba phaila jAte the aura bAliyoM meM dAne par3a jAte the tathA ve paka jAte the to unheM tIkSNa drAMti se kATa kara unakI mar3AI karake bhUse se alaga kara liyA jAtA thaa|" yUnAnI lekhaka sTrAbo ne bhI eka sthAna se dhAna ke paudhe ko ukhAr3a kara dUsare sthAna para lagAkara bone 1. dhaNNAi cavvIsaM, jaba-gohuma-sAli-vIhi-saTThiyA / kodda va-aNayA-kaMgu, rAlaga tila-mugga-mAsA ya / / atasi hirimaMya tipuDa, NipphAva alasiMdarA ya mAsA ya / ikkhu, masUra tuvarI kulattha dhANaga-kalA ya / nizIthacUrNi bhAga 2, gAthA 1029, 1030 2. ghaDieyaraM khalu dhaNaM, saNasattarasA biyA bhave dhannaM / / bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2, gAthA 828 3. uttarAdhyayanacUNi gAthA 187 4. pANini aSTAdhyAyI 4/2/136 5. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 7/1215

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tRtIya adhyAya: 55 kI isI vidhi kA ullekha kiyA hai / ' aupapAtika se jJAta hotA hai ki campA nagarI meM zAli kI upaja bahuta acchA hotI thI / godhUma chaThIM -sAtavIM zatI meM gehU~ kI khetI hotI thI / gehU~ se bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke pakavAna nirmita hote the / vyApArI gehU~ kI gAr3iyA~ bhara kara vyApAra ke liye jAte the / isa ullekha se zAstrakAra kA abhiprAya uttarI bhArata se rahA hogA jahA~ gehU~ kI khetI bRhada stara para hotI thI / kodrava aura rAlaga kodrava aura rAlaga nimnakoTi kA dhAnya mAnA jAtA thA / nirdhanoM ke bhojana meM kodrava aura rAlaga kI bahutAyata thii| kucha gA~voM meM mAtra kodrava aura rAga kI hI khetI hotI thI / vahA~ bhikSuoM ko bhikSA meM kodrava aura rAlaga hI prApta hotA thA / nizIthaNi te jJAta hotA hai ki eka nirdhana strI ke ghara meM kodrava kA hI bhojana thA / apane ghara Aye bhAI ke liye vaha kahIM se zAli kA odana mAMga kara lAI thI / 5 dAleM pratidina ke bhojana meM dAloM kA mukhya sthAna thaa| mUMga, mASa, masUra, arahara, canA, maTara, kulattha Adi dAloM ke ullekha Aye haiM / isase pratIta hotA hai ki dAloM ko paryApta mAtrA meM kheto hoto thI / ikSu ganne kI khetI bRhada stara para hotI thI / aupapAtikasUtra meM ullekha hai ki campA nagarI ke khetoM meM Ikha kI bhI khetI hotI thI / aSTAdhyAyI meM bhI ganne kI niyamita khetI hone ke ullekha Aye haiM / " ganne ke liye 1. purI baijanAtha, iNDiyA eja DiskrAibDa bAI arlI grIka rAiTarsa, pRSTha 100 2. aupapAtika sUtra, 1 . 3. nizIthacUrNi bhAga 4, gAthA 5774 4. piMDa niyukti gAthA 162 5. nizIthacUrNi bhAga 3, gAthA 495 6. AcArAMga 2 / 10 / 8, nizIthacUrNi bhAga 2, gAthA 1029, 1030 7. aupapAtika sUtra, 1. 8. pANini aSTAdhyAyI 8/4/5

Page #69
56 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana upajAU aura mulAyama bhUmi kI AvazyakatA thii|' Ikha ke sAtha kadU bhI boyA jAtA thaa| tilahana tela nikAlane ke liye kaI prakAra ke bIja boye jAte the| alasI, kusumbha, sarasoM, tila Adi kA ullekha hai / kapAsa vastra banAne ke liye kapAsa tathA sana kA utpAdana hotA thA / kapAsa ko "tulakar3a" kahA jAtA thaa| vastra-udyoga kI unnati isa bAta kI puSTi karatI hai ki kapAsa kI khetI paryApta mAtrA meM hotI hogii| zAlmali vRkSa se uttama ruI prApta hotI thii| sUtrakRtAMga meM zAlmali vRkSa kA ullekha huA hai / " masAle bhojana ko svAdiSTa banAne ke liye bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke masAle upayoga meM lAye jAte the| pIpala, mirca, adaraka, haldI, jIrA, hIMga, kapUra, lavaMga, jAyaphala, pyAja, lahasuna, Adi ke ullekha se pratIta hotA hai ki inakI khetI bhI avazya hotI hogii| prAkRtika vipadAyeM prAcInakAla meM kRSi prAyaH varSA para nirbhara karatI thI, isaliye kaI bAra anAvRSTi yA ativRSTi se phasaleM naSTa ho jAtI thiiN| kabhI-kabhI logoM ko lambe dubhikSoM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA thaa| mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 160 varSa bAda magadha meM 12 varSa kA bhayaMkara akAla par3ane kA ullekha hai| isa samaya kRSi kA utpAdana na hone se loga bhUkhe marane lge| kIr3e 1. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 1, gAthA 260 2. "utthu rIviyaM tuMbIo"-uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, pRSTha 133 3. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 1, gAthA 529 4. AcArAMga 2/5/1/141 5. sUtrakRtAMga 1/6/369 6. AcArAMga 2/1/8,45; bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2, gAthA 1611, 1613; bhagavatIsUtra 7/3/5 7. AvazyakacUNi bhAga 2, pR0 187

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tRtIya adhyAya : 57 kor3e aura cUhe bhI phasala ko atyadhika hAni pahu~cAte the / himapAta aura oloM se bhI phasala naSTa ho jAtI thI / prAkRtika vipadAoM se bacAne ke liye loga annako bhaNDAroM meM surakSita rakhate the / 2 Arthika jIvana meM grAmoM kA mahattva evaM vyavasthA AgamoM ke racanAkAla meM bhI bhAratIyoM kA Arthika jIvana kRSi pradhAna hI thA / adhikAMza loga grAmoM meM hI nivAsa karate the aura nagaroM meM nivAsa karane vAle bhI kisI na kisI rUpa meM grAmoM se jur3e rahate the / gAMvoM meM gAya, bhaiMsa pAlane vAle bhI bar3I saMkhyA meM rahate the / bRhatkalpa bhASya meM aise gAMvoM ko "ghoSa" kahA gayA hai / 3 kucha gA~va jaMgala yA pahAr3I ke Upara banAye jAte the aura vahA~ para kRSaka apanA anAja ekatra karake rakhate the, aise gA~voM ko "sambAdha " yA "saMvAha" kahA gayA thaa| kucha gA~voM ke cAroM ora miTTI kI prAcIra banAI jAtI thI aise gA~voM ko (kheTa) kahA jAtA thA / " surakSA aura suvidhA ke liye kucha gA~voM ke madhya meM eka kendrIya gA~va banAyA jAtA thA jo nagara se choTA aura sAdhAraNa gA~va se bar3A hotA thA / isake cAroM ora miTTI kA parakoTA banA hotA thA / aise gA~va ko " kharvaTa" kahA jAtA thA / kauTilya ne 200 gA~voM ke bIca eka 'kharvaTa' banAne ke liye kahA hai / gA~voM meM rahane vAloM kI saba suvidhAoM kA dhyAna rakhA jAtA thA aura gA~va prAyaH Atmanirbhara hote the / - bRhatkalpabhASya meM Adarza gA~va kI vizeSatA batAI gaI hai - jahA~ pAnI ke * liye ku~A ho, kheta samIpa ho, pazuoM ke liye carAgAha ho, vana-pradeza nikaTa ho, baccoM ke khelane ke liye maidAna ho aura dAsiyoM ke ghUmane ke liye sthAna ho / ' pratyeka gA~va kI apanI sImA hotI thI / nadI, 1 pahAr3a, 1. kauTilIya arthazAstra 4 / 378; milinda prazna, pRSTha 359 2. vyavahArabhASya bhAga 6, pR0 163 - 167 3. bRhatkalpa bhASya bhAga 2, gAthA 1092 4. vahI " kheDaM 5. puNa hoi dhUlipAgAraM " 6. vahI, bhAga 2, gAthA 1089 7. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2/1/19 8. parasImaM pi vayaMti hu, suddhataro bhaNati jA sasImA tu / ujjANa avattA vA ukkIlaMtA u suddhayaro bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2, gAthA 1098 vahI bhAga 2, gAthA 1089

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58 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana vRkSa, vana, zmazAna Adi sImA-cihna hote the / ' kauTilIya arthazAstra meM bhI aisA hI batAyA gayA hai| kRSi ke unnayana meM rAjya kA yogadAna bhArata meM sadA se kRSi ke mahattva ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / yUnAnI yAtrI megasthanIz2a ke anusAra rAjya meM kRSi kA itanA mahattva thA ki jo prajA kRSi karatI thI vaha yuddha athavA anya kisI prakAra kI rAjakIya sevA se mukta thii| unakI surakSA kA pUrA dhyAna rakhA jAtA thaa| yahA~ taka ki gRhayuddha ke samaya bhI sainikoM ko kisAnoM ko utpIDita karane athavA unake khetoM ko naSTa karane kI spaSTa manAhI thii|3|| rAjya meM kisI bhI prakAra ke ApatkAla meM pUrva surakSita-saMcita annabhaNDAra prajA ke sahAyatArtha khola diye jAte the| oghaniyukti meM eka aise rAjA kA prasaMga AtA hai jisake rAjya meM akAla par3a gayA thaa| sAre anna-bhaNDAra rikta ho gaye the| taba rAjA ne apanI prajA ke kalyANa ke liye apane koSThAgAroM se bhojana aura bIja ke nimitta anAja diyaa| kauTilya ne kRSikarma kI dekhabhAla ke liye niyukta rAjakarmacArA ko "sItAdhyakSa" kahA hai / " jaina granthoM meM bharata cakravartI ke 14 ratnoM meM se eka ratna gAthApati thA jo rAjya meM kRSi kI dekhabhAla karatA thA / rAjakoSa kI sampannatA mukhyatayA kRSi para nirbhara karatI thii| isalie rAjya kRSi ke vikAsa evaM usakI samRddhi ke prati sadA saceSTa rahatA thaa| kRSi ko hAni pahu~cAne vAle kAryoM ko rokA jAtA thaa| kauTilIya arthazAstra ke anusAra jo kRSaka rAjA se bhUmi lekara usa para kRSi nahIM karatA thA usase bhUmi chIna lI jAtI thii| somadevasUri ne lavaNa kAla arthAt phasala kI kaTAI ke samaya gAMva meM senA ke praveza kA niSedha kiyA hai / / 1. AdipurANa 16/167 2. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2/1/19 3. purI baijanAtha-iNDiyA eja DiskrAibDa bAI arlI grIka rAiTarsa, pRSTha 78. 4. aughaniyukti, pRSTha 23 5. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2/24/31 6. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 2/22 7. kauTilIya arzazAstra 2/1/19 8. somadevasUri-nItivAkyAmRtam 22/16

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tRtIya adhyAya : 59 upavana udyAna vATikA kRSi ke sahakArI dhandhe ke rUpa meM phala-phUloM ke upavanoM kA udyoga bhI pracalita thA / usa samaya ke loga udyAnoM ke vardhana evaM poSaNa meM pravINa the / sabjiyoM ke bagIce lagAye jAte the jinameM vividha prakAra ke kaMda aura zAka utpanna kiye jAte the / ' 1 aupapAtikasUtra meM varNita campAnagarI ke upavana aise vRkSoM se yukta the jo sabhI RtuoM ke phala-phUloM se lade rahate the / 2 vividha prakAra kI vanaspatiyoM, puSpoM, chAyAdAra, phaladAra aura dAru vRkSoM ke varNana se spaSTa hotA hai ki vanaspati vidyA caramotkarSa para thI / jJAtAdharmakathAMga se patA calatA hai ki nandamaNikAra ne rAjagRha ke bAhara eka puSkariNI khudavAI thI, jisake cAroM ora upavana aura udyAna bane hue the / udyAnoM meM vibhinna prakAra ke phala-phUloM ke vRkSa the / sampanna vyakti apane nijI udyAna bhI lagAte the / vasudevahiNDI se jJAta hotA hai ki eka sArthavAha ne apane udyAna kI dekhabhAla ke lie eka vyakti ko niyukta kiyA / usa vyakti ne kaThina parizrama se naye phUla aura paudhe lagAkara udyAna ko bahuta sundara banA diyA jisase prasanna hokara sArthavAha ne use vastrayugala dekara sammAnita kiyA aura sthAyI naukarI bhI de dI thI / bRhatkalpabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna jIvana meM upavanoM, udyAnoM kA vizeSa mahattva thA / upavanoM meM vizeSa utsava manAye jAte the / jahA~ para nAgarika nRtya Adi ke dvArA apanA manoraMjana karate the / " sAmAnya nAgarikoM ke liye nagara ke bAhara sArvajanika "ujjANa" udyAna hote the / nizIthacUrNa meM rAjAoM ke udyAna jo nagaroM kI sImA para hote the, ko " NijjANa' (udyAna) kahA gayA hai / jaba meghakumAra garbha meM thA taba 1. AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 2, pR0 350 2. aupapAtika sUtra 2 3. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 13/18 4. saMghadAsagaNa - vasudeva hiNDI bhAga 1, pR0 50 5. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 5, gAthA 5153; uttarAdhyayanacUrNi 4 / 221; vasudeva-hiNDI, bhAga 1, pR0 46 6. nizIthacUrNi bhAga 2, gAthA 2426 7. vahI, bhAga 2, gAthA 2426

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"60: prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM vaNita Arthika jIvana usakI mA~ dhAriNI ko rAjagRha kI sImA se saMlagna udyAna meM bhramaNa kI dohada (icchA) haI thii|' udyAnoM meM bhramaNa ke liye Ane vAle vyaktiyoM ke liye vizrAmagRhoM kI bhI vyavasthA hotI thii| udyAnoM meM vibhinna prakAra kI latAyeM aura phUla lagAye jAte the, jinameM jAI, mogarA, jUhI, mallikA, vAsantI, vastula, zaivAla, mRgadaMtI, padmalatA, nAgalatA, azokalatA Adi kA ullekha hai| koI bhI utsava yA samAroha puSpoM ke binA sambhava nahIM thaa| prajAjana utsavoM para phUloM ke AbhUSaNa, vilepana, aMgarAga aura mAlAoM kA bharapUra prayoga karate the| rAjyodyAna ke mAliyoM kA samAja meM vizeSa sthAna thA / vyavahArasUtra meM ullekha hai ki eka mAlI ne rAjA ko eka sundara mAlA banAkara bheMTa kii| rAjA ne prasanna hokara use pracura mAtrA meM dhana diyaa|" antakRtadazAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki arjuna, rAjagaha kA eka pratiSThita tathA sampanna mAlI thaa| usane apanI puSpavATikA meM pAMca raMga ke phUla lagA rakhe the| prAtaHkAla vaha apanI vATikA meM apanI patnI ke sAtha pUSpacayana ke liye cala detA thA aura puSpoM se bharI TokariyA~ bAjAroM, hAToM meM becakara dhana ajita karatA thaa| koMkaNa deza meM loga phUloM ke vikraya se jIvana-yApana karate the| jaina granthoM meM gA~voM aura nagaroM ke nikaTa aise vanoM, upavanoM ke ullekha milate haiM jinameM vibhinna prakAra ke svAsthyavardhaka auSadhayukta phala hote the / ina upavanoM meM Ama, jambUphala, zAla, akharoTa, polU, zelU, sallakI, mocakI, mAlUka, bakula, palAza, karaMja, sIsama, putrajIvaka, ariSTa, baher3A, harar3a, bhilavA, azoka, dADima, lUkaca, zirISa, mAtuliMga, candana, ajuna, kadamba Adi ke vRkSa hote the / ' upAsakadazAMga ke chaThe-sAtaveM adhyAya 1. bhagavatI 1:/6/2 2. prajJApanA 1/40; aupapAtika sUtra 2 3. prajJApanA 1/20 4. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 3, gAthA 2560 5. vyavahArasUtra. 1/4/6 6. antakRtadazAMga 6/3/4 7. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2, gAthA 1239 8. prajJApanA 1/40; aupapAtikasUtra 2

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tRtIya adhyAya : 61 meM sahasrAmravana kA ullekha hai|' aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vyApArika uddezya se phaloM ke bar3e-bar3e udyAna lagAye jAte the| phaloM ko sukhAkara saMrakSita bhI kiyA jAtA thA / phala sukhAne ke sthAna ko "kohaka' kahA jAtA thaa| phira vahA~ se unheM gaTharI meM bAMdhakara yA gAr3I meM bharakara vikraya-hetu bAjAroM meM le jAyA jAtA thaa| nizIthacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki pUliMda jaMgaloM se gAr3iyoM meM phala bharakara lAte the|3 jo phala samaya Ane para vRkSoM para hI paka jAte the unheM vRkSaparyAyAma kahA jAtA thaa| Aja kI hI bhA~ti kacce phaloM ko kRtrima vidhi se cAvala Adi ke bhUse ke andara rakhakara athavA dhUma Adi ke dvArA USmA pahu~cAkara pakAyA jAtA thaa| Ama Adi ko pakAne ke liye bRhatkalpabhASya meM "iMdhaNaparyAyAm' vidhi kA ullekha milatA hai / isa vidhi meM bhUse ke andara rakhakara garmI pahu~cAI jAtI thI, jisase ve jaldI pakakara taiyAra ho jAte the| isI prakAra "dhUmraparyAyAm'' vidhi kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| isameM eka gaDDhA khodA jAtA thaa| isameM upaloM yA kaMDoM kI agni bhara dI jAtI thii| isa gaDDhe ke cAroM ora golAI banAte huye gaDDhe khode jAte the jinameM phala rakhe jAte the aura ina gaDDhoM kI dIvAra meM kendrIya gaDDhe kI ora chidra banA diye jAte the; jaba chidroM se ina gaDDhoM meM dhUmra pahu~catA thA to usakI USmA se phala paka jAte the| isI prakAra "gaMdhaparyAyAm' vidhi kA ullekha milatA hai, isameM Abhraka, cirmaTa bIjapUraka Adi ko pake phaloM ke sAtha rakha diyA jAtA thA, jisase pake phaloM kI sugandha se kacce phala bhI paka jAte the / phaloM ke rasoM se vividha zarabata banAye jAte the| AcArAMgasUtra meM Ama, amar3A, kapittha, 1. "sahassavavaNo ujjANe"--upAsakadazAMga 6/2, 7/2; bhagavatIsUtra 11/9/2 2. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2, gAthA 872 3. nizIthacUNi bhAga 4, gAthA 4732 4. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2, gAthA 843; nizIthacUrNi bhAga 3, gAthA 4710 5. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2, gAthA 82; nizIthacUrNi bhAga 3, gAthA 4711 6. 'koddhavapalAlamAi dhUmeNa tidugAI paccate majjha gaDADagaNi perata tiMduya / chiddhadhUmana"-bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2, gAthA 842; nizIthacUNi bhAga 3, gAthA 4711 7. AcArAMga 2/1/8/43

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62 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana - mAtuliMga, drAkSa, anA, khajUra, nAriyala, karIra, bera, AmalA, imalI Adi phaloM se "peya" (zarabata) banAye jAne kA ullekha hai / " vanoM - upavanoM se madhu prApta kiyA jAtA thA / Aja kI bhA~ti vyAvasAyika stara para to madhumakkhI kA pAlana nahIM kiyA jAtA thA, lekina vibhinna jaina granthoM meM upavanoM meM vRkSoM para bane madhumakkhiyoM ke chattoM se madhu nikAlane ke ullekha milate haiM / praznavyAkaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki bhIloM se nakada mUlya para madhu kharIdA jAtA thA / madhu kA vyApAra karane vAle ko pApI kahA jAtA thA / yadyapi madhu sevana pauSTika AhAra mAnA jAtA thA kintu jaina granthoM meM mAtra asAdhya rogoM se mukti ke liye madhusevana ko chor3akara jaina sAdhuoM ke liye isakA upabhoga varjita thA / nizIthacUrNi meM tIna prakAra ke madhu, Ama kI kopaloM se bane "kaitiya", bar3I madhumakkhiyoM ke chattoM se nikAle gaye "makkhiya" tathA choTI madhumakkhiyoM ke chattoM se nikAle gaye bhrAmara kA ullekha milatA hai / " pANini ne bar3I makkhiyoM ( DAMgarA ) ke chattoM se nikAle gaye madhu ko bhrAmara evaM choTI madhumakkhiyoM ke chattoM se nikAle gaye madhu ko "kSaudra" kahA hai|" pazupAlana samAja meM dUsarA prArambhika udyoga pazupAlana thaa| Arthika saMyojana pazuoM kA mahattvapUrva sthAna thA / kRSi tathA yAtAyAta mukhya rUpa se pazuoM para hI AdhArita the / pazuoM ko sampatti ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA thA / jisa vyakti yA parivAra ke pAsa jitane adhika pazu hote vaha utanA hI adhika dhanavAna aura sampanna samajhA jAtA thA / upAsakadazAMga 1. AcArAMga 2/1/8/43 2. praznavyAkaraNa 1/12; nizIthacUrNi bhAga 2, gAthA 1593 3. praznavyAkaraNa 2/13 4. AcArAMga 2/1/8/46 5. kaitiya makkhiya bhrAmara ca" - nizIthacUNi 2/1593 6. pANini aSTAdhyAyI 4 / 3 / 118 7. hayagaya go-maddisa uTTa - khara- aya-gavelaga- eto pariggehA praznavyAkaraNa, 5/1; bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 4, gAthA 4828

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dvitIya adhyAya : 63 ke dasoM zramaNopAsakoM ke pAsa sahasroM pazu the jinameM godhana pramukha thA' yadyapi isa kathana meM atyukti ho sakatI hai, parantu itanA nizcita hai ki pazu rakhanA sampannatA kA sUcaka thA, godhana jahA~ samRddhi kA dyotaka thA vahIM adhika se adhika logoM ko kAma dene kI dRSTi se bhI isakA mahattva thA / pazupAlana grAmINa kSetroM taka hI sImita nahIM thaa| nagaroM meM bhI unakA Adhikya thaa| rAjagiri meM rahane vAle gAthApatiyoM ke pAsa hajAroM kI saMkhyA meM pazu the / nizIthacarNi se jJAta hotA hai ki gAya, U~Ta, bhaiMsa, bakarI, ghor3A, hAthI, khaccara Adi pAlatU pazu the| poSita pazuoM se sambandhita vistRta jJAna hetu aneka zAstra likhe gaye the| puruSoM kI 72 kalAoM meM hasti, azva, gau Adi ke bheda jAnanA bhI sammilita thaa| jahAM gAyeM rahatI thIM use "gozAla'' arthAt gosAlA kahA jAtA thA / vipAkasUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjAoM kI gozAlAyeM hotI thIM, jinameM gAyoM kI surakSA-saMrakSaNa ke liye karmacArI niyukta hote the| "bhImaka TAgraha' sunaMda rAjA ke "gomaMDava" ( gozAlA) meM niyukta thA isa gozAlA meM nagara ke gAya, baila, choTI bachiyA aura sAMr3a the| anAtha tathA sanAtha sabhI prakAra ke pazuoM ke bhojana-pAnI kI vyavasthA thii|' AvazyakaNi se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjA karakaMDu ko kaI gozAlAyeM thIM jinameM pazuoM kA pAlana kiyA jAtA thaa| vasudevahiNDI se jJAta hotA hai ki vasaMtanapura ke rAjA jitazatru ke do gomaMDala the, jisake liye usane "cArunaMdI" aura "phaggunaMdI' nAmaka do gopAlakoM ko niyukta kiyA thaa| rAjA ke pazu cihnita hote the| eka bAra rAjA, cArunaMdI dvArA rakSita 1. upAsakadazAMga 1/12 2/4 / 2. "gAvo-uTTo mahiso aya elaga AsataragA ghoDaga gaddabha hatthI catuspadA hoti dasa dhA tu" nizIthacUNi bhAga 2, gAthA 1034 3. nandIsUtra 74 4. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 85; kalpasUtra 1/96 5. "goSAdi jatya ciTThati sA gosAlA" nizoya cUNi bhAga 2, pRSTha 433 6. vizAkasUtra 2/19, 20, 21 37. AvazyakacUNi bhAga 2, pR0 207

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64 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana gomaMDala meM gayA, apane pazuoM ko svastha aura sundara dekhakara bahuta prasanna huaa| kauTilIya arthazAstra meM bhI rAjakIya pazuoM ko cihnita karane kA ullekha hai| jo rAja-cihnita pazuoM kI adalA badalI karatA thA use daNDa diyA jAtA thA / pazuzAlAoM meM poSita pazuoM ke bhojanapAnI kA prabandha hotA thaa| hAthiyoM ko kele aura DaMThala, bhaiMsoM ko bAMsa kI komala pattiyA~, ghor3oM ko ghAsa, canA, mUga tathA gAyoM ko arjuna kI. pattiyAM dI jAtI thiiN|3| gozAlAoM meM pazuoM kA kraya-vikraya bhI hotA thaa| paumacariya ke anusAra pazuoM ke kraya-vikraya meM pazuoM ke svAmiyoM aura grAhakoM meM paraspara matabheda bhI ho jAte the| kaI bAra gozAlA ke karmacAriyoM aura unake svAmiyoM meM itanA vivAda ho jAtA thA ki ve gRhapatiyoM se krodhita hokara unakI UMTazAlA, gozAlA, azvazAlA ora gardabhazAlA ko jalA DAlate the| pazu-pAlana kRSi, dUdha, yAtAyAta, unake camar3e aura mAMsa hetu kiyA jAtA thaa| kRSi meM pazuoM ke bahuvidha upayoga ke kAraNa hI kRSaka pazupAlana ko apanA dharma samajhate the| baila hala calAne, rahaTa calAne, kolhU calAne ora zakaTa khIMcane ke upayoga meM Ate the|6 hala calAne tathA rahaTa calAne aura gAr3I khIMcane vAle puSTa bailoM ko unake svAmI acchA cArA dete the| bailoM se AvazyakatA se adhika kArya lenA acchA nahIM mAnA jAtA thaa| hala Adi dera taka calavAne para bailoM dvArA krodha pradarzita 1. saMghadAsagaNi-vasudevahiNDI bhAga 2, pR0 297 2. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2/29/46 / 3. hathissa iTeM Nalaikkhu mahiso sukumAla vaMsapattamAdi Aso harimattha muggAdi goNo ajjuNamAdi sugandhadavvaM / nizIthacUNi bhAga 2, gAthA 1638, bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga. 2, gAthA 1590 4. paumacariya 3/95, 96 5. sUtrakRtAMga 2/2/71 6. dazavakAlika 7/24,26 7. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2, gAthA 1119

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tRtIya adhyAya : 65 karane ke ullekha Aye haiM / ' kRSi aura yAtAyAta ke liye bailoM ko badhiyA kiyA jAtA thA / svastha pazuoM kI pracuratA thI / gAya, bhaiMsa, bakarI, bher3a aura UMTanI dUdha dene vAle pazu the / dugdha se dadhi, navanIta, ghRta aura takra kI prApti hotI thI; inheM gorasa kahA jAtA thA jo pauSTika bhojana mAnA jAtA thA / jisa sthAna para gau Adi kA dohana kiyA jAtA thA, use "dohaNa vADaga" ( dugdhazAlA ) kahA jAtA thA / " 'dohaNavADaga' gA~va ke bAhara hote the vahA~ strI aura puruSa donoM kAma karate the / Aja kI hI bhA~ti mRtavatsA gAya kA dUdha nikAlane ke liye usake pA~va bA~dha diye jAte the yA chala se dUsarA bachar3A lAkara usakA dohana kiyA jAtA thA / utsavAyojanoM ke avasara para dugdha kI mA~ga bar3ha jAtI thI / bRhatkalpabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki eka gvAle ne yaha socakara ki "saMkhar3I" ( vizeSa melA - bhoja ) vAle dina dugdha kA adhika mUlya prApta hogA aura vaha eka sAtha sArA dugdha lAbha sahita becegA / usane dasa dina pUrva se hI gAya kA dohana banda kara diyA / gvAle dinabhara gAyoM ko carAgAhoM meM carAte aura sUryAsta ke pUrva vApasa lAte the / bRhatkalpabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki eka bAra gvAloM ke eka gA~va meM grAmasvAmo padhAre aura gA~va ke mandira meM tthhre| unake sammAna meM gA~va ke rAste gobara aura gomUtra se gande na ho jAya~ isa AzaMkA se gAyoM ko pUrI rAta gA~va ke bAhara rakhA gayA / phalataH sabhI savatsA gAyeM vikala rahIM / gvAle gAyoM ko carAgAhoM taka le jAne aura vahA~ se le 1. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2, gAthA 1268 2. upAsakadazAMga 1 / 38; praznavyAkaraNa 2 / 13 3. "khIrANi paMca gAvI mahiso aya elaya uTTINaM ca / " nizIthacUrNi bhAga 2, gAthA 1593 4. duddhaM dahiyaM NavaNIyaM sappi takkaM ca ete paMca davtrA nizIthacUrNi bhAga 2, gAthA 1999; bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 4, gAthA 3597 5. vahI bhAga 3, gAthA 3567, bhAga 2, gAthA 1199 6. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 4, gAthA 1199 7. praznavyAkaraNa, 1/11 8. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 2, gAyA 1591 9. vahI, bhAga 2, gAthA 2203 5

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66 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana Ane ke liye aura unako hAMkane ke liye jhaMDI dikhAkara mArga-nidezana karate the / ' gAya ke navajAta vatsa ko, jo calane meM samartha nahIM hotA thA, gopAlaka svayaM uThAkara carAgAha taka le jAte the aura jo vatsa gopAlaka kI goda meM bhI vahA~ jAne ke yogya nahIM hote the unakA bhojya ghara lAkara khilAyA jAtA thA / vyavahArabhASya se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki gopAlaka carAgAhoM meM pazuoM kI jaMgalI jAnavaroM aura sama-viSama sthAnoM se rakSA karate hue carAte the / kauTilIya arthazAstra se jJAta hotA hai ki gopAlaka pazuoM ke gale meM ghaMTI bAMdha dete the jisase eka to pazu kahA~ hai isakA patA laga jAtA thA dUsare ghaMTI kI AvAja se sA~pa Adi jIva bhAga jAte the / AvazyakacUrNa se jJAta hotA hai ki ekabAra eka jaMgala meM mahAvora tapasyArata the vahIM para eka gopAlaka apane pazuoM ko bhI carA rahA thA / kucha dera pazcAt usake pazu dUra jaMgala meM pahu~ca gaye apane pazuoM ko vahA~ na pAkara usane mahAvIra se pUchA, mahAvIra mauna the gopAlaka ne unako pazu cora samajha kara unake kAna meM kIleM Thoka dIM / " pazuoM se prApta dUdha aura tanirmita dahI tathA ghI kA vyApAra hotA thA / AbhIra ghI - pUrNa ghar3e lekara nagaroM meM vyApAra hetu jAte the / 6 vasudevahiNDI se jJAta hotA hai ki AbhIra ke ghar3e gAr3iyoM meM bharakara campA nagarI meM vyApAra ke liye le jAye gaye the| bRhatkalpabhASya meM gvAloM dvArA sapatnIka maTakoM meM ghI bharakara vikrayArtha nagaroM meM le jAne kA ullekha hai / ' jaina granthoM meM yAtAyAta ke liye bhI pazuoM kA bar3A mahattva batAyA gayA hai / mAla aura savArI vahana karane ke liye hAthI, ghor3e, baila, U~Ta aura gadhoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA / " 1. gojUhassa paTAgA, sayaM payAtassa paDDhayati vegaM - bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 1, gAthA 5202 2. "jA goNI Na tarati uTTheuM taM govo uTThaveti aDavi caraNaTThA Neti, jANa tarati gaMtuM gihe ANe payacchati" - nizIthacUrNi bhAga 2, gAthA 1893 3. vyavahArabhASya 4 / 36 4. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2 / 29 / 46 5. AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 1, gAthA 270 6. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 1, gAthA 361 7. vasudevahiNDI bhAga 1, pR0 13 8. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 1, gAthA 361 9. vahI, bhAga 3, gAthA 3066

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tRtIya adhyAya : 67 senA meM hastisenA kA bar3A mahattva thaa| somadeva ke anusAra rAjAoM kI vijaya aura zatru kA saMhAra hastiyoM para nirbhara karatA thaa| durgamapatha bhI gajoM ke liye sugama hote the / ghATarahita nadiyoM ko bhI hAthI sugamatA se pAra kara lete the / ' kauTilya ne bhI yuddha hetu hAthiyoM ke mahattva ko svIkAra kiyA thA / jaMgala meM hAthiyoM ko pakar3A jAtA thA unheM pakar3ane kI vidhi kA varNana piMDa niyukti meM milatA hai| unake AvAgamana ke mArgoM para gaDDhe khodakara unheM ghAsa-pAta se AcchAdita kiyA jAtA thA / ghUmate huye hAthI usameM gira jAte the aura isaprakAra bAMdha liye jAte the| hathinI ko eka sthAna para bAMdhakara bhI jaMgalI hAthiyoM ko AkRSTa kiyA jAtA thaa| jaMgalI hAthiyoM ko pakar3akara unheM zikSita karane ke ullekha Aye haiN| hAthI ko pahale sUDa se lakar3I pakar3ane kA abhyAsa karAyA jAtA thA / phira choTe patthara, phira golI aura anta meM sarasoM pakar3ane kA abhyAsa karAyA jAtA thA / 5 UMTa bho poSita pazu the / ye bhAra Dhone aura savArI ke kAma Ate the / nizIthacUNi meM eka uSTrapAla ke pAsa ikkIsa UMTa hone kA ullekha hai / AcArAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki U~Ta ke bAloM se vastra bhI banAye jAte the| ___ gadhoM kI gaNanA bhI poSita pazuoM meM thii| ye mukhya rUpa se bhAra Dhone ke kAma meM lAye jAte the| bRhatkalpabhASya meM eka kumhAra dvArA gadhe para bartana lAdakara dUsare sthAna para le jAne kA ullekha hai, parantu adhika bhAra hone ke kAraNa usa thake, Rddha gadhe ne kumhAra ke saba bartanoM ko tor3a diyaa| camar3e aura mAMsa prApti ke liye bhI pazuoM kA pAlana kiyA jAtA thA / jaMgalI jAnavaroM ke zikAra hetu kuttoM kI sahAyatA lI jAtI thii| 1. somadevasUri-nItivAkyAmRtam 22/31 2. kauTilIya arthazAstra 212 20 3. piMDaniyukti gAthA 83 4. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2 32/48 5. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 1, gAthA 231 6. nizIthacUNi bhAga 3, gAthA 3697; bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 5, gAthA 5217 7. AcArAMga 2/5/1 / 141 8. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2, gAthA 1527

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68 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana kuttoM kI sahAyatA se zikAra karanA "soNiya' kahA jAtA thA / zikAra ko dekhate hI kutte AvAja karate hue daur3ate the / ' vipAkasUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki chagalapura meM channaka nAmaka kasAI mAMsa prApti ke liye bakaroM, bher3oM, nIlagAyoM, vRSabhoM, zazakoM, zUkaroM, siMhoM, hariNoM Adi saikar3oM pazu pAlatA thaa| vaha pazuoM ko acchA cArA dene tathA unakI rakhavAlI Adi ke liye vetana dekara kaI naukara rakhatA thaa| ye naukara pazuoM kA vadha karake unake mAMsa ko rAjamArgoM para becate the / bher3oM ko hRSTa-puSTa kara sarvaprathama haldI ke raMga meM raMgA jAtA thaa| punaH lAla raMga se cihnita kara unako mAra dene kA ullekha hai| atithi satkAra meM memane kA mAMsa dene kA bhI ullekha hai| nagaroM ke bAhara "sanAgaha hote the, jahAM kaccA mAMsa bikatA thaa| AvazyakacarNi meM eka sUnAgRha kA ullekha huA hai jahA~ pratidina 500 pazuoM kA ghAta kiyA jAtA thaa|" jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki kachuoM ko bhI camar3e ke liye mArA jAtA thA / mAMsa ko sukhAkara bhI rakhA jAtA thaa| nizothacUrNi meM jahAM mAMsa sukhAyA jAtA thA usa sthAna ko "maMsakhala" kahA gayA hai| vanavAsI vanya-pazuoM kA zikAra karake apanI AjIvikA calAte the / praznavyAkaraNa meM ullekha hai ki pazuoM kA zikAra karane vAloM ko 'soyariyA', pakSiyoM kA zikAra karane vAloM ko "sAuNiyA" kahA jAtA thaa| zikAra karane ke liye lauha yA darbha ke phaMde, dhanuSa-vANa, gulela aura kUTajAla kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| siMha ko pakar3ane ke liye bakarI ke mRta bacce ko bAMdhakara use AkRSTa kiyA jAtA thA aura jaba vaha bakarI pakar3ane ke liye AtA to use phaMsA liyA jAtA thA / 10 1. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2, gAthA 1585 2. vipAkasUtra 4/3 3. nizIthacUrNi bhAga 3, gAthA 4349 4. nirayAvaliyA 1/30 5. AvazyakacUNi bhAga 2, pR0 169 6. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 4/3 7. "maMsakhalaga jattha maMsaM sosaMti"-nizIthacUNi bhAga 3, gAthA 3481 8. praznavyAkaraNa, 1/20 9. vahI,1 /20 10. vahI, 1/20

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tRtIya adhyAya : 69 pazuoM se mAMsa ke atirikta unakA carma, asthi, majjA, nakha, zRMga, daMta, paMkha, keza aura viSa kI prApti hotI thii| yathA hastiyoM se unakA dAMta, siMha se carma aura camaro gAya se narma kezoM kI prApti hotI thii| kuvalayamAlAkahA se jJAta hotA hai ki vindhyaparvata kI mleccha pallI meM ujjvala cAMdI ke Dhera sadRza vanahastiyoM ke dA~toM kA Dhera lagA thA / ghAsa kI taraha camarI gAyoM ke bAla bikhare par3e the / morapaMkha ke maMDapa sajAye gaye the / mahiSa, baila, gAya evaM jaMgalI jAnavaroM ko mArane ke kAraNa vahAM kI bhUmi raktaraMjita ho rahI thii| bher3a, bakarI aura UMTa ke bAloM se Una taiyAra kiyA jAtA thaa| hAthIdAMta ke liye hAthiyoM kA zikAra kiyA jAtA thaa| isa kArya ke liye bhIloM ko agrima dhana diyA jAtA thA / vastra raMgane meM pazuoM kI majjA kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| pazuoM ke camar3e kA vastra ke rUpa meM bhI prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| jaina sAdhuoM ke liye pA~ca prakAra ke carma dhAraNa karane kA vidhAna hai| bRhatkalpabhASya meM ajina, bher3a, go, mahiSa aura mRgacarma kA ullekha huA hai| sindha deza kA carmodyoga prasiddha thaa| jisameM pesA ( sindhudeza meM utpanna vizeSa cUhe kA carma ) udrA ( vizeSa matsya ) nolamRga, zvetamRga, kRSNamRga, siMha aura cIte ke carma vizeSa prasiddha the| kauTilIya arthazAstra meM bhI himAlaya ke bAhya pradeza meM pAye jAne vAle sAmUra, cItasI aura sAmUlI carma kA ullekha huA hai|'' pazuoM se rAjya ko prabhUta Aya hotI thii|" isIliye pazupAlana kI 1. praznavyAkaraNa, 1/11 2. dantA hastyAdInAM cammA vagghAdINaM vAlA camarINaM, nizothacUrNi bhAga 2, gAthA 1032 3. sUri udyotana-kuvalayamAlAkahA, pRSTha 42 4. AcArAMga 2/5/1/141 / 5. AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 2, pR0 170 6. vahI, 2/154 7. praznavyAkaraNa 1/12 8. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 4, gAthA 3824 9. AcArAMga 2/5/1/145 10. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2/11/29 11. sari somadeva-nItivAkyAmRtam, 19/23

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70 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana ora vizeSa dhyAna diyA jAtA thA / pazuoM ke cAre ke liye rAjya kI ora se prAyaH pratyeka gA~va kI bAhya sImA para carAgAha banAye jAte the / ' kauTilIya arthazAstra meM bhI Usara bhUmi para carAgAha banAne kA ullekha hai| AcArAMga meM ullekha hai ki sulabhatA ke anusAra pazuoM ko carAgAha badala-badala kara carAyA jAtA thaa| jaMgaloM meM ghAsa ke liye surakSita bhUmi para jaina sAdhuoM ko yatnapUrvaka calane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai / / pazu aura unako carAgAheM rAjakIya Aya kI sAdhana thiiN| DA0 jagadIza candra jaina ne AvazyakavRtti ke AdhAra para kRSi sambandhI 18 prakAra ke karoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| jinameM pazu kara aura carAgAha para lagane vAlA "jaMghAkara" bhI thaa| kauTilIya arthazAstra ke anusAra mauryayuga meM pazu aura carAgAha kI vyavasthA ke liye 'go-adhyakSa' aura "vivItAdhyakSa" nAmaka adhikArI niyukta the|" jo rAjya ke pazuoM kI dekhabhAla karavAte the aura rAjya ke liye pazu-kara aura carAgAha-kara ekatrita karate the| praznavyAkaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki pazuoM ko garma lohe se cihnita kara unakI pU~cha, kAna Adi chedita kara aura unake vargoM ke AdhAra para unakA paMjIkaraNa karAyA jAtA thaa|6 poSita pazuoM ke rogoM ke nidAna aura unakI cikitsA kI paramparA ati prAcIna hai| azoka ne pazuoM ke liye cikitsAlaya aura auSadhAlaya khulavAye / nizIthaNi se jJAta hotA hai ki vaidya ne eka siMha kI rugNa A~khoM kI cikitsA aMjana lagA 1. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 4, gAthA 3323 2. akRSyAyAbhUmau pazuvayo vivItAni prayacchet / ___ kauTilIya arthazAstra, 2/2/20 3. AcArAMga 2/3/3/127; bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 4, gAthA 3323; AvazyakacUNi bhAga 1, pR0 296 4. jaina jagadIza candra, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pRSTha 112 1. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 2/29/46, 2/35/53 6. praznavyAkaraNa 1/12 saMghadAsagaNi-vasudevahiNDI, bhAga 2, pR0 297 7. priyadarzI azoka kA dvitIya lekha giranAra, e0 ke0 nArAyaNa, prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha, pRSTha 5

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tRtIya adhyAya : 71 kara kI thI / ' ahiMsA pradhAna hone ke kAraNa jaina dharmaM pazuoM ke sAtha bhI komala vyavahAra para bala detA thA yathA pazuoM ko bhUkhA-pyAsA rakhanA, unheM bharapeTa bhojana- cArA na denA, unakI sAmarthya se adhika kArya lenA, kRSi ke liye unheM badhiyA banA denA, pahacAna ke liye cihnita karane ke uddezya se tapta lohe se dAganA yA nAka, kAna, pU~cha Adi kATa lenA ahiMsAvrata ke aticAra mAne gaye haiM / somadeva ke anusAra jo vyakti apane pazuoM kI svayaM dekhabhAla nahIM karatA vaha mahAn pApa kA bhAgI hotA hai aura usakI Arthika kSati hotI hai / kukkuTa pAlana yadyapi jaina granthoM meM vyavasAya ke rUpa meM kukkuTa pAlana kA koI saMketa nahIM milatA, kintu yatra-tatra pakSiyoM ke aMDoM kA ullekha hai / nizIthacUrNi se sUcita hotA hai ki mayUra aura kukkuTa pAle jAte the kintu yaha karma bar3A aprazasta aura nindya mAnA gayA thA / vipAkasUtra meM purimatAla nAmaka nagara ke aNDoM ke vyApArI nirNaya kA varNana AyA hai / aMDoM ko ekatrita karane ke liye usake naukara pratidina purimatAla nagara ke bAhara jaMgaloM meM jAte the aura vahAM ulUkI, kapotI, bakI, kukkuTI, mayUrI Adi ke aNDoM ko pakAkara aura bAMsa kI paTariyoM meM bharakara rAjamArga para becane ke liye jAte the / matsya pAlana jaina siddhAntoM ke anusAra matsya pAlana jovikA kI dRSTi se na to prazaMsanIya thA aura na hI dhArmika / vipAkasUtra meM isaprakAra ke vyavasAyoM ko nimna koTi kA batAyA gayA hai / prAcInakAla meM Aja kI bhA~ti vyApArika stara para kRtrima rUpa se matsyapAlana kI takanIka kA pracalana nahIM 1. " vaggho acchirogeNa gahio, tassa vejjeNa vaDiyAe akkhoNi aMjeUNa uNIkatANi" nizIthacUrNa, bhAga 2, gAthA 598 2. praznavyAkaraNa, 1/12, 2/11; upAsakadazAMga 1/32; dazavaikAlika 7/24 3. somadevasUri- nItivAkyAmRtam 8/8 4. "mayara kukkaDaposagA kammajuMgitA" nizIthacUrNi bhAga 3, gAthA 3708 5. vipAkasUtra 3 /20 6. vahI, 8/3, 8

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72 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana haA thA apita nadiyoM, tAlAboM ora jhIloM meM apane Apa jo machaliyAM paidA hotI thIM unhIM ko pakar3A jAtA thaa|' vipAkasatra se jJAta hotA hai ki machuAroM ko apano alaga bastiyAM hotI thiiN| zauryadatta machuAre kA matsyapAlana vyavasAya itane bRhadstara para thA ki usane bahuta se naukara niyukta kara rakhe the / vipAkasUtra meM varNita mitra rAjA kA zreyaka nAmaka rasoiyA apane bhRtyoM dvArA "zlakSaNa' (choTI machaliyAM) aura "patAkAtipatAkA" (vizeSa machaliyAM) nAmakama chaliyA~ pakar3avAkara rAjA ke liye bhojana taiyAra karavAtA thaa| machalI pakar3ane kI vividha vidhiyAM pracalita thiiN| prathamataH machalI pakar3ane ke liye mukhyarUpa se lohe ke kAMToM aura sUta-nirmita jAloM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| lohe ke galakAMToM para ATe ke piMDa yA mAMsa ke Tukar3e phaMsAkara dhAge kI sahAyatA se use pAnI meM chor3A jAtA thA aura pralubdha machalI jaise hI usako khAne ko bar3hatI kAMTA usake gale meM phaMsa jAtA aura isaprakAra phaMso huI machalI ko machuAre bAhara khIMca lete / ' machalI pakar3ane ke liye kabhI-kabhI nadI, sarovara aura jhIla ke jala ko AloDita-viloDita kiyA jAtA, kabhI usa para bAMdha nirmita kara diyA jAtA, to kabhI pAnI ko sukhAkara machaliyAM pakar3ane kA prayatna kiyA jaataa| jJAta hotA hai ki machalI pakar3ane vAlI TokarI jaisI eka vizeSa prakAra kI naukA hotI thI / zauryadatta ke bhRtyoM dvArA yamunA meM ina choTIchoTI naukAoM se vibhinna prakAra kI machaliyAM pakar3ane kA ullekha hai|' tRtIyataH bar3e-bar3e cAdaroM jaise vastroM ke donoM choroM ko pakar3a kara jala ke 1. vipAkasUtra, 6/19 2. vahI, 8/3 3. "tate NaM tassa soriyamacchaMdhassa vahave purisA dinnabhatti bhattaveyaNA" vahI, 8/19 4. vahI, 8/11 5. praznavyAkaraNa, 1/20 6. galo daMDagassa aMto lohakaMTago kajjati tattha maMsapesI kIrati so doharajjuNA baddho macchaTThA jale khippai kUDamiyAdINaM aTThA Nikkhippai / nizIthacUrNi bhAga 2, gAthA 805 7. vipAkasUtra 8/19 8. vahI

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tRtIya adhyAya : 73 andara DubAkara machalI sahita bAhara nikAlate the aura machaliyoM ko `chAnakara pakar3a lete the / ' caturthataH "nAgaphanI" kA dUdha jala meM DAlate the jinakI gaMdha se machaliyAM jala ke Upara A jAtI thIM aura unheM pakar3a liyA jAtA thA / paMcamataH vRkSoM kI zAkhAoM se jala kA viloDana karate the jisase machaliyAM vyAkula hokara Upara A jAtI thIM aura pakar3a lI jAtI thiiN| ina machaliyoM ko kinAroM para lAkara sukhAyA bhI jAtA thA / 4 jahA~ machaliyoM ko sukhAyA jAtA thA use " macchakhala" kahA gayA / " 'vipAka sUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki zauryadatta ke vetanabhogI bhRtya, matsyoM ko zUlAprota kara pakAte, bhUnate tathA unheM vikrayArthaM rAjamArgoM para rakhakara apanI AjIvikA calAte the / 1. vipAkasUtra 8 / 19 2 . vahI 3. vahI 4. vahI 5. nizItha cUrNi bhAga 3, pR0 222 6. vipAkasUtra, 8/20

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caturtha adhyAya udyoga-dhandhe Arthika jIvana meM udyogoM kA mahattva yadyapi IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM meM bhI bhArata meM kRSi pradhAna vyavasAya thI, parantu kuTIra udyoga bhI atyanta vikasita avasthA meM the / dazavaikAlika cUrNi meM udyogoM se arthopArjana karane kA ullekha hai / ' AvazyakacUrNi meM kahA gayA hai ki jaba bhogayuga ke bAda karmayuga kA Arambha huA to RSabhadeva ne apanI prajA ko vibhinna prakAra ke zilpa sikhAye / unhoMne sarvaprathama kumbhakAra kA karma sikhAyA / usake bAda vastra pradAna karane vAle kalpavRkSoM ke kSINa hone para paTakAra - karma aura gRhasukha pradAna karane vAle kalpavRkSoM ke abhAva meM vardhakI - karma (gRha-nirmANa kalA ) sikhAyA, tatpazcAt citrakarma, phira roma, nakha- vRddhi hone para nApitakarma Adi sikhAye / kalpasUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki nagara udyogoM ke kendra the, rAjA siddhArtha ke yahA~ nagara zilpiyoM dvArA nirmita sundara aura bahumUlya vastuoM kA bAhulya thA / re praznavyAkaraNa meM ullekha hai ki nagaravAsI kuzala zilpiyoM dvArA nirmita sundara vastuoM kA upayoga rAjA karate the / audyogika zrama zilpakalAoM meM nipuNatA prApta karane hetu loga zilpAcArya ke samIpa jAte the / vasudevahiNDo ke anusAra kokkAsa ne zilpa - zikSA yavana deza jAkara grahaNa kI thI / vahA~ ke AcArya se kASThakarma bhalIbhA~ti sIkhakara vaha tAmralipti AyA thA / kokkAsa bar3haI kI zilpa kalA se 1. sippeNa atyo uvajjiNijjaI, - - dazavaMkAlika cUrNi, pRSTha 102 2. " evaM tA par3hama kuMbhakArA upapannA, imANi sippANi uppAevvANi tattha pacchA vattha rukkhA parihogA tAeuNatikA uppAiyA pacchA gehAgAra parihINA tAe vaDDati uppAitA pacchA romanakhANi vaDDati tAhe kammakarA uppAitA hAviyaya evaM sippasayaM sippANa upapatti" AvazyakacUrNa, 1/156 3. kalpasUtra 63 4. praznavyAkaraNa 4/4 5. dazavekAlikasUtra 9 / 13, 14 6. saMghadAsagaNi-vasudeva hiNDI 1/62

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caturtha adhyAya : 75 rAjA kAkajaMgha atyanta prasanna huA aura apane putra kI zilpa zikSA kA dAyitva use sauMpa diyA thaa|' dIrghanikAya kI TIkAoM meM eka zilpa vidyAlaya kA ullekha AtA hai jo kapilavastu ke AmrodyAna meM sthita thA aura jisake vizAla bhavana meM vividha zilpoM kI zikSA pradAna kI jAtI thii| zilpa sIkhane ke liye yA to guru ko dravya denA par3atA thA yA zikSA kAla taka guru ke ghara para rahakara usakA kArya karanA par3atA thaa|' jAtakakathA se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjA brahmadatta kA putra eka hajAra mudrA lekara guru ke pAsa zilpa sIkhane gayA thaa| vaha rAta ko guru se zikSA letA aura dina meM unake gRha-kArya krtaa| adhikatara zilpa vaMzaparamparAgata the| zilpI ko vyAvasAyika kauzala uttarAdhikAra meM prApta hotA thaa| prAyaH pitA hI zikSaka hotA thA aura usakI karmazAlA hI zaikSaNika pratiSThAna hotI thii| jaba pitA ko zArIrika zakti kSINa ho jAtI to vahI vyavasAya putra saMbhAla letA thA / nizIthacUrNi meM ullekha hai ki zilpI unhIM vastuoM ke nirmANa kI ceSTa karate the jinake nirmANa se unheM paryApta lAbha hotA thaa|" prAyaH sabhI prakAra ke zilpI apane-apane vyavasAya ke saMrakSaNa evaM saMvardhana ke prati saceSTa the| isI kAraNa ve nigama, saMgha, zreNI, pUga aura nikAya jaise saMgaThanoM meM saMgaThita the|6 jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM zilpiyoM kI 18 zreNiyoM kA varNana hai 1. kumbhAra (kubhakAra--miTTI ke vartana banAne vAle) 2. paTaillA (taMtuvAya, paTelA-rezama banAne vAle) 1. saMghadAsagaNi-vasudevahiNDI, bhAga 1, pR0 62 2. satyaketu vidyAlaMkAra-bhArata kA prAcIna itihAsa,pRSTha 333 3. AdiggahaNAto vijjAmaMtajogA sikkhaMto sikkhaveMtassa kevagAdi davvaM deti, so ya jati teNa evaM ubbaddho jAva sikkhA tAva tuma mamAyatto-nizItha. cUrNi, bhAga 3, gAthA 3714 4. tilabhuvitajAtaka-Ananda kausalyAyana, jAtakakayA, 3/8 5. nizIthacUrNi bhAga 3 gAthA 4419 6. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 8/118; bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2, gAthA 1091; bhAga 4,. gAthA 3959; AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 2, pR0 81 7. jambUdvIpaprajJapti, 3/10

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976 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana 8 3. suvaNNakArA (svarNakAra - sone kA kAma karane vAle) 4. sUvakArA (rasoiye ) 5. gaMdhalA (gandharva - gAyaka) 6. kAsavagA (nAI) 7. mAlAkArA ( mAlA banAne vAle) 8. kacchakArA ( mAlI ) 9. tamboliyA (tAmbUla - pAna becane vAle ) 10. cammaru ( carmakAra ) 11. jaMtapIlaga ( kolhU Adi calAne vAle ) 12. gaMchiya ( aMgoche banAne vAle ) 13. chipAya ( kapar3e chApane vAle ) 14. kaMsavAre ( ThaThere -- bartana banAne vAle ) 15. sIvaga (darjI) 16. guAra - gopAla ( gvAle ) 17. bhillA ( vyAdha, zikArI ) 18. dhIvara ( machuAre ) / svatantra rUpa se vyavasAya karane kI apekSA zreNI yA saMgha meM kAma karanA acchA mAnA jAtA thA / eka to zreNiyAM sAmAjika pratiSThA pradAna karatI thIM, dUsare sAmUhika rUpa se kAma karane se lAbha bhI surakSita thA / isa prakAra madhyasthoM dvArA zoSita hone kI AzaMkA nahIM rahatI thI, phalasvarUpa udyoga ke vikAsa hetu ucita vAtAvaraNa bana jAtA thA / vizeSa rAjakIya utsavoM para rAjA ina zreNiyoM kA sammAna kiyA karate the / rAjA zreNika ne putrajanma ke avasara para 18 zreNiyoM aura upazreNiyoM ko Amantrita kara sammAnita kiyA thA / " rAmAyaNa ke anusAra bhI rAma ke prastAvita yauvarAjyAbhiSekotsava meM amAtya aura paurajanoM ke sAtha nigamoM ke pratinidhi bhI Amantrita the / ye zreNiyA~ rAjasabhAoM para bhI nyUnAdhika prabhAva rakhatI thIM / zreNiyoM dvArA nirmita niyama AgamoM ke racanAkAla meM rAjya dvArA bhI svIkAra kiye jAte the / zreNiyA~ AvazyakatAnusAra nyAya kI mAMga ke liye rAjasabhAoM meM bhI jAtI thIM / jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki jaba yuvarAja mallIkumAra ne krodhita - 1. jJAtAghamaMtrathAMga 1/70 - 2. vAlmIki rAmAyaNa, 2 / 14140

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caturtha adhyAya : 77 * hokara eka citrakAra ko mRtyudaNDa diyA to zreNI use samucita nyAya dilAne hetu rAjasabhA meM gayI / phalataH rAjA ne mRtyudaNDa ke sthAna para citrakAra kA aMgUThA kATakara use rAjya se nirvAsita kara diyA / apane niyama ke anurUpa kArya na karane vAlI zreNI ko daNDa bhI milatA thA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke eka prasaMga se jJAta hotA hai ki mallIkumArI ke pitA ne kuNDala banAne meM asamartha suvarNakAra zreNI ko nirvAsita kara daNDita kiyA thaa| udyogazAlAyeM udyogoM ke liye bhUmi kA koI abhAva nahIM thA / nagaroM aura gAMvoM ke bAhara paryApta bhUmi thI, jahAM zilpazAlAyeM athavA karmazAlAeM banAyI jAtI thIM aura vahAM zilpI apanA kArya karate the / bRhatkalpabhASya se ina zAlAoM para prakAza par3atA hai / lohAroM kI zAlA "karmArazAlA" "samara" aura "Ayasa" kahI jAtI thI, - tantuvAya kI zAlA "nantakazAlA " kahI jAtI thI aura svarNakAra kI zAlA " kalAzAlA" kahI thii| nagara kA vAtAvaraNa dUSita na ho, isaliye udyogazAlAyeM nagara ke bAhara huA karatI thIM / " bhagavatosUtra meM ullekha hai ki mahAvora nAlandA ke bAhara taMtuvAya kI zAlA meM Thahare the / zrAvastI ke bAhara halAhala kumbhArI kI zilpazAlA meM gozAlaka ThaharA thA / audyogika pU~jI IsA pUrva bhI udyogoM ke lie kucha pU~jI kI vyavasthA Avazyaka hotI thI / kintu usa samaya ke udyogoM meM Ajakala kI taraha bahuta adhika pUMjI kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI thI, apitu ve laghu aura kuTIra : 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 8 / 129, 130 2. te suvaNNAgAra nivvisee ANAnei vahI, 8 106 3. " jattha kammavijjati sA kammaMtasAlA", nizItha cUrNi bhAga 2, pRSTha 433. 4. bRhatkalpa bhASya, bhAga 3 gAthA 2929; uttarAdhyayanacUrNi 1 / 26 5. "saddhAlaputtassa polAsapurassa nagarassa bahiyA paMcakuMbhakArAvaNasayA " upAsakadazAMga, 78 6. " rAyagiha nagare nAlaMdA bahiriyA taMtuvAya sAlA", bhagavatIsUtra, 15 / 22: 7. "kollAga saMnivesassa bahiya paNiyabhUmi" vahI, 154

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78 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana udyogoM ke rUpa meM hI pracalita the / udyogakartA apanI svayaM kI pUMjI se hI udyoga calA lete the / 5 deza kI vana sampadA, khanija sampadA, kRSi aura pazudhana kI samRddhi ke kAraNa udyogoM ko kaccA mAla niyamita rUpa se upalabdha hotA rahatA thA / vastra udyoga, kASTha udyoga, carma udyoga tathA vAstu-udyoga ke liye kacce mAla kI ApUrti vana se hI ho jAtI thI / kRSi se vastra, khAMDa tela, madya Adi udyoga calate the / khanija sampadA se dhAtu udyoga meM * unnati huI thI / yAtAyAta kI suvidhA ke kAraNa kaccA mAla eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna taka sulabhatA se pahu~cAyA jA sakatA thA / yAtAyAta kI suvidhA ke kAraNa udyogoM se utpAdita vastuoM ke vitaraNa meM bhI suvidhA thI / rAjA kI nijI udyogazAlAyeM bhI huA karatI thIM / AcArAMga jJAta hotA hai ki eka bAra rAjA zreNika ne yAna, valkala, koyale aura mujadarbha ke zAlAdhyakSoM ko bulAyA thA / isI prakAra kauTilIya . arthazAstra se bhI rAjya kI udyogazAlAoM para prakAza par3atA hai / 3 kuTIra aura laghu udyogoM ke atirikta cakravartI rAjAoM dvArA bar3e udyoga calAne ke ullekha bhI jaina granthoM meM prApta hote haiM / sthAnAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki cakravartI kI bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM ke liye nava nidhiyAM hotI thiiN| inameM pahalI nidhi kAla ( kAlanidhi ) meM grantha lekha aura rAjya sambandhI pramANa surakSita rakhe jAte the / dUsarI mahAkAla ( mahAkAla nidhi) meM vibhinna prakAra ke Ayudha taiyAra kiye jAte the, tIsarI savvarayaNa ( sarvaratna nidhi ) meM ratnoM ko saMzodhita kiyA jAtA thA, cauthI paMDuya ( pANDu nidhi ) meM saba dhAnyoM aura rasoM ke bhaNDAraNa aura unakI surakSA kA prabandha kiyA jAtA thA, pA~cavIM mahApauma (mahApadma nidhi) meM sUtI aura rezamI vastroM kA nirmANa aura unako vividha raMgoM meM raMgane kA kArya kiyA jAtA thA, chaThIM piMgala ( piMgala nidhi ) meM strI-puruSa, hAthI-ghor3e Adi ke AbhUSaNoM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thA, sAtavIM mANavaga ( prada 1. upAsakadazAMga, 7 4 2. AcArAMga 2 2 2 8; dazAzrutaskandhadazA 10 3. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2/10/32. 2 /23/40 - 4. sthAnAMga 9 / 22,

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caturtha adhyAya : 79 kSiNAvarta nidhi ) meM sonA, cA~dI, lohA, maNi, maktA, sphaTika Adi kA zodhana hotA thA, AThavIM Nesappa ( naisarpa nidhi ) meM nagara ke patha, setu, bhavana Adi kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thA aura navIM saMkha (zaMkha nidhi) meM antaHpura sambandhI sampUrNa vyavasthA kI jAtI thii| DaoN0 nemicandra ne ina nidhiyoM kI tulanA Adhunika udyogazAlAoM se kI hai|' pramukha udyoga 1-vastra-udyoga vibhinna prakAra ke vastroM aura una para kiye gaye citrAMkana ke sandarbho se spaSTa hotA hai ki Agamika kAla meM vastra-udyoga atyanta unnata avasthA meM thA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki sundara, sukomala aura pAradarzI vastroM kA nirmANa hotA thaa| vastra itane halke hote the ki nAsikA ke ucchavAsa se bhI uDa jAte the| ina vastroM para svarNa aura rajata ke tAroM se bhA~ti-bhA~ti kI AkRtiyA~ banAyI jAtI thiiN| meghakumAra ko mAtA rAnI dhAraNI ke uttarIya ke kinAroM para sone ke tAra se haMsa banAe gae the|3 AcArAMga meM bhI svarNa-khacita vastroM kA ullekha huA hai| jaina sAhitya meM cAra prakAra ke upakaraNoM se bane vastroM ke ullekha milate haiM / AcArAMga meM pA~ca prakAra ke vastra-jaMgiya (UnI vastra), bhaMgiya (rezamI vastra), saNiya (sana athavA valkala se bane vastra) potaga (tAr3apatra ke rezoM se bane vastra), khomiya (tUlakaNa, kapAsa aura oka ke DoDoM se bane vastra) kA ullekha milatA hai| jinheM jaina sAdhu dhAraNa kara sakate the| dUsare bahumUlya vastroM ke ullekhoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki samAja meM sUtI, rezamI, UnI aura carma-vastroM kA pracalana thaa| 1. jaina, nemicandra--tIrthaGkara mahAvIra aura AcArya paramparA, pRSTha 52 2. nAsa tIsAsavAyavojjaM cakkhuharaM kaNapharisajuttaM hyalAlapelavAtiregaM __ dhavalaM kaNagakhaciyaMtakammaM duguulsukumaalvuttrijyaao| jJiAtAdharmakathAMga 1/33; bhagavatI 9/33/57 3. vahI 4. AcArAMga 5. "jagiya vA bhaMgiya vA saNiyaM vA potagaM vA khomiya vA cUlakar3avA" AcArAMga 2/5/1/141

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80 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana (ka) sUtI vastra __kapAsa, sana, bA~sa, atasI Adi paudhoM ke rezoM se sUtI vastra nirmita hote the| bRhatkalpabhASya meM sUtI kapar3A banAne kI vidhi kA varNana karate huye kahA gayA hai ki "seDuga" (kapAsa) ko auTakara bIja rahita kiyA jAtA thaa| phira dhunakI ( pIjanI ) se dhunakara ( pIjakara ) dhunI huI (pUnI) ruI taiyAra kI jAtI thii| "nAlaba" upakaraNa kI sahAyatA se sUta ko bhUmi para phailAkara Ar3A-tirachA karake tAnA bunA jAtA thA, phira "kaDajogI" (vastra bunane kI khaDDI, se vastra taiyAra kiyA jAtA thaa| nantakazAlA meM arthAt jahA~ jalAhe vastra banate the, bhAr3e para zramika bhI rakhe jAte the| jaina granthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki sUta prAyaH striyA~ kAtatI thiiN| bRhatkalpabhASya meM eka aisI vRddhA kA ullekha hai jo moTA sUta kAtato thii|5 jaina sAdhuoM ko kapAsa oTatI huI strI se bhikSA lene kA niSedha kiyA gayA thA / jAtakakathA meM bhI striyoM dvArA mahIna sUta kAtane ke varNana Aye haiM / kauTilIya arthazAstra meM bhI rAjya ke kArakhAnoM meM vidhavAoM, apAhijoM, bhikSuNiyoM, vRddha, rAjaparicArikAoM tathA dAsiyoM dvArA sUta kAtane kA ullekha hai| nizIthacaNi se jJAta hotA hai ki dukUla vastra nirmita karane ke liye dukUla vRkSa kI chAla ko okhalI meM pAnI ke sAtha kUTA jAtA thA, phira usase sUta taiyAra kiyA jAtA thaa| aMsuya (aMzuka) 1. nizIthacUrNi bhAga 2 gAthA 645 2. seDuya sae piMjiya, yelu gAhANe ya-bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 3 gAthA 2996 nizIthacUNi bhAga 2 gAthA 1992 3. kaDajogi ekkao vA, asaIe nAlabaddhasahio vA nipkAe uvagaraNaM, ubhaopakkhassa pAoggaM -bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 3 gAthA 2997 4. jaina, jagadIza candra -prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 205 5. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 1 gAthA 171 6. piMDaniyukti, gAthA 605 7. mahovasantarajAtaka, Ananda kausalyAyana, jAtakakathA, 6/542 8. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 2/23/40 dugallo rukkho tassa vAgo dhete udkhale kuhijja ti nizIthacUNi, bhAga 2, pRSTha 399

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caturtha adhyAya : 81 nAma kA vastra jo adhika mulAyama hotA thA dukUla vRkSa kI bhItarI chAla se nirmita kiyA jAtA thA / ' (kha) rezamI vastra AcArAMga meM rezamI vastroM ko "bhaMgiya" kahA gayA hai / " bhaMgiya vastra vRkSoM ke pattoM para pale vizeSa kIr3oM kI lAra se banatA thA / anuyogadvAra meM aMDoM se nirmita rezamI vastroM ko aMDaja aura kIr3oM kI lAra se bane vastroM ko " kIDaja" kahA gayA hai / AcArAMga meM pAMca prakAra ke rezamI vastroM kA varNana AyA hai* paTTa : paTTa vRkSa para pale kIr3oM kI lAra se nirmita / malaya : malayadeza meM utpanna vRkSoM ke pattoM para pale kIr3oM kI lAra se nirmita | aMzuka : dukUla vRkSa kI bhItarI chAla ke rezoM se nirmita / cInAMzuka : cIna deza ke / dezarAga : raMge hue vastra / kauTilIya arthazAstra meM nAgavRkSa, bar3ahara, maulasirI tathA vaTavRkSa ke pattoM para pale kIr3oM kI lAra se nirmita vastra ko 'patroNa' kahA gayA hai / magadha meM banA "mAgadhika", puNDra meM banA "pauNDarIka" aura suvarNakulyA meM banA "sauvarNakulyA" kahalAtA thA / kAzI kA rezamI vastra adhika bahumUlya hotA thA / mahAvIra ko dIkSA ke samaya eka lAkha mUlya vAlA kSauma vastra pahanAyA gayA thA / (ga) UnI vastra . AcArAMga meM pazuoM ke bAla se kahA gayA hai ye pAMca prakAra ke hote nirmita UnI vastroM ko " jaMgiya" the-- mesANi - bher3a ke bAloM se, 1. dugullAto aMbhaMtarahite jaM uppajjati taM asuya - AcArAMga 2 / 5 /1/145 2. AcArAMga 2 / 5 / 1 / 145; nizIthacUrNi bhAga 2, pRSTha 399 3. anuyogadvAra 28 38 4. AcArAMga 2 / 5 / 1 / 145 5. kirIDayalAlA malayavisae malayANi pattANi kovijjati" 6. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 211 / 29 7. AcArAMga 2 / 15 nizIthacUNi, bhAga 2, pRSTha 399

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82 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNAta Arthika jIvana uTaNa - U~Ta ke bAloM se, migAINANi - mRga ke bAloM se, pesANicUhe jaise jIva tathA pesalANi - videzI pazuoM ke bAloM se bane vastra / ' nizIthacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki rAlaga uttama prakAra kA UnI vastra thA jo mukhyataH or3hane ke kAma AtA thaa| praznavyAkaraNa meM kambaloM meM ratna kambala ko zreSTha mAnA gayA hai / 3 (gha) carmavastra mRga, bher3a, gau, mahiSa aura bakare ke carma ke vastroM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA / sindha deza ke carmavastra mUlyavAna hote the / 5 AcArAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki ukta vastroM ke atirikta sUkSma, komala aura bahumUlya vastroM kA bhI nirmANa hotA thA, yathAsAhiNa arthAt sUkSma aura saundaryazAlI Aya arthAt bakare ke khAla se nirmita kAya arthAt nIlI kapAsa se nirmita duggala arthAt dukUla ke tantuoM se nirmita paTTa arthAt paTTa ke tantuoM se nirmita aMsu arthAt dukUla vRkSa kI chAla ke rezoM se nirmita desarAga arthAt raMge hue gajjaphala arthAt sphaTika ke samAna svaccha koyava arthAt roMyedAra kambala kambalaga arthAt sAdhAraNa kambala aura pAvAraNa arthAt labAdA se lapeTane vAle vastra / kA bhI ullekha huA hai / vastroM kI the / dhobI kI gaNanA 18 zreNiyoM meM vastra vyavasAya se sambandhita zilpiyoM - raMgareja, dhobI aura darjiyoM raMgAI - dhulAI kA kAma dhobI karate hotI thI / vastroM ko pahale dhoyA jAtA thA, phira vibhinna raMgoM se raMgA jAtA thA, phira patthara Adi se 1. AcArAMga 2 / 5 / 1 / 149; nizIthacU Ni, bhAga 2 gAthA 645 2. nizIthacUrNa, bhAga 2 gAthA 645 3. praznavyAkaraNa 9 / 2 4. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3 gAthA 3823 5. AcArAMga 2 / 5 / 1 / 45 6. jambUdvIpaprajJapti, 3 / 10 prajJApanA 1 / 105, 106

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caturtha adhyAya : 83 dabAkara silavaTeM dUrakara dhUpa se sugandhita kiyA jAtA thA / raMgIna vastroM ko dezarAga kahA jAtA thaa|' praznavyAkaraNa meM kIr3oM se nikale raMga se raMge vastroM ko kRmirAga kahA gayA hai| __ mUlya ke AdhAra para vastra tIna prakAra ke the| uttama vastra kA mUlya eka lAkha "ruvaga" aura sAdhAraNa kA 18 "ruvaga" thaa| inake madhya kA vastra madhyama mUlya kA thaa| deza meM jahA~ nimnavarga ke logoM ke liye sastA aura sAdhAraNa vastra nirmita kiyA jAtA thA vahIM sampanna varga kI AvazyakatAnurUpa mUlyavAna aura sundara vastroM kA bhI nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa| isase deza kA tatkAlIna vastrodyoga unnata thA aisA pratIta hotA hai| vastrodyoga ke prasiddha sthAna yadyapi vastra deza ke pratyeka bhAga meM tathA pratyeka grAma va nagara meM banate the, para kucha sthAnoM ke vastra vizeSa prasiddha hote the / mahissara deza ko "bAhutthadeza" (bahuta vastroM) vAlA deza kahA gayA hai| vahA~ itane sundara vastra banate the ki sAdhuoM ko bhI uttama vastra pahanane ko anumati thii|' mahissara deza kI pahacAna madhya pradeza ke nimADa kSetra ke mahezvara ke samIpavartI kSetra se kI jA sakatI hai| usa kSetra meM Aja bhI acchI kapAsa hotI hai aura adhika mAtrA meM vastra banate haiN| pauMDravardhana meM moTA aura bArIka donoM prakAra kA vastra banatA thaa| nepAla, tAmralipti, sindhu aura sauvIra vastroM ke prasiddha sthAna the / " lATadeza ke vastra bahuta mUlyavAna mAne jAte the| pUrva deza meM unakI prApti durlabha thii| kauTilIya arthazAstra meM mathurA, koMkaNa, kaliMga, baMga, kauzAmbI Adi vastrodyoga ke prasiddha sthAna kahe gaye haiN| 1. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3 gAthA 300 2. nizIthacUNi bhAga 2 gAthA 957 3. "bahuvatthadese jahAM mahissare" nizothacUNi, bhAga 3, gAthA 5012 4. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 4 gAthA 5821 5. AcArAMga 2/5/1/145; bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 4 gAthA 3912,3914 6. yathA pUrvadezaja vastraM lATaviSayaM prApya durlabhaM aghitaM ca" nizIthacUNi, bhAga 2 gAthA 951 7. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2/11/29

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84 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana jAtakakathA meM ullekha hai ki banArasa bastroM ke liye prasiddha thA / banArasa meM kSaumamizrita kambala banate the| vahA~ kI striyA~ mahIna sUta kAtatI thiiN|' jainagranthoM meM uttarApatha aura dakSiNApatha ke vyApAriyoM dvArA paraspara vastroM ke AdAna-pradAna karane ke udAharaNa prApta hote haiN| bhArata ke vastra videzoM meM bhI niryAta kie jAte the / 2-dhAtu udyoga khAnoM aura unase nikalane vAle khanija padArthoM ke sambandha meM prApta sandarbho se patA calatA hai ki khanana kriyA vistRta rUpa se kI jAtI thii| khAna khodane vAle zramika "kSitikhanaka" kahe jAte the / " deza ko samaddha khanija sampadA se dhAtu-udyoga meM bhI paryApta unnati huI thii| dhAtu-udyoga dhanopArjana kA sAdhana thaa| mahAkAlanidhi meM dhAtuoM kA zodhana hotA thA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga se patA calatA hai ki puruSoM kI sIkhane kI 72 kalAoM meM eka kalA dhAtuvAda bhI thii| amla se dhAtuoM kA zodhana kiyA jAtA thaa| dhAtu tathA auSadhiyoM ke saMyoga se rAsAyanika prakriyA dvArA svarNa bhI banAyA jAtA thA / nizIthacUrNi meM tAMbe ko svarNa ke pAnI se sikta karake svarNa banAne kA ullekha hai|' pItala aura kAMse ke bartanoM ke ullekha se TIna aura jaste ke prayoga kA saMketa milatA hai| - ispAta banAne ke liye lohA DhAlA jAtA thA / sUcI (suI) ke ullekha 1. mahAvessara jAtaka-Ananda kausalyAyana, jAtakakathA 6/542 2. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 6 gAthA 6244 3. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 17/3 4. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 36/73-76; bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 5 gAthA 5686; __nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 2 gAthA 1031, 1030 5. nizIthacUNi, bhAga 3 gAthA 3720 6. dhAtubAteNa vA se atyaM kareti, mahAkAlamaMteNa vA se Nihi dariseti" nizIthacUNi, bhAga 2 gAthA 1577 7. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/85 8. "jeNaM dhAtupANieNa taMbagAdi AsittaM suvaNNAdi bhavati so raso bhaNNati" nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 3 gAthA 4313 9. AcArAMga 2/6/1/152

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caturtha adhyAya : 85 se ispAta kI sUcanA milatI hai / ' dhAtuoM ke parizodhana tathA mizrita dhAtuoM ke utpAdana ko kalA se lohAra paricita the, lauha aura svarNa udyoga dhAtu udyogoM meM pramukha the| lauhodyoga lauha udyoga Aja ke samAna vistRta paimAne para nahIM thA, apitu kuTIra udyoga ke rUpa meM pracalita thA / lauha kA kAma karane vAle ko lauhakAra yA ayaskAra kahA jAtA thaa| nagaroM aura gAMvoM meM sthAna-sthAna para lauhakAroM kI zAlAyeM hotI thIM, jinako "samara" athavA "ayasa' kahA jAtA thaa| mahAvIra vihAra karate huye kaI bAra ina lauhakAra zAlAoM meM Thahare the| lohAroM kA kAma bahuta unnati para thA, ve kRSi ke upakaraNa, hala, kudAla, pharasA, drAMtiyA~, ha~siyA Adi tathA sAtha hI bahuta sI gRhopayogI vastuyeM kaiMcI, churiyA~, sUiyA~, nakhachedanI Adi bhI banAte the| lohAra prAtaH hI bhaTThI jalAkara apanA kArya Arambha kara dete the| bhagavatIsUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki lohA tapAne vAlI bhaTTI meM lohe ko DAlakara tapta kiyA jAtA thaa| bIca-bIca meM camar3e kI banI huI dhaukanI se agni ko aura adhika prajjvalita kiyA jAtA thaa| isake bAda pratapta lohe ko lauha-nirmita upakaraNa sa~r3asI se AvazyakatAnusAra U~cA-nIcA kiyA jAtA thaa| phira pratapta lohe ko eraNa para rakhakara carmeSTha athavA muSTika (hathaur3e) se pITA jAtA thaa| poTe haye lohe ko ThaMDA karane ke liye kuNDa meM DAlA jAtA thA jise "droNI" kahA jAtA thaa| lohAra lohe ko pITa-pITakara atyanta patalA kara lete the aura usase aneka prakAra ke yuddha ke upakaraNa, mudgala, muzaMDi, karauMta, trizUla, hala, gadA, bhAlA, 1. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 4 gAthA 3534. 2. samaraM nAma jittha heTThA lohayArA kammaM karoti uttarAdhyayanacUNi, 1/26 3. AcArAMga 1/9/2/2 4. egIkareti parasuM NivattetiNakhachedaNaM avaro / kuMta kaNage ya vejjhe, Ariya sUI a avaro u| bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 4 gAthA 3943 5. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3 gAthA 2560 6. bhagavatIsUtra, 16/9/7

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86 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana tomara, zUla, bardhI, talavAra, basulA Adi nirmita karate the / prAyaH pratyeka gA~va meM lohAra hotA thA, para sambhavataH kacce mAla kI upalabdhi aura zramavaiziSTya ke kAraNa ina udyogoM kA sthAnIkaraNa bhI ho gayA thA / jAtakakathA meM lohAroM kI aisI bastiyoM kA ullekha hai jinameM 500 lohAra nivAsa karate the / guptakAla ke lauhodyoga kI unnati kA jvalanta udAharaNa meharaulI kA lauha stambha hai jo sadiyoM se havA-pAnI ke thaper3e sahana kara rahA hai, lekina Aja taka usameM kahIM bhI jaMga nahIM lagA / svarNa- udyoga jaina granthoM meM sone-cA~dI aura maNiyoM ke vividha kalApUrNa AbhUSaNoM tathA vibhinna AkAra-prakAra ke maNiratnoM ke bAra-bAra Aye ullekha isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki svarNakAroM kA vyavasAya utkarSa para thA / svarNakAroM kI gaNanA samAja ke sampanna varga meM kI jAtI thI / ve sone kI zuddhatAazuddhatA kI pahacAna karane meM sakSama the / acchA sonA agni meM tapakara zuddha ho jAtA thA / svarNa ko Aga meM taptakara phira amla se prakSAlita kiyA jAtA thA, taduparAnta punaH agni meM DAlane para vaha raktavarNa kA ho jAtA thA / 1 rAjAoM ke Asana, yAna, pITha, bhavana Adi sone cA~dI ke banAye jAte the / vividha prakAra ke maNijaTita bhavana bhI nirmita kiye jAte the / " loga sone-cA~dI se nirmita vividha AbhUSaNa dhAraNa karate the / jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra meghakumAra ko dIkSA se pUrva hAra, ardhahAra, ekAvalI, muktAvalI, kanakAvalI, ratnAvalI, prAlamba, pAda, kaTaka, truTita, keyUra, aMgada, mudrikAyeM, kaTisUtra, kuMDala, cUr3AmaNi, mukuTa Adi AbhUSaNoM se kRta kiyA gayA thA / azvoM aura hAthiyoM ko bhI sone cA~dI ke AbhUSaNoM se maNDita kiyA jAtA thA / 1. praznavyAkaraNa, 3 / 5 nizItha cUrNi bhAga 1 gAthA 2 / 19 " 2. sUcI jAtaka - Ananda kausalyAyana, jAtakakathA, bhAga 3 pR0 434 3. uttarAdhyayana 25/29 4. aupapAtika, sUtra 33 5. jJAtAvamaMkathAMga 1/25 6. vahI 1/ 228 7. aupapAtika sUtra 41

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caturtha adhyAya : 87 vasudevahiNDo meM ullekha hai ki mathurAvAsI ajitasena ne jinapAla svarNakAra ke putra ko bulAkara AbhUSaNa nirmita karane kI AjJA dI thii|' isI prakAra AvazyakacUrNi se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki svarNakAra kisI rAjA ke (tahakhAne) meM baiThakara bhI rAniyoM ke AbhUSaNa taiyAra karate the| andhakArayukta ve bhUtala maNi aura ratnoM dvArA prakAzita kiye jAte the, aisA pratIta hotA hai ki svarNakAroM dvArA svarNa-corI kI AzaMkA se rAjA bhUdharoM (tahakhAnoM) meM hI AbhUSaNa banavAte the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra svarNakAroM ne unnIsaveM tIrthakara malli kI atyanta jIvanta svarNapratimA nirmita kI thii| isI prakAra eka bAra mallikumArI kA eka divya-kuDala TUTa gyaa| usake pitA ne svarNakAroM ko vaisA hI kuDala banAne kA Adeza diyA kintu ve saphala nahIM ho sake jisase Rddha rAjA ne unako apane deza se nirvAsita kara diyA thaa| bRhatkalpabhASya tathA nizIthacaNi se jJAta hotA hai ki kisI pazupAlaka ko kahIM se svarNa prApta huA jise usane eka svarNakAra ko svarNa-kuNDala (moraMga) banAne ke lie diyaa| svarNakAra ne lobhavaza tAmra-nirmita kuNDala para svarNa kA pAnI car3hAkara de diyaa| isI prakAra kI kaTautI-corI ke kAraNa hI samAja meM svarNakAroM ko sammAna kI dRSTi se nahIM dekhA jAtA thA, kyoMki avasara par3ane para ve beimAno karane se nahIM cUkate the| ratnodyoga sthAnAMga se sUcita hotA hai ki maNiyoM ko khAna se nikAlakara zodhita kiyA jAtA thaa| bRhatkalpabhASya meM bhI ullekha hai ki vajra, mANika, indranIla Adi maNiyoM ko kA~Ta-chA~Takara sundara rUpa diyA jAtA 1. saMghadAsagaNi-vasudevahiNDI bhAga 2 pR0 296 2. AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 2 pR0 58 3. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 8/41, 8/106 4. lobheNa moragANaM bhaccama chajjejja mA hu te knnaa| chAdemi NaM taMbeNaM bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 5 gAthA 5227 tathA nizIthacUNi, bhAga 3 gAthA 3700 5. sthAnAMga 9/22

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88 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana thaa| unameM cheda karane ke liye unheM sAna para ghisA jAtA thA / ' AcArAMga ke anusAra maNi-muktAoM se bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke hAra nirmita hote the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjagRha kA neda maNikAra bar3A dhanADhya thA / AvazyakacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjagiri ke eka maNikAra ne maNiratna-jaTita sundara bailoM kI jor3I nirmita kI thii| kalpasUtra tathA jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM prApta sphaTika kI bhUmi vAle bhavanoM ke ullekha se pratIta hotA hai ki sphaTika udyoga bhI pracalita thaa| inake atirikta tA~bA, pItala, sIsA, cA~dI, rAMgA Adi dhAtuoM se bhI vividha bartana nirmita kiye jAte the / 6 dhAtuoM se sikke bhI banAye jAte the| sarvaprathama tAmra kA ullekha karane vAle sTrabo ke anusAra dAnapAtra aura svarNa rakhane ke liye bRhadAkAra tAmra-pAtra nirmita kiye jAte the| 3-bhANDa-udyoga Agamika yuga meM miTTI ke pAtroM kA sarvAdhika upayoga hotA thaa| purAtAtvika utkhananoM meM mRttikA pAtroM tathA una para vividha raMgoM kI citrakArI ke jo anekazaH uddharaNa prApta hote haiM unase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki usa kAla meM bhANDa-kalA apane utkarSa para thii| 'mRNbhANDa' banAne vAle kumhAra aura dhAtu ke bartana banAne vAle kolAlika kahe jAte the|' kumhAra kA karma-sthAna "kurmArazAlA" thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA sakaDAla kumhAra kI zAlA meM Azraya grahaNa karane kA ullekha prApta hotA 1. ghasaNa maNimAdiyANa kaTThAdI-bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 5 gAthA 4905 maNiyArA sANIe ghasanti laguDeNa vedhaM kAu-nizIthaNi bhAga 2 gAthA 508 2. AcArAMga 2/2/1/70 3. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 13/28 4. AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1 pR. 272 5. kalpasUtra, sUtra 33; jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/18 6. AcArAMga 2/6/1/152 / 7. piMDaniyukti gAthA 405; nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 3 gAthA 43/6 8. purI, baijanAtha,-iMDiyA aija DiskrAibDa bAI aiMziyaMTa grIka rAiTarsa pR0 116 9. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 3/10; prajJApanA 1/105

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caturtha adhyAya : 89 hai / kumhAra miTTI tathA jala ko milAkara usameM kSAra tathA karISa 'milAkara mRttikApiNDa taiyAra karatA thA / phira use cAka para rakhakara daNDa aura sUtra kI sahAyatA se AvazyakatAnusAra choTe-bar3e pAtra taiyAra karatA thA / kumhAra kI paMcavidha zAlAoM kA ullekha hai / jahA~ bartana * banAye jAte the use "kumbhazAlA" kahA jAtA thA, jahA~ jalAne ke liye tRNa * lakar3I aura gobara ke upale rakhe jAte the use " iMdhaNasAlA " kahA jAtA thA, 'jahA~ nirmita bartana bhaTThI meM pakAye jAte the use 'pacanasAlA' kahA jAtA thA, nirmita bartanoM ko ekatrita aura surakSita karane kA sthAna ' paNatasAlA' kahA jAtA thA / 3 jaba bartana taiyAra ho jAte the to unheM vividha prakAra ke raMgoM se sajAyA jAtA thA / polAsapura ke sakaDAlaputra kA bhANDa udyoga bRhad stara para thA / usameM pU~jI niveza eka karor3a svarNamudrAoM ke lagabhaga thA / nagara ke bAhara usakI 500 dukAneM thIM / saikar3oM vetana bhogI naukara the / kumbhakAra pAnI rakhane ke lie ghar3e, capaTe pede vAlI miTTI kI parAta, maTake, choTe maTake, surAhI tathA dhAnya Adi rakhane ke pAtroM kA nirmANa karate the / " sakaDAlaputra kI karmazAlAoM ke nagara ke bAhara hone se jJAta hotA hai ki kumhAra kI zAlAoM meM bhaTThiyoM ke jalane se hone vAle vAyu pradUSaNa aura nagaravAsiyoM - ko hone vAlI asuvidhA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kumbhArazAlAyeM nagara ke hara sthita hotI thIM / bikrI kA kArya rAjamArgoM aura catuSpathoM para kiyA jAtA thA / prAyaH Aja bhI miTTI ke bartanoM kA vikraya inhIM sthAnoM para hotA hai / nizIthacUrNI se jJAta hotA hai ki vikraya hetu dUsare gA~va yA nagara meM le jAne para bartanoM para zulka lagatA thA / eka bhANDa vyApArI ke pAsa bIsa gAr3I bartana the, usane eka gAr3I bartana rAjyAdhikArI ko zulka meM diye the / 1. upAsakadazAMga, 7 / 19 2. vahI, 7 / 7; bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 1 gAthA 306 3. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 4 gAthA 3445 4. "pArakammitaraMgite bhAyaNe" nizIthacUrNi bhAga 3 gAthA 4561 5. upAsakadazAMga, 7/4, 6, 7 6. nizIthacUrNi bhAga 4 gAthA 6521

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90 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana miTTI ke bartanoM ke atirikta dhAtuoM ke bartanoM kA bhI pracalana thaa| lohe, trapu, tAmra, sIse, kAMse aura sone-cAMdI ke bartana nirmita kiye jAte the|' zaMkha, zrRga, patthara aura carma se bhI bartana banate the / 2 4-kASTha udyoga prAcInakAla meM kASTha kA bahuta mahattva thaa| vanoM se kaccA mAla paryApta mAtrA meM upalabdha hotA thaa| jaMgaloM se lakar3o Adi kATane ke kArya ko "vaNakamma" kI saMjJA do jAtI thii| prAtaH hote hI rathakAra apanI gAr3iyA~ lekara jaMgaloM meM lakar3I kATane hetu prasthAna kara dete the| kulhAr3I aura pharase kI sahAyatA se vRkSoM ko kATA jAtA thaa| lakar3I ko chIlakara, korakara, tarAzakara taraha-taraha ke namUne banAye jAte the / isa kArya ko "kaTTakamma" ( kASThakarma ) kahA jAtA thaa|" cakravartI ke 14 ratnoM meM eka vardhakI ratna bhI thA jo rAjya ke liye bhavana, ratha, yAna, vAhana Adi kA nirmANa karatA thA / lakar3I se gharelU upakaraNa jaise okhala, mUsala, pIr3he, ratha, pAlako Adi yAna tathA kRSi upakaraNa hala, juA, pATA Adi banAye jAte the| usa samaya bhavanoM meM pASANa ke sAtha lakar3I kA prayoga bahuta adhika hotA thaa| bhavanoM ke dvAra, gavAkSa, sopAna, kaMgUre Adi kASThanirmita hI hote the| Ajakala bhI pahAr3oM para jahA~ lakar3o kA bAhulya hotA hai, ghara prAyaH lakar3I ke hI bane hote haiN| devAlayoM ke liye kASThamUrtiyA~ banAI jAtI thiiN| kaI bAra jalate huye dIpaka se unameM Aga lagane ke prasaMga prApta hote haiN| yavana kASTha-kalA meM bar3e kuzala mAne jAte the / 1. AcArAMga 2/6/1/152 2. vahI 3. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 3 gAthA 2560 4. uttarAdhyayana 19/66 5. anuyogadvAra 8/11 6. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 16/22 7. praznavyAkaraNa 1/28 .: 8. vahI 1/18 9. bahatkalpabhASya bhAga 4 gAthA 3465

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caturtha adhyAya : 91ve kASTha-nirmita strI mUrtiyA~ bar3I sundara aura sajIva banAte the / vasudevahiNDI se jJAta hotA hai ki kokkAsa bar3haI ne yavanadeza ke bar3haI AcAryoM se kASThakarma kI zikSA lI thI / jAtakakathA ke anusAra vArANasI se kucha dUra para bar3haiyoM ke gA~va the / ve naukA dvArA jaMgala jAkara lakar3I kATate the aura ekatra kara nagara meM le Ate the, jahA~ AvazyakatAnusAra gRhanirmANa kI sAmagrI banAkara unakA vikraya karate the aura kArSApaNoM meM pArizramika prApta karate the / 3 gozIrSa candana ko lakar3I atyanta mUlyavAna mAnI jAtI thI / bar3haI ratha, yAna Adi ke nirmANa ke liye tiniza kI lakar3I kA prayoga karate the jo vAhanoM ke nirmANa ke liye uttama mAnI jAtI thI, isa kArya ke liye eraMDa kI lakar3I upayukta nahIM mAnI jAtI thI / saMbhavataH bhArI aura kamajora hone ke kAraNa yAna - nirmANa meM usakA upayoga nahIM kiyA: jAtA thA / " I 5 - vAstu udyoga prAcInakAla meM vAstu udyoga bhI vikasita thA / nagaroM kI saMracanA, durgIkaraNa, prAkAra, parikhA Adi tatkAlIna nirmANa zailI ke dyotaka haiM / nagara-nirmANa aura vistAra sunizcita yojanA para AdhArita hotA thA / nagaroM meM vistIrNa sar3akeM aura unako jor3ane vAlI choTI-choTI bIthiyA~ banAI jAtI thIM / rAjabhavana ko eka bar3I sar3aka jAtI thI jise mahApatha kahA jAtA thA / jaina sAhitya meM "siMghADaga" - " tiga " - caukka" "catvara" Adi kA varNana AyA hai / tirAhe aura timuhANI "siMghADaga"; aura catuSpatha aura caumuhAnI ko " caukka" kahA jAtA thA / jaina granthoM meM vAstu- vizeSajJoM ke varNana Aye haiM jo rAjamahala, bhavana, tRNakuTIra, sAdhAraNa gRha, guphA, bAjAra, devAlaya, sabhAmaNDapa, pyAu, Azrama, bhUmi- 9. vahI bhAga 5 gAthA 4915 2. vasudevahiNDI bhAga 1 pR0 61-63 3. alanicitajAtaka -- Ananda kausalyAyana, jAtakakathA bhAga 2 pR0 160 4. vyavahArabhASya bhAga 1 gAthA 88 5. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 1 gAthA 216 6. aupapAtikasUtra 1

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92 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana gRha, puSkariNI, bAvar3I, stUpa Adi banAte the / ' vAstu udyoga ne itanI unnati kara lI thI ki vAtAnukala gRhoM kA bhI nirmANa hotA thaa| megasthanIja ke anusAra pATaliputra kA rAjamahala bahuta sundara thaa| sUsA aura ekabatanA ke rAjamahala bhI usakI tulanA nahIM kara sakate the / 6-khAMDa-udyoga __ jaina sAhitya ke ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya khAMr3audyoga atyanta mahattvapUrNa udyoga thaa| ganne kI khetI pracura mAtrA meM hotI thii| ataH gur3a aura zakkara kA nirmANa Arthika jIvana ke mahattvapUrNa aMga the, ganne se gur3a, khAMr3a aura rAba kA nirmANa hotA thaa| jahA~ gannoM kA saMgraha kiyA jAtA thA use "ucchaghara' arthAt ikSugRha kahA jAtA thaa| dazapura ke ikSugRha meM AcArya Thaharate the|" gur3a banAne kA sthAna rAjapraznIya sUtra meM "ikkhuvAr3e" ( ikSugRha) kahA gayA hai| ikSugRha meM gannoM ko kAMTa-chAMTakara unheM patra-rahita kiyA jAtA thA aura ikSuyaMtra se pera kara rasa nikAlA jAtA thaa|6 isa yaMtra-vizeSa ko "ikkhujata" kahA jAtA thaa| rAjapraznoya meM ikSugRha meM Ane vAle yAtriyoM ko rasa pilAne kA ullekha hai| rasa ko ubAlakara gur3a nirmita kiyA jAtA thaa| gur3a AgantukoM meM bhI vitarita kiyA jAtA thaa| gur3a ke atirikta khAMr3a, kAlpo ( mizrI ), cInI tathA cInI se aneka prakAra kI vastuoM kA 1. praznavyAkaraNa 1/14 2. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3 gAthA 2716 3. baijanAthapurI, iNDiyA aija DiskrAibDa bAI aiMziyaMTa grIka rAiTasa, pRSTha 144 4. anuyogadvAra 1/66; bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 4 gAthA 3465 "phaNio gulo bhaNNati chiDDugur3o khaDahaDo" nizIthaNi bhAga 2 gAthA 1593 "5. vyavahArabhASya 8/242; nizIthacUrNi bhAga 3 gAthA 4536 6. rAjapraznIyasUtra 42 7. praznavyAkaraNa 2/13 8. rAjapraznIya 1/2

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caturtha adhyAya : 93 nirmANa hotA thaa| bhArata se videzoM ko cInI kA niryAta bhI kiyAjAtA thaa| bhAratIya vyApArI "kalikA dvIpa" meM anya vastuoM ke sAtha cInI bhI lekara gaye the| sikandara ke sAtha bhArata Aye yUnAnI yAtriyoM ne apane bhArata ke yAtrA-vRttAntoM meM aise paudhoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jisase madhu makkhiyoM ke binA zahada utpanna hotA thA / anumAnataH inakA abhiprAya ganne se hI thaa| cInI-nirmANa kI prakriyA se yUnAnI usa kAla, taka anabhijJa the| 7-tela-udyoga jaina sAhitya ke ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki Aja kI hI bhA~tialasI, eraNDa, iMgudI, sarasoM, tila Adi se tela nikAlA jAtA thaa| isa kriyA ko 'jaMtapIlaNa kamma' ( yaMtrapIr3ana karma ) kahA jAtA thaa|" mukhyarUpa se khAne ke atirikta teloM kA upayoga auSadhiyoM ke rUpa meM bhI hotA thA / vibhinna prakAra kI auSadhiyoM ko mizrita kara tela banAye jAte the / 100 auSadhiyoM ke sAtha pakAye gaye taila ko "zatapAka" kahA jAtA thA / zAstrakAroM ne 100 bAra pakAye jAne vAle tela ko bhI zatapAka kahA hai| isI prakAra sahasra auSadhiyoM meM pakAye jAne vAle tela ko "sahasrapAka' kahA jAtA thaa| zatapAka aura sahasrapAka tela bahuta mUlyavAna hote the aura janasAdhAraNa ko sahaja upalabdha nahIM the| haMsa ko cIrakara usakA mala-sUtra sApha karake usake udara meM davAiyA~ bharakara use teloM meM pakAyA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra taiyAra kiye gaye tela ko "haMsatela" kahA jAtA thaa| isakA upayoga auSadhi ke rUpa meM kiyA jAtA thA / isIprakAra eka aura tela thA jo maru pradeza ke parvatIya vRkSoM se prApta kiyA jAtA thA use 'marutela' kahA jAtA thaa|' zatapAka aura sahasrapAka . 1. bahassa khaMDassa ya gulassa ya sakkarAe ya maccheDiyAe ya __ jJAtAdharmakathA 17/22 2. baijanAthapurI, iNDiyA aija DiskrAibDa bAI ainaziyaMTa grIka rAiTarsa, . pRSTha 103 3. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 1 gAthA 524 4. upAsakadazAMga 1/38 5. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 5 gAthA 6030 6. vahI, bhAga 5 gAthA 6031

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94 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana teloM ke ullekha se spaSTa hotA hai usa yuga meM ki Ayurveda atyanta unnata sthiti meM thaa| 8-lavaNa udyoga lavaNa arthAt namaka kA bhojana meM sadA se mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai| bRhatkalpabhASya meM ullekha hai ki namaka aura mirca-masAloM se saMskArita kiyA huA bhojana svAdiSTa ho jAtA hai / ' dazavakAlika se jJAta hotA hai ki Usara bhUmi kI miTTI se namaka kI prApti hotI thI, samudra ke pAnI se bhI namaka nikAlA jAtA thA, isI grantha meM seMdhA namaka, romA namaka ( caTTAna kA namaka ) kAlA namaka, sapheda namaka tathA miTTI se prApta namaka kA ullekha hai| kauTilIya arthazAstra se bhI namaka-udyoga kI puSTi hotI hai / "lavaNAdhyakSa" nAmaka rAjyAdhikArI namaka vyavahAra kA nirIkSaNa karatA thA / 9-madya udyoga ___ madyapAna vilAsa kI vastu thI jisakI gaNanA uttama prakAra ke peyoM meM kI jAtI thii| paryoM aura utsavoM ke avasaroM para sAmAnya janatA bhI madyapAna kara letI thii| kaI prakAra ke 'madya nirmita kiye jAte the-yathA candraprabhA, maNizalAkA, varasIdhu, varavAruNI, pAlaniryAsasAra, patraniryAsasAra, puSpaniryAsasAra aadi| isI prakAra sandhyA ke samaya taiyAra hone vAlI madhu, meraka, jambUphala, dugdha, Ati prasannA, tellaka, zatAyu, khajUra sAra, drAkSAsava, kApizAyana, supavana Adi madirAoM ke bhI ullekha milate haiN| kauTilIya arthazAstra meM medaka, prasannA, Asava, ariSTa, meraya aura madhu kA ullekha huA hai| jisa sthAna para madirA banAI jAtI thI, use "pANAgAra" kahA jAtA thA / gur3a nirmita madirA ko gaur3I, vrIhi 1. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 2 gAthAM 1611, 1613 2. siMdhave loNe romAloNe yA Amaye sAmudde paMsukhAre kAlAloNe dazavakAlika 3/8 3. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2 / 12 / 30 4. jIvAbhigama 3 / 2 / 21 5. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2 / 25 / 42 6. pANAgAraM jattha pANiyakammaM tAsurA-madhu-sIdhu-khaDagaM macchaDiyaM muchiyA pAbhittINaM pANagANi / nizIthacUNi bhAga 2 gAthA 2534

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caturtha adhyAya : 95 Adi dhAnyoM se nirmita madirA ko peSTI, bAMsa ke aMkuroM se banI madirA ko "baMzINa" tathA phaloM se nirmita madirA ko "phalasurANa" kahA jAtA thA / mahArASTra madya kI dukAnoM para pratIka rUpa meM "jhayA" (dhvajA ) phaharAI jAtI thI / pANAgAra rAjakIya Aya ke sAdhana bhI the / kauTilIya arthazAstra ke anusAra madya udyoga para rAjya kA niyaMtraNa thA / madya - banAne vAle ko rAjya se AjJA lenI par3atI thI aura rAjya ko kara denA par3atA thA / madya udyoga kA nirIkSaNa karane vAle adhikArI ko " surAdhyakSa" kahA jAtA thA / 10 - carma udyoga jaina sAhitya ke ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki AgamoM ke racanAkAla meM carma tathA usase nirmita vastuoM kA vyApAra bRhad stara para thA / khAloM ko aneka prakAra ke mulAyama camar3oM meM parivartita kiyA jAtA thaa| RSi, muni Adi mRgacarma aura vyAghracarma kA upayoga karate the / jaina sAdhu bhI vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM bakare, bher3a, gAya aura bhaiMsa ke carma kA prayoga kara sakate the / camar3e ke bahumUlya vastroM kA bhI pracalana thA / AcArAMga ke anusAra sindha camar3oM ke liye prasiddha thA / vahA~ se pesA, "pesala, nIle mRga aura kRSNa mRga ke carma bAhara bheje jAte the / bAgha, cIte aura U~Ta ke camar3e se cAdareM nirmita kI jAtI thIM / " jaina granthoM meM cammakAra ( camAra ) padakAra ( mocI) Adi ke varNana Aye haiM jo vAdya yaMtra, mazaka jUte Adi vastueM banAte the / nizIthacUrNa meM vibhinna prakAra ke jUtoM ke ullekha Aye haiM, jinameM eka talle, do talle, Adhe talle, ghuTanoM taka ke, jaMghAoM taka ke, AdhA paira Dhakane vAle, pUrA paira Dhakane vAle jUte the / kuNika rAjA ke jUte kuzala kArIgaroM dvArA nirmita the, jinameM 1. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 4 gAthA 34 / 2 . 2. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 4 gAthA 3539 3. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2 / 25 / 42 4. aye ela gAvi mahisa miyANa ajiNa ta pacama hoi bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 4 gAthA 3824 5. AcArAMga 2, 5 / 3 / 149 6. prajJApanA 1 / 106 7. evApuDa- sagala-kasiNaM dupaDAdIyaM pamANaokAsiNAM / kosaga khellaga vaggurI, khapusA jaMgha eddhajaMdhA ya / . nizIthacUrNi bhAga 2 gAthA 914

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96 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana vaidUrya, risTa evaM aMjana-ratna khacita the|' yUnAnI vidvAnoM ke anusAra bhI sapheda camar3e ke jUtoM para sundara kar3hAI kI jAtI thii| yuddha meM zarIra kI rakSA ke liye camar3e ke AvaraNa banAye jAte the| vividha vAdya-mRdaMga, jhallarI, vitata, Dhola, tUnaka, pakhAvaja Adi ke mukha camar3e se mar3he jAte the|3 camar3e se pAnI bharane kI mazakeM aura nadI pAra karane ke liye camar3e kI dRti nAmaka choTI sI nAva banAyI jAtI thii| camar3e se pAza aura cAbuka banAye jAte the| camar3A prApta karane ke liye nagaroM ke bAhara sUnAgRha banAye jAte the, jahA~ para pazuoM kA vadha karake camar3A taiyAra kiyA jAtA thaa| kauTilIya arthazAstra meM bhI sUnAgRhoM kA varNana hai / sUnAgRha ke adhikArI ko sUnAdhyakSa kahA jAtA thaa| camar3A prApta karane ke liye asaMkhya prANiyoM kA ghAta karanA par3atA thaa| isaliye isa vyavasAya ko jaina-paramparA meM mAnyatA nahIM dI gaI hai| 11-hAthI dA~ta udyoga upAsakadazAMga se hAthI dA~ta ke udyoga ke astitva kA pramANa milatA hai| upAsakadazAMga meM varNita 15 karmadAnoM meM chaThAM karmadAna-"dantavANijya" thaa| hiMsA ke kAraNa zrAvaka ke liye yaha vyavasAya niSiddha thaa| hAthI dAMta ke bhavana banAye jAte the| ur3IsA ke daMtapura ke rAjA dvArA apanI rAnI hetu nimitta sampUrNa prAsAda hI hAthI dA~ta kA thaa| isI prakAra eka vaNik ne apanI patnI kI dohada pUrti hetu hAthI dAMta ke bhavana nirmANa hetu bhIloM se hAthI dA~ta kharIdA thaa| rAmAyaNa meM ullekha hai ki kaikeyI kA bhavana hAthI dA~ta kI caukiyoM tathA AsanoM se yukta thaa| isI1. ( vAriTTa-riTTha-aMjaga-niugoviya-misimisaMta gaNi rayaNa maMDiyAo pADayAo ompii| aupapAtika, pRSTha 114 2. purI baijanAtha, iNDiyA eja DiskrAibDa bAI aiMziyaMTa grIka rAiTarsa,, __pRSTha 90 3. AcArAMga 2, 11 / 168 4. nizIthacUNi, bhAga 1 gAthA 185 5. nirayAvAlikA 1 / 30 6. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2 / 26 / 43 7. upAsakadazAMga 1151 8. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 4 gAthA 6575; AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 2 pR0 170

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caturtha adhyAya : 97 prakAra laMkA ke prAsAdoM meM hAthI dA~ta ke stambha aura gavAkSa the / ' jAtakakathAoM meM kAzI kI eka dantakAra vIthI kA ullekha huA hai jahA~ hAthIdA~ta kA kAma hotA thA / kabhI-kabhI hAthI - dA~ta ke liye hAthiyoM kA vadha bhI kara diyA jAtA thA / 2 vArANasI meM rAjaghATa kI khudAI meM hAthI- dA~ta ko kaMghI aura cUr3iyA~ prApta huI haiM 3 jisase siddha hotA hai ki gharelU upakaraNoM meM hAthI dA~ta kA upayoga hotA thA / 12 - citra - udyoga citrakAra bhI eka prakAra ke zilpI the, ve apanI citrakArI kA pradarzana bhavanoM, vastroM, rathoM aura bartanoM Adi para kiyA karate the| prAcIna jainasAhitya meM citrakalA ke aneka ullekha prApta hote haiM / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullikhita dhAraNI devI ke "zayanAgAra " kI chata latAoM, puSpAvaliyoM tathA uttama citroM se alaMkRta thI / mallikumAra ne apane pramadavana meM eka citra sabhA banavAI aura usameM citrakAra zreNI ko bulavA kara eka citrasabhA banAne hetu Adeza diyA / citrakAra tUli - kAyeM aura raMga lAkara citra racanA meM pravRtta ho gaye, unhoMne bhittiyoM kA vibhAjana kiyA, bhUmi ko lepoM se sajAyA aura ukta prakAra ke citra banAne lage / " ukta sUtra se patA calatA hai ki usI citrakAra zreNI meM eka citrakAra itanA pravINa thA ki kisI vyakti ke aMgamAtra ko dekhakara hI vaha usI jaisI pratikRti banA sakatA thA / bRhatkalpabhASya se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki eka viduSI gaNikA ne apanI citrasabhA meM vividha udyogoM se sambandhita citra banavA rakhe the / jaba koI Agantuka citra - vizeSa kI ora AkarSita hotA thA to vaha usakI vRtti aura ruci kA anumAna lagA letI tho / 1. vAlmIki rAmAyaNa 2 / 10 / 15 3 / 55 / 10 2. kAsAvajAtaka - Ananda kausalyAyana - jAtakakathA bhAga 2 pR0 160 3. DA0 motIcandra, kAzI kA itihAsa, pRSTha 65 4. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 118 5. vahI 8 / 117 6. vahI 8 / 120 7. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 1 gAthA 262 7

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98 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana 13-prasAdhana-udyoga __ zRGgArapriyatA aura vilAsapriyatA ke kAraNa prasAdhana-udyoga unnati para thaa| rAjA, sAmanta Adi samRddha varga ke logoM ke atirikta sAdhAraNa gRhastha bhI sugandhita vastuoM kA prayoga karate the| isase sundaratA meM atyadhika vRddhi ho jAtI thii| candana, tagara, kapUra, agaru, kukuma Adi se vividha prakAra ke sugandhita tela, itra, vilepana Adi saundaryavardhaka prasAdhana taiyAra kiye jAte the / 2 vividha sugandhita padArthoM kA lepa banAyA jAtA thaa| lodha vRkSa kI chAla se bhI aMgarAga taiyAra kiyA jAtA thaa| isako hATa dravya kahA jAtA thaa| sUtrakRtAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki lAkSArasa se bhI striyoM ke aMgarAga banAye jAte the| pAvoM ko Alaktaka ke samAna lAkSArasa se raMgA jAtA thA aura A~khoM ke liye suramA nirmita kiyA jAtA thaa| striyoM ke sadA yuvatI dikhane ke liye vizeSa prakAra kI guTikA banAI jAtI thii| isI prakAra hoThoM ko raMgane ke lie nandI cUrNa banAye jAte the aura dA~toM meM camaka lAne ke lie daMta cUrNa banAye jAte the|" sugandhita dravya bAjAroM meM vikraya ke liye jAte the| "gaMdhiyAvaNa" ( gaMdhApaNa ) meM saba prakAra ke sugandhita padArthoM kI bikrI hotI thii| inakA vikraya karane vAle "gaMdhI" kahe jAte the|' 14-raMga-udyoga __ jaina granthoM meM kaSAya, haridra, maMjiSTha, rakta, nIla, pIta Adi raMgoM kA varNana AyA hai| prAcInakAla se hI vastroM aura citroM ko raMgane ke liye taraha-taraha ke raMgoM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga se sUcanA milatI hai ki tauliye ko kesara se raMgA jAtA thaa| raMga, phala, kaMda, miTTI aura vRkSoM ke rasa se banAye jAte the| kauTilIya arthazAstra meM bhI 1. praznavyAkaraNa 4 / 4 2. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 2 gAthA 2557 3. nizothacUNi bhAga 3 gAthA 4345, nizIthacUNi, bhAga 2 pRSTha 26 4. sUtrakRtAMga 1 / 4 / 2 284, 285, 286 5. vahI 1. nizIthacUNi bhAga 3 gAthA 3047 7. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1124

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caturtha adhyAya : 99 kukuma, kusumbha aura kizuka ke phUloM se raMga banAne kA varNana hai / ' kRmirAga se rakta varNa taiyAra kiyA jAtA thaa| 15-kuTIra-udyoga ina udyogoM ke atirikta aura bhI kuTIra udyoga pracalita the| Doma, (caNDAla) kuhaNa Adi jaMgalI jAti ke loga sUpa, TokariyAM, rasse Adi banAte the / jaMgalI jAnavaroM ko pakar3ane ke liye muja, kASTha, vetra, sUtra Adi se rasse banAye jAte the| Una, muja, ghAsa, UMTa ke bAla, sana Adi ke roma se sAdhuoM ke liye rajoharaNa banAye jAte the| tAr3a, muja aura palAza ke patroM se hAtha ke paMkhe banAye jAte the| inake atirikta vividha khilaunoM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thA / lakar3I ko kAMTa-chAMTakara, cikanAkara, citrakArI se, miTTI athavA cUne se, dhAtu Adi ko pighalAkara sAMce meM DAlakara, kaur3iyoM Adi se taraha-taraha ke khilaune banAye jAte the| kASThakarma aura pustakarma se banAyI gaI pratimAyeM jaghanya, hAthIdAMta se nirmita madhyama aura maNiyoM se nirmita puttalikAeM uttama mAnI jAtI thiiN|6 upayukta vivecana se yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki AgamoM ke racanA kAla meM udyoga-dhandhe vikasita the / kRSi aura udyoga meM apekSita samanvaya pAyA jAtA thaa| 1. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 2 / 17 / 35 2. praznavyAkaraNa, 111 / 12 3. vahI 1 / 120 4. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 4, gAthA 3674 5. anuyogadvAra, 8 / 11 "6. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 3, gAthA 2469

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adhyAya 5 vinimaya Arthika kSetra meM vinimaya kA bar3A mahattva hai / lena-dena, AdAna-pradAna athavA eka vastu ke badale meM dUsarI vastu lenA vinimaya kahA jAtA hai| kisI manuSya ke lie apanI AvazyakatA kI samasta vastuoM kA nirmANa sambhava nahIM hai, isalie vaha vastuoM kA paraspara vinimaya kara apanI AvazyakatAoM kI pUti karatA hai| vinimaya do prakAra se kiyA jAtA hai-- (1) vastu se vastu kI adala-badalI aura (2) vastu ko dravya ke badale grahaNa yA pradAna arthAt kraya-vikraya / prAcInakAla meM vyApAra kI ye donoM hI paddhatiyAM pracalita thiiN| vastu ke vinimaya meM kaI prakAra kI kaThinAiyAM A jAtI thIM, isIlie vyApAra ke lie mukhyataH kraya-vikraya kI paddhati hI pracalita thii| jaina granthoM meM upalabdha ullekhoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki kRSi aura udyoga kI unnati se deza ke utpAdana meM atyadhika vRddhi huI phalataH deza kA vyApAra unnata huA / vinimaya ke pramukha aMga vyApAra, parivahana aura sikke the / inake abhAva meM vinimaya sambhava nahIM thaa| vyApAra meM yAtAyAta ke sAdhana-parivahana aura sikkoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna thaa| isaprakAra tInoM kA anyonyAzrita sambandha thA / 1-vyApAra sAdhAraNataH vastuoM kA kraya-vikraya, vyApAra yA vANijya kahA jAtA thaa|' uttarAdhyayana meM vastuoM kA kraya karane vAle ko "kaiyoM" (kretA) aura vikraya karane vAle ko "vaNio" (vaNika) kahA gayA hai| nizIthacUNi meM vikraya kI jAne vAlI vastuoM ko "paNya" aura "krayANaka" kahA gayA hai| 1. nizIthacUNi bhAga 3 gAthA 3226 2. "kiNaMto kaiyo hoi vikki gaMto ya vaNio" uttarAdhyayana 35/14, bhagavatIsUtra 5/6/5 3. nizIthacUNi bhAga 3, gAthA 3842

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vyApArI jaina granthoM meM do prakAra ke vyApAriyoM kA ullekha prApta huA hai-- (1) sthAnIya vyApArI, (2) sArthavAha / ' sthAnIya vyApAriyoM kI tIna koTiyA~ thIM - ' vaNik', gAthApati aura 'zreSThi' / ye nagaroM tathA gAMvoM meM vyApAra karate the / nizothacUrNi ke anusAra vaNik bahuta catura hote haiM ve alpa dhana lagAkara prabhUta lAbha prApta karate haiM / jo sthAnIya vyApArI eka hI sthAna para yA dukAna para baiThakara vyApAra karate the unheM 'vaNi' kahA jAtA thA / jo binA kisI nizcita dukAna ke eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para ghUmate huye vyApAra karate the, unheM 'vivaNi' kahA jAtA thA / jo gaTThara meM vyApAra kI vibhinna vastueM rakha kara vyApAra karate the, unheM "kakkhapuDiya" kahA jAtA thA / " ye pUre varSa grAmoM aura nagaroM meM ghUma-ghUma kara apanI sAmagrI becakara vyApAra karate the, lekina varSA Rtu meM apanA vyApAra banda rakhate the / kucha sampanna vyApArI gAr3iyoM meM mAla bhara kara vyApAra hetu nikalate the kintu varSA Rtu meM ve bhI vyApAra nahIM karate the / nizIthacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki vyApArI gAr3iyoM meM gehU~ bhara, dUsare nagaroM meM vyApAra ke liye jAte the| isI prakAra bRhatkalpabhASya ke anusAra AbhIra ghI becane ke liye nagara meM jAte the / ' 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 15 / 6 vasudevahiNDo 1/145; upAsakadazAMga 1 / 12; nizIthacUrNi bhAga 2, gAthA 735, bhAga 2, gAthA 522 2. jahA vaNia appa daviNaM caiuM bahuttaraM lAbhaM gehati -- nizItha cUrNi bhAga 1, gAthA 45 3. vaNitti je NiccaTThitA vavaharati paMcama adhyAya : 101 4. " je viNA AvaNeNa ubhaTThitA vANijjaM kareMti" " kakkhapadese puDA jassa sa kacchapuDao " 6. kakkhapuDiyavaNiyA gAmesu na saMcaraMti / vahI bhAga 4, gAthA 5750 vahI, bhAga 4, gAthA 5750 vahI, bhAga 2, gAthA 1191 7. vahI bhAga 4, gAthA 5664 " 8. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 1, gAthA 361 vahI, bhAga 3, gAthA 3226

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102 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana yadyapi gAthApati aura zreSThi bhI sthAnIya vyApArI hI the, kintu ye thoka vyApAra karate the / vyApAra ke sAtha-sAtha ye dhana ke lena-dena kA vyavasAya bhI karate the / samAja meM sArthavAha, zreSThi aura gAthApati samRddha mAne jAte the aura rAjya meM inakA sammAna hotA thA / upAsakadazAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki mahAvIra kA pramukha upAsaka gAthApati Ananda samAja meM pratiSThita vyakti thA / ' zreSTha, rAjya meM sammAnita vyakti hotA thA use rAjA kI ora se svarNa mukuTa pradAna kiyA jAtA thA aura vaha 18 zreNiyoM mukhiyA bhI hotA thA / vyApAriyoM kA dUsarA varga sArthavAhoM kA thA jo sthala aura jala mArgoM se bhArata ke Antarika aura videzI vyApAra ko samRddha karate the / vyApAra ke uddezya se eka sAtha yAtrA karane vAle vyApAriyoM kA samUha "sArtha" kahalAtA thA aura sArtha kA netRtva karane vAlA sArthavAha kahalAtA thA / 3 puruSoM ke samAna striyA~ bhI kuzala vyAvasAyika hotI thIM / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM dvArakA nagarI kI thAvaccA nAmaka sArthavAhI strI kA ullekha AtA hai jo rAjakIya vyavahAra aura vyApAra meM kuzala thI / isI prakAra anuttaropapAtikadazA meM ullekha hai ki kAkandI nagarI kI bhadrA sArthavAhI ke pAsa aparimita sampadA thii| vaha vikraya yogya padArthoM ko lekara videza jAtI thii| usane apane ikalaute putra ke liye battIsa bhavana nirmita karavAye the / vyApArika saMsthAna vyApAra-sthala prAyaH hATa yA maNDiyA~ hI hotI thIM / mAla kA kraya aura vikraya sIdhe utpAdanakartA aura upabhoktA ke madhya hotA thA / nizIthacUrNi ke anusAra jo vastue~ apane utpatti ke sthAna para hI becI jAtIM, unheM "sadesagAmao" kahA jAtA thA aura jina vastuoM ko vikrayArtha 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 2 / 10; upAsakadazAMga 1 / 13 2. aTThArasaha pagatINaM jo mahattaro seTThi / nizIthacUrNa, bhAga 2, gAthA 1735 3. satthaM vAheti so satthavAho - nizIthacUNi, bhAga 2, gAthA 1735 4. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 5/7 5. anuttaropapAtikadazA 3/12/2

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paMcama adhyAya : 103 dUsare sthAna para bhejA jAtA unheM "paradesagAmao" kahA jAtA / ' vaNik jisa sthAna para vastuoM kA kraya-vikraya karate the use "koTa' kahA jAtA thaa| bikrI ke liye jahA~ vastuoM ko ekatrita kiyA jAtA use nizotharNi meM 'sAlA' kahA gayA hai| bAjAroM ko "vipaNi mArga" kahA jAtA thaa| aupapAtika se sUcita hotA hai ki campA nagarI ke bAjAra vyApArika vastuoM aura vyApAriyoM ke AvAgamana ke kAraNa bhare rahate the|" kuvalayamAlAkahA meM ullekha hai ki vinItA nagarI ke vipaNimArgoM meM jo vyApAra hotA thA vaha bar3e-bar3e sArthavAha aura vaNik putroM ke liye paryApta nahIM thA isalie ve anyAnya maNDiyoM meM jAkara vyApAra karate the| nagaroM ke prasiddha rAjamArgoM aura caurAhoM para dUkAneM hotI thIM jahA~ vastuoM kA vikraya kiyA jAtA thaa| bRhatkalpabhASya meM unheM 'antarAyaNa' kahA gayA hai| aise bAjAra jinake madhya meM aura Age-pIche bhI dukAneM hoM unheM ApaNagRha kahA jAtA thA / vyApAra meM itanI viziSTatA A gaI thI ki alaga-alaga vastuoM ko alaga-alaga dUkAneM aura bAjAra hote the| jahA~ candana aura dUsarI sugandhita vastue~ becI jAtI thI use 'gaMdhiyAvaNa' kahA jAtA thA / bRhatkalpabhASya meM eka vyApArI kA ullekha AyA hai jo kisI gaMdhI kI dukAna para jAkara madirA mAMgane lagA, gaMdhI ne kahA usakI dukAna para kevala sugandhita vastue~ hI milatI haiM, madirA nahIM / 1deg Aja ke sarrAphA bAjAra kI taraha prAcInakAla meM bhI sonA-cA~dI ke alaga bAjAra hote the / jina dukAnoM para masala Adi gharelU upakaraNa bece jAte the unheM 1. aTThArasaNha pagatINa jo mahattaro seThThi / nizIthacUNi, bhAga 2, gAthA 1735 2. satthaM vAheti so satthavAho vahI, bhAga 2, gAthA 1735 3. "vikkeyaM bhaMDa jattha chUDhaM ciTThati' sAlA giha nizIthacUNi 2, pRSTha 433 4. sUri udyotana-kuvalayamAlAkahA, pRSTha 26 5. aupapAtika 1/1 6. sUri udyotana--kuvalayamAlAkahA, pRSTha 7 7. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3, gA0 230 8. vahI. 9. gaMdhiyAvaNe caMdaNAdiyaM-nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 3, gAthA 3047 10. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 2, gAthA 1965

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104 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana " nauzatyA" kahA jAtA thA / ' jahA~ bartanoM kI bikrI hotI thI use 'pAda - bhUmi' yA " vanabhUmi" kahA jAtA thA / jahA~ surA, madhu, sIdhu, khaDaga, macchaDiyaM Adi vibhinna prakAra kI madirAoM kI bikrI hotI thI unheM 'majjAvaNa' yA 'pAnabhUmi' kahA jAtA thA / jahA~ saba miSThAnnoM kI bikrI hotI use " puDiyaghara" kahate the / isI prakAra 'cakrikazAlA' meM tela, 'gaulizAlA' meM gur3a, 'dosizAlA' meM dUSya, 'sautiyazAlA' meM sUta, 'bodhiyazAlA' meM tandula (cAvala) bece jAte the / " 'kutrikApaNa' meM saba prakAra kI choTI-bar3I upayogI vastue~ prApta ho jAtI thIM / rAjA zreNika ke putra meghakumAra ke dIkSotsava para vahA~ se rajoharaNa aura bhikSA pAtra maMgavAye ye the / kutrikApaNa kI tulanA Ajakala ke bar3e-bar3e 'DipArTamenTala sTora' ke sAtha kI jA sakatI hai / alaga-alaga vastuoM kI alaga-alaga dukAnoM aura bAjAroM ke astitva se pratIta hotA hai ki vyApAra bRhadstara para hotA thA / sthAnIya vyApAra kA anya kendra vyApArika maNDiyA~ thIM jahA~ vyApAriyoM ko samasta suvidhAyeM pradAna kI jAtI thIM / nizItha cUrNi se jJAta hai ki tAmralipti aura Anandapura IsA kI sAtavIM zatAbdI kI pramukha vyApArika maNDiyA~ thIM / ' tAmralipti ke kucha prAcIna ullekha bhI prApta hote haiM / kuvalayamAlAkahA se jJAta hotA hai ki dakSiNApatha meM pratiSThAna aura sopAraka, maNDiyoM ke rUpa meM prasiddha the / jisa vyApArika maNDI meM vibhinna dizAoM se vikraya hetu mAla lAyA jAtA thA use 'puTabhedana' kahA jAtA thA / bauddhagrantha milindapa ho meM 'sAgala' (syAlakoTa) ko 1. satthie musalimAdiyaM nizIthacUNi, bhAga 3, gAthA 3047 2 . vahI, 2 /2534 3. vahI, 2 / 2534 4. potie khajjagaviseso - - nizIthacUrNa 3/3040 5. vyavahArasUtra 9 / 19-29 6. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1 / 122, bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 4, gAthA 4216 7. sUri udyotana - kuvalayamAlAkahA, pR0 65 8. nizIthacUrNi bhAga 2, gAthA 2003 9. nANAdisAgayANaM bhijjaMti puDA : u jattha bhaMDANaM / puDabheyaNaM bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 2, gAthA 1093; nizIthacUrNi bhAga 3, gAthA 4128

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paMcama adhyAya : 105 -'paTabhedana' kahA gayA hai vahA~ aneka sthAnoM se vikrayArtha mAla ke gaTThara Ate the| jahA~ para vyApArI apanI vastuoM kA bhaNDAraNa karate the usa sthAna ko 'saMvAha' kahA jAtA thA / 2 saMvAha meM sAmAna giravI rakhakara byAja para RNa pradAna kiyA jAtA thA / 3 kaI vyApAriyoM kA nivAsasthAna 'nigama' kahA jAtA thaa| nigama bhI do prakAra ke hote the1-saMgrAhika aura 2-asaMgrAhika / saMgrAhika nigama meM sAmAna giravI rakhane aura RNa dene kA kAma hotA thA aura asaMgrAhika nigama meM udhAra dene ke sAtha-sAtha anya vyApArika kAma bhI hote the| yAtrA ke samaya vyApArI jisa sthAna para par3Ava DAlate the usako 'niveza' kahA jAtA thaa| vaha nagara jo jalamArgoM para sthita the unheM jalapattana kahA jAtA thaa| aise nagara jo jala aura sthala donoM mArgoM se jur3e hote the aura jahA~ vyApAra ke liye donoM mArgoM se mAla lAne kI suvidhA thI unheM 'droNamukha' kahA jAtA thA bhRgukaccha aura tAmralipti droNamukha the| ___nagaroM aura gA~voM ke bAjAroM meM upabhoga kI sabhI sAmagriyA~ upalabdha thiiN| dazavakAlikasUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki nagaroM ke mukhya rAjamArgoM aura caurAhoM para sabhI prakAra kI khAne-pIne kI vastue~ upalabdha ho jAtI thiiN| vahA~ para sattU, cUrNa, tilapaTTI, jalebI, laDDU, mAlapue Adi yathocita mUlya para bece jAte the| caurAhoM para pake huye mAMsa, machalI aura aMDoM kI bhI bikrI hotI thii|10 dukAnoM para dainika upabhoga kI vastue~-ghI, tela, dhAnya, bhANDa, ghar3e, pIr3he Adi ke atirikta sone-cAMdI kA bhI 1. kazyapa jagadIza "hindI anuvAdaka' milindapaJho, pR0 1-4 2. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 2, gAthA 1092, nizothacUNi, bhAga 3, gAthA 4128 3. saMvAse aNuvaTTaviteNa, nizIthacUNi, bhAga 2, gAthA 3763 4. nigama negamavaggo, bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 2, gAthA 109 / 5. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 2, gAthA 1110 6. niveso satthAijattA vA vahI; bhAga 2, gAthA 1091 7. vahI, bhAga 2, gAthA 1090 8. doNamuhaM jala-thalapaheNaM vahI, bhAga 2, gAthA 1090 9. taheva satucuNNAi, kolacuNvAMi AveNa sukkuliM pANiyaM pUrva dazakAlika 5/71, 72 10. vipAka 3/26; 4/16

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106 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana vikraya hotA thA / ' bahumUlya vastue~ agara, tagarapatra, kukuma, kastUrI, zaMkha, lavaNa Adi kA bhI vikraya kiyA jAtA thaa| yaha Azcaryajanaka hai ki usa yuga meM zaMkha aura lavaNa bahumUlya mAne jAte the, bAjAroM meM nimna, madhyama evaM uttama saba prakAra ke vastroM kA vikraya hotA thA / 3 nizIthacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki pippalI, haritAla, mainsila, lavaNa Adi sAmagriyAM saikar3oM yojana dUra se maMgAI jAtI thiiN| kuvalayamAlAkahA se jJAta hotA hai ki vinItA ( sAketa ) ke eka bAjAra meM 84 prakAra kI vastuoM kI dukAneM thIM, jinameM eka ora kukuma, kapUra, agara, kastUrI, paDavAsa Adi sugandhita vastue~ becI jAtI thIM, dUsarI ora ilAyacI, lauMga, nAriyala, motI, svarNa, ratna, vastra, netrapaTa ( eka vizeSa prakAra kA pAradarzI vastra ) sarasa auSadhiyA~, zaMkha, valaya, kAMca, maNi, vANa, dhanuSa, talavAra, cakra, mAlA, cAmara, ghaMTA, khAdya evaM peya bece jAte the|" upAsakadazAMga meM varNita 15 karmadAnoM se pratIta hotA hai ki sthAnIya evaM videzI maMDiyoM meM hAthIdA~ta, viSa, pazuoM kA carma, lAkha, lakar3I Adi dravyoM kA vyApAra hotA thaa|6 mApa-tola vidhiyA~ Avazyakaniyukti meM ullikhita hai ki lena-dena ke vyavahAra kI daSTi se RSabhadeva ne yAna, unmAna, avamAna aura pratimAna kA bhI apanI prajA ko jJAna karAyA thaa| jaina granthoM meM mUlya-nirdhAraNa evaM kraya-vikraya kI suvidhA hetU cAra prakAra kI paddhatiyA~ pracalita thIM-gaNima, dharima, mejja aura paaricch|' 1. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 4, gAthA 4250 2. jaI aMkama-katthUriya-tagarapattacoya-hiMgu-saMkhaloyamAdi __nizIthacUNi, bhAga 4, gAthA 5664 3. vahI, bhAga 2, gAthA 957 4. haritAlamaNosilA jahA loNaM / "ete pigpalimAdiNo joyaNasatAto AgayA vahI, bhAga 3, gAthA 4834 5. sUri udyotana-kuvalayamAlAkahA, pR0 108 6. upAsakadazAMga 1/38 7. Avazyakaniyukti gAthA 213, 214 8. gaNiya-dharima mejja pAriMJcha jJAtAdharmakathAMga 8/66; nizIthacUNi, bhAga 1, gAthA 242

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paMcama adhyAya : 107 gaNima-gina kara becI jAne vAlI vastue~ 'gaNima' kahalAtI thiiN| eka, dasa, sau, hajAra, lAkha, karoDa Adi gaNanA ke parimANa mAne jAte the| pUgaphala, nAriyala Adi vastue~ gina kara becI jAtI thiiN| dharima-tulA para taula kara becI jAne vAlI vastue~ 'dharima' kahalAtI thiiN| aisI vastuoM kA mUlya nirdhAraNa mukhyataH taula ke hI AdhAra para kiyA jAtA thA / tejapatra, agara, gaMdhadravya, kukuma, khA~Da, gur3a Adi taula kara bece jAte the / ardhakarSa, karSa, pala, ardhapala, tulA, ardhabhAra, bhAra Adi taula ke mAnaka pracalita the| meya-mApa kara becI jAne vAlI vastue~ 'meya' kahI jAtI thiiN| ghI, dUdha, vastra, anna Adi mApa kara bece jAte the / mApa tona prakAra ke thedhAnyamAna, rasamAna aura avamAna / dhAnyoM ko.mApane ke liye asRti, prasRti, seTikA, kuDava, prastha, ADhaka, droNa, kumbha, vAha Adi dhAnyamAna magadha meM pracalita the| inake atirikta muktoli, mukha, idura, Alinda, upacAri Adi bhI dhAnyamAna the| rasamAna meM catuSSaSThikA, dvAtriMzikA, SoDazikA, aSTabhAgikA Adi the / tela, dUdha, ghI Adi isI se mApe jAte the| hAtha, daNDa, dhanuSa, yuga, nalikA, akSa, mUsala Adi avamAna bhUmi, kheta, bhitti, kue~, kapar3A, caTAI ityAdi ko mApane ke liye prayukta kiye jAte the|6|| pariccha-gaNa kI parIkSA karake becI jAne vAlI vastue~ pariccha kahalAtI thIM inameM sonA, cA~do, maNi, muktA, ratna Adi mAne gaye the| inako taulane ke liye guMjA-rattI, kAMkaNI, niSpAva, maMDala, suvarNa Adi pratimAna the / AvazyakacUrNi meM eka prAcIna paripATI kA varNana karate huye batAyA gayA hai ki vyApArI apane mAla kA mUlya hAthoM ko vastroM se DhaMkakara 1. anuyogadvAra 17/190 2. vahI, 14/189 3. vahI 14/188 4. vahI 14/188 5. vahI 14/190 6. vahI 14/190 7. vahI 14/191

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'108 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana aMguliyoM ke saMketa se karate the| tAki samIpa baiThe hue anya vyApAriyoM ko mUlya jJAta na ho ske| uttarApatha ko Dhakka jAti ke loga sonA, cA~dI, hAthIdA~ta Adi lekara vyApAra ke liye dakSiNApatha jAte the| vahA~ dakSiNavAsiyoM kI bhASA na samajhate haye hAtha ke saMketoM se mola-tola karate the| vyApArI jhUThe taula aura mApoM se grAhakoM ko chalate the| jhUThe taulamApa ko rokane ke liye rAjya bhI satarka, sAvadhAna rahatA thaa| upAsakadazAMga meM kaTa mApa-taula karane vAle vyApAriyoM ko doSI mAnA gayA hai| bhagavatIsatra meM kahA gayA hai ki kUTamApa-taula karane vAle naraka meM jAte haiN| somadeva ke anusAra jisa rAjya meM vaNik loga tarAja aura bA~ToM meM dhokhA karate haiM vahA~ kA vyApAra naSTa ho jAtA hai| isaliye rAjA ko ise rokanA cAhiye / 5 sAmAjika taura para isa burAI ko kama karane kA prayatna kiyA jAtA thA, upAsakadazAMga se lekara paravartI zrAvakAcAra ke jaina granthoM meM kaTa mApa-taula, vastuoM meM milAvaTa karanA aura namUne ke anusAra vastu na denA asteyavrata ke aticAra (doSa) mAne jAte the| jaina zrAvakoM ko inase bacane kA upadeza diyA jAtA thA / 6 / / ___ kauTilIya arthazAstra bhI spaSTa nirdeza detA hai ki vyApArI milAvaTa aura kama mApa-taula na kareM, isake liye vizeSa dhyAna rakhanA caahiye| rAjya kI ora se eka adhikArI pautavAdhyakSa niyukta kiyA jAtA thA jo isa prakAra kA aparAdha karane vAle vyApAriyoM ko daNDa detA thaa| manusmRti meM bhI vyApArI ko vastuoM meM milAvaTa karane kA niSedha kiyA gayA thA / 1. "uttarAvahe TaMkaNA NAma menchA, te suvannadaMtamAdIhiM dakSiNA vaigAI bhaMDAI geNhati te ya avaropparaM bhAsaM na jANeti panchA puMje karoti hattheNa acchAdeti Ava inchA na pUreti tAda Na avaNeti'' AvazyakacUNi bhAga 1 pR0 120 2. "kUDatulA kUDamANI" praznavyAkaraNa 2/3 3. upAsakadazAMga 1/34 4. bhagavatosUtra, 8/9/104 5. somadevasUri-nItivAkyAmRtam 8/9 6. 'kUDatullaM kUDamANaM' upAsakadazAMga 1/34; praznavyAkaraNa 2/3; nizIthacUrNi bhAga0 1, gAthA 329 7. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2/19/37 8. manusmRti 8/203

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kraya ke liye agrima dhana bhagavatI sUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki vyApArI vastu kraya hetu agrima dhana ( bayAnA) dekara apanI vastu surakSita bhI kara lete the / ' praznavyAkaraNa meM bhI madhu kraya karane ke liye bhIloM ko agrima dhana dene kA ullekha hai / AvazyakacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki hAthI dAMta kraya karane ke liye puliMdoM ko agrima dhana diyA jAtA thA / jAtakakathAoM meM bho vyApAra ke liye agrima dhana dene ke ullekha milate haiM / paMcama adhyAya : 109 mUlya-nirdhAraNa Aja kI hI bhAMti mAMga aura pUrti ke anusAra vastuoM ke mUlya nizcita kiye jAte the / jisa vastu kI mAMga adhika aura pUrti kama ho pAtA thA usa vastu kA mUlya bar3ha jAtA thA / utsavoM aura parvoM para mAMga ke anusAra vastuoM ke upalabdha na ho pAne se unake mUlya bar3ha jAte the / " bRhatkalpabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki saMkhaDI sAmUhika bhoja evaM melA ke avasara para dUdha kA mUlya bar3ha jAtA thA / isI prakAra indramahotsava ke samaya phUloM aura phUla-mAlAoM kI atyadhika mAMga hotI thI isa kAraNa una dinoM unake mUlya meM bahuta vRddhi ho jAtI thI / bRhatkalpabhASya meM eka mAlI kA ullekha huA hai jisane indramahotsava ke kucha dina pUrva hI apanI phulavAro se phUla cunanA bandakara diyA thA tAki vaha utsava vAle dina adhikAdhika phUla U~ce mUlya para becakara adhika lAbha arjita kara sake / sulabhatA aura durlabhatA ke AdhAra para marakata, padmarAga Adi ratnoM kA mUlya nirdhArita kiyA jAtA thA / nizothacUrNi se sUcanA milatI hai ki Rtu ke anusAra bhI vastuoM kA mUlya ghaTatA-bar3hatA rahatA thA, grISma Rtu meM mahIna vastra, zarada Rtu meM kambala aura varSA Rtu meM kukuma se raMge vastra 1. bhagavatI sUtra 5 / 6 / 6 2. praznavyAkaraNa 2/13 3. AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 2, pR. 154 4. cullaseThI jAtaka, Ananda kausalyAyana, jAtakakathA 1/151 5. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2, gAthA 1591 6. vahI bhAga 2, gAthA 1591 7. vahI bhAga 2, gAthA 1591 8. vahI bhAga 4, gAthA 4216

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- 110 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana maha~ge ho jAte the / ' AvAgamana ke duSkara mArgoM aura kaThinAiyoM ke kAraNa eka sthAna para utpAdita hone vAlI vasta dUsare sthAna para ma~hagI becI jAtI thI yathA pUrva deza meM nirmita vastra lATa deza meM mahaMge bikate the / ' vyApAriyoM kI paraspara pratiyogitA ke kAraNa vastuoM kA mUlya prabhAvita hotA thA aura unheM vastu ke mUlya meM kamI karanI par3atI thii| parantu isakI kSati-pUrti ve mUlyavAna vastuoM meM kama mUlya kI vastu milAkara becane se kara lete the| granthoM meM vastuoM meM milAvaTa karane ke bhI saMketa haiM / vastuoM ke mUlya-nirdhAraNa para rAjya-niyantraNa ke viSaya meM jaina Agama granthoM meM koI ullekha nahIM prApta hotA hai / megasthanIja ke anusAra candragupta maurya ke zAsana-kAla meM vastuoM ke mUlya para samucita niyantraNa hetu eka sarakArI samiti hotI thii| isa kAraNa koI bhI vikratA nirdhArita mUlya se adhika mUlya nahIM grahaNa kara sakatA thA aura na hI naI kI jagaha purAnI vastu beca sakatA thaa| somadeva ke anusAra rAjya ko Avazyaka vastuoM kA mUlya nirdhArita karanA cAhiye, jisase vyApArI manamAne mUlya bar3hAkara prajA kA zoSaNa na kara sakeM, kyoMki jahA~ vyApArI, svecchA se mUlya vRddhi kara dete haiM vahA~ upabhoktAoM ko bar3A kaSTa hotA hai|" somadevasUri ke anusAra yadi vyApArI vastuoM kA mUlya bar3hA deM to rAjA kA kartavya hai ki bar3he hue atirikta mUlya ko vyApArI se chIna le aura becane bAle vyApArI ko kevala ucita mUlya hI pradAna kare / 6 vastuoM kI mUlya-vRddhi para niyantraNa hetu unake niryAta para roka lagA dI jAtI thii| bRhatkalpabhASya meM ullikhita kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki dantapura ke rAjA ne apane rAjya se hAthI-dA~ta ke niryAta kA niSedha kara diyA thaa| nizIthacaNi se jJAta hotA hai ki mUlya mudrAoM meM nirdhArita kiye jAte the| mUlya kI dRSTi se kambaloM kI tIna koTiyA~ hotI thIM 1. nizIthacUrNi bhAga 2, gAthA 952 2. vahI bhAga 2, gAthA 951 3. praznavyAkaraNa 2 3; upAsakadazAMga 1/34; notivAkyAmRtam 8/14 4. purI baijanAtha-iNDiyA eja DiskrAibDa bAi arlo grIka rAiTarsa, pR0 62 5. somadevasUri-nItivAkyAmRtam 8/15 6. sparddhayA mUlavRddhirbhANDeSu rAjJo, yathocitaM mUlyaM vikretuH vahI 8/18 * 7. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 2, gAthA 2043

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paMcama adhyAya : 111 uttama, madhyama aura nimna / uttama tathA nimna prakAra ke kambaloM kA mUlya kramazaH eka lAkha ruvaga va 18 ruvaga thaa| madhyama prakAra ke kambala kA mUlya uttama se kama aura nimna se adhika hotA thaa| bRhatkalpabhASya ke anusAra 'kRtrikApaNa' meM eka niSka ke mUlya vAle bartana bhI bece jAte the|' dazavaikAlikaNa meM ullekha hai ki tItara pakSI eka kArSApaNa meM prApta ho jAtA thaa| uttarAdhyayanacUNi meM eka damaga ( bhikSuka ) kA vivaraNa hai jo apane pratidina ke bhojana ke liye eka kAkiNI vyaya karatA thA / 3 vijJApana kuvalayamAlAkahA se jJAta hotA hai ki grAhakoM ko AkarSita karane ke liye unheM bhAMti-bhAMti ke pralobhana evaM AzvAsana diye jAte the| mAla ke saste, sundara aura acche hone kA AzvAsana diyA jAtA thA, eka prakAra se unheM mAla kI gAraMTI dI jAtI thii| kumAragupta prathama ke samaya ke mandasaura prastara abhilekha se tantuvAya saMgha ke eka vijJApana kI jhalaka milatI hai| isameM rezamI vastra ko vijJApita karate huye kahA gayA hai ki eka rUpa-yauvana sampanna, suvarNahAra dhAraNa karane vAlI nArI pAna ke bIr3e tathA puSpoM se sajjita hokara bhI gupta sthAna para apane priyatama ke pAsa taba taka nahIM AtI jaba taka vaha rezamI vastra nahIM dhAraNa kara letii| bRhatkalpabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki jyotiSiyoM se parAmarza lekara aura zubha muhUrta dekhakara, vyApAra Arambha kiyA jAtA thaa| prAcIna bhArata ke sArthavAha __ vyApAra ke liye sArthavAhoM kA atyadhika mahattva thA asurakSita mArgoM kI kaThinAiyoM ke kAraNa akele yAtrA karanA sambhava nahIM thA, isaliye loga sArtha banA kara calate the| milakara yAtrA karane vAle samUha ko 'sArtha' kahA jAtA thA aura sArtha kA netRtva karane vAlA 'sArthavAha' kahalAtA 1. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 4, gAthA 4216 2. dazavaikAlikacUrNi; pR0 58, vasudevahiNDI, bhAga 1, pR0 57 3. uttarAdhyayanacUNi, pR0 161-162 4. sUri udyotana-kuvalayamAlAkahA, pR0 153 5. kumAragupta prathama tathA bandhuvarmana kA mandasaura abhilekha paMkti 12 nArAyaNa ke0 ke0-prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha 2, pR0 123 66. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 5, gAthA 5114

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112 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana thA / sArthavAha kI AjJA kA sabako pAlana karanA par3atA thA / kisIkisI sArtha meM do sArthavAha hote the, aisI sthiti meM yAtriyoM ko donoM kI AjJA kA pAlana karanA par3atA thA / kabhI-kabhI mArga kI duSkaratA kAraNa eka dUsare kI sahAyatA ke uddezya se do sArthavAha milakara sAtha meM calate the / sArthaM ke sAtha yAtrA karane vAle yAtriyoM ko sArthavAha ko dhana denA par3atA thA / nizothacUrNa se jJAta hotA hai ki sArthavAha sArtha ke sAtha yAtrA karane vAle sAdhuoM se bhI dhana kI mA~ga karate the / jaina granthoM meM pA~ca prakAra ke sAtha batAye gaye haiM bhaNDI - isameM mAla Dhone ke liye zakaTa Adi yAna hote the / bahalikAisameM bhAravAhI pazu U~Ta, khaccara, baila Adi vAhana hote the / bhAravahaisameM yAtrI apanA bhAra svayaM Dhote the, audArikA - isameM zramikoM kA sArtha hotA thA jo apanI AjIvikA ke liye ghUmate rahate the aura kArpATikAisameM bhikSuoM aura sAdhuoM kA sArthaM hotA thA / nizItha cUrNi se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki sudUra pradezoM meM yAtrA karane vAle sArthoM meM bhAravAhaka zramikoM ke atirikta baila, U~Ta, ghor3e Adi pazu tathA gAr3I aura ratha bhI hote the / " aise sArthoM meM bAlaka, vRddha, durbala, rogI Adi ko bhI savAro mila jAtI thI / bRhatkalpabhASya meM ullekha hai ki 1. 'satthaM vAheti so satyavAhI' nizIthacUrNi bhAga 2, gAthA 1785, bhAga 2, gAthA 2502 2. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3, gAthA 3086; nizIthacUrNi bhAga 4, gAthA 5677 " 3. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3, gAthA 3087 4. mulleNa viNA Necchati / nizIthacUrNi bhAga 4, gAthA 5663 5. 'raha hatthi jAga - turage, aNuraMgAdI hi eMte kAyavaho' nizIthacUrNibhASya gAthA, bhAga 3, gAthA 3014 6. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3, gAthA 3068 "jai amhaM koi bAlo AdisadAo buDDho dubbalo gilANo vA gaMtuM sajjA so tubhehi caDAveyavvo / " nizIthacUrNi bhAga 4, gAthA 5663

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paMcama adhyAya : 113 jo sArtha dhana dene para bhI savArI kI suvidhA pradAna nahIM karatA thA vaha acchA nahIM mAnA jAtA thaa|' ___jo sArtha madhyama gati se Age bar3hatA huA upayukta sthAna gokUla aura bastiyoM meM par3Ava DAlatA huA ucita samaya para vizrAma Adi kA prabandha karatA thA vaha acchA mAnA jAtA thA kyoMki aise sArtha yAtriyoM ke lie suvidhAjanaka hote hI the, isameM bhikSuoM ko bhI bhikSA prApta ho jAtI thii| sArtha yAtriyoM kI suvidhA ke liye paryApta mAtrA meM gehU~, gur3a, tila, ghRta Adi khAdya padArtha lekara calate the| isase Apatti aura varSA Rtu meM bhI sabako bhojana milane kI sambhAvanA rahatI thii| jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki sArthavAha eka kuzala patha-pradarzaka hotA thA tathA sArtha ko gantavya sthAna para pahu~cAnA apanA kartavya samajhatA thaa| nizIthacUrNi meM ullekha hai ki kabhI-kabhI ghane jaMgaloM meM sArtha mArgabhramita bhI ho jAte the, aise samaya meM ve apane iSTa devatA kA smaraNa karake vanadevatA kA AhvAna karake uname mArga pUchate the / " retIle mArgoM para yAtrA prAyaH rAtri meM hI kI jAtI thI kyoMki dina meM sUrya kI garmI se yAtrA karane meM asuvidhA hotI thii| retIle mArgoM para rAta ko cA~datAroM ko dekhakara dizA kA anumAna kiyA jAtA thaa|6 jAtaka kathAoM meM bhI rAta ko hI retIle mArgoM ko pAra karane ke ullekha Aye haiN| 1. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3, gAthA 3068 2. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3, gAthA 3078; nizIthacUNi, bhAga 4, gAthA 5672 3. daMtikka-mora-telle-gula-sappiemAtibhaMDabharitAsu / bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3, gAthA 3072; __ nizIthacUNi, bhAga 4, gAthA 5664 4. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 15/12 5. "jaI tattha disAmUDho havejja gaccho sabAla-vuDDho u vaNadevayAye tAhe NiyamapagaMpaM taha kareMti" bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3, gAthA 3108; nizIthacUNi, bhAga 4, gAthA 5665 6. nizIthacUNi, bhAga 3, gAthA 3108 7. vaNNupatha jAtaka, Ananda kausalyAyana, jAtakakathA 1/138

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114 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana vyApArika mArga ghane jaMgaloM se hokara jAte the isaliye cora-DAkuoM kA sadaiva bhaya banA rahatA thaa| jisa sArtha meM bahumUlya vastue~ hotI thIM usake lUTe jAne kA bhaya aura adhika rahatA thA, aise sArtha meM sAdhuoM ko jAne kA niSedha kiyA gayA thaa|' vyApArI mUlyavAna vastuoM kI rakSA kisa prakAra karate the isakA bhI ullekha jaina granthoM meM prApta hotA hai / nizIthacUrNi aura bhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki eka vaNika ke pAsa 7000 mUlya ke mUlyavAna ratna the / mArga meM cora-DAkuoM ke bhaya se usane apanI gaTharI meM nIce kI ora ratna rakhakara tathA Upara kaMkar3a-patthara rakhakara pAgaloM kA sA bheSa banA liyA thaa| bRhatkalpabhASya meM bhI eka aise vaNik kA ullekha hai jisane pAgaloM kA bheSa banAkara apane ratnoM kI rakSA kI thii| kuvalayamAlAkahA se jJAta hotA hai ki mAyAditya aura thANu nAmaka vyApAriyoM ne vividha prakAra se vyApAra karake pA~ca hajAra svarNa mudrAyeM ajita kI thiiN| surakSA kI dRSTi se unhoMne una svarNamudrAoM se dasa ratna kraya kiye tathA unheM gande vastroM meM bA~dha diyA / apanI pahacAna chipAye rakhane ke liye geruA vastra dhAraNa karake sira mur3A kara hAtha meM chAtA lekara, daNDa ke agrabhAga meM tuMbI laTakAkara aura hAtha meM bhikSA pAtra lekara svadeza phuNce|4 khurappa jAtaka se jJAta hotA hai ki eka vyApArI ne jaMgalI jAti ko eka hanAra kI thailI dekara jaMgala pAra kiyA thaa| isase pratIta hotA hai ki jaMgalI jAtiyA~ bhI pArizramika lekara yAtriyoM ko surakSita rUpa se jaMgala pAra karA detI thiiN| __samarAiccakahA meM vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai ki cora-DAkuoM kI AzaMkA ke kAraNa vyApArI apane sAtha sazastra surakSA dala lekara bhI calate 1. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3, gAthA 3074 2. jalathala pahe ya rayaNA,NuvajjaNaM teNa aDavi pajjate / NikkhaNaNa phuTTa-patthara, mA me rayaNe hara plaavo| nizIthabhASya, bhAga 3 gAthA 2962 3. jalathalapahesu rayaNANuvajjaNaM teNa aDavipaccaMte NikkhaNaNa phuTTapatthara mA me rayaNe hara plaavo| bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 5, gAthA 5857 4. udyotana sUri-kuvalayamAlAkahA, pR0 58 / / 5. khurappa jAtaka, Ananda kausalyAyana, jAtakakathA, bhAga 3, pR0 60

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paMcama adhyAya : 115 the| jaba lUTapATa macAne vAlI jaMgalI jAtiyoM kA AkramaNa ho jAtA thA to ye AyudhadhArI surakSAdala yuddha bhI karate the| kuvalayamAlAkahA se jJAta hotA hai ki yAtrI svayaM bhI paharA dete the aura sArtha kI surakSA karate the| eka bAra vaizramaNadatta sArthavAha kA sArtha eka aise ghane jaMgala meM pahu~cA jahA~ eka bhIla pallI (vasati) thii| vahA~ eka bar3e jalAzaya ke pAsa sArtha kA par3Ava DAla diyA gyaa| mUlyavAna vastuoM ko ghere meM rakhA gayA, kanAteM khIMcakara eka niveza sA banA liyA gayA, talavAreM nikAla lI gaIM aura dhanuSa para vANa car3hA liye gaye aura isa prakAra paharA dete hayeloga sArI rAta sArtha kI surakSA karate rahe / 3 bRhatkalpabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki jaMgalI jAnavaroM aura cora-DAkuoM se surakSA ke liye sArtha ke loga rAta ko apane caturdika gherA nirmita kara tathA use cAroM ora se sUkhe kA~ToM Adi kI bAr3oM se surakSita kara lete the, sAtha hI Aga bhI jalA lete the| ve coroM ko bhayabhIta karane ke liye apanI niDaratA aura vIratA kI DIgeM mArate hue rAta bhara jAgate rahate the| lekina jaba sacamuca hI cora yA DAkU A jAte to sArtha chinna-bhinna ho jAtA thaa| jAtakagranthoM meM bhI sArthoM dvArA surakSA dala sAtha lekara yAtrA karane ke ullekha upalabdha haiN| sArtha ke loga svayaM bhI krama se paharA dete the|5 surakSA daloM ke abhAva meM sArtha prAyaH lUTa liye jAte the| vasudeva hiNDI se jJAta hotA hai ki vyApArI cArudatta ruI kharIdakara sArtha ke sAtha utkala deza gayA thA vahA~ se jaba vaha tAmralipti jA rahA thA to mArga meM sIMga bajAte hue coroM kA samUha A TakarAyA aura sArtha asta-vyasta ho gayA tathA coroM ne sArtha ko lUTa liyA / 6 AvazyakacUrNi meM bhI ullekha hai ki ujjayinI nagarI kA dhanavasu sArthavAha campA nagarI jA rahA thA 1. haribhadrasUri-samarAiccakahA 6/511, 512 2. vahI 7/656 3. udyotanasari-kuvalayamAlAkahA, pRSTha 135 4. sAvaya aNNaTThakaDe, aTThA sukkhe saya joi jataNAe / teNe vayaNacaDagaraM, tatto va avAuDA hoti / bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 3 gAthA 3103 5. apaNNa jAtaka, Ananda kausalyAyana, jAtakakathA 4/132 6. saMghadAsagaNi-vasudevahiNDo, bhAga 1 pR0 145

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116 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana mArga meM puliMdoM ne usakA sArtha lUTa liyaa| jisa sArtha meM mUlyavAna vastue~ kukuma, agaru, candana, coya, zaMkha, lavaNa, kastUrI, hIMga Adi vastueM hotI thIM, usake lUTe jAne ko AzaMkA banI rahatI thii| yAtriyoM kI surakSA hetu rAjya bhI satarka rahatA thaa| bRhatkalpabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki jaMgaloM meM yAtriyoM ke surakSArtha rakSaka puruSa, gaulmika aura sthAnapAla niyukta kiye jAte the| kalpasUtra meM ullekha hai ki rAjya kI ora se niyukta surakSAkarmI nayasAra, sahAyaka puruSa, ratha aura bailoM ke sAtha pAtheya lekara gahana vana meM yAtriyoM kI sahAyatA ke liye gayA thaa| sArtha kA prasthAna sArtha kA prasthAna karanA vyApArika kSetra meM eka mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA hotI thI / jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra yAtrA Arambha karane se pUrva aneka prakAra kI taiyAriyAM kI jAtI thiiN| yAtrA ke liye khAdya-sAmagrI lI jAtI thI, sevakoM ko taiyAra kiyA jAtA thaa| zubha nakSatra aura tithi ko dekhakara sArtha-prasthAna kI ghoSaNA kI jAtI thii| yAtrA se pUrva apane sage sambandhiyoM aura zreSTha janoM ko vipula mAtrA meM azana, pAna, khAdya aura svAdya cAra prakAra kA bhojana karAyA jAtA thaa| kucha dhAmika vicAroM vAle sArthavAha apane sahayAtriyoM ko aneka prakAra kI suvidhAyeM dete the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM campA nagarI ke dhannA sArthavAha kA ullekha 1. AvazyakacUNi, bhAga 2 pR0 155 2. "kuMkuma aguruM pattaM coyaM katthUriyA ya hiMgu ca / saMkhaga-loNabhariteNa na teNa satyeNa gantavvaM" bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 3 gAthA 3074 3. rakkhijjai vA paMtho, jai taM bhittUNa jaNavayamaiMti / bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 3 gAthA 2775, 3089 4. kalpasUtra, sUtra 4 5. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 15/11 6. "dhaNNe satthavAhe ahicchataM gari vANijjAe gamittae, tassa NaM dhaNe satthavAhe acchattagassa chattagaM dalayai, aNuvAhaNassa uvAhaNAo dalayai, akuMDiyassa kuMDiyaMdalayai, apatthayaNassa patthayaNaM dalayai, apakkhevagassa pakkhevaM dalayai, aMtarA vi ya se paDiyassa vA bhaggaluggassa sAhejjaM dalayai suhaMsuheNa ya NaM. ahicchataM saMpAvei" vahI 15/6

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paMcama adhyAya : 117 huA hai jisane vyApAra ke liye apanA sArthaM le jAte haye yaha ghoSaNA kI thI ki dhannA sArthavAha apanA sArtha ahicchatra le jA rahA hai| ataH jo koI bhI usake sArtha meM jAne kA icchuka ho usakI vaha saba prakAra se sahAyatA kregaa| AvazyakatAnusAra vaha sabhI ko bhojana, vastra, auSadhi, vastra, jUtA evaM vAhana upalabdha kraayegaa|' AvazyakacUrNi meM bhI eka aise hI sArthavAha kA ullekha huA hai jo sahayAtriyoM ko bhojana, vastra, auSadhi Adi niHzulka detA thA / 2 vyApArika yAtrA Arambha karane se pUrva vyApArI ko apane rAjA se anumati lenI par3atI thii| jisa deza se vyApAra kiyA jAtA thA usa deza ke rAjA se bhI vyApAra kI anumati lekara zulka denA par3atA thaa| kabhI-kabhI rAjA prasanna hokara vyApArI ko zulka-mukti bhI pradAna kara diyA karate the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki campA nagarI ke potavaNika arahannaka ne mithilA pahu~ca kara vahA~ ke rAjA ko upahAra meM ratna aura kuDala diye tathA vyApAra hetu anumati maaNgii| rAjA ne bheMTa svIkAra kara lI evaM prasanna hokara use zulkamukta karate huye vyApAra ke liye AjJA de dii|5 vyApArI dUsare dezoM meM apane mAla ke vikraya se prApta dhana se vahA~ nirmita vividha vastuoM kA kraya karake aura phira unako apane deza meM lAkara vikraya karate the| isase pratIta hotA hai ki vyApArI donoM dezoM kI vastuoM kA kraya-vikraya karake adhika lAbha prApta karane kA prayatna karate the / samAja meM aisI dhAraNA thI ki samudrayAtrA se adhika dhana ajita kiyA jA sakatA hai| isaliye bhAratIya vyApArI kaThinAiyoM kA sAmanA 1. vahI 15/6 2. Avazyaka cUNi bhAga 1 pR0 115 3. AvazyakacUNi bhAga 15 pR0 19 4. 'kaNagakeU rAyA haddatuThe ghaNNassa satthavAhassa taM mahatthaM mahagdhaM maharihaM jAva pAhuDaM paDicchai, paDicchitA dhaNaM satyavAhaM sakkArei sammANei ussukkaM viyarai" jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 15/19 5. vahI 8/81-83 6. vahI 8/84 7. haribhadrasUri-samarAiccakahA 4/245

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118 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM vaNita Arthika jIvana karate huye bhI samudra-pAra dezoM se vyApAra karate the| campA nagarI ke sAthavAha mAkandI ke putra jinapAla aura jinarakSita ne bAraha bAra samudra-mArga se vyApArika yAtrAyeM kI thiiN| pUrvI taTa ke tAmralipti jalapattana se malayadvIpa, siMhaladvIpa, yavadvIpa, svarNabhUmi aura cIna taka jalapota jAte the| vasudevahiNDI se jJAta hotA hai ki cArudatta, rAjA se anumati-patra lekara cIna gayA thA vahA~ se vyApAra karake vaha svarNabhUmi "varmA", kamalapura "kambolI", yavadvIpa "jAvA', siMhala dvIpa hokara barbaradeza evaM yavaNa hotA huA mahArASTra ke samIpa pahu~cA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki campA nagarI ke vyApArI kalikA dvIpa gaye the| pazcimI samudra taTa ke bharukaccha aura sopAraka jalapattanoM se pAzcAtya jaMjIvAra dezoM se vyApAra hone ke ullekha prApta hote haiN|" samadra yAtrA prArambha karane ke parva bhI aneka prakAra kI taiyAriyAM karanI par3atI thiiN| cUki samudrI yAtrAoM meM kaI bAra anumAna se kahIM adhika samaya laga jAtA thA, isaliye sAtha meM paryApta mAtrA meM khAdya-sAmagrI jala aura Idhana rakhA jAtA thaa|' yAtrA Arambha karane se pUrva rAjA se anumati-patra lenA par3atA thaa| anumAnataH yaha AjJApatra yA anumati-patra paripatra jaisA hotA thaa| yAtrA kI surakSA ke liye prasthAna ke pUrva samudra devatA tathA kuladevatA kI pUjA kI jAtI thI aura gurujanoM kA AzIrvAda 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 9/4 2. saMghadAsagaNi-vasudevahiNDI bhAga 1/146 3. rAyasAsaNeNa paTTao, aNukUlesuvAta-sauNesu AruDho mi jANavantaM, ukkhitto dhUvo, cINathANasya mukkaM jANavattaM jalapaheNa jalamao viva paibhAi logo, pattA mu cIgatthANaM / tattha vaNijjeUNa gayo mi savaNNabhUmi putvadAhiNASNi paTTaNANi hiMDiUNa kamalapUraM javaNadIvaM siMhale va valaM jetUNa pacchime ya babbara javaNe / vasudevahiNDI bhAga pR0 1/136, dekhiye-motIcandra, sArthavAha pR0 132, 138 4. kAliyadaviM uttaretti-jJAtAdharmakathAMga 17/22 5. udyotanasUri-kuvalayamAlAkahA, pRSTha 36 : de0 motIcandra, sArthavAha, pR. 136 6. bhareMti tedulANaM ya samiyassa ya telassa ya dhayassa ya gulassa ya gorassa ya udagassa ya bhAyapANaM ya osahANaM ya bhesajjANa ya kaTThasya ya pAvaraNANa ya paharaNANa' jJAtAdharmakathAMga 8/66

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paMcama adhyAya : 119 prApta kiyA jAtA thA aura vAdyoM kI maMgala-dhvani ke sAtha yAtrA Arambha kI jAtI thii| kuvalayamAlAkahA meM dhanadeva kI kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki samudrapAra deza meM pahu~cate ho vyApArI pota se vikro yogya mAla utArate, bheMTa lekara vahA~ ke rAjA ke pAsa jAte aura use prasanna karake vyApAra kI anumati prApta karate aura nirdhArita zulka cukAne ke bAda vyApAra Arambha kara dete / pattanoM para jalapotoM se lAye gaye mAla kA bhalIbhAMti nirIkSaNa kiyA jAtA aura rAjAjJA ke binA lAyA gayA mAla chIna liyA jAtA aura vyApArI ko daNDita bhI kiyA jaataa|" AgamakAla meM samadra yAtrA atyanta asurakSita thI isa kAraNa samudrayAtrA se sakuzala lauTane vAle bar3e bhAgyavAn samajhe jAte the / samudrI yAtrA kI kaThinAiyoM ko dekhate haye sAmAnyataH vyApArI apano striyoM ko sAtha nahIM le jAte the| uttarAdhyayanastra se jJAta hotA hai ki yadi koI vyApArI videzI strI se apanA vivAha kara letA to use vaha apane sAtha le aataa| pAlita nAma ke vyApArI kA vivAha videza meM ho ho gayA thaa| jaba vaha apanI patnI ko sAtha lekara lauTa rahA thA to mArga meM use putra kI prApti huI jisakA nAma usane samudrapAla rkhaa|" jalamArgoM se yAtrA karane meM aneka kaThinAiyoM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA thA / sarvopari tUphAnoM se jalayAnoM ke DUbane kI AzaMkA rahatI thii| jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki campA nagarI ke sArthavAha mAkandI ke putra jinapAla aura jinarakSita jaba bArahavIM bAra samudrayAtrA para nikale to mArga meM unakA pota samudrI tUphAna meM pha~sa gayA, phalataH vaha Tukar3e-Tukar3e ho gyaa| sArthavAha-putra bar3I kaThinAI se lakar3I ke paTaroM kI sahAyatA se tairate huye ratnadvIpa pahuce / isI prakAra hastizIrSa ke potavaNik pota se yAtrA kara rahe the to unakA pota samudrI tUphAna meM phaMsa gayA aura vaha bhaTakate haye kalikAdvIpa 1. gahiesu rAyavarasAsaNesu-jJAtAdharmakathAMga 8/67 2. vahI 8/67 3. sUri udyotana-kuvalayamAlAkahA, pRSTha 67 4. uttarAdhyayanacUNi 4/120 5. uttarAdhyayana 21/2,4 6. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 9/9-12 (ratnapura bhArata aura cIna ke madhya meM eka dIpa thA jahA~ ratnoM kI prApti hotI thI usakI pahacAna nahIM ho sakI)

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120 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana meM paha~ca gaye the| praznavyAkaraNa meM ullekha hai ki samadrI yAtrAoM meM jaladasyuoM kA bhI bhaya rahatA thaa| ve kAlI-pIlI sapheda jhaMDiyoM vAle, bar3I patavAroM vAle, drutagAmI potoM dvArA AkramaNa karake vyApAriyoM ko lUTa lete the| mAlAbAra taTa para AThavIM zatAbdI ke pazcAt pazcima ke araba vyApArI dakSiNa ke taTIya pradezoM meM basa gaye the jo bhAratIya jahAjoM para lUTamAra karate rahate the / AyAta-niryAta AgamakAla meM dezIya aura antardezIya vyApAra samAna rUpa se unnata the / bhArata meM nirmita vastuoM kI videzoM meM atyadhika mAMga thii| bhArata se kucha vizeSa ratna, vastra, sugandhita vastue, khilaune, masAle, gur3a Adi kA niryAta hotA thaa| videzoM se sonA, cA~dI, ratna, dAsa-dAsI, azva aura rezamI vastra kA AyAta hotA thaa| bhArata meM ratna-vyApAra bahuta hotA thA / "pArasakula'' (IrAna) ke vyApArI yahA~ ratna-kraya karane Ate the / uttarAdhyayanaTIkA se jJAta hotA hai ki eka bAra eka vaNik ke putroM ne videzI vyApArI ko apane sAre ratna beca diye / isI prakAra AvazyakacUrNi ke anusAra koDIvarasa (siMhabhUmi ke pAsa koI sthAna) ke vyApArI ratna, maNi aura motI lekara cilAta jAti ke rAjA ke pAsa gaye the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki hastizIrSa ke potavaNika candana, khaza, ilAyacI Adi aneka sugandhita padArtha, vividha vAdyayaMtra, khAMDa, gur3a, mizrI sUtI tathA UnI vastra aura khilaune lekara kalikAdvIpa gaye the|" vasudevahiNDo se sUcanA milatI hai ki campA kA zreSThI-putra sAta karor3a dhana ajita karane hetu dakSiNa gyaa| vahAM se jalayAna meM zveta candana aura vastra bharakara yavanadvIpa (sikandariyA) gayA, jahA~ pahu~ca kara usane apane mAla becakara sAta karor3a se bhI adhika dhana ajita kiyaa| 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 17/11-13 2. lavaNasalilapuNNaM asiya-siya samUsiyagehiM hatthaMtarakehiM vAhaNehiM aivaittA samuddamajjhe haNaMti gaMtUNa jaNassa pote / praznavyAkaraNa 3/7 3. uttarAdhyayana TokA 18/252 4. AvazyakacUNi bhAga 2 pR0 203 5. jJAtAdharma kathAMga 17/22 6. saMghadAsagaNi-vasudevahiNDI bhAga pR0 1/40

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paMcama adhyAya : 121 jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki zreNika ke antaHpura meM videzI dAsiyA~ thiiN|' jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM yavanadvIpa se dAsa-dAsI maMgAye jAne kA ullekha hai / yahA~ yavana, babbara, vAhalIka, pArasa, siMhala, araba Adi vividha dezoM kI dAsiyA~ thiiN| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki prAcInakAla meM prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI meM videzoM se dAsa-dAsI maMgAye jAte the| ___ bhAratIya nareza videzoM se baliSTha aura sundara ghor3oM kA AyAta karate the / jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki bhAratIya vyApArI mithilA ke rAjA kanaketu ke anurodha para kalikAdvIpa se dhArIdAra ghoDe lAye the / uttarAdhyayana meM araba aura kamboja se akIrNa aura kanthaka jAti ke ghor3e bhArata meM lAye jAte the| isI prakAra rAjapraznIya se bhI vidita hotA hai ki zvetAmbikA nagarI ke rAjA pradezI ko kamboja ke ghor3e upahAra svarUpa prApta hue the / " uttarApatha ke ghor3oM kA vyApAra bar3e utkarSa para thA / sImAprAnta ke vyApArI ghor3oM ke sAtha deza ke kone-kone meM jAte the / AvazyakacUNi se jJAta hotA hai ki uttarApatha kA eka ghor3e kA vyApArI dvArakA gayA thA, vahA~ rAjakumAroM ne upase ghor3e kharIde the / kuvalayamAlAkahA meM ullekha hai ki eka vyApArI supAro lekara uttarApatha gayA thA vahA~ se vaha ghor3e lekara AyA thaa| kuNDakucchi jAtaka se bhI patA calatA hai ki uttarApatha ke azva vyApArI banArasa Akara apane azva becate the| isI prakAra kAlidAsa ke raghuvaMza se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki kamboja deza ke rAjAoM ne bahuta se uttama ghor3e mahArAja raghu ko bheTa kiye the / uttarAdhyayanaTIkA ke vivaraNAnusAra pArasakula (IrAna) ke 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/82 2. rAjapraznIya 162 3. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 17/22 4. uttarAdhyayana 13/58 5. rAjapraznIya 124 6. AvazyakacUNi bhAga pR. 418 7. uttarAvahaM pUyaphalAiyaM bhaMDaM ghettUNaM tattha laddha-lAbho turaMgame ghettUNaM / kuvalayamAlAkahA pRSTha 65 8. kuNDakucchi jAtaka, Ananda kausalyAyana jAtakakathA 3/16

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122 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana sAtha bhI bhArata ke vyApArika sambandha the vahA~ se maMjITha, sonA, cAMdI, motI aura maMge bhArata meM Ate the|' kuvalayamAlAkahA se jJAta hotA hai ki bhAratIya vyApArI babbarakula yA baiMbilona taka jAte the| vahA~ ve bhAratIya vastra becakara hAthI-dA~ta aura motI lAte the| jAtakagrantha meM bhI bAveru ke sAtha vyApAra ke ullekha Aye haiM bhAratIya vyApAriyoM ne bAveru meM sau kASArpaNa meM eka kauA becA thaa| cIna se bhArata meM rezamI vastra lAyA jAtA thA / kuvalayamAlAkahA meM ullekha hai ki eka vyApArI bhArata se bhaiMse aura nIlagAya lekara cIna gayA thA unheM becakara vaha vahA~ se zvetarezamI vastra lAyA thaa| saMghadAsagaNi ke anusAra cArudatta AbhUSaNa, lAkha aura lAla vastra lekara hUNa, khasa aura cIniyoM ke deza gayA thaa|5 cIna se AyAtita rezamI vastra "cInAMzaka' kAlidAsa ke kAla meM bhI bhArata meM bahuta lokapriya thA / esa0 ke0 maitI ke anusAra guptakAla meM bhArata aura roma ke madhya dravya vyApAra meM bahuta vRddhi ho gayI thii| bhArata se masAloM. motiyoM, sugandhita vastuoM aura sUto vastroM kA niryAta hotA thA aura roma se sone kA AyAta hotA thaa| DA. motIcandra ke anusAra bhI bhArata se motI, kapar3e, masAle aura kutte roma bheje jAte the aura romavAsI inakA mUlya suvarNamudrAoM meM cukAte the / ghoSa kA mata hai ki roma se prativarSa lagabhaga 500,00 pauMDa ke mUlya barAbara 50,000,000 saMsTarsa bhArata meM Ate the| mathurA se prApta roma ke svarNa-sikke isa tathya kI puSTi karate 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA, pRSTha 64 2. sUri udyotatasUri-kuvalayamAlAkahA, pR0 132 3. bAveru jAtaka-Ananda kausalyAyana, jAtakakathA, 1/290 4. kuvalayamAlAkahA, pRSTha 66 5. saMghadAsagaNi-vasuvahiNDI bhAga 2 pR0 309 6. kAlidAsa kumArasaMbhava 7/3 7. maitI esa0 ke0-ikonAmika lAipha ina iNDiyA ina guptA pIriyaDa, pRSTha 138 8. motIcandra-sArthavAha, pRSTha 125 9. dhoSa narendra nAtha-arlI hisTrI Apha iMDiyA, pRSTha 4/1

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paMcama adhyAya : 123 haiM ki videzI vyApAriyoM se lenadena meM sone ke sikkoM kA prayoga hotA thaa| sAdhAraNataH dUrastha dezoM se hone vAlA adhikAMza vyApAra vilAsitA kI vastuoM taka ho somita thaa| sUtrakRtAMga se patA calatA hai ki rAjA mahArAjA videzoM se vilAsitA kI vastue~ maMgavAte the / ' rAjya niryAta ko protsAhana detA thA kyoMki niryAta kI huI vastu zulka-rahita hotI thii| lekina AyAtita vastuoM para zulka lagatA thaa| isase pratIta hotA hai ki Adhunika arthanIti ke samAna hI AgamoM ke racanAkAla meM bhI apane deza ke dhana kI vRddhi ke liye niryAta ko protsAhana aura vastuoM para zulka lagAkara AyAta ko hatotsAhita kara vyApAra meM ucita samanvaya sthApita kiyA jAtA thaa| bhArata se niryAta hone vAlI vastuoM kI adhikatA aura tulanA meM AyAta hone vAlI vastuoM kI kamI isa tathya kI ora iMgita karatI hai ki prAcInakAla meM bhAratIya vyApAra atyanta anukUla paristhiti meM thaa| 2-parivahana vinimaya meM parivahana kA atyanta mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai| rASTra kI Arthika samRddhi yAtAyAta ke sAdhanoM para nirbhara rahI hai| kRSi aura udyoga se utpAdita vastuoM kA vyApAra yAtAyAta ke sAdhanoM ke abhAva meM saMbhava na thaa| prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM upalabdha sandarbho se spaSTa hai ki sampUrNa bhArata jala aura sthala mArgoM se jur3A haA thaa| inameM se kucha mArga to madhya eziyA aura pazcimI eziyA taka jAte the / 3 sikandara ke AkramaNa ke pazcAt bhArata kI pazcimottara sImAoM para videziyoM kA Adhipatya vyApAriyoM ke liye lAbhadAyaka siddha huA thaa| zaka, pallava aura kuSANa rAjAoM ne bhAratIya vaNikoM ke liye madhya eziyA ke mArga khola diye the| 1. sUtrakRtAMga 1/2/3/145 2. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 8/839, sUri udyotana-kuvalayamAlAkahA, pRSTha 67 3. saMdhadAsagaNi-vasudevahiNDI, bhAga 1 pR0 148 4. thApara romilA-bhArata kA itihAsa, pRSTha 79

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124 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana jainasAhitya meM jaina sAdhaoM ke vihAra yogya 25/ Arya dezoM kA ullekha hai-magadha, aMga, vaMga, kaliGga, kAzI, kozala, kuru, kuzAvarta (sultAnapura), paMcAla (ruhelakhaNDa), jAMgaladeza, saurASTra, videha, vatsa, saMDibbA (saMDIla), malayA (hajArIbAga prAnta), vaccha ( matsya ) acchA (bidilapura) dasannA (dazANa), cedi, sindhu, sauvIra, zUrasena, baMga, parivarta, kuNAla, lAr3ha aura kaikayArdha / ' ye sthAna jala aura sthala mArgoM dvArA paraspara jur3e huye the| jaina sAhitya meM mukhyataH sthala, jala aura prasaMgataH vAyu mArgo kA ullekha huA hai| sthalamArga prAcInakAlIna nagara aura gAMva donoM hI nyUnAdhika yAtAyAtasAdhana sampanna the| nagaroM meM vyavasthita aura prazasta mArga nirmita the / bhagavatIsUtra meM sAdhAraNa aura kama yAtAyAta vAle mArga ko "patha" aura adhika yAtAyAta vAle vizAla mArga ko mahApatha kahA gayA hai| jahAM tIna dizAoM se sar3akeM Akara milatI thIM use "zRgATaka" (tirAhA), jahAM cAra dizAoM se sar3akeM Akara milatI thIM use "catuSka" (caurAhA) aura jahA~ 6 ora se sar3akeM Akara milatI thIM use "pravaha' kahA jAtA thA / grAmoM ko nagaroM se jor3ane vAle samparka mArgoM para ratha, gAr3I Adi 1. 1. rAyagihamagaha, 2. caMpA aMga, 3. taha tAmalitti vaMgA, 4, kaMcaNapuraMka liMgA, 5 vANArasiM ceva kAsI ya 6. sAketa kosalA, 7. gayapuraM ca kuru, 8. soriyaM kusaTTA ya, 9. kepillaM paMcAlA, 10. ahichattA jaMgalA ceva, 11. bAravaI ya suraTThA, 12. videha mihilA ya, 13.va ccha kosambI, 14. naMdipuraM saMDibhA, 15. bhaddhilapurameva malayA ya, 16. verADa vaccha, 17. varaNA acchA, 18. taha mattiyAvai dasannA, 99. sutIvaI ya cedI, 20. vIyabhayaM siMdhu sovIrA, 21, mahurA ya sUraseNA, 22. pAvA bhaMgI, 23. bhAsa purivaTTA 24. sAvatthI ya kuNAlA, 25. koDIvarisaM lADhA ya 26. seyaviyAkegaiaddha prajJApanA 9/102, bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 3, gAthA 3263 2. bhagavatI 2/5/96 3. "sighADagaM tiyaM khalu, cauracchasamAgamo caukkaM tu / chaghaM racchANa, jahiM patraho taM caccaraM bitI / bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 3, gAthA 2300

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paMcama adhyAya : 125 sAdhanoM se aura paidala yAtrA kI jAtI thii| ina sar3akoM kI caur3AI ke sambandha meM jaina sAhitya meM koI ullekha nahIM hai / kintu kauTilIya arthazAstra meM upalabdha tathyoM ke anusAra sar3akoM kI caur3AI bhinna-bhinna hotI thI yathA rAjamArga, droNamukha, rASTra tathA vyApArika maMDiyoM ko jAne vAle mArga ATha daNDa caur3e hote the / jalAzayoM tathA jaMgaloM ko jAne vAle mArga cAra daNDa caur3e hote the| hAthiyoM ke calane tathA khetoM ko jAne vAle mArga do daNDa caur3e hote the, rathoM ke liye mArga pAMca ratna, pazuoM ke liye cAra ratna tathA manuSya aura choTe pazuoM ke liye do ratna caur3e mArga nirmita kiye jAte the| (2 ratna 1 gaja ke barAbara ikAI tho) / aupapAtika se jJAta hotA hai ki nagaroM aura gA~voM ke mArgoM kI sAvadhAnI se dekhabhAla kI jAtI thii| dhUla-miTTI ko dabAne ke liye pratidina jala kA chir3akAva kiyA jAtA thaa| isase pratIta hotA hai ki sar3akeM kaccI hotI thiiN| utsavoM aura vizeSa avasaroM para sar3akoM ko toraNoM aura patAkAoM se sajAyA jAtA thA aura sugandhita padArtha DAlakara unheM suvAsita kiyA jAtA thaa| AvazyakatA par3ane para sar3akoM kA punaruddhAra kiyA jAtA thaa| mArga ko avaruddha karane vAle vRkSa kATa diye jAte the, U~co-nIco bhUmi ko samatala kiyA jAtA thaa| vAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM bhI ullekha hai ki rAma ko ayodhyA vApasa lAne ke liye senA sahita prasthAna karate samaya bharata ne zilpiyoM aura vanacaroM ko Adeza diyA ki Age jAkara viSama vana-pradeza meM senA ke liye samatala mArga kA nirmANa kreN| bauddha granthoM meM bhI sar3akoM ko marammata ke udAharaNa prApta hote haiM / chadantajAtaka se jJAta hotA hai ki eka bAra mArga ko samatala tathA surakSita karane ke liye bodhisatva ne dUba, tulasI tathA bA~sa ke ghane vanoM ko kATA 1. rAjAmArgadro gamukhasthAnIyarASTra vivItapathAH sayonIyavyUhazamazAnaMgrAmapathAzvASTa daNDaH, catudaNDo hastikSetrapatha : paJcAratnayo rathapathazcatvAraH pazupathaH dvau zUdrapazumanuSyapathaH / kauTilIya arthazAstra 2/4/22 2. aupapAtika sUtra 45 3. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 1, gAthA 260 4. vAlmIki rAmAyaNa 2/79/13

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- 126 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana thA aura U~cI-nIcI bhUmi ko samatala kiyA thA / " AvazyakacUrNi ke anusAra yAtriyoM kI suvidhA ke liye mArgoM ke guNa-doSa kI sUcanA zilA athavA vRkSoM para de dI jAtI thI / isI prakAra marusthala jaise zuSka pradezoM meM dizA aura dUrI ke saMketa ke liye bhUmi meM kIleM gAr3a dI jAtI thIM / yUnAnI yAtrI megasthanIja ne bhI isa tathya kI puSTi karate huye kahA ki bhAratIya rAjamArga-nirmANa meM atyanta kuzala the / sar3akoM para stambha yA patthara sthApita kara una para upamArgoM aura dUrI kA saMketa kiyA jAtA thA / 3 jaina sAkSyoM ke vivaraNoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki prAcIna bhArata meM samIpastha sthAnoM ke AvAgamana ke liye to paryApta suvidhA thI, kintu dUrastha sthAnoM ko jAne vAle mArga surakSita nahIM the / deza kA adhikAMza bhAga vana- pradeza thA jinake madhya hokara sar3akeM jAtI thIM / ye kaccI aura dhUladhUsarita hotI thIM jina para calanA atyanta kaThina thA / varSAkAla meM mArga kIcar3a yukta ho jAte the jisase pathika aura pazu bhI phisala kara gira par3ate the / " varSARtu meM nadiyoM meM bAr3ha ke kAraNa bhI mArga avaruddha ho jAte the / kabhI-kabhI jaMgalI hAthiyoM aura coroM dvArA bhI mArga avaruddha karane ke udAharaNa upalabdha haiM / prAyaH nadI-nAloM para pula nahIM hote the, nadI pAra karane kA ekamAtra sAdhana naukAyeM thiiN| yAtriyoM ko ina nAvoM prAyaH loga eka sthAna se 1 aura ghAToM ke liye kirAyA denA par3atA thA / 1. chadanta jAtaka -- Ananda kausalyAyana, jAtakakathA 5/135 2. AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 1, pR0 511 " 3. motIcandra sArthavAha, pR0 78 4. saMdhadAsagaNa - vasudevahiNDI, bhAga 1, pR0 42 5. "aikte vAsAkAle vAsaM novaramai, paMtho vA duggamo aijaleNa sacikkhallo , evamAiehi kAraNehi caupADivae aikkaMte NiggamaNaM Na bhavati" nizIthacUrNi bhAga 3, gAthA 3160 6. " mahAnadI pUreNa AgatA, aggato trA corabhayaM duTThahatthiNA vA paMtho ruddho" vahI bhAga 4, gAthA 5665 7. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 1, gAthA 260 8. " tarapaNe ca maggejjA" nizIthacUrNi bhAga 3, gAthA 4220

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paMcama adhyAya : 127 dUsare sthAna taka Ane jAne ke liye nadI, nAle athavA samudra ke kinAroM kA anusaraNa karate the, jisase jala, kandamUla, phala Adi bhI prApta ho jAte the| vyApArika mArgoM meM coroM aura DAkuoM kA AtaMka rahatA thaa| ataeva yAtriyoM kI surakSA ke liye rAjya kI ora se 'gaulmika' saMjJaka rAjapuruSa niyukta kiye jAte the| kabhI-kabhI mArgoM kI rakSA hetu niyukta rAjyAdhikArI sAdhuoM ko bhI cora samajhakara pakar3a lete the| eka rAjya se dUsare rAjya meM praveza karane ke liye AjJA-patra lene par3ate the| vizeSarUpa se rAta meM yAtrA karane vAloM ko apanA AjJA-patra dikhAnA par3atA thA / AjJA-patrarahita puruSa ko cora samajhakara pakar3a liyA jAtA thaa| surakSA pradAna karane ke liye janapada mArgoM para mArga kara 'vartanI' liyA jAtA thaa| sthala-vAhana __ sthala mArgoM ke liye ratha, zakaTa, bailagAr3o, hAthI, ghor3A, U~Ta Adi vAhana hote the| upAsakadazAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki gAthApati Ananda ke pAsa mAla aura savArI Dhone ke liye pA~ca-pA~ca sau zakaTa the|' vyavahArabhASya meM prApta vivaraNa ke anusAra eka rAjyAdhikArI ne rAjakula ke kArya hetu eka gAr3I taya kiyA thA, jisakA gAr3IvAna vastuoM ko nizcita samaya para surakSita rUpa meM pahu~cAtA thA / rAjA ne prasanna hokara 1. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3 gAthA 2775, 2926 2. vahI, bhAga 3, gAthA 2926 3. vahI, bhAga 3, gAthA 2787 'mudrA paTTakaM dUtapuruSaM vA mArgayitavyAH ' 4. vahI, bhAga 3, 2926, bhAga 1 gAthA 195 5. nirUttAdI vattaNI va jhaa| vahI, bhAga 1, gAthA 189 6. sUtrakRtAMga 1/3/2/197 7. paMcahisagaDasaehi disAyattiehiM paJcahi sagaDasaehi saMvAhaNiehiM upAsakadazAMga 1/20

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128 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM vaNita Arthika jIvana use zulka-mukta kara diyaa|' isase saMketa milatA hai ki zakaTa rakhane para rAjya ko zulka denA par3atA thaa| ratha, tiniza vRkSa kI lakar3I se nirmita hote the| rAjAoM ke ratha itane sundara hote the ki inakI gaNanA ratnoM meM kI jAtI thii| rathoM meM vibhinna prakAra ke maNiratna jar3e jAte the| ratha ko ghor3e aura baila khIMcate the| ghor3oM aura bailoM ko sundara AbhUSaNoM se sajjita kiyA jAtA thA / yuddha meM bhI rathoM kA upayoga hotA thaa| dUsarI sukhada savArI zivikA thI jise cAra, ATha yA solaha vyakti milakara uThAte the| isameM sukhada Asana-zayana kI vyavasthA rahatI thii| prAyaH rAjA, zreSThi, sArthavAha aura dhanADhya loga hI isakA prayoga karate the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki meghakumAra kI dokSA ke samaya sau puruSoM dvArA vahana kI jAne vAlI zivikA maMgAI gaI thii| spaSTa hai ki yaha bahuta bar3I aura bhavya zivikA rahI hogii| bhAra vahana karane vAlI gAr3I ko zakaTa yA saggar3a kahA jAtA thA inameM baila jote jAte the| bRhatkalpabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki AbhIra zakaToM meM gho ke ghar3e rakhakara nagaroM meM vikrayArtha jAte the|5 bailoM ko teja calAne ke liye cAbuka kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| __mArgarahita pradezoM athavA ghATarahita nadiyoM meM AvAgamana hetu hAthiyoM kA vizeSa upayoga kiyA jAtA thA / mukhyatayA rAjA kI savArI ke lie aura yuddha hetu hAthiyoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA / hAthiyoM ko AbhUSaNa, ghaNTiyA~ aura jhUle pahanAkara dhvajA, patAkA aura astroM-zastroM se maNDita kiyA jAtA thaa| rAjA zreNika aura kuNika hAthI para savAra hokara mahAvIra kA darzana, nagara-vihAra aura vana-vihAra ke liye jAyA karate the| parivahana ke liye ghor3oM kA bhI bahuvidha upayoga thA, ghor3oM ko 1. vyavahArabhASya, bhAga 6 gAthA 223 2. aupapAtika satra 49 3. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/129 4. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 1 gAthA 500 5. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 1 gAthA 360 6. sUtrakRtAMga 1/2/3/147 7. vipAka 2/4, aupapAtika sUtra 42 8. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/63, aupapAtika sUtra 4

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paMcama adhyAya : 129 svataMtra savArI ke atirikta rathoM meM bhI jotA jAtA thA / unheM AbhUSaNa aura sunaharI jInoM se susajjita kiyA jAtA thA / ' vyApArika sthala - mArga deza ke vibhinna vyApArika kendra sthala mArgoM se huye the, jaise pATaliputra usa samaya deza ke vibhinna jur3A huA thA / pATaliputra se kAbula, kandhAra jAne vAle patha kahA jAtA thA / pATaliputra ke muruNDa rAjA kA dUta isI mArga se puruSapura (pezAvara ) gayA thA / mithilA ke yAtrI bhI puruSapura taka jAte the / kuvalayamAlAkahA meM ullekha hai ki takSazilA kA vaNikputra dhanadeva uttarApatha se hotA huA dakSiNApatha kI sopAraka maMDI pahu~cA thA / 4 eka dUsare se jur3e vyApArika mArgoM se mArga ko uttarA pANini ne uttarApatha ko sthala yAtAyAta kI dhamanI kahA hai / isa mArga para pATaliputra, vArANasI, kauzAmbI, sAketa, mathurA, takSazilA, puSkalAvatI aura kapizA Adi sthita the aura yahI mArga Age vAlIka taka jAtA thA / " cInI yAtrI phAhyAna isI mArga se pATaliputra pahu~cA thA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki eka mArga campA se ahicchatra taka jAtA thA / isI mArga se campA kA sArthavAha dhannA vyApAra ke liye gayA thA / AvazyakacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki eka mArga rAjasthAna ke madhya se hokara sindhu deza paryanta jAtA thA / marusthala hone ke kAraNa isa mArga para jala kA milanA kaThina thA / eka sArtha ke yAtrI to jala ke abhAva meM mRtyu ko prApta ho gaye the / 1. aupapAtika sUtra 49 2. "pAli muDadUte purisapure sacivamelaNA''vAso" bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3, gAthA 2292 3. vasudevahiNDI bhAga 2, pR0 209 4. udyotanasUri- kuvalayamAlAkahA 105 5. pANini-aSTAdhyAyI 5 /1/77 6. ghoSa, narendra nAtha - ena arlI hisTrI Apha iNDiyA, pRSTha 259 7. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 15 / 3-6 8. AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 2, pR0 523 9

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130 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana vasudeva hiNDI se sUcanA milatI hai ki kauzAmbI se ujjayinI jAne vAlA mAge bar3A bhayAnaka samajhA jAtA thA, kyoMki yaha mArga ghane jaMgaloM ke madhya hokara gujaratA thA, jahA~ sarpa, zera, bAgha, jaMgalI hAthiyoM aura coroM kA AtaMka thaa|' AvazyakacUNi se jJAta hotA hai ki ujjayinI se campA jAne vAlA mArga bhI nirApada nahIM thA, kyoMki isa mArga meM ghane jaMgala the aura unameM puliMdoM kA nivAsa thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha hai ki eka sthala mArga campA se gambhIrapattana ( tAmralipti ) ke samIpa taka jAtA thA / arahannaka nAmaka prasiddha potavaNik isI mArga se gambhIrapattana taka apane gAr3iyoM aura zakaToM ke sAtha pahuMcA thaa| vasudevahiNDI se jJAta hotA hai ki sthala mArgoM se yAtrI cIna, tibbata, IrAna aura araba dezoM taka jAte the| cArudatta apane mitra rudradatta ke sAtha sindhu nadI ke saMgama se uttarapUrva dizA meM hUNa, khasa aura cIna deza gayA thaa| jala-mArga ___ vyApArika dRSTi se jalamArgoM kA bahuta mahattva thA / deza ke bar3ebar3e nagara jalamArgoM se saMlagna the / gaMgA, yamunA, sarayU, sindhu, irAvatI, kosI, mahI tathA vetrA Adi nadiyoM kA jalamArgoM ke rUpa meM upayoga hotA thaa|" jalamArgoM se kevala deza ke andara hI nahIM apitu videzoM meM bhI yAtrA kI jAtI thii| nadI, nagara vyApArika dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa the| usa yuga meM nadiyoM ke taTa para sthita nagara vyApArika 1. saMghadAsagaNi-vasudevahiNDI bhAga 1, pR0 42 2. AvazyakacUNi bhAga 2, pR0 155 3. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 8/81 4. kameNa utiNNA mo siMdhusAgarasaMgama nadi vaccAmo utarapuvaM disaM bhayamANA aticchiyA hUNa-khasa-cINa bhUmio" saMghadAsagaNi-vasudevahiNDI bhAga 1, pR0 148 hUNa aura khasa ko pahacAna kAmagiri ke dakSiNa aura meru parvata ke uttara se kI gaI hai-sTaDIja ina do jyogrAko oNpha aiMziyaMTa eNDa miDi vala iNDiyA, pRSTha 10 5. 'taM jahA-gaMgA jauNA saraU erAvaI mahI' nizIthasUtra 42; bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 5, gAthA 5618; nizIthacUNi, bhAga 3, gAthA 4208, 4210

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paMcama adhyAya : 131 dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa the| logoM ko yaha dhAraNA thI ki samudra yAtrA se adhika dhanArjana sambhava thaa|' isalie vyApArI dhanArjana kI AkAMkSA se samudrI mArgoM se vibhinna dvIpoM taka yAtrA karate the| samadra meM pAla aura patavAroM ke sahAre calane vAle baDe-baDe jalapota calate the| nirvighna yAtrA ke liye vyApArI apanI purAnI nAvoM ko chor3akara naI drutagAmI nAveM le lete the| jalayAna calate hI pAla aura laMgara khola diye jAte the| nAvika patavAra calAnA zurU kara dete the / karNadhAra aura kukSidhAra apane niyata sthAnoM para pahu~ca jAte the| jalayAna apane mArga para cala par3atA thA aura anukUla havA milate hI Age bar3hane lagatA thaa| samudrayAtrA kI nirvighnatA anukUla vAyu para nirbhara hotI thii| ataH samudrI havAoM kA jJAna rakhanA atyanta Avazyaka thA / pramukha pota-vaNik arahannaka anukUla vAyu hone para gambhIrapattana se campA hetu prasthAna kiyA thaa| prAcInakAla meM jalayAna Aja jaise sudRr3ha nahIM hote the| phalataH samudrI tUphAnoM aura vizAla caTTAnoM se TakarAkara kSatigrasta ho jAte the / durghaTanA meM yAtro DUba bhI jAte the / " kucha loga sambhAvita taphAna kA saMketa- grahaNa karane meM sakSama hote the| kavalayamAlAkahA se jJAta hotA hai ki sArthavAha sAgaradatta kA paMjarapuruSa ( Rtu vizeSajJa ) uttara dizA ke kAle mevoM ko dekhakara AzaMkita ho gayA, usane sAmagrI ko nIce talavara meM bhejakara, yAna-rajjuoM ko DhIlA karAkara tatkAla yAna ko sthira karAyA thA / durbhAgyavaza kabhI-kabhI samudrI tUphAnoM meM phaMsakara loga ajJAta dvIpoM meM paha~ca jAte the| taba usa mArga se jAne vAle dUsare yAnoM kA dhyAna AkarSita kara sahAyatA prApta karane kA prayatna karate the| ve U~ce vRkSoM para 1. haribhadrasUri-samarAiccakahA 4/246 2. nizIthacUNi bhAga 4, gAthA 6002, 6003 3. jJAtAvarmakathAMga 8/69, 70 4. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 8/84 5. vahI 9/10 6. "paMjara-puriseNa uttara-disAe dihra ekkaM suppapamANaM kajjala kasiNaM meha-paDalaM' udyotanasUri-kuvalayamAlA, pRSTha 106

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132 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana kapar3e kI dhvajA banAkara TAMga dete the / vRkSa para phaharAtI dhvajA samudra ke madhya kSatigrasta pota ke vipattigrasta yAtriyoM kI upasthiti kI ora saMketa karatI thii| vasudevahiNDI se jJAta hotA hai ki samudrayAtrA meM sAnudAsa aura sAgaradinnA kA jalayAna naSTa ho gayA thaa| ve tairate huye kisI prakAra eka dvIpa para pahu~ce, vahIM rahane lage aura vivAha bhI kara liyaa| usa dvIpa se nikalane ke liye vahA~ se jAte haye jalayAnoM kA dhyAna AkarSita karane ke liye unhoMne U~ce vRkSa para dhvajA phaharA dI aura agni prajjvalita kara dii| isI prakAra kuvalayamAlAkahA ke ullekha ke anusAra pATaliputra kA dhana nAmaka vyApArI jaba ratnadvIpa jA rahA thA to usakA pota kSatigrasta ho gayA, vaha bhaTakatA huA aise dvIpa meM pahu~ca gayA, jo aneka hiMsaka jAnavaroM se yukta thA tathA vahA~ ke phala kar3ave the| isI prakAra do anya yAtrI bhI vahA~ pahu~ce, tInoM ne Apasa meM parAmarza karake eka U~ce vRkSa para "bhinnapotadhvaja' ke rUpa meM valkala TA~ga diye / / jalamArgoM se yAtrA karane vAloM kI surakSA hetu rAjya dvArA kiye jAne vAle prabandha ke sambandha meM jaina granthoM meM koI ullekha nahIM hai| jabaki kauTilIya arthazAstra se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjya jalamArgoM kI surakSA kA pUrA dhyAna rakhatA thaa| rAjya kI ora se niyukta potavAdhyakSa kA yaha kartavya thA ki vaha yAtrA karane vAle jalayAnoM aura nAvoM kI surakSA kA dhyAna rakhe / naukA-saMcAra sambandhI asAvadhAnI ke kAraNa hone vAlI kSati kI pUrti naukA yA pravahaNa ke svAmI ko karanI par3atI thii|' jalavAhana naukA, pota aura jalayAna jalamArga se yAtrA ke sAdhana the| nizIthacarNi meM caturvidha jalayAnoM kA ullekha hai, jinameM se eka samadrI mArga ke upayukta mAnA jAtA thA aura zeSa tIna nadiyoM aura jhIloM meM calate the|5 samudra meM calane vAle jalayAna ko "pota" aura "pravahaNa" kahA 1. saMghadAsagaNi-vasudevahiNDI, bhAga 1, pR0 253 2. vahI bhAga 1, pR0 253 3. udyotanasUri-kuvalayamAlAkahA, pR0 89 4. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2/28/45 5. udage cauro NAvAppagArA bhavaMti / tattha egA samudde bhavati tiNNi tiNNi ya samuddAtiritte jle| nizIthacUNi, bhAga 1, gAthA 183

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paMcama adhyAya : 133 jAtA thA / nizothacUrNi meM unheM "yAnapaTTa" kahA gayA hai / AcArAMga meM nadiyoM meM calane vAlI tIna prakAra kI naukAoM - UrdhvagAminI, adhogAminI aura tiryaggAminI kA ullekha hai / pravAha ke pratikUla jAne vAlI naukA ko UrdhvagAminI", pravAha ke anukUla jAne vAlI ko ratgAminI aura eka kinAre se dUsare kinAre tirache jAne vAlI ko tiryaggAminI kahA jAtA thA / jalapota lakar3I ke takhtoM se nirmita hote the / inameM patavAra, rajju aura DaMDe lage rahate the / samudra meM calane vAle jalapotoM meM kapar3e ke pAla lage rahate the jinakI sahAyatA se havA kama hone para bhI jalapota tIvra gati se calatA thA / " jalapotoM ko rokane ke liye laMgaroM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA / ina jalapotoM meM eka aisA jalayaMtra lagA hotA thA, jisako paira se dabAne se yAna dAyeM-bAyeM mur3a sakatA thA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki jalayAnoM meM vividha prayojanoM ke liye sthAna niyata hote the yathA yAna ke pichale bhAga meM niyAmaka kA sthAna, agrabhAga meM devatA kI mUrti, madhyabhAga meM kAma karane vAle garbhajoM aura pArzva bhAga meM nAva khene vAle kukSidharoM kA sthAna hotA thA / " cheda ho jAtA aura usameM pAnI risane ko miTTI ke sAtha kUTakara vastra meM vizAla naukAoM ke atirikta jala nizothacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki calAte samaya yadi kabhI nAva meM lagatA to mUMja aura per3a kI chAla lapeTa kara cheda bharA jAtA thA / saMtaraNa ke liye anya sAdhana bhI 1. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 5, gAthA 5223 2. nizIthacUrNi bhAga 3, gAthA 3184, 3. AcArAMga 2 / 3 /1/118 4. vahI 2/3/1/119 5. aupapAtikasUtra 32 6. vahI 7. 'baMso veNU tassa avaTThabheNa pAdehiM peritA NAvA gacchati' nizIthacUrNi bhAga 4, gAthA 6015 8. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 8/69, 17/11 9. nizIthacUrNi bhAga 4, gAthA 6017

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134 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana prayoga meM lAye jAte the, jinameM kuMbha, tumba, datti, uDupa, paNi Adi the| lakar3I ke cAroM ora ghar3e bA~dhakara tairane ke liye banAI gaI nAva ko 'kaMbha'2, rassI ke jAla meM sUkhe hae tumbe yA alAbu lagAkara banAI gaI nAva ko "tumba"3, camar3e ke thaile, bher3a, bakarI kI khAloM meM havA bhara kara unheM eka dUsare se bA~dhakara taiyAra kI gaI nAva ko "datti" kahA jAtA thaa| pazcimI bhArata meM nadiyoM ko pAra karane kA yaha eka surakSita sAdhana thaa| pANini ne ise "bhastrA" kahA hai|" lakar3iyoM ko Apasa meM bA~dha kara nirmita naukA "uDupa' kahI jAtI thii| pANini ne isa prakAra kI laTThoM yA bAMsa ke muTThoM meM bA~dhakara nirmita naukA ko "bharar3A" kahA hai| "paNNi" nAmaka latAoM se banAye gaye TokaroM kI naukA ko "paNNi' kahA jAtA thaa| vyApArika jalamArga deza kI nadiyA~ pramukha vyApArika nagaroM ko paraspara jor3atI thiiN| uttarAdhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki campA se eka jalamArga pihuDa taka jAtA thA / pihuMDa pUrvI taTa para kaliMgapattana ke pAsa kA eka jalapattana thaa| potavaNik arahannaka ke yAtrA-vRttAnta se jJAta hotA hai ki tAmra 1. 'kuMbhe, datie, tumbe, uDupe, paNNI ya emeva' nizIthacUrNi bhAga 1, gAthA 185, bhAga 3, gAthA 4209 2. 'caukaTThi kAuM koNe koNe ghaDao bajjhati, tattha avalaMbiu ArubhiuM vA saMtaraNaM kajjati' vahI bhAga 1, gAthA 185, bhAga 3, gANA 4209 3. 'tuMbe tti macchiyajAlasarisaM jAlaM kAUNa' alAbugANa bharijjati' vahI bhAga 1, gAthA 185 4. 'dattie ti vAyaphuNNo, datito teNa vA saMtaraNaM kajjati' nizIthacUNi bhAga 1, gAthA 185; bhAga 3, gAthA 4209 5. pANini-aSTAdhyAyI 4/4/16 6. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 1, gAthA 185, bhAga 3, gAthA 4209 7. pANini-aSTAdhyAyI, 4/4/16 8. 'paNNimayA mahaMtA bhAragA bajjhaMti te jamalA daMdheu te ya avalaMbiu saMttaraNaM kajjati / ' nizIthacUNi bhAga 1, gAthA 185 9. uttarAdhyayana 21/2, 4

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paMcama adhyAya : 135 lipti se eka jalamArga mithilA taka jAtA thaa|' saurASTra ke taiyAlaga pattana ( verAvala ) se eka jalamArga bArabaI pattana (dvArakA ) taka jAtA thaa| vyApArI samudrI mArga dvArA vArivRSabha ( "dakSiNa kA eka sthAna') se pANDu mathurA ( madurAI ) taka jAte the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullikhita hai ki hastizIrSa nagara ke potavaNik kalikAdvIpa jajIvA taka gaye the| vasudevahiNDI se jJAta hotA hai ki cArudatta samudrI mArga se cIna gayA thA aura lauTate haye svarNabhami, kamalapura, yavadvIpa, siMhaladvIpa aura babbara, yavaNa hotA huA saurASTra pahu~cA thaa| phAhyAna bhI pATaliputra se campA hotA huA tAmralipti pahu~cA aura vahA~ se siMhaladvIpa hotA huA samudrImArga dvArA cIna pahuMcA thaa| kuvalayamAlAkahA meM sopAraka se cIna aura mahAcIna jAne kA ullekha hai / " sopAraka se ratnadvIpa, babbarakula jAne ke bhI samudro mArga the| pATaliputra se jalamArgoM dvArA ratnadvIpa aura kuDagadvIpa bho jAne kA varNana hai|' kuvalayamAlAkahA meM ullikhita kucha sthAnoM kI pahacAna karanA kaThina hai| anumAnataH ye sthAna kAlpanika the yA aba taka naSTa ho cuke haiN| prAcInakAla meM havAoM kA dizAjJAna vyApAriyoM ke liye atyanta upayogI siddha hotA thaa| uttarapUrvI havAyeM bhArata se aphrIkA jAne meM 1. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 8/81 2. teyAlaga-paTTaNAo bAravai gammai-nizIthaNi bhAga 1, gAthA 183 3. AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 2, pR0 157 4. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 17/13 / 4. DaoN0 motIcandra ne apanI pustaka 'sArthavAha' meM kalikAdvIpa ko aphrIkA kA jaMjIvAra dvIpa kahA hai, 5. saMghadAsagaNi-vasudevahiNDI bhAga 1 pR0 146 svarNabhUmi kI pahacAna barmA, kamalapura kI kamboDiyA, yava dvIpa kI jAvA se, siMhaladvIpa kI laMkA se yavanadvIpa kI sikandiyA se, aura babbara kI pahacAna bArbarikama se kI jAtI hai / 6. ghoSa, narendranAtha-aina arlI hisTrI Apha iNDi yA, 268 7. kuvalayamAlAkahA, pRSTha 88 8. udyotanasUri-kuvalayamAlAkahA, pR0 65, 88 9. vahI, pR0 88

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136 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana sahAyatA detI thiiN| isI prakAra pazcimI havAyeM aphrIkA yA usake AsapAsa ke ilAkoM se pazcimI bhArata kI yAtrA ko suvidhAjanaka banAtI rahI haiN| campA nagarI ke vyApArI anukUla vAyu hone para kalikAdvIpa gaye the aura vahA~ se anukUla vAyu hone para hI vApasI yAtrA hetu prasthAna kiye| vAyu-mArga prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM AkAza meM ur3ane vAle devayAnoM aura vimAnoM kA varNana milatA hai| parantu vyApAra athavA kisI Arthika lAbha hetu vAyumArga ke upayoga ke sambandha meM jainagranthoM meM koI vivaraNa nahIM prApta hotaa| uparyukta vivaraNa se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki prAcInakAla meM dezIya aura antardezIya vyApAra ke liye mukhyataH jala aura sthala mArga hI the| jala-sthala ke vibhinna sAdhanoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa vyApAra meM mahattvapUrNa vRddhi huI thii| 3-sikke prAcInakAla se hI bhArata meM vastuoM ke kraya-vikraya aura paraspara vinimaya hetu sikkoM kA pracalana thaa| pANini ke ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki vaidikakAla meM svarNa "niSka' sikkoM aura AbhUSaNa donoM rUpoM meM prayukta hote the / 2 jaina grantha sUtrakRtAMga meM 'mAsa', 'ardhamAsa', aura 'ruvaga' ko kraya-vikraya kA sAdhana kahA gayA hai| piDaniyukti ke anusAra dAsa-dAso ko unakA pArizramika sone, cA~dI aura tA~be meM diyA jAtA thaa| isase spaSTa hai ki ukta dhAtuoM ke sikke nirmita kiye jAte hoMge aura zramikoM ko unakA pArizramika sikkoM ke rUpa meM pradAna kiyA jAtA hogaa| sikkoM ke pracalana se vyApArika gatividhiyoM meM bhI suvidhA ho gaI thii| sikkoM ke mAdhyama se vyApArI na kevala svadeza meM apitu videzoM meM bhI vyApAra karate the| 1. rAjapraznIyasUtra 4 2. pANini-aSTAdhyAyI 5/11/19 3. kaya-vikkaya-mAsa-addhamAsa-ruvaga saMvavaMhArAo sUtrakRtAMga 2/2/7/3 4. piMDaniyukti gAthA 405 5. kuvalayamAlAkahA, pR0 58

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paMcama adhyAya : 137 jaina granthoM meM aneka sthAnoM para hiraNya aura suvarNa ke ullekha Aye haiN| isase pratIta hotA hai hiraNya aura suvarNa usa yuga ke pracalita sikke the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM varNana hai ki rAjA zreNika ne apanI putravadhuoM ko ATha karor3a 'hiraNya' aura ATha karor3a 'suvarNa' pradAna kiye the, lekina DaoN0 bhaNDArakara ne hiraNya ko sikkA nahIM svIkAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra 'svarNapiNDa' ko 'hiraNya' kahA jAtA thA aura cihnita svarNa sikkoM ko bhI 'suvarNa' kahA jAtA thaa| sikkoM ko nirmANa-vidhi sikkoM ke nirmANa kI do vidhiyoM ke astitva para prakAza par3atA hai| prathama DhAlakara nirmita aura dvitIya Thappe kI vidhi se nirmita sikke / DhAle sikke ke nirmANa meM dhAtuoM ko pighalAkara sA~ce meM DAlakara sikke banAye jAte the| sA~coM para pazu, pakSI, manuSya, vRkSa, dhArmika pratIka, nadI, parvata, hAthI Adi bane rahate the| sA~ce taiyAra karake bhaTThI meM rakha diye jAte the, jaba ve pakakara taiyAra ho jAte the to unake madhya bindU se dhAtU DAlI jAtI thI aura pighalI dhAtu ucita sthAna para pahu~cakara viziSTa AkAra meM phaila jAtI thI aura sA~ce para aMkita cihna tathA lekha dhAtu para aMkita ho jAte the| isase bhinna Thappe kI vidhi se taiyAra kiye jAne vAle sikkoM ke lie kisI dhAtupiNDa ke samamApa ke Tukar3e kATakara unheM tapta kara, Thappe se dabAkara cihnita aura lekhayukta kara banAyA jAtA thaa| inheM 'paMcamArka', 'Ahata' yA cihnita sikke kahA jAtA hai| bhArata ke uttara pazcimI bhAga aura gaMgA kI ghATI meM ye sikke pracalita the / takSazilA kI khudAI meM isa prakAra ke sikke mile haiN| jainagrantha AvazyakaNi ke anusAra ve hI sikke zuddha aura prAmANika mAne jAte the jina para unakI zuddhatA kI parIkSA karake cihna aMkita kara diye jAte the| piDaniyukti se patA calatA hai ki ye sone, cA~dI aura tA~be ke banAe jAte the| 1. 'aTTha hiraNNakoDIo aTThasuvaNNa koDoo pIiyANaM dalayaMhi jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/91 2. vasudeva upAdhyAya-prAcIna bhAratIya mudrAyeM, pR0 10 / 3. vahI, pR0 15 4. vahI, pR0 14,16 5. jattha rupakaM jattha suddhaMTakaM samakkharaM so cheko bhavati AvazyakacUNi bhAga 2, pR0 27 6. piMDaniyukti, gAthA 405

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138 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana svarNa-sikke svarNa sikkoM meM niSka, suvarNa, dInAra, kevaDika aura suvarNamASa ke ullekha prApta hote haiM / niSka eka svarNa dhAtu kA sikkA thaa| pANini ne 100 niSka ke dhAraka ko 'naSkazatika' ora 1000 niSka ke dhAraka ko naiSkasahasrikI saMjJA do hai| bRhatkalpabhASya meM niSka kA ullekha huA hai para lagatA hai ki zAstrakAra ne prasaMgavaza hI isakA ullekha kiyA hai kyoMki bRhatkalpabhASya ke racanAkAla meM ye sikke pracalita nahIM the| bauddha granthoM meM bhI kaI sthAnoM para niSka kA ullekha huA hai / bhUrijAtaka ke anusAra eka zikArI ne maNi prApta karane hetu eka brAhmaNa ko 100 niSka diye the| nizIthacaNi ke anusAra sone ke 'NANaka' ( sikke ) ko pUrva deza meM 'dInAra' kahA jAtA thaa| Adhunika vidvAnoM ke vicAra meM roma ke 'Dineriyasa' ke nAma para svarNa sikkoM ko dInAra kahA jAtA thA, isakA bhAra bhI romana paddhati ke anusAra 124 grena thaa| kalpasUtra ke anusAra mahAvIra kI mAtA ko Ane vAle jina 14 svapnoM kI carcA hai unameM eka svapna kA dInAroM kI mAlA dhAraNa kiye huye batAyA gayA hai|" kalpasUtra kA racanAkAla lagabhaga prathama zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai, ataH usa yuga taka bhAratIya nizcaya hI 'dInAra' se paricita ho gaye the / nizIthacarNi se jJAta hotA hai ki mayaraoNka nAmaka rAjA ne dInAra sikko para apane citra aMkita karAkara use pravartita kiyA thaa| vasudevahiNDI se jJAta hotA hai ki eka dharta sAdhu ke veSa meM sArthavAha ke pAsa gayA aura kahane lagA yaha dekho mujhe bhikSA meM 500 dInAra prApta huI haiN| maiM inako surakSita rakhakara tumhAre sAtha jaMgala pAra karanA cAhatA 1. pANini-aSTAdhyAyI 5/1/19 2. bhUrijAtaka-Ananda kausalyAyana, jAtakakathA 6/214 3. 'pIya tti suvannaM, jahA puvvadese doNAro' nizIthacUNi, bhAga 3, gAthA 3070 4. rAkhAladAsa banarjI-prAcIna mudrAyeM, pR0 157 5. 'uratthadINAramaliyAviraieNaM' kalpasUtra, sUtra 37 6. 'mayUraMko NAma rAyA / teNa mayUraMkeNa aMkitA diNArA' nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 3, gAthA 4316

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paMcama adhyAya : 139 huuN| rAste meM usane dhokhe se una sabako bhojana meM viSa khilAkara mAra DAlA aura unakA dhana lUTa liyA / ' uttarAdhyayanaNi se jJAta hotA hai ki acala vyApArI ne gaNikA ko 800 dInAreM pradAna kI thiiN|2 AvazyakacUrNi ke anusAra eka rAjA ne eka kAryATika ko dakSiNA meM eka yugalavastra aura dInAra bheMTa kiyA thA / isI prakAra eka vaNik ne eka garIba se zarta lagAI thI ki mAgha ke mahIne meM jo sAro rAta pAnI meM baiThegA use eka hajAra dInAra prApta hogaa| dazavakAlikaNi se jJAta hotA hai ki kisI rAjA ne sA~pa mArane ke lie pAritoSika ke rUpa meM eka dInAra pradAna karanA niyata kiyA thaa|5 bRhatkalpabhASya ke anusAra pUrva deza meM eka aura sikkA pracalita thA jise 'kevaDika' kahA jAtA thaa| isakI dhAtu kA spaSTa ullekha nahIM huA hai para svarNa sikkoM ke sAtha hI ullekha hone se sambhavataH yaha bhI svarNa sikkA hI ho / isI sikke ko anyatra 'ketarAta' kahA jAtA thaa| nizIthacUrNi meM bhI 'kevaDiya' kevaga kA ullekha hai| isa sikke kA anya kahIM ullekha nahIM milatA, ataH yaha kisI prAMta-vizeSa kA sikkA rahA hogaa| ___ sone ke choTe sikke ko 'suvaNaM mASa' kahA jAtA thA / uttarAdhyayana meM ullekha hai ki zrAvastI kA eka seTha pratidina do suvarNamASaka usa bhikhArI ko detA thA jo usake dvAra para sarvaprathama pahu~catA thA / isI prakAra nizIthacUrNi se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki eka rAjA ne prasanna hokara apane 1. saMghadAsagaNi--vasudevahiNDI, bhAga 1, pR0 43 2. aTThasayaM diNArAyaNa tIe bhADi nititta dinnaM-uttarAdhyayanacUNi 4/119 3. AvazyakacUNi bhAga 2, pR0 167 4. vahI 1/523 5. dazavaikAlikacUrNi, pR0 42 6. kavaDDagamAdI paMca, ruppe pIte tadeva kevaDie / bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2, gAthA 1969. 'poya', tti suvannaM, jahA punvadese doNAro / kevaDio yathA tatraiva ketarAtA ___nizIthacUNi bhAga 3, gAthA 3070, 3037, 3714 7. uttarAdhyayana 8/17; uttarAdhyayanacUNi 8/169

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140 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana bhRtya ko bhRtti meM eka suvarNa mASaka pratidina kI vRddhi kara dI thii| utkhanana se pracura mAtrA meM suvarNa sikkoM kI prApti guptakAla kI samRddha Arthika vyavasthA kI ora saMketa karatI hai kyoMki candragupta prathama se lekara viSNugupta taka lagabhaga sabhI zAsakoM ne sone ke sikke pracalita kiye the| rajata-sikke khudAI meM prAcInakAla ke cA~dI ke sikke pracura mAtrA meM prApta hue haiN| cA~dI ke sikkoM meM 'kArSApaNa', 'pAda kArSApaNa', mASa-kArSApaNa, ruvaga, subhAga, nelaka aura dramma kA ullekha huA hai / cA~dI ke gola aura caukora Ayata sikkoM ko kArSApaNa kahA jAtA thaa| DA. vasudeva upAdhyAya ke anusAra kArSApaNa kA mUlya nApa-taula ke AdhAra para nirdhArita kiyA gayA thaa| rattI ko karSa aura karSa dvArA taule jAne vAle sikke ko kArSApaNa kahA jAtA thaa| uttarAdhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki eka 'dramaka' ( brAhmaNa bhikSuka ) ne yatna-pUrvaka eka sahasra kArSApaNa ajita kiye aura sArthavAha ke sAtha gA~va ko ora prasthAna kiyA / mArga meM usane eka kArSApaNa ko bhunAkara kaI kAkiNiyAM prApta kI aura vaha pratidina bhojanahetu eka kAkiNI vyaya karatA thA / 2 isa prakAra vipAkasUtra ke anusAra eka gaNikA eka rAta ke lie eka sahasra kArSApaNa grahaNa karatI thii| sambhavataH kArSApaNa sikke cA~dI ke hI hoMge, kyoMki dainika upayoga kI vastuoM kA mUlya suvarNamudrAoM meM honA asvAbhAvika lagatA hai| kArSApaNa ke choTe sikke bhI pracalita the, ardhamUlya ke sikke ko 'ardha-kArSApaNa' aura cauthAI mUlya ke sikke ko 'pAdakArSApaNa' kahA jAtA thaa| solahaveM bhAga kA sikkA 'mASa-kArSApaNa' kahA jAtA thA / manusmRti meM cA~dI ke kArSApaNa ko dharaNa aura purANa saMjJA dI gaI hai| uttarAdhyayana meM 'kDa kahAvaNa' ( khoTe kArSApaNa ) kA ullekha huA hai, jise aprAmANika mAnA jAtA thA / khoTe sikke se jIviko 1. 'patidivasaM suvaNNamAsato vitti katA' nizIthacUNi bhAga 4, gAthA 6541 2. uttarAdhyayana 4/161 3. vipAka 2/2 4. manusmRti 8/36 5. uttarAdhyayana 20/42

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paMcama adhyAya : 141 pArjana karane vAle ko 'kUDakahApaNojIvI' kahA gayA hai|' yaha ullekha iMgita karatA hai ki kucha logoM ko AjIvikA khoTe-sikkoM para nirbhara thii| kauTilIya arthazAstra meM bhI khoTe sikke banAne vAle daNDa ke bhAgI batAye gaye haiN| cA~dI ke sikke ruvaga aura rUpya nAma se bhI pracalita the / bhinna-bhinna rAjyoM meM ruvaga, bhinna-bhinna mUlyoM aura bhinna-bhinna nAmoM se pracalita the / ruvaga ke mUlya aura nAma meM alaga-alaga rAjyoM meM vibhinnatA thii| saurASTra aura dakSiNApatha meM ruvaga ko samAraga kahA jAtA thaa| nizIthacUrNi meM eka rAjA dvArA apane sipAhiyoM ko samAragoM meM vetana diye jAne kA ullekha hai| ___ isI prakAra uttarApatha ke ruvaga ko 'uttarapahagA' aura dakSiNApatha ke ruvaga ko 'dakSiNapahagA' tathA kAMcIpura ke ruvaga ko 'nelaka' kahA jAtA thaa|" pATaliputra meM pracalita sikkA prAmANika mAnA jAtA thA / bRhatkalpabhASya se sUcita hotA hai ki dakSiNApatha ke do ruvagoM kA mUlya uttarApatha ke eka ruvaga ke mUlya ke barAbara tathA uttarApatha ke do ruvagoM kA mUlya pATaliputra ke eka ruvaga ke mUlya ke barAbara thaa|6 dakSiNApatha ke do ruvagoM kA mUlya kAMcIpura ke eka nelaka ke mUlya ke barAbara thA aura kAMcIpura ke do nelakoM kA mUlya pATaliputra ke eka ruvaga ke mUlya ke barAbara thaa| paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA ke anusAra ina sikkoM kA pracalana saMbhavataH saurASTra aura gujarAta meM rahA hogA, kyoMki uttarApatha aura dakSiNApatha 1. praznavyAkaraNa 2/3 2. kauTilIya arthazAstra 4/1/76 3. nizIthacUNi--dosAbharagAthe dIviccagAu so uttarApaghe ekko / nizIthacUNi bhAga 2, gAthA 958, bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 4, gAthA 3891 4. vahI, bhAga 3, gAthA 5036 5. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 4, gAthA 3891; nizIthacUNi, bhAga 2, gAthA 958. 6. 'do sAbharagA dIvikcagAu so uttarApathe ekko; do uttarapahA puNa, pADaliputto havati ekko' bRhatkalpabhASya 4/3891 7. 'do dakkhiNAvahA, tu kaMcIe Nelao sa duguNo ya ego kusumaNagarago' vahI 4/3892; nizIthacUNi, bhAga 2, gAthA 959

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: 142 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana kI mudrAyeM apane svayaM ke pradeza meM uttarApathaka, dakSiNApathaka yA pATaliputraka Adi nAma se nahIM pahacAnI jA sakatIM / yaha nAma anyatra pracalita mudrAoM ke hI ho sakate haiM / " nizIthacUrNa meM vastroM ke mUlya kA ullekha karate huye kahA gayA hai ki vastra kA nyUnatama mUlya 18 ruvaga aura adhikatama mUlya zatasahasra ruvaga hai / isI prakAra bRhatkalpabhASya ke anusAra eka grAhaka eka gaMdhI- vikretA ke pAsa ruvaga lekara madirA lene gayA thA / 3 jinadAsagaNa ke anusAra sopAraka kA rAjA vyApAriyoM ke naigamoM se eka ruvaga prati parivAra 'kara' grahaNa karatA thA / uttarAdhyayanacUrNi meM ullekha hai ki eka AbhIra strI ne ruvaga dekara eka vaNik se ruI kharIdI thI / " dazA taskandha se jJAta hotA hai ki dainika vyavahAra aura kraya-vikrayArthaM 'mASArdha' aura mASa-rUpya kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA / bRhatkalpabhASya meM bhillamAla meM pracalita cA~dI ke eka anya sikke 'dramma' kA ullekha hai / piMDaniyukti meM bhI dramma kA ullekha huA hai / ' megasthanIja ne bhI 'drama' saMjJaka cA~dI ke yUnAnI sikke ke pracalana ke viSaya meM likhA hai / nizIthacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki dakSiNApatha meM cA~dI kI 'kAkiNI' bhI pracalita thI / 10 tAmra- sikke utkhananoM meM tA~be ke sikke prApta hue haiM / pratidina ke vyavahAra meM tA~be ke sikkoM kA prayoga hotA thA / tA~be ke sikkoM meM paNa, mASa aura kAkiNI kA ullekha huA hai / manusmRti meM tAmra- kArSApaNa ko paNa kahA : 1. dekhiye - nizIthacUrNi, eka adhyayana, pR0 76 2. nizIthacUrNa 2 / 957; bRhatkalpabhASya 4 / 3890 3. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2, gAthA 1965 4. nizIthacUrNi bhAga 4, gAthA 5156 5. uttarAdhyayanacUrNi 4 / 113 6. dazAzrutaskandha 6 / 189 7. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2, gAthA 1969 8. piMDaniyukti gAthA 87 9. purI baijanAtha - iNDiyA aija DiskrAibDa bAI arlI grIka rAiTasaM, pR0 64 10. 'jahA dakSiNAva he kAgaNIruppamayaM ' nizIthacUrNa, bhAga 3, gAthA 3070

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paMcama adhyAya : 143 gayA hai|' tA~be ke kArSApaNa kA solahavA~ bhAga mASakArSApaNa thA / tA~be kA eka choTA sikkA kAkiNI bhI thA jo dakSiNa bhArata meM pracalita thaa| uttarAdhyayanacUrNi meM isakA mUlya ruvaga kA 1/80 bhAga batAyA gayA hai| isI prakAra ruvaga kA 1/20 bhAga 'viMzopaka' nAma kA sikkA bhI pracalita thaa| nizIthacUNi ke anusAra pratidina ke vyavahAra meM tAmra ke sikkoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA / 5 vasudeva hiNDI meM eka vyApArI kA ullekha huA hai jisane vyApAra meM vyavahAra hetu paNoM se bharI borI gAr3I rakhI thI, jaba vaha eka sArtha ke sAtha yAtrA kara rahA thA to mArga meM usakI borI kaTa gaI aura usake sAre paNa gira gaye, vaha apanI gAr3iyoM ko rokakara paNa ikaTThA karane lgaa| sArA sArtha Age nikala gyaa| vaha bIhar3a jaMgala se raha gayA / coroM ne use akelA pAkara usakA sArA dhana lUTa liyA / vasudeva hiNDI se jJAta hotA hai ki eka tItara kA mUlya eka "kahAvaNa' ( kArSApaNa ) thaa| nizcaya hI yahA~ grantha kAra kA abhiprAya tA~be ke kArSApaNa se rahA hogA, kyoMki anya vastuoM ke mUlya ko dekhate huye eka tItara kA mUlya rajata kArSApaNa nahIM ho sktaa| uttarAdhyayanaNi meM eka mUrkha "dramaka" ( bhikSuka ) kI kathA milatI hai jisane "kAkiNI" ke liye apane hajAra kArSApaNa kho diye the|' vasUDevahiNDI meM "nipphAva" nAmaka sikke kA bhI ullekha huA hai vaha spaSTa nahIM hotA ki yaha kisa dhAtu kA hai para aise eka sikke meM eka AdamI ko bhojana karAyA jA sakatA thaa| isase pratIta hotA hai ki yaha 1. manusmRti 8/130 2. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 2, gAthA 1969 3. uttarAdhyayanacUNi 4/161 4. vahI 4/161 5. 'tAmramayaM vA jaM NANagaM vavaharati' nizIthacUNi, bhAga 3, gAthA 3070 6. 'saMvavahAra nimitta paSANa bhario' ___ saMghadAsagaNi-vasudevahiNDI bhAga 1, pR0 13 7. vasudevahiNDI, bhAga 1, pR0 57 8. uttarAdhyayanacUNi 4/162 9. vasudevahiNDI, bhAga 1, pR0 144

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144 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana sikkA bhI tA~be kA hI rahA hogA tA~be ke sikke zIghra ghisa jAte the aura kama mUlya ke bhI the / isalie inako saMcaya nahIM kiyA jAtA thaa| sarvatra sone-cA~dI ke sikkoM ko hI saMcita karane ke ullekha Aye haiN| anya sikke __ukta sikkoM ke atirikta choTe sikkoM ke rUpa meM kaur3iyoM kA bhI prayoga hotA thaa| yaha samudrI jIva ke zarIra kA AvaraNa thA / bRhatkalpabhASya meM ise kavaDuka kahA gayA hai|3 nizIthacarNi se jJAta hotA hai ki lenadena meM kavaDuka kA vyavahAra hotA thaa| cInI yAtrI phAhyAna ne bhArata meM kaur3iyoM kA prayoga dekhA thaa|" kaur3I vinimaya ke lie eka choTA sikkA thaa| isakI krayazakti nyUnatama thii| uttarapurANa se jJAta hotA hai ki eka naimittika kI patnI ne krodhita hokara kaur3iyoM ko pheMka diyA thA, kyoMki usake pati ne apane parizrama ke pratiphala meM kucha kaur3iyA~ hI prApta kI thiiN|' isI prakAra nizIthaNi meM 'bhinnamAla' meM pracalita camar3e ke sikke 'cammalAta' kA ullekha huA hai| ___cA~dI ke vatulAkAra aura vargAkAra sikke prApta hue haiM inheM mudrAtatvavidoM ne cihnina yA Ahata sikke kahA hai| vidvAnoM ke anusAra sone ke sikke gupta kAla meM sarvaprathama candragupta 'prathama' ne nirgata kie, / jisakA paravartI rAjAoM ne anukaraNa kiyA thaa| sone-cAMdI ke sikkoM kA mUlya pArasparika anupAta meM nirdhArita hotA thaa| lekina kisa anupAta meM, inakA mUlya-nirdhAraNa kiyA jAtA thA isakA jaina granthoM meM koI varNana nahIM milatA hai| nizcaya hI yaha anupAta bhI dhAtuoM kI upalabdhi ke anusAra ghaTatA-bar3hatA rahatA hogA / IsavI san 120 ke nAsika guhA lekha ke anusAra cA~dI ke 70 hajAra kArSApaNa 2 hajAra suvarNa mudrAoM ke barAbara the, arthAt 35 kArSApaNa kA eka suvarNa thaa|" 1. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 2 gAthA 1969 2. 'kavaDDagA se dijjaMti' nizIthacUNi, bhAga 3, gAthA 3070 3. kareMsI eNDa eksaceMja ina aiMziyaMTa iNDiyA, pR0 43 4. uttarapurANa, pRSTha 151 5. jahAbhillamAle cammalAto nizIthacUNi, bhAga 3, gAthA 3070 6. upAdhyAya, vasudeva-prAcIna bhAratIya mudrAyeM, pR0 141 7. madhyakAlIna nAsika guhAlekha paMkti 5 e0 ke0 nArAyaNa-prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha 2/34

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paMcama adhyAya : 145 prAcInakAla meM kabhI-kabhI loga dhAtu aura sikke kA varNana kiye binA hI sampatti kI gaNanA lAkhoM-karor3oM meM karate the| jaise Aja bhI kisI ko eka lAkha rupaye kA svAmI kahane ke badale meM lakhapati hI kaha diyA jAtA hai| saMbhavataH prAcInakAla meM bhI kisI eka sikke kA pracalana itanA adhika thA ki usakA nAma na lene para bhI Azaya nikala AtA thA / TakasAla sambhavataH AgamakAla meM sikkoM ke nirmANa ke lie alaga se TakasAla nahIM hote the, kyoMki rAjyanigama aura zreNiyoM para isakA dAyitva thaa| takSazilA se utkhanana meM prApta sikkoM para naigama zabda aGkita milA hai| saMbhavataH ye sikke kisI nigama dvArA pravartita kiye gaye hoN|' rAjya dvArA bhI sikke nirmita kiye jAte the / nizIthacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki mayUrAMka nAmaka rAjA ne apane citra ke sAtha dInAra nAmaka sikkA pracalita kiyA thaa| kauTilIya arthazAstra ke anusAra sikke DhAlane kA kAma rAjya ke adhIna thaa| sikke DhalavAne kA dAyitva lakSaNAdhyakSa nAmaka rAjyAdhikArI para thaa| loga apane pAsa se dhAtu dekara bhI prAmANika saMsthA se sikke DhalavA sakate the, lekina aise sikke videzI vyApAra hetu vaidha nahIM mAne jAte the| aprAmANika yA amAnya sikkoM kA prayoga prAcInakAla meM bhI niSiddha thA / nizIthaNi se jJAta hotA hai ki eka rAjya meM eka vyakti se sipAhiyoM ne mayUrAMka rAjA dvArA nirmita cihna vAle sikkoM ko chIna liyA thA, kyoMki usa samaya usa rAjya meM una sikkoM kA pracalana nahIM thaa| sikkoM kI kraya-zakti sikkoM kA mUlya dhAtu aura usake AkAra para nirbhara karatA thaa| svarNa sikke sabase mUlyavAna mAne jAte the| mUlyavAna vastuoM yathA bhUmi ke kraya-vikraya kA mUlya-nirdhAraNa svarNa sikkoM meM hotA thaa| sone-cA~dI kI krayazakti adhika hone ke kAraNa dainika vyavahAra meM inakA prayoga nahIM hotA thaa| mUlyavAna dhAtuoM ke rUpa meM loga inakA saMcaya karate the| dainika vyavahAra meM tA~be ke sikkoM aura kaur3iyoM kA prayoga hotA thA / 1. upAdhyAya vasudeva-prAcIna bhAratIya mudrAyeM, pR0 32 2. nizIthacUNi bhAga 3, gAthA 4316 3. kauTilIya arthazAstra 4/1/76 4. nizIthacUNi bhAga 3, gAthA 4316

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146 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Athika jIvana uttarAdhyayanacUNi se jJAta hotA hai ki eka vyakti eka kAkiNI meM bhojana kara sakatA thA isase spaSTa hai ki khAne-pIne kI vastue~ sastI thiiN|' jaina granthoM meM suvarNa sikkoM ke ukta ullekhoM se kuSANakAla aura pUrva guptakAla evaM guptakAla kI vyApArika avasthA para prakAza par3atA hai| sikkoM ke bahuta adhika pracalana se hI Antarika evaM videzI vyApAra meM ullekhanIya vRddhi huI thii| ____ guptakAla meM bhojya padArthoM kA mUlya atyalpa hone se hI Der3ha yA do donAra vArSika meM eka manuSya kA nirvAha bhalIbhA~ti ho jAtA thaa| isI kAraNa isa kAla meM vinimaya ke liye kaur3iyoM kA pracalana thaa| 1. uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, pR0 162 2. candragupta dvitIya kA sA~cI prastara abhilekha, nArAyaNa e0 ke0, prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha 2, pR0 35

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adhyAya 6 vitaraNa prAcIna jaina sAhitya ke anuzIlana se jJAta hotA hai ki IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM meM deza dhanadhAnya se paripUrNa thaa| vyApAra aura udyogoM se deza kI Arthika samRddhi meM vRddhi huI thii| kintu yaha nizcita rUpa se kahanA kaThina hai ki sampUrNa rASTra hI aizvaryayukta sukha-suvidhAoM kA bhoga kara rahA thA yA kevala vizeSa vrg| rASTra meM utpAdana ke sAdhana-bhUmi, zrama, pUMjI, prabandha aura vyavasthAprAkRtika sAdhanoM kI sahAyatA se niyata avadhi meM vibhinna sAmagriyoM kI nirdhArita mAtrA utpanna karate haiN| utpatti kI yahI nizcita mAtrA kAlavizeSa kI rASTrIya Aya mAnI jAtI hai| utpAdana ke sAdhanoM meM rASTrIya Aya ke vibhAga ko vitaraNa kahA jAtA hai / vitaraNa meM bhUsvAmI ko bhUmi kA lagAna zramikoM ko pArizramika, pUMjIpati ko byAja, prabandhaka ko lAbha athavA hAni milate haiN| Arthika zakti kA prasAra, usakI sImA evaM jana-sAmAnya kI sampannatA tathA vipannatA evaM isakA rASTra kI Arthika sthiti para prabhAva ina sabakA vivecana prastuta adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai| 1-lagAna __ bhUmi kI maulika aura urvaraka zaktiyoM ke upayoga ke badale diye jAne vAle aMza ko bhAga yA lagAna kahA jAtA thA / AvazyakacUNi meM ullikhita hai ki khetoM meM utpanna kula upaja kA 1/4 yA 1/8 bhAga jo rAjA ko pradAna kiyA jAtA thA vaha khetakara yA sItA kahA jAtA thaa|' prAcInakAla meM rAjA hI bhUpati mAnA jAtA thA, isaliye bhUmi ke upayoga ke badale diye jAne vAle 'aMza, 'bhAga' yA 'lagAna' kA vahI adhikArI hotA thaa| bhUmi ke aMza kI dara bhUmi kI urvaratA para nirbhara karatI thii| bRhatkalpabhASya ke anusAra rAjya bhUmi kI upaja kA 1/6 se 1/10 aMza 'bhAga' ke rUpa meM grahaNa karatA thaa| manusmRti meM rAjadeya aMza 1. AvazyakacUNi bhAga 2, pR0 8 2. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 5, gAthA 5259, 2/1092

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148 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana upaja kA 1/6, 1/8, yA 1/12 varNita hai|' upaja kA ba~TavArA karane vAlA rAjasva adhikArI 'droNamApaka' kahA jAtA thA, vaha samagra utpAdana kA 1/6 bhAga rAjya-aMza ke rUpa meM grahaNa karatA thaa|2 siMcAI suvidhA prApta urvaraka bhUmi kI lagAna-dara adhika hotI thI / apekSAkRta kama upajAU aura patharIlI bhUmi kI lagAna dara kama hotI thI / kauTilIya arthazAstra meM ullikhita hai ki naI bhUmi ko upajAU banAne vAle kRSaka ko rAjya bIja, khetI ke upakaraNa aura anya suvidhAyeM pradAna karatA thA aura kabhIkabhI kucha samaya ke liye lagAna meM kamI kara detA thA / __ jaina sAhitya meM upalabdha kUcha sandarbho se jJAta hotA hai ki bhUmi para rAjA ke svAmitva ke atirikta vyaktigata svAmitva bhI thaa| gAthApati aura samAja kA dhanika varga bhI paryApta bhUmi kA svAmI hotA thaa| ye bhUsvAmI svayaM kRSi na karake use bhUmihIna kRSakoM ko sauMpa dete the aura unase bhUmi ke badale aMza ke rUpa meM upaja kA kucha nizcita aMza prApta karate the| praznavyAkaraNa meM isa prakAra baTAI para khetI karane vAle bhUmihIna kRSakoM ko 'bhAilagga' kahA gayA hai| ___isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki sArI bhUmi para rAjya kA adhikAra nahIM thA, sambhavataH rAjya dvArA grahaNa kiyA gayA bhUmi kI upaja kA 1/6 bhAga bhUmi-svAmitva ke liye na hokara use surakSA pradAna karane ke lie kara ke rUpa meM thaa| megasthanIja ke anusAra jo kisAna rAjya kI bhUmi jotate the, ve rAjya ko upaja kA 1/4 bhAga lagAna ke rUpa meM dete the| yadyapi nizIthacUrNi meM bhI kirAye para bhUmi lekara kRSi karane kA ullekha hai kintu kirAye kI dara kA ullekha nahIM hai / vyavahArasUtra ke anusAra udyoga sthApita 1. manusmRti 7/130 2. khera, ena0 ena0-egareriyana eNDa phijikala ikAnomI ina mauryA eNDa posTa mauryA eja, pR0 254 3. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2/1/19 4. upAsakadazAMga 1/28; vyavahArabhASya 4/53; uttarAdhyayanacUNi 2/114,118 5. praznavyAkaraNa 2/13 6. purI, baijanAtha-iNDiyA eja DiskrAibDa bAI arlI grIka, rAiTasa, pR0 17 7. 'jaM ca parAyayaM chettaM vAreMteNa vuttaM ettiyaM te dAhaMti taM pi dAyanvaM' nizIthacUNi bhAga 3, gAthA 4848

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SaSTha adhyAya : 149 karane hetu kirAye para bhUmi lI jAtI thii|' ba~TAI para kAma karane vAle kisAnoM dvArA apane svAmiyoM ko pradatta utpAdana-aMza kA granthoM meM spaSTa ullekha to nahIM hai, para kucha aise ullekha haiM jinameM bhAilaggoM ke sAtha kaThora vyavahAra na karane ke Adeza diye gaye haiN| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki bhAilaggoM kI Arthika dazA bahuta acchI nahIM rahI hogI, bhUmi kI upaja kA adhikAMza bhUsvAmI, gAthApati le jAte hoMge phalataH unake pAsa apAra sampatti ekatra ho jAtI thI tathA zramikoM aura bhAgIdAroM ko apanI choTI se choTI AvazyakatAoM ke liye bhI apane bhUsvAmiyoM para nirbhara rahanA par3atA hogaa| utpAdana meM sakriya bhAgIdAra hone para bhI isa varga ko ucita pratiphala nahIM milatA hogaa| 2-pArizramika tathA vetana zramika ke zArIrika aura mAnasika zrama ke badale meM use diyA gayA rASTrIya Aya kA nizcita aMza vetana yA pArizramika kahA jAtA hai| uccavargIya jana yathA AcArya, vaidya, adhyakSa dvArA ajita AjIvikA ko vetana kahA jAtA thaa| isI prakAra bhUmihIna kisAna, zramika, karmakara Adi kI arjita AjIvikA bhRtti kahI jAtI thii| zramikoM ko bhRtti dete samaya isa bAta kA dhyAna rakhA jAtA thA ki bhRtti se unakA bharaNa-poSaNa bhalIbhA~ti ho ske| zramika kA bhojana-pAnI banda karane vAlA yA zrama ke anupAta meM kama bhRtti dene vAlA pApI mAnA jAtA thaa|" nItivAkyAmRtam meM ullekha hai ki svAmI ko apane Azrita ko itanA paryApta dhana denA cAhiye jisase vaha pUrNa santuSTa ho ske| 1. vyavahArasUtra 9/17, 18 2. praznavyAkaraNa 2/13 3. nizIthacUNi bhAga 4, gAthA 6080; nItivAkyAmRtam 14/3 4. 'bhattI NAma bhayagANaM kammakarANaM ti vuttaM bhavati' / nizIthacUrNi bhAga 3, gAthA 4848 5. upAsakadazAMga 1/32; AvazyakacUNi bhAga 2, pR0 284 6. tAvad deyaM yAvadAzritAH sampUrNatAmApnuvanti / nItivAkyAmRtam 22/22

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150 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana kauTilya ne bhI arthazAstra meM spaSTa kahA hai ki zramika kA vetana itanA ho, jisase usakA aura usake parivAra kA bharaNa-poSaNa bhalIbhA~ti ho sake / zukra sevaka ke vividha vetanamAnoM kA ullekha kiyA hai- prathama, uttama jisase sevaka ke sampUrNa parivAra kA bharaNa-poSaNa ho sake, dvitIya, madhyama jisase usakI maulika AvazyakatAyeM pUrNa ho sakeM aura tRtIya, adhama jisase mAtra eka hI vyakti kA poSaNa ho sake / bhRtti zramika kI kArya kSamatA ke anusAra nizcita kI jAtI thI, dAyitva pUrNa kArya karane vAle zramikoM bhRtti adhika hotI thI aura dUsare zramikoM kI kama / manu ne sAdhAraNa kArya karane vAle nikRSTa dAsa yA dAsI ke liye pratidina eka paNa, 6 mAsa meM vastra kA eka jor3A aura eka droNa dhAnya aura apekSAkRta adhika uttaradAyitvapUrNa kArya karane vAle uttama dAsa-dAsI ko 6 paNa, anAja aura vastra dene kA vidhAna kiyA thA / kauTilIya arthazAstra meM nimnatama vetana 60 paNa aura uccatama 4800 paNa vArSika dene kA ullekha hai / zukra ne tIna prakAra se bhRtti kA nirdhAraNa kiyA hai, 'kAryamAnA' arthAt kAryAnusAra dI jAne vAlI, 'kAlamAnA' arthAt kAlAnusAra dI jAne vAlI aura 'kAryakAlA' kArya aura kAla donoM ke anusAra dI jAne vAlI bhRtti / " kintu nizothacUrNi meM kAla aura kArya ke anusAra bhRtti nirdhArita kI hai / kAla ke anusAra bhRtti pAne vAle zramika dainika vRtti para kAma karate the, aise zramikoM ko 'divasabhayago' kahA jAtA thA aura inako sAyaMkAla bhRtti prApta hotI thI jisase ve bhojana-sAmagrI Adi kraya kara apanA nirvAha karate the / kucha zramika nizcita samaya taka kAma kara apanI bhRtti arjita karate the, aise zramikoM ko 'uccatabhayago' kahA jAtA thA / kucha zramika kArya ke anusAra bhRtti pAte the, jaise yAtrA ke samaya svAmI ke sAtha jAne vAle zramika kI bhRtti nizcita kara lI jAtI thI aise zramika ko ' jattAbhayago' 1. kauTilIya arthazAstra 5 / 3 / 91 2. zukranIti 2/399 3. manusmRti 7 / 126 4. kauTilIya arthazAstra 5 / 3 / 91 5. zukranIti 2/395 6. nizIthacUrNi bhAga 3, gAthA 3718, 3719

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SaSTha adhyAya : 151 kahA jAtA thaa| kucha zramika, jo Theke para kAma karate the, unako 'kavalabhayago' kahA jAtA thaa|' __ zramikoM ko pArizramika mAtra nakada, mAtra bhojana tathA nakada aura bhojana tIna rUpoM meM diyA jAtA thaa| piMDaniyukti meM ullekha hai ki dAsa-dAsiyoM yA pazuoM se jo kArya liyA jAtA thA usakA pArizramika sonA, cA~dI aura tA~bA Adi dhAtuoM meM pradAna kiyA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra anumAnataH pArizramika ukta dhAtu ke sikkoM meM dI jAtI hogii| nakada vetana ke sAtha bhojana dene ke ullekha bhI milate haiN| jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjagiri ke nandamaNikAra ne apanI puSkariNI para loka kalyANa hetu auSadhAlaya, anAthAlaya aura bhojanAlaya khole the, jahA~ usane nakada vetana aura bhojana para karmacArI niyukta kiye the| vipAkasUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki dhAnnaka kasAI ne pazupAlana, unakA vadha karane aura unakA mA~sa bAjAroM meM becane hetu nakada vetana aura bhojana para saikar3oM anucara niyukta kiye the| sakaDAlaputra kumhAra ne bhI bartana kI apanI 500 dukAnoM para nakada vetana aura bhojana dekara karmacArI niyukta kiye the / bRhatkalpabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki vaidya apanA pArizramika vastra, bhojana, zayana, Asana aura 'kevaDiya' nAmaka sikkoM meM prApta karate the|' anna aura bhojana ke rUpa meM bhI 1. bhayago caunviho-divasabhayago jattAbhayago kavvAla bhayago uccattaya bhayago ya |""kaale chigo savvadiNaM ghaNaM pacchiNNaM rUvagaihiM tume mama kamma kAyavvaM / evaM diNe-diNe bhavago gheppati |...""imo jattAbhayago = dasa joyaNAgi mama sahAraNa egAgiNA vA gaMtavvaM ettieNa ghaNeNa, tito paraM te icchA |......"imo kavvAlabhayago-kavvAlo khitikhANato uDDamAdI, tassa kammappiNijjati, do tiNNi vA hatthA chinnaM achinnaM vA ettiyaM te ghaNaM dAhAmi tti |....."imo uccatta bhayago-tume mamaM ecciraM kAlaM kamma kAyavvaM jaM jaM ahaM bhaNAmi, ettiyaM te ghaNaM dAhAmi tti / nizIthacUNi, bhAga 3/3718, gAthA 3769/3729 2. piMDaniyukti, gAthA 405 3. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 13/20-23 4. vipAkasUtra 4/16 5. upAsakadazAMga 7/7 6. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 2, gAthA 1968 se 1970

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152 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana bhRtti dI jAtI thii| piMDaniyukti meM eka kRSaka dvArA apane zramikoM ko hala calAne ke bAda unakI yogyatAnusAra bhojana dene kA ullekha hai|' vyavahArabhASya ke anusAra eka kuTumbI kRSakoM kI sahAyatA se jo dhAnya ugAtA thA use bAda meM kRSakoM meM vibhakta kara detA thA aura jo bacatA thA use koSThAgAra meM surakSita rakha detA thaa| brahatkalpabhASya meM ullekha hai ki gAya, bhaiMsa Adi kA pAlana karane vAle gvAle pratidina apanI bhRtti le lete yA phira cauthe dina pUrA dUdha le lete the| piDaniyukti se jJAta hotA hai ki jinadAsa zrAvaka kA gopAlaka AThaveM dina saba gAyoM kA dUdha bhRtti-svarUpa le letA thaa| manusmRti meM 10 gAyoM kA pAlana karane vAle ko eka gAya kA dUdha bhRtti svarUpa dene kA nirdeza diyA gayA thaa| bRhatkalpabhASya meM mAlI aura puSpa cunane vAle ko bhI khAne pIne kI vastuoM ke rUpa meM pArizramika diye jAne kA ullekha hai| vasudevahiNDI se jJAta hotA hai ki dhannA sArthavAha ne apane dAsa samudradatta ke kArya se prasanna hokara use vastra-yugala diyA aura usakI naukarI sthAyI kara dii| jo vyakti zramikoM ko paryApta bhatti nahIM detA thA use heya mAnA jAtA thaa| vyavahArabhASya meM eka aise amAtya kA ullekha hai jo rAjA kI AjJA se eka bhavana nirmita karavA rahA thA, vaha dhana ke lobha se zramikoM ko pUrI bhRtti nahIM detA thA, niSThura vacanoM se unako apamAnita karatA thA, unase anucita aura kaThora kAma karavAtA thA unako vizrAma kA samaya bhI nahIM detA thaa| unheM lavaNa va masAloM se rahita sUkhA bhojana bhI samaya-kusamaya para hI detA thaa| isase duHkhI hokara zramika bhavana ko apUrNa chor3akara cale gaye / jaba rAjA ko yaha jJAta huA to usane amAtya 1. piMDaniyukti gAthA 384 2. 'kauTumbikaH sakarSakANAM kAraNe samutpanne vRddhayA kAlAntara dhAnyaM dadAti' vyavahArabhASya, 6/163 3. 'ego govo payovibhAgena gAvo rakhati so ya khAriyANaM gAvINaM cauttha khIrassa geNhati' nizIthacUNi, bhAga 3, gAthA 4502 4. piMDaniyukti gAthA 369 5. manusmRti 8/231 6. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 4, gAthA 3651 7. saMghadAsagaNi-vasudevahiNDI 1/50

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SaSTha adhyAya : 153 ko maMtrIpada se cyuta kara diyA aura usakA sArA dhana chIna kara daMDita kiyaa| kauTilya ne bhI zramikoM kI bhRtti kATakara bacata karane vAle rAjyAdhikArI ke liye daNDa kA vidhAna kiyA hai| khetihara zramikoM ko pradatta bhRtti-dara kA jaina granthoM meM koI varNana nahIM milatA, kintu anya prAcIna granthoM se isa tathya para prakAza par3atA hai| kauTilIya arthazAstra ke asusAra rAjya kI khetI meM khetihara zramika, bhUmi kI urvaratA ke anusAra upaja kA 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5 bhAga bhRtti-svarUpa pAte the / nijI khetoM meM kAma karane vAle zramika, upaja kA 1/10 bhRtti-svarUpa pAte the| yUnAnI vidvAn sTUbo likhatA hai ki khetihara zramika rAjya kI bhUmi para kAma karake upaja kA 1/4 bhAga bhRtti svarUpa pAte the|" nirdhArita vetana ke atirikta zramikoM ko unakI vizeSa sevA ke liye puraskAra diye jAte the aura unako padonnata kiyA jAtA thaa| nizIthacUrNi meM aise rAjA kA varNana hai jisane apane karmacArI kI sevA se prasanna hokara usake vetana meM pratidina eka svarNamASaka kI vRddhi kara dI thI aura vastra dAna diyA thaa| nizIthacUrNi tathA AvazyakacUrNi ke anusAra kisI rAjA dvArA apane pA~ca yoddhAoM ke atyanta vIratApUrvaka yuddha karake eka ajeya durga ko jIta lene para prasanna hokara yaha ghoSaNA kI gaI ki ve yoddhA nagara se jo cAhe le leM usakA mUlya rAjya vahana kregaa| kucha zramika jinakA sevAkArya asthAyI hotA thA ve kArya kI khoja meM idhara-udhara ghUmate rahate the / bRhatkalpabhASya meM "audArika' zramikoM ke 1. vyavahArabhASya 8/310 2. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2/9/25 3. vahI 3/13/69, 2/24/41 4. vahI 3/13/69 5. purI, baijanAtha-iNDiyA eja DiskrAibDa bAI arlI grIka rAiTarsa 6. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2/23/40 7. 'pati divasaM suvaNNamAsato vitti katA pahANaM ca se vatthajuyalaM dinnaM' nizIthacUNi, bhAga 4, gAthA 6541 8. vatthAdigaM vA jaNassa geNhati tassa veNaiyaM savvaM rAyA payacchati jaM te kiMci asaNAdigaM' nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 4, gAthA 6080; AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 2, pR0 218

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154 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana sArtha kA ullekha hai, jo AjIvikA kI khoja meM ghUmatA rahatA thaa|' isase spaSTa hotA hai ki samAja meM nimnastarIya varga Arthika dRSTi se durbala thaa| unake pAsa kAma karane ke na to paryApta sAdhana the aura na hI unheM pUrNa bhojana milatA thaa| unheM apanI AjIvikA ke liye kar3A parizrama karanA par3atA thaa| ve sUryodaya hote hI jaMgaloM meM lakar3I aura patte ikaTThe karane cale jAte aura sUryAsta taka ghara lauTa pAte the| kucha hIna kArya karane vAloM kI dazA to dAsoM se bhI burI thI, samAja meM savarNoM ke liye ve aspRzya the| isa zreNI meM cAMDAla Ate the, inheM nagaroM ke bAhara nivAsa karanA par3atA thaa|" zramazakti pradAna karane vAle karmakAroM kA stara dAsoM kI apekSA acchA thA unheM apane kAma ke anusAra nizcita vetana prApta hotA thA, ve svAmI kI sampatti nahIM the| kuzala zramikoM kI sthiti apekSAkRta acchI thii| ve apane adhikAroM kI surakSA ke liye zreNiyoM meM saMgaThita ho gaye the, jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM aisI 18 zreNiyoM kA varNana hai| ina zreNiyoM ke apane niyama the aura ye AvazyakatAnusAra rAjya se nyAya kI mA~ga karatI thiiN| ina zreNiyoM kI tulanA Aja ke zramika saMgaThanoM aura "TreDa yUniyansa" se kI jA sakatI hai| ___ Aja kI bhA~ti prAcInakAla meM bhI utpAdana ke liye santuSTa zramazakti Avazyaka samajhI jAtI thii| praznavyAkaraNa tathA upAsakadazAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki zramikoM ko sAmAjika surakSA pradAna karane ke liye evaM unake naitika utthAna ke liye unakI vyaktigata aura sAmUhika AvazyakatAoM kA dhyAna rakhA jAtA thaa| mahAvIra ne zramikoM ke zoSaNa kI bhAvanA ko kama karane ke liye AzritoM ke bhojana-pAnI kA viccheda aura unakI kSamatA se adhika kArya lenA, zrAvaka ke prathama aNuvrata 1. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3, gAthA 3066 2. praznavyAkaraNa 3/20 3. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2, gAthA 1097 4. vyavahArabhASya bhAga 4, gAthA 92 5. vahI bhAga 4, gAthA 92 6. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 3/10 7. jJAtAdhamaMkathAMga 8/130; AvazyakacUNi bhAga 2, pR0 181 8. upAsakadazAMga 1/32; praznavyAkaraNa 1/27

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SaSTha adhyAya : 155 ahiMsA kA aticAra mAnA hai / kauTilIya arthazAstra meM bhI zramikoM kI surakSA hetu vidhAna banAne ke prasaMga haiM jinake anusAra svAmI ko nirdhArita vetana denA par3atA thA aura jo aisA nahIM karatA thA vaha daNDa kA bhAgI hotA thA / yUnAnI vidvAn sTraibo ne megasthanIja kA uddharaNa dete huye kahA hai ki zilpa tathA audyogika samitiyA~ udyoga sambandhI kAryoM kI dekhabhAla karatI thIM / ye zilpiyoM aura zramikoM kA pArizramika taya karatIM, unake kArya kA nirIkSaNa karatIM, kArya aura guNa ke anurUpa unheM vetana dilavAtI thIM / 3 rAjakIya karmacAriyoM ko peMzana dene ke bhI udAharaNa milate haiM / rAjA zreNika ne putra janma kA saMvAda dene vAlI dAsI ke liye AjIvana bharaNapoSaNa kI vyavasthA kara sevA mukta kara diyA thA / agara sevAkAla meM rAjya karmacArI kI mRtyu ho jAtI to usake parivAra kI sahAyatA kI jAtI aura yathAsaMbhava usake sthAna para usake putra ko naukarI dene kA prayatna kiyA jAtA / " kauTilya ne bhI rAjyakArya karate huye marane vAle rAjyakarmacArI ke parivAra ko vetana dene kA nirdeza diyA thA / ' zukra ke anusAra jisa sevaka ko sevA karate huye 40 varSaM vyatIta ho jAya~ use sevA - mukta karake, usake bharaNa-poSaNa hetu usako AdhA vetana denA cAhiye / vartamAnakAla meM jaise - karmacArI kA bhaviSya surakSita karane ke lie usake vetana se anivArya bacata jamA karane kI yojanAyeM haiM vaise hI zukra ke kAla meM bhI karmacAriyoM ke bhaviSya ko surakSita karane kA prayatna kiyA jAtA thA / ' abhilekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki zramikoM kI zreNiyA~ apanA dhana kalyANakArI kAryoM meM bhI lagAtI thIM / kumAragupta ke mandasaura abhilekha 1. upAsakadazAMga 1 / 32 2. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2 / 24 /40 3. purI, baijanAtha -- iNDiyA eja DiskrAibDa bAI arlI grIka rAiTarsa, pU0 63 4. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1 /20 5. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 3, gAthA 3260 6. kauTilIya arthazAstra 5 / 3 / 91 7. zukranIti 2/413 8. vahI 2/417

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156 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana meM ullikhita hai ki dazapura kI rezama bunane vAlI zreNI ne sUrya mandira kA nirmANa karavAyA thaa| isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki zramikoM ke saMgaThana apanI pUjI aura zrama kA ucita upayoga karate the| 3-byAja rASTrIya Aya kA vaha aMza jo pUjI ke badale meM svAmI ko diyA jAtA hai byAja kahalAtA hai| nizIthaNi meM use vRddhi kahA gayA hai| upAsakadazAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki pUjI para byAja lene kI prathA pracalita thii| upAsakadazAMga meM varNita, samAja meM pratiSThita, dasoM gAthApati apanI pUjI byAja para dete the| bar3e-bar3e sArthavAha bhI RNa dene kA kArya karate the| sampanna gAthApatiyoM aura sArthavAhoM ke atirikta vyApAriyoM ke nigama", zramikoM kI zreNiyA~ bhI byAja para pUjI detI thiiN| pANini ne prajI dene vAle ko 'vasnika' kahA hai| praznavyAkaraNa se jJAta hotA hai ki RNa likhA-par3hI karake diyA jAtA thA, kucha dhokhebAja loga jhUThe kAgaja-patra bhI taiyAra karate the| RNa sAkSI ko upasthiti meM diyA jAtA thaa| jaina granthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki kaI bAra loga dhana prApta karane ke lobha meM jhUThI gavAhI bhI dete the| RNa prApta karane kA adhikAra usI vyakti ko thA jisake pAsa bhavana yA bhUmi ho yA vaha RNadAtA kA bhalIbhA~ti paricita ho / 10 ___ byAja kI dara prAyaH itanI U~cI hotI thI ki eka bAra RNa lene 1. e0 ke0 nArAyaNa-prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha 2, pR 126 2. nizIthacUrNi bhAga 3, gAthA 4488 3. upAsakadazAMga 1/12, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4, 4/4 4. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 2/7 5. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2, gAthA 1110 6. nahapAnakAlIna nAsika guhAlekha paMkti 2, 3 e0 ke0 nArAyaNa-prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha 2, pa0 33 7. pANini aSTAdhyAyI 5/1/156 8. praznavyAkaraNa, 2/10 9. vahI 10. somadevasUri-notivAkyAmRtam 7/40

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SaSTha adhyAya : 157 para use lauTAnA kaThina ho jAtA thA / ' piDaniyukti meM sau rupaka RNa para 5 rupaka byAja lene kA ullekha hai kintu yaha byAja mAsika thA yA vArSika isakA koI ullekha nahIM miltaa|2 anumAnataH yaha byAjadara mAsika hI thI kyoMki kauTilIya arthazAstra meM bhI 100 paNa para 5 paNa mAsika byAja kA ullekha huA hai|3 vyavahArabhASya meM varNita hai ki eka vyakti ne 100 kArSApaNa RNa liyA thA vaha apane RNa-dAtA ko eka kAkiNI pratimAsa byAja dekara aura usake ghara kAma karake zIghra hI RNa-mukta ho gyaa| smRtiyoM meM jAti ke AdhAra para byAja kI vibhinna daroM kA ullekha hai| manusmRti meM brAhmaNoM se 2 pratizata, kSatriyoM se 3 pratizata, vaizyoM se 4 pratizata aura zUdroM se 5 pratizata, mAsika byAja lene kA vivaraNa hai|kauttily ne arthazAstra meM 100 paNa para 13 paNa byAja nirdhArita kiyA hai| kintu sAmAnya vyApAriyoM se pA~ca paNa, vanya-mArga se vyApAra karane vAloM se 10 paNa, samudrImArga se vyApAra karane vAloM se 20 paNa lenA bhI ucita batAyA hai|' yAjJavalkyasmRti meM bhI gahana vanoM meM jAne vAloM se 10 pratizata aura samudrI mArgoM se jAne vAle vyApAriyoM se 20 pratizata byAja lene kA ullekha hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki byAja kI dara pUjI kI surakSA para nirbhara karatI thii| samudrI mArga se vyApAra karane para pU~jI naSTa hone kI AzaMkA rahatI thii| ataeva byAja kI dara bhI U~cI ho jAtI thii| kabhI-kabhI RNadAtA apanA dhana vApasa lene hetu atyanta kaThoratA kA vyavahAra karate the| RNagrAhI dvArA asamarthatA vyakta karane para RNadAtA RNI ko apazabdoM se apamAnita karate the, pairoM aura ghUsoM se prahAra 1. 'aparimiyavaDDhIe vaDDhaMtaM bahu jAyaM' nizIthacUNi bhAga 3, gAthA 4488 2. piMDaniyukti gAthA 47 3. 'paccapaNa vyAvahArikI mAsavRddhi' kauTilIya arthazAstra 3/11/2 4. vyavahArabhASya 10/372 5. manusmRti 8/142 6. sapAdapaNAAmAsavRddhiH paNazatasya paJcapaNA vyAvahArikI dazapaNA kAntAra kANAm viMzatipaNAsAmudrINAm-kauTilIya arthazAstra 3/11/36 7. yAjJavalkyasmRti vyavahArAdhyAya sUtra 38

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158 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana karate aura unake ghara para apamAnasUcaka gaMdI dhvajA phaharA dete the|' AvazyakatAnusAra rAjakIya sahAyatA se bhI apanA dhana vApasa pAne kA prayatna karate the| vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM RNadAtA RNa kA pUrA dhana na milane para usakA ardhAMza lekara hI RNI ko mukta kara dete the|' nizIthacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki yadi RNI RNa cukAne meM asamartha hotA to use RNadAtA kI dAsatA svIkAra karanI par3atI aura jaba taka RNa cukA nahIM letA use dAsa bane rahanA par3atA thaa| nizIthacUrNi ke eka prasaMga meM eka stro ne eka telI se tela udhAra liyA thA aura kisI kAraNavaza use lauTA nahIM paaii| usakA byAja itanA adhika ho gayA ki usa strI ko telI kI dAsatA svIkAra karanI pdd'ii| manusmRti meM bhI apane diye huye RNa ko balapUrvaka grahaNa karanA nyAyocita mAnA gayA hai| bRhatkalpabhASya meM vaNita vaNikanyAya ke anusAra yadi RNa lene vAlA svadeza meM ho to use anivArya rUpa se karja cukAnA par3atA thA, parantu yadi vaha samudra-yAtrA dvArA videza gayA ho aura kisI durghaTanAvaza usakA saba kucha calA gayA ho aura kaThinAI se mAtra apanA jIvana hI bacA pAyA ho to use RNa se mukta kara diyA jAtA thaa| sUtrakRtAMga ke anusAra pitA-pitAmaha athavA apane kisI pUrvaja dvArA liyA gayA aura vApasa na cukAyA jA sakA RNa paitRka RNa hotA thA, jise cukAnA putra, pautra athavA unake uttarAdhikArI kA uttaradAyitva hotA thaa| kauTilIya arthazAstra meM bhI aisI hI vyavasthA hai ki yadi 1. aNaM riNaM poccaDaM mailaM jhaMjhaDiyA riNe adijjate vaNiehiM aNegappagArehi duvvayaNehi jhaDiyA jhaMjhaDiyA latAkasAdiehiM vA jhaDitA nizIthacUNi bhAga 3, gAthA 3704 2. rAjakulabalena taM dhAraNikaM dhRtvA svalpaM dravyaM balAdapi gRhNAti / bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3, gAthA 2691 3. 'addhapadatte dANeNa tosieNa dhaNieNa visajjito' nizIthacUrNi bhAga 3, gAgA 3750 4. nizIthacUrNi bhAga 3, gAthA 4488 5. manusmRti 8/50 6. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 6, gAthA 6309 7. sUtrakRtAMga 1/3/2/2 189

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SaSTha adhyAya : 159 RNa lene vAlA binA RNa bhare hI mara jAye to usake uttarAdhikArI ko RNa bharanA par3atA thaa|' gautamadharmasUtra meM bhI uttarAdhikArI ko RNa bharane ke liye kahA gayA thaa| jaina sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki paitRka RNa kI adhikatA se ghabarAkara kucha gRhastha, sAdhu-jIvana apanA lete the| ___ jaina sAhitya meM RNa cakAne kI nirdhArita avadhi kA kahIM ullekha nahIM milatA, kintu RNa nizcaya hI nirdhArita avadhi ke liye hI diye jAte hoMge aura usake vyatIta ho jAne para hI RNadAtA apanA dhana vApasa lene ke liye ukta prayatna karate hoNge| pANini ke anusAra RNa cukAne kI avadhi ke AdhAra para RNoM ke nAma rakha diye jAte the yathA mAsa bhara meM cukAye jAne vAlA RNa 'mAsika' aura saMvatsara meM cukAye jAnA vAlA RNa 'sAMvatsarika' kahalAtA thaa| isI prakAra nirdhArita RtuoM meM vApasa karane kI zarta para bhI RNa liyA jAtA thA yathA grISma meM cukAyA jAne vAlA 'greSmaka', varSARtu meM cukAyA jAne vAlA 'kalApaka' aura nirdhArita mAsoM yathA agrahAyaNa meM cukAyA jAne vAlA 'AgrahAyaNika' aura vasanta meM cukAyA jAne vAlA 'vAsantaka' kahalAtA thaa| isase pratIta hotA hai ki utpAdana kI AvazyakatAnusAra RNa diye jAte the aura kRSi kI upaja ke taiyAra ho jAne para RNa vApasa cukAne kI vyavasthA thii|" isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki prAcInakAla meM byAja para RNa dene kA kArya prAyaH samAja ke dhanI, zreSThI, gAthApati, sArthavAha aura vaNik karate the, jinakI pahu~ca rAjya darabAra taka hotI thI aura ve kabhI-kabhI anucita lAbha uThAkara nirdhana aura asahAya vyaktiyoM kA zoSaNa karane lagate the| 4-lAbha __ prabandhaka kA bhAga athavA aMza hI lAbha hai| pUMjI kA byAja, bhUmi 1. kauTilIya arthazAstra 3 / 11 / 36 2. gautama dharmasUtra 2 / 2 / 37 3. sUtrakRtAMga 1 / 2 / 2 / 179 4. pANini-aSTAdhyAyI 4/3 / 49, 4 / 2 / 48 5. vahI, 4 / 2 / 48-49

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160 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana kA kirAyA, zramika kA vetana aura rAjya kara-kA bhugatAna kara dene para prabandhaka ke pAsa jo dhana bacatA hai use lAbha kahA jAtA hai nizIthacUrNi se jJAta hai ki IsA kI chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI se sArthavAha, gAthApati aura vaNik apanI buddhimattA aura dUradarzitA ke sAtha zrama tathA pU~jI ko isa prakAra saMgaThita karate the ki unako bharapUra lAbha hotA thaa| ve Aya aura vyaya kI samucita vyavasthA se lAbha prApta karate the|' vyApArI sadaiva sAvadhAna rahate the ki vyApAra se unheM paryApta lAbha ho aura jisa vyApAra meM unheM lAbha kI AzA nahIM hotI thI ve usa vyApAra ko nahIM karate the| yaha lAbha vyApArI ko kucha to apanI dUradarzitA aura sAhasa ke kAraNa aura kucha anukUla paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa hotA thaa| lAbhAMza rAjya kI vyApArika nItiyoM para bhI nirbhara karatA thaa| rAjya sadA satarka rahatA thA ki vyApArI kisI vastu kA manamAnA mUlya nirdhArita kara milAvaTa karake yA kama mApa-taula karake adhika lAbha na utthaaye| mUla dhana se dviguNA lAbha lenA mAnya thaa| praznavyAkaraNa ke anusAra anaitika yA asAmAjika rIti se ajita dhana corI hai| ataH utanA hI lAbha lenA cAhiye jisase kisI kA zoSaNa na ho / prAcInakAla meM bhI kucha vyApArI Arthika dRSTi se itane sampanna ho jAte the ki rAjya ke niyamoM aura nItiyoM ko prabhAvita karane kI kSamatA rakhate the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM kucha aise vyApAriyoM kA varNana hai jo bahumUlya upahAra dekara zulka-mukta ho gaye the| upAsakadazAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki samaddha gAthApatiyoM aura zreSThiyoM kA rAjakIya sammAna hotA thaa| rAjya ke vyApArika vikAsa meM rAjA bhI 1. Aya-vyaya tulajjA lAbhA kariyaM vva vANiyao' nizIthabhASya gAthA 2067 2. 'jahA lAbhattho vaNio mUlaM jeNa tuTTati tArisaM paNNaM No kiNati jattha lAbha pecchati taM kiNati, vahI bhAga 2 gAthA 2522, 4911 3. somadevasUri-nItivAkyAmRtam 8018, 14, 8022 4. vahI 18065 5. praznavyAkaraNa 3/3 6. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 8/83

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SaSTha adhyAya : 161 inase parAmarza lete the aura rAjya kI viSama paristhitiyoM meM inase sahAyatA lI jAtI thii| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki athAha sampatti aura rAjakIya nItiyoM ke prabhAva ke kAraNa Aya kA adhikAMza bhAga aise hI vyApArI prApta karate the| rASTrIya Aya ke vitaraNa meM sabase bar3A bhAga lAbha ke rUpa meM hI jAtA thA aura prabhAvazAlI vyApArI asIma dhana ke svAmI bana baiThate the| upAsakadazAMga ke anusAra inake dhana kI gaNanA karanA saMbhava nahIM thaa| ataH use bartanoM se mApA jAtA thaa| svanAmadhanya dhanADhya gAthApati mahAzataka ne aparigraha vrata kA pAlana karate huye pratidina do droNa parimANa suvarNamudrAoM ke lenadena kA niyama le rakhA thaa|' jaina granthoM meM upalabdha prasaMgoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki zramaNopAsaka vyApArI nyAya aura nItipUrvaka arthopArjana kara samAjasudhAra tathA utthAna kA kArya karate the| bhagavatIsUtra meM tugiyA nagarI ke zrAvakoM ke Adarza jIvana kA citraNa karate haye kahA gayA hai ki ve svabhAva se udAra aura dInoM tathA asahAyoM ke sahAyaka the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha hai ki bar3e-bar3e sArthavAha bhI dayAlu pravRtti ke hote the, ve sArtha prasthAna ke pUrva yaha ghoSaNA karate the ki vyApArika uddezya vAle yAtriyoM kI samasta suvidhAoM kI vyavasthA sArthavAha karegA aura yadi kisI vyApArI kA dhana ghaTa jAyegA to usakI sahAyatA bhI sArthavAha kregaa| isase choTe vyApAriyoM ko bar3I suvidhA ho jAtI thI, kyoMki akele yAtrA karane ke sAdhana unake pAsa nahIM hote the| udAra sArthavAhoM kI sahAyatA se ve apane alpasAdhanoM se bhI dUra-dUra taka vyApAra karane meM samartha ho pAte the| vitaraNa kA svarUpa prAcIna jaina granthoM ke adhyayana se spaSTa hotA hai ki unake racanAkAla meM Arthika svataMtratA thii| vyakti yatheccha dhana arjita kara sakatA thaa| rAjya kI ora se koI pratibandha nahIM thaa|5 pariNAmataH samAja do vargoM 1. upAsakadazAMga 1/13; jJAtAdharmakathAMga 2/10 2. upAsakadazAMga 8/4 3. bhagavatIsUtra 2/5/11 4. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 15/6 5. upAsakadazAMga 1/12; jJAtAdharmakathAMga 8/64, 13/18 11

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162 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana meM vibhakta ho gayA thaa| AvazyakatA se adhika pU~jI vAlA dhanI varga aura atyanta nirdhana vrg| isase samAja meM Arthika viSamatA vyApta ho gaI thii| dhanikoM meM nagarazreSThi, gAthApati aura sampanna vaNik the| dUsarA zoSita varga thA jisameM bhUmihIna kisAna, zramika aura dAsa-dAsI the / utpAdana meM sakriya bhAgIdAra hone para bhI isa varga ko ucita pratiphala nahIM prApta hotA thaa| dhanI varga nirdhanoM kA zoSaNa kara rahA thA, isa prakAra zrama kI apekSA pU~jI kA mahattva bar3ha gayA thA aura eka prakAra se Arthika-viSamatA vyApta ho gaI thii| jaisA ki sUtrakRtAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki svAmiyoM dvArA atyadhika zoSaNa karane para kaI bAra sevaka vidrohI ho jAte the aura ve svAmiyoM kI sampatti ko hI samApta kara dete the|' isI prakAra jJAtAdharmakathAMga se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki dhannA sArthavAha kA dAsa, svAmI ke kaThora vyavahAra ke kAraNa ghara se palAyita ho gayA thA aura corI karane lgaa| apane svAmI se pratizodha lene ke lie usane dhannA kA sampUrNa dhana lUTa kara usake beTe kA bhI apaharaNa kara liyA thaa| __ Arthika viSamatA kI samasyA ke samAdhAna hetu ho jainadharma ke pravartakoM tathA AcAryoM ne 'ahiMsA','asteya' tathA 'aparigraha' ke mahattvapUrNa siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA thaa| unameM se ahiMsA aNuvrata meM apane AzritoM ko samaya para bhojana aura samucita vetana Adi dene kA vidhAna thaa| isa niyama kA ullaMghana karane para gRhastha ko ahiMsA aNuvrata ke atikramaNa kA doSI mAnA jAtA thaa| tRtIya 'asteya aNuvrata' mAnava ko dhArmika jIvana jIne kI aura apanI AvazyakatA kI vastuoM ko nyAya aura puruSArtha se prApta karane kI preraNA detA thaa| isake viparIta anaitika aura asAmAjika rIti se ajita kiyA huA dhana 'steya' mAnA jAtA thA / asteya-vrata dhAraNa karane se sahayoga aura samatA kI bhAvanA meM vRddhi hotI thii| mahAvIra ne gRhastha ke lie AvazyakatA se adhika dhana sampatti kA saMgraha aura usa para Asakti ko parigraha kahA hai jo mukti meM bAdhaka hai| 1. sUtrakRtAMga 2/2/210 2. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 18/16, 38 3. upAsakadazAMga 1/23 4. upAsakadazAMga 1/32, 33, 34, 36; AvazyakacUNi bhAga 2, pR0 280, 285, 286 5. praznavyAkaraNa 3/3

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SaSTha adhyAya : 163 ataeva apanI AvazyakatAnusAra dhanasampatti rakhanA, usameM Asakta na honA aparigraha vrata hai| isa siddhAnta se prabhAvita hokara samAja ke anekAneka dhanI vyaktiyoM ne svecchayA apanI AvazyakatA se adhika sampatti ko janakalyANa ke liye arpita kara diyA thA yathA upAsakadazAMga meM AnandagAthApati kA ullekha prApta hotA hai jisane apanI ananta icchAoM ko niyaMtrita karate haye dhana, sampatti, bhojana-vastra ke sAtha-sAtha apanI anya upabhoga kI vastuoM ko bhI sImita kiyA thaa| mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM AvazyakatA se adhika artha-saMgraha asamAnatA utpanna karatA hai kyoMki eka kA saMcaya dUsare kA abhAva bana jAtA hai| jo vyakti apanI aparimita sAmagrI ko jarUratamanda logoM meM nahIM vitarita karatA unako mukti nahIM prApta hotI / isa prakAra mahAvIra ne alpaparigrahI samAja kI nIMva ddaalii| nItivAkyAmRtam meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki jo zaraNAgatoM ke liye apane dhana kA upayoga nahIM karatA usake dhana kA kucha lAbha nahIM hai| isa prakAra sampannoM ke aparigraha tathA dAna kI bhAvanA se vipannoM kI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti hotI thI aura samAja meM Arthika samAnatA ke Adarza kI sthApanA hotI thii| 1. upAsakadazAMga 1/36; praznavyAkaraNa 5/1 2. vahI 1/29 3. 'asaMvibhAgI Nahu tassa mokkho'-dazavakAlika 9/23 4. 'na khalu kasyApi mA bhUdartho yatrAsaMvibhAgaH zaraNAgatAnAm' somadevasUri-nItivAkyAmRtam 1/16

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saptama adhyAya rAjasva-vyavasthA rAjya-saMcAlana meM koza kA bar3A mahattva thA kyoMki isI se rAjya kI sampUrNa Arthika-praNAlI kA niyaMtraNa hotA thaa| bRhatkalpabhASya ke anusAra koza ke naSTa hone para rAjya bhI naSTa ho jAtA hai|' AvazyakacUrNi meM bhI ullekha hai ki jisa rAjA kA koza kSINa ho jAtA hai usakA rAjya naSTa ho jAtA hai| nizIthacUrNi meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki jo rAjA arthotpatti ke sAdhanoM kA saMrakSaNa nahIM karatA, dhanAbhAva ke kAraNa usakA koza kSINa ho jAtA hai aura vaha rAjA naSTa ho jAtA hai| somadevasUri ne to koza ko rAjAoM ke prANa kI saMjJA dI hai| inake anusAra prajA kA dhanadhAnya hI rAjA kA koza hai| yaha duHkha-sukha meM rAjya kI rakSA karatA hai| ataH rAjA kA yaha kartavya hai ki vaha nyAyocita sAdhanoM se bhoga karate huye koza kI vRddhi kre| kauTilya ne koza ko rAjya kA AdhAra mAnA hai / " nizIthacUNi se jJAta hotA hai ki mauryakAla se hI koza kA mahattva samajhA jA cukA thaa| isake anusAra rAjakoza 3 bhAgoM meM vibhAjita thA-koSThAgAra-yaha eka prakAra kA koThAra thA jahA~ saba prakAra ke dhAnyoM ko ekatra kiyA jAtA thA, bhANDAgAra-isameM bhANDa, vastra Adi ekatra kiye jAte the aura kozAgAra-jisameM sonA, cA~dI aura hIroM kA saMgraha kiyA jAtA thaa| kara-nirdhAraNa siddhAnta prajApAlana hetu sampanna koza aura sampanna koza hetu prajA para kara lagA kara dhana ekatra karanA Avazyaka thaa| eDama smitha ne bhI rAjya ke 1. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2, gAthA 940 2. AvazyakaNi bhAga 2, pR0 200 3. nizIthacUNi bhAga 3, gAyA 4798, 4801 4. kozo hI bhUpatinAM jIvitaM na prANaH / kozaM vrdhynnutpnnmrthmupyujiit,| somadevasUri-nItivAkyAmRtam 21/3 5. kozapUrvAH sarvArambhAH-kauTilIya arthazAstra, 2/4/26 6. 'koso jahiM rayaNAdiyaM davvaM' nizIthacUNi, bhAga 1 gAthA 129,

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saptama adhyAya : 165 liye kara kI AvazyakatA ko dekhate haye kara-nirdhAraNa meM samAnatA ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA hai arthAt rAjya kI prajA ko apane sAmarthya ke anupAta meM kara denA cAhiye / prAcIna jaina aura hindU-granthoM meM Aye saMdarbho se spaSTa hotA hai ki kara lagAte samaya kara dene vAle kI Arthika kSamatA kA dhyAna rakhA jAtA thaa| jaina Agama graMtha mukhyataH dArzanika graMtha hone ke kAraNa kara-nirdhAraNa ke bAre meM kucha ullekha nahIM karate / vipAkasUtra meM prajA ko kaSTa dekara atyadhika dhana-saMgraha karane vAle rAjA ko pApI kahA gayA hai| jinasena ke AdipurANa meM ullekha hai ki jisa prakAra dUdha dene vAlI gAya ko binA pIr3A pahu~cAye dUdha grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai usI prakAra rAjA dvArA bhI prajA ko binA kaSTa diye kara-grahaNa karanA cAhiye / notivAkyAmRtam ke anusAra bhI prajA ko pIr3ita karane vAle rAjA kA koza rikta ho jAtA hai aura rAjya kI mahAna kSati hotI hai kyoMki bhaya ke kAraNa yA to loga vyApAra hI banda kara dete haiM yA phira chala-kapaTa kA Azraya lete haiN| somadeva ke anusAra vRkSa kA mUla-chedana karane vAlA eka hI bAra phala prApta kara sakatA hai arthAt prajA ko kaSTa dene vAlA rAjA eka hI bAra dhana prApta kara sakatA hai| manusmRti meM bhI spaSTa saMketa hai ki rAjA, prajA se utanI hI mAtrA meM kara le jisase rAjya kI zAsana-vyavasthA vidhivat saMcAlita ho sake aura prajA kA mUlaucchedana bhI na hone pAye / zukranIti meM rAjA ko mAlI kI bhA~ti kara grahaNa karane kA nirdeza dete huye kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra mAlI latA ko tor3e binA puSpa cuna letA hai usI prakAra rAjA ko prajA ko kaSTa diye binA kara grahaNa karanA caahiye| ApattikAla meM rikta koza kI pUrti hetu somadevasUri ne rAjA ko brAhmaNoM aura vaNikoM kA aisA dhana adhigrahIta kara lene kA parAmarza diyA 1. smitha eDama, di veltha Apha nezansa, bhAga 2 pR0 310 2. vipAkasUtra 1/28 3. payasvinyA yathA kSIraM doheNopajIvyate / prajApyevaM dhanaM dhana dohayA nIti pIDAkaraiH / AdipurANa 16/254. 4. nItivAkyAmRtam, 8/11 5. 'tarucchedena phalopabhogaH sakRdeva' vaho, 16/25 6. manusmRti, 7/111 7. 'mAlAkAra iva grAhyo bhAgo' - zukranIti, 4/110, 2/173

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166 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana hai jo dharmAnuSThAna, yajJa aura kuTumba-saMrakSaNa meM upayogI na ho| isake atirikta unhoMne dhanikoM, dharmAdhikAriyoM, maMtriyoM, purohitoM aura adhInastha rAjAoM se dhana lene kI salAha dI hai| kauTilIya arthazAstra meM bhI ullekha hai ki koza ke kSINa ho jAne para yA akasmAt arthasaMkaTa A jAne para rAjA ko koza-vRddhi ke lie janapadoM se anna kA 1/3 yA 1/4 bhAga rAjya-kara ke rUpa meM grahaNa karanA caahie| nizIthacUrNi meM rAjA ko pradAna kiye jAne vAle dravya ko "khor3a" kahA gayA hai| praznavyAkaraNa meM kara-grahaNa adhikArI ko "khaMDarakkhA" kahA gayA hai| nizIrthAcuNa se jJAta hotA hai "gomiyA" aura "sukiyA" nAmaka adhikArI rAjA ke liye kara grahaNa karate the|5 gomiyA gA~va se aura raTTiya ( rASTrakUTa ) rASTra se kara grahaNa karate the / 6 kara nakada aura vastu donoM rUpoM meM grahaNa kiyA jAtA thaa| vyavahArabhASya ke anusAra kara ke rUpa meM dhAnya, ghI, phala, bhANDa, vastra Adi jo prApta hote the unheM gAr3iyoM se koSThAgAroM meM pahu~cAyA jAtA thaa| rAjya ko Aya ke srota rAjakIya Aya ke srotoM para hI rAjya kI samaddhi aura bhAvI yojanAyeM nirbhara karatI haiN| mukhyataH dhArmika dRSTi hone ke kAraNa rAjya kI Aya-vRddhi ke liye tatkAlIna rAjAoM dvArA lagAye gaye kara aura unakI dara ke sambandha meM jaina-granthoM meM vizeSa ullekha nahIM hai / yatra-tatra Aye prasaMgoM se hI kara-vyavasthA kA kucha anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai| kauTilIya arthazAstra, smRtiyA~ aura purAlekha avazya hI prAcIna kara vyavasthA para kucha prakAza DAlate haiN| 1. somadevasUri, notivAkyAmRtam 21/14 2. janapadaM mahAntamalpapramANaM vA devamAtRkaM prabhRtadhAnyaM dhAnyasyAMzaM tRtIyaM caturtha vA yAceta', kauTilIya arthazAstra, 5/2/10 3. 'khoDaM NAma jaM rAyakulassa hiraNAdi davyaM dAyavvaM' nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 4, gAthA 6295 4. praznavyAkaraNa, 2/3 5. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 4, gAthA 6521 6. vahI, bhAga 2, gAthA 489 7. vahI, bhAga 4, gAthA 6296, 6408 8. vyavahArabhASya, 6/223

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saptama adhyAya : 167 grAmakara-bRhatkalpabhASya aura cUNiyoM meM vivaraNa hai ki grAmoM meM 18 prakAra ke kara lagate haiN|' DaoN0 jagadIzacandra jaina ne apanI pustaka 'jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja' meM 18 prakAra ke karoM ke nAma diye haiM :-2 (1) gokara (gAya para lagane vAlA kara ), (2) mahiSakara ( bhaiMsa para lagane vAlA kara ), (3) uSTakara (U~Ta para lagane vAlA kara ), (4) pazukara (pazuoM para lagane vAlA kara ), (5) ajakara (bakare para lagane vAlA kara ), (6) tRNakara (ghAsa ke pattoM para lagane vAlA kara ), (7) bhusakara (dhAnya ke bhUse para lagane vAlA kara ) (8) palAlakara (cAvala ke bhUse para lagane vAlA kara ) (9) aGgArakara ( koyale para lagane vAlA kara ) (10) kASThakara (lakar3o para lagane vAlA kara ), (11) lAMgUlakara (pUcha para lagane vAlA kara ), (12) dehalIkara (gharoM para lagane vAlA kara ), (13) jaMghAkara (carAgAha kara), (14) balivardakara (baila para lagane vAlA kara ), (15) ghaTakara (miTTI ke bartana para lagane vAlA kara), (16) karmakara (zramikoM dvArA dI gaI begAra), (17) bullakara (sAmUhika bhoja para lagane vAlA kara ) aura (18) autitakara (vijJAnakalA ke vyApAra para kara ) / ye sabhI kara kRSi aura pazu sambandhI the| AvazyakaNi meM bhI kSetrakara aura pazu-kara kA ullekha huA hai|' ina karoM ke ullekhoM se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki kRSaka Aya kA koI bhI srota kara mukta nahIM thaa| kauTilIya arthazAstra meM grAmoM se prApta isa prakAra kI Aya ko 'piNDakara' 1. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 2, gAthA 1088; uttarAdhyayanacUNi, 2/97; nizIthacUNi bhAga 3, gAthA 4128 2. jaina, jagadIza candra, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 112 1. AvazyakacUNi, bhAga 2, pR0 4

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168 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana kahA gayA hai| jainagraMthoM meM nagara ko paribhASita karate huye kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ para kara nahIM lagate vaha nagara hai / para anya saMdarbho se nagaroM ke kara-makta hone kI puSTi nahIM hotI hai, kyoMki nagaroM se vANijya-vyApAra sambandhI kara liye jAne kA ullekha hai| kauTilIya arthazAstra aura smRtiyoM meM kaI prakAra ke karoM kA ullekha hai| isa kAraNa jaina graMthoM kA yaha kathana ki nagara aise sthAna haiM jahA~ kara na lagate hoM, bhinna prasaMga meM rahA hogaa| unakA tAtparya una 18 kRSi sambandhI karoM se rahA hogA jinakA pracalana nagaroM meM nahIM thA / kauTilIya arthazAstra meM durga, rASTra, khanija, setu, vana, vaNikpatha, zulka aura daNDa rAjakIya Aya ke sAdhana kahe gaye haiN|5 zukra ne zulka, daNDa, khAnakara, mAtRka-upAyana ko rAjA kI Aya kA sAdhana batAyA hai| jaina granthoM meM rAjakIya Aya kA vistRta ullekha to nahIM milatA hai, para bRhatkalpabhASya, vyavahArabhASya, nizothacUrNi Adi granthoM meM prApta ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki bhUmikara, vANijyazulka, vANijyapatha, daNDa, upahAra aura vijita rAjAoM se prApta dhana rAjakIya Aya ke sAdhana the / bhUmikara-Aya kA sabase mahattvapUrNa srota bhUmikara thA, jo bhUmi kI urvaratA para nirbhara karatA thaa| bRhatkalpabhASya meM ullekha hai ki ikSvAkuvaMza ke rAjA 1/10 aura vRSNi vaMza ke rAjA 1/6 bhAga kara grahaNa karate the| vyavahArabhASya meM bhI upaja kA 1/4, 1/6, 1/10 rAjavaMza kahA gayA hai| kauTilya ne upaja kA 1/4 rAjyakara kahA hai / 1. kauTilIya arthazAstra; 2/5/33. 2. 'natthettha karo nagara' bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 2, gAthA 1089; uttarAdhyayanacUNi 2/107; nizIthacUNi 3/4128. 3. uttarAdhyayana 14/37; piMDaniyukti gAthA 87; nizIthacUNi bhAga 4, gAthA 6521. 4. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 2/6/24; zukranIti 2/235. 5. 'samAhartA durga rASTra khani setu vanaM vrajaM vaNikpathaM cAbekSeta, zulka daNDaH pautavaM nAgariko' kauTilIya arthazAstra, 2/6/24. 6. zukranIti, 2/235. 7. ikkhAgAdasabhAgaM, savve vi ya vaNhiNo u chabbhAgaM-bRhatkalpabhASya 5/5257. 8. vyavahArabhASya, 1/14. 9. 'dhAnyAnAmaSTamo bhAga : SaSTho dvAdaza eva vA' // manusmRti 7/130.

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saptama adhyAya : 169 manusmati meM kahA gayA hai ki bhUmi kI upaja ke anusAra rAjA ko 1/6, 1/4, 1/12 bhUmikara lenA caahiye|' gautamadharmasatra meM kahA gayA hai ki kRSaka ko upaja ke anusAra 1/6, 1/4, 1/10 kara ke rUpa meM denA cAhiye / 2 raghuvaMza meM kahA gayA hai ki phasala kaTane aura kRSakoM ke dhAnya uThA lene ke pazcAt anna kaNoM ko jo RSi apane nirvAha ke liye cunate the usakA bhI 1/6 bhAga ve rAjA ko dete the| upaja kA ba~TavArA 'droNamApaka' nAmaka rAjasva adhikArI karatA thA vaha upaja kA 1/6 bhAga rAjyakara le letA thaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki bhUmikara upaja kA rAjyAMza thA, jise 'bhAga' kahA jAtA thA aura jo sAmAnya upaja kA 1/6 hotA thaa| rudradAmana ke jUnAgar3ha abhilekha meM utkIrNa hai ki rAjyakoza bali, zalka tathA bhAga se bhara gayA thA / " bhUmi ke kraya-vikraya para bhI rAjya 1/6 kara grahaNa karatA thaa| 449 I0 ke pahAr3apura tAmralekha ke anusAra nAthazarmA brAhmaNa aura usakI patnI ne 3 dInAra jamA karake 1-1/2 kulyAvAya bhUmi kharIdI aura usa prAMta ke mukhiyA ko 1/6 bhAga kara ke rUpa meM diyA / prajA se kara ke rUpa meM prApta anna ko rASTrIya koSThAgAra meM saMgrahIta kiyA jAtA thaa| ___ bhUmi se prApta guptanidhi rAjakIya saMpatti samajhI jAtI thii| nizIthacUrNi meM eka aise vaNik kA ullekha hai jisako guptanidhi prApta huI thI para jaba rAjA ko isakA patA calA to usane vaNika kI sampUrNa nidhi jabta kara lii| isI prakAra eka anya vyakti ko bhUmistha dInAreM prApta huI 1. kauTilIya arthazAstra 5/2/90 2. rAjJe validAnaM karSakairdazamaSTaM SaSThaca, gautamadharmasUtra, 2/1/24 3. kAlidAsa raghuvaMza 4/8 4. khera, ena0 ena0-egreriyana eNDa phijikala ikonomI ina mauryA eNDa posTa mauryA eja, pR0 252 5 rudradAmana kA jUnAgar3ha zilA abhilekha, nArAyaNa, e0 ke0 : prAcIna bhAratIya ___ abhilekha saMgraha, dvitIya bhAga; pR0 43 6. 'dharmaSaDabhAgapyAya' upAdhyAya, vAsudeva : prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha, pR0 35 7. oghaniyukti, pR0 23 8. 'ekkeNaM vaNieNaM NihI ukkhaNio, taM aNNehiM gAuM raNNo NiveiyaM, vaNio dIDayo NihI ya se haDo' nizIthacUNi bhAga 4, gAthA 6522.

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170 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana jise rAjA dvArA adhigrahIta karane kA ullekha hai|' kauTilya kA kahanA hai ki yadi kisI vyakti ko bhUmistha nidhi prApta ho aura rAjA ko isakI sUcanA de de to rAjA kA yaha kartavya hai ki use prApta nidhi kA 1/6 puraskAra ke rUpa meM pradAna kare aura zeSa rAjya-sampatti ke rUpa meM rakhale / manusmRti ke anusAra bhUmi se prApta AdhI nidhi rAjA ko svayaM rakha lenI cAhiye aura AdhI brAhmaNoM ko dAna kara denI cAhiye / gautama dharmasUtra ke anusAra bhI bhami meM bhUmisthanidhi para rAjya kA adhikAra hotA hai kintu yadi vaha brAhmaNa ko prApta ho to usa para usakA adhikAra hotA hai aura yadi abrAhmaNa ko prApta ho to vaha rAjA ko sUcita karake 1/6 dhanAMza puraskAra svarUpa grahaNa kara sakatA hai| kauTilIya arthazAstra meM khanija padArthoM para bhI rAjya kA adhikAra batAyA gayA hai / vANijya-kara-vyApAriyoM dvArA rAjya ko pradAna kiye jAne vAle kara ko zulka kahA jAtA thaa| nizIthacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki zulka grahaNa karane vAle adhikArI ko 'sukiyA' aura zulka grahaNa kiye jAne vAle sthAna ko 'suvaMvaddhaNe' kahA jAtA thaa| kauTilIya arthazAstra meM bhI zulka grahaNa karane vAle adhikArI ko 'zulkAdhyakSa' aura zulka grahaNa karane vAle sthAna ko 'zulkazAlA' kahA gayA hai| mauryakAla se hI vyApArika pathoM para zulkazAlAyeM banA kara zulka grahaNa karane kI samucita vyavasthA thii| kara grahaNa karate samaya rAjya aura vyApArI donoM kI suvidhAoM kA dhyAna rakhA jAtA thaa| bRhatkalpabhASya meM ullekha hai ki vANijya kara, 1 1. nizIthacUNi bhAga 3, gAthA 4316 2. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 4/1/76 3. manusmRti, 4/39 4. gautamadharmasUtra, 2/1/43 5. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 2/6/24 6. 'tassa ya gacchato suMkaThANe suMkio uvaTTito-'suMkaM dehi', nizIthacUrNi __ bhAga 4, gAthA 6519 7. 'zulkAdhyakSaH zulkazAlAdhvajaM ca prAGmukhamudaGamukhaM vA mahAdvArAbhyAze nivezayet', kauTilIya arthazAstra 2/21/39 8. vahI.

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saptama adhyAya : 171: vastu ke kraya-vikraya kI dara, mArga- vyaya, yAna, vAhanoM kA vyaya aura vyApArI ke bharaNa-poSaNa hetu paryApta dhana ko chor3akara lagAyA jAtA thA / manusmRti meM ullikhita hai ki rAjA vastuoM ke kraya-vikraya, mArgavyaya Adi ko dekhakara vyApArI para kara lagAye / nizIthacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki paNya vastuoM para mUlya kA 19/20 cuMgI ke rUpa meM liyA jAtA thA, eka vyApArI ke pAsa bartanoM se bharI bIsa gAr3iyA thIM, zulkAdhikArI ne usase bartanoM kI eka gAr3I cuMgI ( zulka ) ke rUpa meM le lI / kauTilIya arthazAstra ke anusAra taulakara bikane vAlI vastuoM para 1 / 10, ginakara becI jAne vAlI vastuoM para 1/11 aura nApa kara becI jAne vAlI vastuoM para 1/16 zulka ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA jAtA thA / " manusmRti meM vyApAriyoM se 1/ 20 kara grahaNa karane kA ullekha hai / " gautamadharmasUtra meM bhI vikraya kI jAne vAlo vastuoM para 1/20 rAjakIya kara mAnA gayA hai / " yAjJavalkyasmRti meM bhI vastuoM para 1/20 zulka svIkRta kiyA gayA hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki kabhI-kabhI rAjA prasanna hokara vyApAriyoM ko vANijyakaroM mukta bhI kara dete the / campA nagarI ke potavaNik vyApAra ke liye... mithilA gaye the, unhoMne rAjA ko bahumUlya bheMTa dekara prasanna kara liyA thA. 1. 'suMkAdIparisuddha, sailAbhe kuNai vANio ciTTha' bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 2, gAthA 952 2. ' krayavikrayamadhvAnaM bhaktaM ca saparivyayam / yogakSemaM ca saMprekSya vaNijo dApayetkarAn', manusmRti, 7 / 127 3. suMkito bhaNNati-vIsatibhAo, tAhe teNa vaNieNa ya suMkieNa ya paricchittA, mA oruhaNapaccAruhaNaMtesu vakkhevo bhavissati tti kAuM ekkA bhaMDI ke diNNA / - nizIthacUrNi bhAga 4 gAthA 6521 4. SoDaSabhAgo mAnabyAjI, viMzatibhAgasyatulAmAnam / gaNyapaNyAnAmekAdazabhAgaH - kauTilIya arthazAstra, 2 / 16 / 36 'zulkasthAneSu kuzalAH sarvapaNyavicakSaNAH / kuryaradhaM yathApaNyaM tato vizaM nRpo haret / ' - manusmRti, 8 398 -- gautamadharmasUtra 2 / 1 / 26 5. 6. viMzatibhAgaH zulkaH paNye 7. yAjJavalkyasmRti, 2 / 269

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172 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana aura rAjA ne unheM vyApAra kI anumati dI tathA paNyavastuoM ko zulka mukta kara diyA / vartanIkara- - AvAgamana kI suvidhA hetu rAjya kI ora se sar3akoM, ghAToM aura nAvoM kI vyavasthA kI jAtI thI jisake liye rAjya vyApAriyoM aura yAtriyoM se kara letA thA / bRhatkalpabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki mArgoM para 'vartanI' kara liyA jAtA thA / kauTilIya arthazAstra meM bhI sImA-rakSaka aura antapAla dvArA 'vartanI' kara lene kA ullekha hai / bRhatkalpabhASya meM vartanI kara kisa dara se liyA jAtA thA isakA ullekha nahIM hai jabaki kauTilIya arthazAstra meM spaSTa ullekha hai ki bikrI kA mAla Dhone vAlI gAr3I se paNa, ghor3e, khaccara, gadhe Adi se mAla Dhone vAle se 1/2 paNa, bakarI aura kSudra pazuoM kA 1/4 paNa aura kaMdhe para mAla Dhone vAle yAtrI se 1 mASa 'vartanI' kara kiyA jAnA cAhiye / 4 jainagranthoM meM varNana hai ki nadI Adi pAra karane ke liye bhI zulka denA par3atA thA jise 'taradeya' yA 'tarapaNa' kahA jAtA thA / kauTilIya arthazAstra meM bhI naukAoM aura ghAToM se prApta hone vAle "taradeya" kA ullekha hai / " manusmRti ke anusAra naukA kirAyA nadI ke vega, sthiratA, anukUla, pratikUla pravAha, samaya, dUrI Adi dekhakara taya kiyA jAtA thA / kauTilya ne naukA ke bhAr3e kI dara kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai - bher3a, bakarI Adi choTe pazuoM tathA hAtha meM grahaNa karane yogya bhAra liye hue manuSya se 1 mASaka, gAya, ghor3e tathA sira para bojha rakhe huye manuSya se 2 mASaka, U~Ta aura bhaiMse se 4 mASaka, zakaTa athavA bhArI gAr3I se 7 mASaka, vyApArika sAmagrI ke eka 1. kuMbhae rAyA te arahantagapama ekkhe nAvAvaNigaye viDale yatthagaMdhajAva unmukkaM virai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 4 / 43. 2. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 1, gAthA 789. 3. ' antapAlaH sapAdapaNikAM vartanIgRhaNIyAtpaNya vAhanasya, paNikAmekakhurasyapazUnAmardhapaNikAM kSudrapazUnAm pAdikAmaM sabhArasya mASikAn', kauTilIya arthazAstra, 2 /17/34. 4. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 5, gAthA 5630; AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 1, pR0 298; 'teraNNe caM maggejjA' nizIthacUrNi bhAga 3, gAthA 4220 kauTilIya arthazAstra, 2 / 17 / 34 5. 6. manusmRti, 4 / 407

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saptama adhyAya : 173. "bhAra" kA bhAr3A cauthAI paNa thaa| ye dareM choTI nadiyoM ke liye thiiN| bar3I nadiyoM ko pAra karane kI dareM isakI lagabhaga dogunI thiiN| brAhmaNa, saMnyAsI, bAlaka, vRddha, rogI, harakArA, garbhiNI strI, naukAdhyakSa kI mudrA dikhAkara niHzulka nadI pAra kara sakate the / ' bRhatkalpabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki eka rAjya se dUsare rAjya meM jAte huye vyApAriyoM ko aura yAtriyoM ko nirdhArita kara dekara pAra-patra lenA Avazyaka thaa| kauTilIya arthazAstra meM bhI rAjya-sImA pAra karane ke liye 1 mASaka kara dekara pArapatra prApta karane kA ullekha hai / / niHsvAmika dhana-jisa saMpatti ke svAmI kA koI uttarAdhikArI nahIM hotA thA usakI sampatti kA rAjya adhigrahaNa kara letA thA / uttarAdhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki bhRgupurohita ne jaba patnI aura putroM ke sAtha dIkSA grahaNa kara lI taba rAjA ne usakI vipula saMpatti rAjakoza meM jamA karane kA Adeza de diyaa| jAtakakathAoM meM bhI purohita ke apanI patnI aura pUtroM ke sAtha dIkSita ho jAne para rAjya dvArA usakI sampatti ke adhigrahaNa karane kA ullekha hai|" vyavahArabhASya ke eka prasaMga ke anusAra rAjA ne eka niHsantAna vaNika kI mRtyu ho jAne para bhI usakI garbhavatI vidhavA patnI ke hita meM usakI saMpatti adhikRta karane kI anumati nahIM dii| tAki mRtavaNik kI patnI kA putra utpanna hone para svataH hI usa zizu ko sampatti kA adhikAra mila ske| kauTilIya arthazAstra meM isa prakAra ke dhana ko aputraka dhana kahA gayA hai|" 1. kSudrapazumanuSyazcasabhAro mASakaM dadyAt, zirobhAraH kAyabhAro gavAzvaM ca dvau, uSTramahiSaM caturaH paJcalaghuyAnam, saptazakaTaM paNyabhAraH pAdam' kauTilIya arthazAstra 2 / 24 / 43 2. rAyamAtiNo ya ete muddApaTTayadUtapurisaMvA maggijjaMti nizIthacUNi, bhAga 3, gAthA 3386 3. mudrAdhyakSo mudrA mASakeNa dadyAt, kauTilIya arthazAstra, 2/34/52 4. uttarAdhyayana 14/37 5. hatthipAla jAtaka, Ananda kausalyAyana, jAtakakathA 5/74. 6. vyavahArabhASya, 7/418 7. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 2 / 6 / 24

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174 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNAta Arthika jIvana gRhakara - nagaroM tathA grAmoM meM pratyeka gRha se gRhakara liyA jAtA thA | piMsniyukti se jJAta hotA hai ki pratyeka gRha se do drama gRhakara liyA jAtA thA / ' anumAnataH bar3e AvAsagRhoM aura bhavanoM para adhika kara tathA choTe gRhoM para usase kama kara nirdhArita the aura unase bhI choTe AvAsagRha kara-mukta rahe hoMge kyoMki bRhatkalpabhASya meM ullekha hai ki rAjagiri ke samRddha vyakti ne eka bhavya bhavana nirmita karAyA thA lekina bAda meM usake nirdhana ho jAne para usake putroM ke pAsa itanA bhI dhana nahIM thA ki ve usakA kara de sakeM / vivazataH unhoMne vaha bhavana zramaNoM ke nivAsa hetu dAna de diyA aura svayaM usake pAsa jhopar3I nirmita kara rahane lage / 2 upahAra aura bheMTa - upahAra aura bheMTa meM prApta dhana bhI rAjya kI Aya kA srota hotA thA / rAjA ke rAjyAbhiSeka, putrotpatti tathA vizeSa utsavoM ke avasara para prajA tathA adhInastha sAmanta rAjA ko bheMTa dete the / 3 jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki thAvaccA nAmaka sArthavAhI apane putra ke dIkSotsava kI anumati lene upahAra sahita rAjA ke pAsa gaI thI / dUsare deza ke vyApArI bhI vyApAra Arambha karane se pUrva rAjA ko bheMTa Adi dekara prasanna karate the / rAjagiri ke naMdamaNikAra ne rAjagiri meM puSkariNI nirmita karane kI anumati hetu rAjA zreNika ko bheMTa aura upahAra diye the / kauTilIya arthazAstra meM upahAra aura bheMTa svarUpa prApta dhana ko 'bali' aura 'utsaMga' kahA gayA hai / " vijita rAjAoM se prApta dhana - yuddha meM parAjita rAjAoM ke dhana se bhI rAjakoSa meM vRddhi hotI thI / jambUdvIpaprajJapti se jJAta hotA hai ki bharata cakravartI ko yavana tathA araba Adi parAjita videzI aura dezI rAjAoM ne hAra, mukuTa, kuNDala Adi AbhUSaNa aura ratna bheMTa kiye the / ' paumacariyaM meM ullekha hai ki mleccha zAsaka se parAjita aura bandI rAjA kI putrI rAjakumArI kalyANamAlinI, pitA ke siMhAsana aura rAjya kI 1. piMDa niyukti gAthA, 47 2. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 4, gAthA 4770 3. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/81, mahatyaM mahadhdhaM maharihaM rArihaM pAhuDaM uvaNoi. 4. vahI, 5/20, 8/81 aura 13/5 5, kauTilIya arthazAstra, 2/15 / 33 6. jambUdvIpaprajJapti, 2 /13, 3/18

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saptama adhyAya : 175 surakSA ke badale mleccha zAsaka ko nizcita dravya kara ke rUpa meM bhejatI thii|' Avazya karNi ke anusAra nizcita dravya na de pAne ke kAraNa kruddha rAjA ne apane sAmanta para AkramaNa kara diyA thaa|2 kaliGgAdhipati khAravela ne parAjita rAjAoM se maNi, ratna prApta kiye the / guptasamrATa samudragupta ne taTavartI rAjyoM ko jItakara unheM vahIM ke rAjAoM ko lauTA diyA thaa| isa kRpA ke badale usake adhInastha rAjA use kara tathA upahAra dete the| artha-daNDa-daNDa se prApta dhana bhI rAjakoza kI vRddhi kA eka sAdhana thaa| rAjya ke niyamoM kA ullaMghana karane para vibhinna daNDoM meM eka arthadaNDa bhI thaa| arthadaNDa kA AdhAra aparAdhI ke aparAdha kI gambhIratA aura laghutA hotI thii| vyavahArabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki kisI vyakti ko prahAra karane yA use girAkara ghAyala karane vAle ko 13, rupaka daNDa svarUpa denA par3atA thaa|5 jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM dhannA nAmaka sArthavAha kI kathA varNita hai jise rAjya kara na dene ke aparAdha meM rAjyakarmacAriyoM ne kArAgAra meM baMda kara diyaa| bAda meM usake sambandhiyoM aura mitroM ne bahumUlya ratna dekara use kArAgAra se mukta karavAyA thA / 6 meghakumAra ke janma ke avasara para 10 dinoM ke liye 'daNDakara' banda kara diye gaye the| isI prakAra bhagavatIsUtra se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki rAjA bala ne putra-janma para kara mApha kara diye the| nItivAkyAmRtam meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki rAjA kA apanI prajA se daNDa svarUpa dhana prApta karane kA uddezya mAtra dhana-saMgraha nahIM apitu prajA kI rakSA hotA hai|' 1. vimalasUri paumacariyaM, 34/35 2. AvazyakacUNi, bhAga 2, pR0 190 3. khAravela kA hAthIgumphA abhilekha paMkti 13; nArAyaNa, e0 ke0 : prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha, bhAga 2, pR0 15 4. samudragupta kA prayAga stambhalekha, paMkti 22; vahI, pR0 100. 5. 'smake pattakaM daMDaH utkRSTa tu kalahe pravRtte arddhatrayodaza rupako daMDaH", vyavahArabhASyapIThikA 1/6 6. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 2/58 7. vahI, 1/78. 8. bhagavatI sUtra, 11/11/42 9. somadevasUri, nItivAkyAmRtam 9/3

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176 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana vesTi (begAra)-jo loga kara dene kI sthiti meM nahIM hote the unheM rAjA ke liye begAra karanI par3atI thii| uttarAdhyayana meM ullekha hai ki zramika rAjAjJA se begAra karate the, apanI icchA se nhiiN|' bRhatkalpabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki jaba rAjA yA rAjyakarmacArI yAtrA para jAte the to mArga meM jo gAMva par3ate the unako yAtrA kA vyaya vahana karanA par3atA thaa| nizIthacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki naTa, varur3a, chiTapaga Adi ko apanA eka dina kA vetana yA parizrama rAjya kara ke rUpa meM denA par3atA thA / AdipurANa meM begAra lenA rAjA kA adhikAra kahA gayA hai| manusmRti meM bhI bar3haI, lohAra Adi zilpiyoM dvArA rAjA ke lie eka dina kI begAra karane kA nirdeza hai|" gautamadharmasUtra meM bhI zilpiyoM dvArA mAsa meM eka dina rAjA ke liye begAra karane aura usa dina rAjA dvArA unheM bhojana dene ke liye kahA gayA hai| zreNika ne apane putra ke janmotsava para 10 dinoM ke liye kisAnoM ko begAra se mukta kara diyA thaa| isI prakAra rudradAmana ke jUnAgar3ha abhilekha se jJAta hotA hai ki usane janakalyANArtha sudarzana jhIla kA jIrNoddhAra karavAyA thaa| usane usa puNyakArya hetu na to prajA para atirikta kara lagAye aura na hI kisI se begAra lii| rAjakIya kara-saMgraha-rAjya ko kara na denA aparAdha thaa| karoM ko kaThoratA se saMgrahIta kiye jAne ke pramANa milate haiN| bRhatkalpabhASya meM zastra Adi kA bhaya dikhAkara kara-saMgraha karane kA ullekha hai| nizItha 1. uttarAdhyayana, 27/13 2. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 5, gAthA 5174 3. nizIthacUNi bhAga 4, gAthA 6294, 6295 4. viSTidaNDakarANAMca nibandho rAjasAdabhevat, jinasena-AdipurANa 16/168 5. kArukAJchilpinazcaiva zUdrAMzcAtmopajIvinaH skaikaM kArayetkarma mAsimAsi mahIpItA, manusmRti, 7/138 6. gautamadharmasUtra, 2/1/31, 2/1/34 7. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/81 8. rudrAdAmana kA jUnAgar3ha zilAlekha paMkti 15; e0 ke0 nArAyaNa : prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha, pR0 48 9. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 5, gAthA 5104

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saptama adhyAya : 177 carNi ke eka prasaMga se jJAta hotA hai ki sopAraka nagara ke rAjA dvArA vyApAriyoM para lagAye gaye kara ko na dene se kraddha rAjA ne unheM agni-praveza kA daNDa diyA thaa|' vipAkasUtra meM varNita vijayavardhamAna kheTa kA ekAdi nAmaka rASTrakUTa 500 grAmoM se bar3I kaThoratA se kara grahaNa karatA thaa| jAtaka kathAoM meM bhI prajA ko kaSTa dekara kara-grahaNa karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiM jaise brahmadatta ke zAsanakAla meM pAMcAladeza ke karmacArI baDI nirdayatA se kara grahaNa karate the|3 rAjyAdhikArI utkoca lene ke liye kabhI-kabhI prajA ko pIr3ita karate the| eka pAna vikretA kA eka rAjakarmacArI se jhagar3A ho gayA antataH use rAjyAdhikArI ko vastrayugala dekara samajhautA karanA pdd'aa| kara grahaNa karane vAle adhikAro jhUThe aura lobhI bhI hote the|5 kucha rAjyAdhikAriyoM dvArA kara-dhana kI corI kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| nizotharNi meM varNita eka rAjA ne rAjya ke koSThAgAra se tIsa anna ke bartanoM kA svayaM upabhoga karane vAle adhikAriyoM ko daNDita kiyA thaa| rAjya ke koza meM kara jamA karane kA samaya nirdhArita hotA thA kintu vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM karadAtAoM ko do-tIna mAsa kI chUTa bhI pradAna kI jAtI thii| kintu chUTa kI avadhi ke bAda bhI kara na dene para unheM daNDita kiyA jAtA thaa| vyavahArabhASya meM eka aise vyakti kA ullekha hai jisako rAjA ke anugraha se do-tIna varSa ke lie kara se chUTa mila gaI thii| ataH vaha isa avadhi meM na to rAjyakarmacAriyoM ko prasanna karane ke 1. ruvagakaraM maggijjati te ya 'akare' tti puttANuputtio karo bhavissaI Na demo| jati Na deha, to aggipavesaM kareha-nizIthacUNi bhAga 4, gAthA 5156; bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 3, gAthA 2506-7 2. vipAkasUtra, 1/49 3. ganDatindujAtaka Ananda kausalyAyana jAtakakathA 5/192 4. nizIthacUNi bhAga 4, gA thA 6413 5. praznavyAkaraNa 2/3 6. puresu ahivaraNNo koTThAgArA tehito patteyaM dhaNNassa tIsaM tIsaM kuMbhA gahiyA-nizIthacUNi bhAga 4, gAthA 6408 7. nizIthacUNi bhAga 4, gAthA 6296

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178 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana liye bhojana karAtA aura na hI svayaM veSTi karatA / karamutti - kabhI-kabhI rAjA asthAyI yA sthAyI rUpa se apanI prajA ko karamukta kara dete the / rAjA siddhArtha ne mahAvIra ke janmotsava ke avasara para dasa dinoM ke lie kuNDagrAma ko bhUmikara, cuMgIkara, daNDa aura begara se mukta kara diyA thaa| rAjA zreNika dvArA bhI meghakumAra ke janma para rAjagiri ko dasa dinoM ke liye sabhI karoM se mukta kara dene kA ullekha hai / prAyaH rAjA vyApAriyoM se prasanna hokara, unase vANijyazulka nahIM lete the / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM varNita hai ki hastizIrSa nagara ke potavaNikoM se kaliyadvIpa meM pAye jAne vAle sundara ghor3oM kI sUcanA prApta hone para prasanna hokara rAjA kanakaketu ne unheM vyApAra kI anumati dI aura sAtha hI unheM karoM se bhI mukta kara diyA / azoka ne buddha ke janmasthAna lumbinI grAma ke bhUmi-kara ko ghaTA kara 1 se 2 kara diyA thA / " mahArAja hastina ke khoha tAmrapatra abhilekha se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjA ne agrahAra, udraMga tathA uparikara ke sAtha brAhmaNoM ko bhUmi dAna diyA thA / manu ne nirdhana, bhikSuka, nirbala, vRddha, sAdhu Adi se kara lene kA niSedha kiyA hai / karApavaMcana - prAcInakAla meM bhI karoM tathA zulkoM se bacane ke liye kucha loga apanI Aya chipAne kA prayatna karate the / rAjapraznIya se sUcanA milatI hai ki aMkaratna, zaMkharatna aura daMtaratna ke vyApArI rAjakIya zulka se bacane ke liye rAjamArgoM se yAtrA nahIM karate the / " isI prakAra uttarA 1. rAjakRta anugrahavazena ekadvitrayAdivarSa maryAdayA na ca hiraNyAdi pradadAti veSTakaroti na api bhaktaM dadAti, vyavahArabhASya, 2 / 29 2. ummukkaM ukkaraM ukkiTThe adijjaM abhaDappavesaM adaMDakodaMDima, kalpasUtra, 99 3. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1 / 81 4. vahI, 17/17 5. rukmiNidei laghu stambha lekha 4; nArAyaNa, e0 ke0 : prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha 1, pR0 69 6. vahI, bhAga 2, pR0 124 7. manusmRti, 8 / 394 8. aMkavaNiyAivA saMkhavaNiyAivA yaMtavaNiyAivA sukaM masiukAmANo sambha paMtha pracchasi rAjapraznIyasUtra 48

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saptama adhyAya : 179 dhyayanacUrNi meM ullekha hai ki videzI vyApAra se lauTe, karApavaMcana kA prayAsa karane para, acala nAmaka vyApArI ke zramAjita sonA-cA~dI tathA bahumUlya motiyoM ko rAjA ne chIna liyA thaa| kauTilIya arthazAstra meM bhI kara kI corI karane vAle vyApAriyoM ke liye daNDa kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| rAjya ke vyaya ke srota rAjakIya koza kA adhikAMza prajAhita ke kAryoM meM vyaya kiyA jAtA thaa| jo rAjA kara grahaNa karake bhI prajA kI dekhabhAla nahIM karatA vaha kunRpa mAnA jAtA thaa| isI kAraNa kaikayArdha ke rAjA pradezI ko nindA kI gaI thI, kyoMki vaha prajA se kara lekara bhI unakA ucita rUpa se pAlana nahIM karatA thA / 3 manu ke anusAra bhI prajA se kara lekara prajA-pAlana na karane vAlA rAjA narakagAmI hotA thaa| sUtrakRtAMga ke anusAra uttama rAjA pIr3ita prANiyoM kA rakSaka hotA hai, prajA ke kalyANa ke lie naitikatA aura maryAdA kI sthApanA karatA hai| vaha setu, nahara, pula tathA sar3aka kA nirmANa karavAtA hai, bhUmi tathA kRSi kI ucita vyavasthA karatA hai| rAjya ko cora, luTeroM tathA upadraviyoM se rahita karake usakI durbhikSa aura mahAmArI se rakSA karatA hai|" mukhya rUpa se karoM se prApta dhana kA upabhoga zAsana-vyavasthA, nyAyavyavasthA, antaHpura-vyavasthA aura jana-kalyANa ke lie kiyA jAtA thaa| zAsana-vyavasthA para vyaya zAsana kI suvidhA ke liye pUrA rAjya janapada, nagara, nigama, droNamukha, pattana, maMDaba, grAma, Akara, pallI, kheTa, kharvaTa, saMvAha, sanniveza aura 1. uttarAdhyayanacUNi, 4/120 2. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 2/21/39 3. rAjapraznIyasUtra 55 4 yo'rakSanbali mAdatte karaM zulkaM ca pArthivaH / pratibhAgaM ca daNDaM ca sa sadyo narakaM vrajet // manusmRti, 8/307 5. dayappatte sImaMkare sImaMghare khemaMkaye khemaMdhare maNussiMde jaNavadapiyA jaNavadapu rohite seukare Natvare-sUtrakRtAMga, 2/1/643

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180 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana ghoSa' Adi vibhAgoM meM vibhakta thA jahA~ vibhinna padAdhikArI evaM rAjakarmacArI niyukta the| zAsana vyavasthA ke liye mukhya yavarAja, zreSThi, amAtya, purohita Adi sahAyaka puruSa to hote hI the isake atirikta jaina sAhitya meM gaNanAyaka, daMDanAyaka, rAjezvara, senApati, talavAra, mAMDavika, kauTumbika, mahAmantrI, maMtrI, bhaNDArI, gaNaka, dvArapAla, aMgarakSaka, dUta, sandhipAla Adi rAjyAdhikAriyoM kA ullekha milatA hai / rAjya kI Aya kA bahuta bar3A bhAga adhikAriyoM ke vetana para vyaya hotA thA / U~ce padAdhikAriyoM ko bahuta dhana diyA jAtA thA jisase koza kA eka bar3A bhAga nikala jAtA thA / kauTilIya arthazAstra se jJAta hotA hai ki mauryakAla meM rAjakIya Aya kA 1/4 bhAga adhikAriyoM ke vetana para vyaya hotA thA / vyavahArabhASya meM rAjakIya Aya se rAjakarmacAriyoM ko vetana dene kA ullekha hai / sainya-vyavasthA para vyaya AMtarika zAnti aura bAhya surakSA ke liye rAjA vizAla senA rakhate the, senA ke cAra aMga hote the- hastisenA, azvasenA, rathasenA aura padAtisenA, isI kAraNa ise caturaMgiNI kahA jAtA thA / sthAnAMga meM bhaiMsoM kI senA kA bhI ullekha hai| senA kI pUrI vyavasthA yathA senA ke pazuoM, astra-zastroM tathA sainikoM aura unake adhyakSoM ke bharaNa-poSaNa aura unake vetana Adi para rAjya kA bahuta sA dhana vyaya hotA thA / rAjapraznIya se jJAta hotA hai ki kaikayArdha kA rAjA pradezI rAjya kI Aya kA 1/4 bhAga senA para vyaya karatA thA / khAravela ke hAthIgumphA abhilekha se patA 1. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 2, gAthA 1088-95 2. praznavyAkaraNa 4/8 ; nizIthacUrNi bhAga 2 gAthA 2502 3. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/24; aupapAtika sUtra 40 ; nizIthacUrNi bhAga 2 gAthA 2505-3 4. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 5 / 3 / 91 5. vyavahArabhASya, gAthA 29 6. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 33; bhagavatIsUtra 7/9/7 : sthAnAMga 5/57 7. rAjapraznIya, sUtra 43

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saptama adhyAya : 181 calatA hai ki usane 1135 suvarNamudrAyeM vyaya karake hastI, azva, ratha aura paidala senA kA saMgaThana kiyA thaa|' nyAya-vyavasthA aura surakSA para vyaya deza meM zAnti evaM surakSA kI sthApanA hetu nyAya kI samucita vyavasthA thii| rAjya kI surakSA ke liye kaI rAjyAdhikArI niyukta kiye jAte the / grAma-rakSA adhikArI "sirorakSa" nagara-rakSA adhikArI "koTapAla", nigama kA rakSA karane vAlA "zreSThI' aura deza-videza meM rakSA karane vAle ko "sirorakSa' kahA jAtA thA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha hai ki jaba dhAnya nAmaka sArthavAha kA putra kho gayA thA to usane nagara-rakSakoM ko sUcita kara sahAyatA kI prArthanA kI thii| isI prakAra eka aura sArthavAha ne cilAtacora ko pakar3ane meM rAjya ke surakSAdhikAriyoM ko sahAyatA prApta kI thii| bRhatkalpabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjya kA kAraNika nAmaka rAjyAdhikArI nyAyAlaya meM vAdoM-prativAdoM ke AdhAra para abhiyogoM kA nirNaya karatA thA / 6 AvazyakaNi meM bhI nyAya karane vAle rAjyAdhikAriyoM kA ullekha huA hai| bRhatkalpabhASya ke anusAra corI aura lar3AI-jagar3e ke abhiyoga rAjakula meM jAte the| kauTilIya arthazAstra ke anusAra niSpakSa nyAya karanA evaM aparAdhI ko daNDa denA rAjA kA pramukha kartavya thA / vasudevahiNDo meM ullekha hai ki potanapura ke vyApArI dharaNa aura revatI meM vivAda ho gayA antataH rAjA se nivedana kiyA gyaa| rAjA ne kAraNika ko nyAya karane kI AjJA dii| isI prakAra dhana kA vyavahAra karane vAloM ke vivAda bhI 1. khAravela kA hAthIgumphA abhilekha paMkti 4; nArAyaNa, e0 ke0 : prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha, dvitIya bhAga, pR0 73 2. sthAnAMga 7/66 3. nizIthacUNi bhAga 2 gAthA 1568 4. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 2/31 5. vahI, 18/39 6. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3, gAthA 2281 7. AvazyakacUNi bhAga 2, pR0 181 8. bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 3, gAthA 2655, 2803 ; vyavahArabhASya 7/443 9. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 3/1/58 10. vasudevahiNDI bhAga 1, pRSTha 295

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182 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana rAjya ke nyAyAlayoM meM jAte the| vasudevahiNDI meM hI eka grAmaNI kA ullekha huA hai jo rAta ko corI se apane khetoM meM pAnI de detA thA usake viruddha sAkSya milane para aura doSa siddha ho jAne para use daNDita kiyA gayA thaa| eka mRtaka kI saMpatti para adhikAra hetu eka hI putra ko apanA batAne vAlI do striyoM kA vivAda rAjasabhA meM gayA thA / AvazyakacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki karakaMDu aura brAhmaNa-putra meM jhagar3A ho gayA thA donoM nyAya hetu rAjakula meM gaye the| vipAkasUtra meM ullekha hai ki aparAdha na svIkAra karane para abhiyuktoM ko yaMtraNAyeM dI jAtI thIM aura aparAdha kI gambhIratA ke anusAra daNDita kiyA jAtA thaa| rAjya ke nyAyAlayoM meM nyAyika prakriyA, kArAvAsoM kI vyavasthA, choTe-bar3e adhikAriyoM ke vetana para rAjya kA bahuta sA dhana vyaya hotA thA / antaHpura-vyavasthA para vyaya IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM meM uttarI bhArata meM ekataMtrIya rAjya sthApita ho cuke the| yahA~ rAjAoM kA jIvana bar3A aizvaryazAlI aura vilAsamaya thA / bhavya aMtaHpura, uttama yAna-vAhana, bahumUlya vastrAbhUSaNa evaM sAja-zRgAra unake aizvarya ke pratIka the / unakI sevA meM dAsa-dAsI niyukta the| unake vizAla antaHpura para rAjya kA atyadhika dhana vyaya hotA thaa| rAjapraznIya se jJAta hotA hai ki kaikayArdha kA rAjA pradezI rAjakIya Aya kA 114 bhAga antaHpura ke rakha-rakhAva para vyaya karatA thaa| nizIthaNi meM ullekha hai ki hemapura ke rAjakumAra ke antaHpura meM 500 striyAM thIM / nizcaya hI unake bharaNa-poSaNa hetu atyadhika dhana vyaya kiyA jAtA hogaa| isa prakAra rAjakIya Aya kA bahuta bar3A bhAga antaHpura ke Upara hI vyaya ho jAtA thaa| 1. vasudevahiNDI bhAga 1, pR0 295 2. vahI, 3. vahI, 4. AvazyakacUNi, bhAga 2, pR0 206 5. vipAkasUtra, 6/3 6. rAjapraznIyasUtra 83 7. nizIthacUNi bhAga 3 gAthA 3575

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saptama adhyAya : 183 jana-kalyANa para vyaya prajA-hita kA dhyAna rakhane vAlA rAjA hI uttama mAnA jAtA thaa| somadevasUri ke anusAra jaba rAjA nyAyapUrvaka prajA pAlana karatA hai to samasta dizAyeM kAmadhenu ke samAna prajA ko abhilaSita vastu dene vAlI ho jAtI haiN| kauTilya ne rAjA ko vyApAra aura kRSi kI suvidhA ke liye jalamArga, sthalamArga, pattana, bA~dha Adi nirmita karavAne kA Adeza diyA thaa| megasthanIja ke anusAra rAjyAdhikArI sArvajanika kArya jaise sar3akoM, bA~dhoM, naharoM Adi kA nirmANa karavAte the / prajA kI suvidhA ke liye sabhA-gRha, upavana, jalazAlAyeM Adi banAI jAtI thiiN| azoka ke zilAlekhoM se sUcita hotA hai ki usane manuSyoM aura pazuoM ke lie cikitsAlaya, auSadhAlaya tathA sar3akoM ke donoM ora chAyAdAra phalavAle vRkSa, kueM tathA pyAU~ kI vyavasthA karavAI thii| oghaniyukti se jJAta hotA hai ki daivIya vipadA jaise durbhikSa, anAvRSTi, ativaSTi aura mahAmArI ke samaya prajA kI sahAyatA kI jAtI thii| aise samaya meM rAjya ke surakSita bhaNDAroM evaM koSThAgAroM se prajA ko anna vitarita kiyA jAtA thA aura nirdhanoM ko rAjya kI ora se anna pradAna kiyA jAtA thaa|" nizIthacarNi se jJAta hotA hai ki samrATa azoka ke prapautra samprati ne nagara ke cAroM dvAroM para dAnazAlAyeM khulavAI thIM jahA~ niHzulka bhojana upalabdha thA / rAjapraznIya se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjA pradezI jaba kezIzramaNa kA anuyAyI bana gayA to vaha apanI 7000 gAMvoM kI Aya kA cauthAI bhAga brAhmaNa, bhikSuoM ko dAna dene meM vyaya karane lgaa| gautamIputra 1. somadevasUri, notivAkyAmRtam 17/49 2. vANikpathapracArAn vAristhalapathapaNya pattanAni ca, kauTilIya arthazAstra, 3. purI, baijanAtha, iNDiyA eja DiskrAibDa bAI arlI grIka rAITarsa, pR0 62 4. azoka giranAra kA dvitIya zilAlekha paMkti 5-8, nArAyaNa, e0 ke0 : prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha 1, pR0 5 5. oghaniyukti , pR0 28 6. nizIthacUNi, bhAga 4, gAthA 5747, 5756 7. rAjapraznIyasUtra 83

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184 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana zAtakarNi ke nAsika guhA abhilekha se jJAta hotA hai ki usane dharmasaMghoM ko bhUmi dAna meM dI thii|' guptakAla ke zilAlekhoM meM bhI rAjAoM dvArA dharmArtha saMghoM ko bhUmidAna dene kA ullekha hai| nAsika guhA lekha ke anusAra uSavadAta ne govardhana kI zreNiyoM meM 3000 kArSApaNa jamA karAye the jisase usake byAja se bhikSuoM ko bhojana-vastra prApta hotA rahe / antakRtadazAMga ke ullekha se jJAta hotA hai ki kabhI-kabhI jina parivAroM ke bharaNa-poSaNa karane vAle mukhya sadasya kI mRtyu ho jAtI thI, to rAjya una parivAroM ke nirvAha kA dAyitva vahana karatA thA jaise vAsudeva kRSNa ne yaha ghoSaNA kI thI ki jo yuvarAja, talavara, mAMDavika, kauTumbika, ibhyoSThi, dIkSA leMge unake parivAra ke bAlaka, vRddha, rogI kA bharaNapoSaNa rAjya kregaa| kauTilya ne bhI rAjA ko bAlaka, vRddha, rogI vipattigrasta evaM anAtha logoM ke bharaNa-poSaNa kA nirdeza diyA hai|" hAthIgumphA lekha ke anusAra kaliGga nareza khAravela ne kalyANakArI kAryoM ke liye prabhUta dhana vyaya kiyA thaa| rAjA, prajA ke manoraMjana ke liye saMgIta kA Ayojana karavAtA thA / 6 zreNika ne putra-janmotsava para nagara meM gAyana, vAdana aura nRtya kA dasa dina taka calane vAlA Ayojana karavAyA thaa| ukta saMdarbho se pratIta hotA hai ki rAjya kI Aya kA bahuta bar3A bhAga janakalyANa para vyaya kiyA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra rAjya kI Aya tathA vyaya ke uparilikhita vivecana se bhASyakAla tathA carNikAla meM rAjasva kI unnata vyavasthA kA citra prastuta hotA hai| 1. gautamIputra zAtakaNi kA nAsika guhA abhilekha paMkti 4 ; nArAyaNa, e0ke0 prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha 2, pR0 6 2. bainyagupta kA guNeghara tAmrapatra abhilekha, paMkti 4,9 ; vahI, bhAga2, pR0163 3. nahapAnakAlIna nAsika guhA lekha paMkti 2-3 vahI, bhAga 2, pR033 4. antakRtdazAMga 5/1/7 5. khAravela kA hAthIgumphA abhilekha paMkti 14-16 ; nArAyaNa, e0ke0 : prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha, 2, pR0 73 6. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/81 7. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 2/1/19

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aSTama adhyAya sAmAnya jIvana-zailI deza ke Arthika vikAsa meM manuSya kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hotI hai| manuSya ke dvArA hI utpAdana ke sAdhanoM kA ucita vidohana sambhava hai / Arthika kriyAyeM upabhoktA ke liye hI kI jAtI haiM / ataH upabhoga hI utpatti kA AdhAra hai aura vahI utpatti kA mArga-nirdhAraNa karatA hai| vyakti ke Arthika jIvana kA anumAna usake upabhoga se hI lagAyA jA sakatA hai| kArla mArksa kA bhI vicAra hai ki mAnava kA jIvana stara utpAdana ke DhaMga para nirbhara karatA hai| manuSya ko upabhoga hetu jo upalabdha hotA hai vaha tatkAlIna Arthika vyavasthA kA phala hotA hai aura vyavasthita upabhoga se hI manuSya kA Arthika kalyANa sambhava hotA hai|' adhika pauSTika AhAra karane vAle, svAsthyaprada AvAsagRhoM meM rahane vAle, svastha aura prasannacitta logoM kI kAryakuzalatA aura utpAdana zakti nizcaya hI adhika hogii| AgamoM ke racanAkAla meM bhI Arthika vikAsa ke liye manuSya ke zArIrika aura bauddhika vikAsa ko mahattva diyA gayA thA / sthAnAMga meM dasa prakAra ke sukhoM meM zArIrika sukha ko prathama sthAna diyA gayA hai| jJAtA. dharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki samAja meM manuSya ke sarvAMgINa vikAsa kI ora dhyAna diyA jAtA thA / nizIthacUrNi meM ullekha hai ki jahA~ nivAsa ke lie sarovaroM aura tAlAboM se yukta bastI ho, khAne ke liye zAli, ikSu Adi dhAnyoM kI pracuratA ho, go, mahiSa Adi pazadhana kI adhikatA ho aura jahA~ sundara vastroM se alaMkRta zarIra vAle loga nivAsa karate hoM vahI sthAna uttama hai| 1. sinhA, je0 ena0 : mArksavAdI naitika siddhAnta, pR0 219 2. sthAnAMga 10/83 3. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/21 4. nizIthacUNi, bhAga 3, gAthA 4360

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186 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana isase spaSTa hotA hai ki cUrNikAla meM bhI manuSya ke jIvana-stara ke AdhAra bhojana, AvAsa aura veSa-bhUSA hI the / ataH prAcIna jaina sAhitya ke mAdhyama se Arthika jIvana ke adhyayana ke liye bhojana, veza-bhUSA, AvAsa, manoraMjana, zikSA, svAsthya evaM cikitsA para vicAra karanA samIcIna hogA / bhojana bhojana manuSya ke jIvana ko prAthamika AvazyakatA hai / jaina graMthoM meM vividha prakAra ke khAdya padArthoM ke ullekhoM se pratIta hotA hai ki bhojana ke liye khAdya padArtha pracura mAtrA meM upalabdha the / ' apanI Arthika sthiti ke anusAra vyakti pauSTika evaM svAdiSTa bhojana karate the / dazavaikAlikasUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki samAja meM khAdya, svAdya, leya aura peya cAra prakAra ke bhojana kA pracalana thA / zarIra ke svAsthya aura puSTi kA dhyAna rakhate hue RtuoM ke anukUla bhojana kiyA jAtA thA / dazavaikAlikacUrNa se sUcanA milatI hai ki zarada Rtu meM vAta tathA pitta ko nAza karane vAle, hemanta meM uSNatA pradAna karane vAle, vasanta meM zleSma ko harane vAle, grISma meM zItalatA pradAna karane vAle aura varSA Rtu meM bhI uSNatA pradAna karane vAle arthAt namI ko harane vAle padArthoM kA sevana kiyA jAtA thA / vyavahArabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki kalamazAli, vrIhi, tandula, kodrava, godhUma, yava aura rAlaka Adi dhAnyoM se bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke " odana" banAye jAte the / kodrava, yava aura rAlaga kA bhojana nirdhana loga karate the / " nizIthacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki eka nirdhana strI ke ghara kodrava kA hI bhojana banatA thaa| eka bAra usakA bhAI kahIM dUra deza se AyA usake sammAna ke liye vaha kisI dhanI ke ghara se bhojana hetu zAli mA~ga kara 1. nizIthacUrNi bhAga 2 gAthA 1028, 1029, bhAga 3, gAthA 4656; AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 1, pR0 198 2. dazavaikAlika, 4/16 3. saradi vAta pitta haraNi davvANi Aharati hemante uNhANi, vaMsate himarahANi gimhe sathikANi vAsAsu uNhavaNNaNi, dazavaikAlikacUrNa, pR0 3 / 5 4. vyavahArabhASya, 6/55 5. piMDa niyukti gAthA, 163

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aSTama adhyAya : 187 . lAI / ' sampanna loga sugandhita kamalazAli kA AhAra karate the / pratIta hotA hai ki kamalazAli maha~gA tathA kodrava, yava aura rAlaka kI tulanA meM sastA dhAnya rahA hogA / odana ke sAtha mUga, mAMSa, canA, arahara, kulattha, maTara dAloM se nirmita " sUva" (sUpa) banAye jAte the / 3 nizIthacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki bhojana meM supAcya aura pauSTika tarakAriyoM kI pradhAnatA thI / dAla aura tarakAriyoM ko ghI se snigdha karake svAdiSTa banAne ke liye hIMga aura jIre kA chauMkA diyA jAtA thA / " godhana sampanna samAja hone ke kAraNa dugdha, dadhi, ghRta, takra, navanIta Adi kA pracura mAtrA meM upayoga kiyA jAtA thA / cUrNiyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki cInI mizrita dUdha svAsthyavardhaka mAnA jAtA thA / naye cAvaloM aura dUdha se khIra banAI jAtI thI aura madhu DAlakara use aura pauSTika banAyA jAtA thaa| bhojana ke sAtha taraha-taraha ke miSTAnnoM kA bhI pracalana thA / deg bhojana meM phaloM kA bhI bar3A mahattva thA / AcArAMga meM Ama, kelA, bilva, nAriyala, tAr3a, zrIparNI, dADima, kaseru, siMghAr3A Adi phaloM kA ullekha huA hai / " ganne ko chIla kara gaMDeriyAM banA kara ilAyacI aura karpUra se sugandhita karake khAyA jAtA thA / 12 yadyapi dhArmika dRSTi se jaina samAja meM mAMsAhAra varjita thA, parantu samAja meM virala rUpa meM tathA vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM yathA roga se pIr3ita hone para yA durbhikSa se AkrAnta hone para mAMsa grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA 1. nizIthacUrNi bhAga 3, gAthA 4495 2. upAsakadazAMga, 1/29 : nizIthacUrNi bhAga 3, gAthA 4656 3. vahI, 1/29 4. nizIthacUrNi bhAga 3, gAthA 4837 5. nizIthacUrNi bhAga 2 gAthA 1655 ; bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2 gAthA 1613 6. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 2, gAthA 1199 7. vahI, bhAga 1 gAthA 3025 8. dazavaikA likacUNi, pR0 356 9. AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 1, pR0 288 10. praznavyAkaraNa, 1013; dazavaikAlika 5 / 72; upAsakadazAMga, 1 / 29 11. AcArAMga, 2 / 1 / 4 / 47-48 12. uttarAdhyayanacUrNa, pR0 118

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188 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM vaNita Arthika jIvana thaa|' vipAkasUtra meM nagaroM meM tihAniyoM aura caumahaniyoM para aisI dukAnoM kA ullekha hai jahA~ pazuoM kA pakA mAMsa becA jAtA thaa| bhojana ke sAtha taraha-taraha ke peya padArthoM kA bhI upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| yadyapi jaina paramparA meM madyapAna kA niSedha thA para jana sAdhAraNa meM madyapAna kA pracalana thA / vasudevahiNDI se patA calatA hai ki vikAsa kI vastu 'madya' thI, jisakA parvo aura vizeSa avasaroM para pAna kiyA jAtA thaa| sakhaMDI Adi vizeSa bhojoM para madyapAna eka sAdhAraNa bAta thI isaliye jaina sAdhuoM ko sakhaMDI meM jAnA niSiddha thA / 5 vipAkasUtra meM puruSoM ke atirikta vizeSa avasaroM para striyoM ke bhI madirApAna ke ullekha Aye haiN|6 jaina paramparA meM sadAcArI vyakti se yaha AzA kI jAtI thI ki vaha isa vyasana se dUra rhe| ___bhojana ke uparAnta mukha ko suvAsita karane ke ullekha bhI milate haiM / nizIthacarNi se patA calatA hai ki pAna ke pattoM meM jAyaphala, kakkola, kapUra, lavaMga, supAr3I Adi DAlakara khAye jAte the| isa prakAra jJAta hotA hai ki bhojana meM anna, mAMsa, zAka, phala, dugdha tathA usase banI vastuoM, miSTAnna, madhu, madya Adi kA sevana kiyA jAtA thaa| jaina granthoM meM ucca tathA nimna varga kI jIvana-zailI meM samAnatA dikhAI nahIM pdd'tii| samAja kA eka varga bahuta nirdhana thA jo kaSTapUrNa jIvana bitA rahA thA unheM bharapeTa bhojana bhI sulabha nahIM thaa|' 1. AcArAMga, 2 / 1 / 9 / 51 2. vipAkasUtra, 3 / 21, 8 / 19 3. AcArAMga, 2 / 18 / 93 4. saMghadAsagaNi, vasudevahiNDI, 1/46 5. AcArAMga, 2/1 / 3 / 15 6. vipAka, 2 / 26 7. jAiphalaM kakkolaM kappUraM lavaMgaM pUgaphalaM e te paMca davvA tambolapattasAhiyA khAyai, nizIthacUNi, bhAga 3 gAthA 3993 8. AcArAMga, 2 / 1 / 4 / 24 ; praznavyAkaraNa 10 / 6 9. vipAkasUtra, 114; praznavyAkaraNa, 3 / 9

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aSTama : adhyAya 189 veza-bhUSA vastrodyoga unnatAvasthA para hone ke kAraNa vastroM kI vividhatA aura bahulatA donoM pracura parimANa meM lakSita hotI haiM / apane Arthika sAmarthya ke anusAra loga apane ko alaMkRta karate the| IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM meM bhI sAmAnyataH do prakAra ke vastroM kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thA adhovastra arthAt nIce kI dhotI jaisA vastra aura Urdhvavastra arthAt uttarIya yA dezAle jaisA vastra / ' yadyapi sIvaga, tunnaga (jiyoM) kA ullekha huA hai| para sile huye kapar3oM kA ullekha kahIM nahIM hai| samAja meM sUtI, UnI, rezamo aura carma-vastroM kA pracalana thaa| sarvasAdhAraNa sUtI aura sampanna vyakti bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke sundara rezamI vastra pahanate the / strIpuruSa samAnataH sundara, mahIna aura suvarNatAroM se bane vastroM ko ruci se pahanate the| jJAtadharmakathAMga se jJAta hai ki meghakumAra kI mA~ rAnI dhAraNI svarNatAroM se suzobhita pAradarzaka aura sundara vastra pahanatI thii| isI prakAra bhagavatIsUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki jamAlikumAra ne aisA sundara uttarIya dhAraNa kara rakhA thA jisake kinAre para svarNatAroM se haMsayugma banAye gaye the|5 megasthanIja ne bhI bhAratIyoM ke svarNatAroM se bane vastroM kA ullekha kiyA hai| deza aura kAla kA dhyAna rakhakara vastra dhAraNa kie jAte the / aupapAtika se patA calatA hai ki vizeSa avasaroM para pahane jAne vAle vastra nitya ke vastroM se bhinna hote the jaise sabhA meM jAne ke liye zveta aura svaccha vastra pahane jAte the / paryoM tathA utsavoM para loga vibhinna-vibhinna raMgoM ke sundara vastra pahanate the| nizIthacUrNi meM Rtu ke anusAra vastroM ke cayana. 1. bhagavatIsUtra 9 / 33 / 57 2. prajJApanA, 1 / 105, 106; jambUdvIpaprajJapti, 3 / 10 3. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1133 ; AcArAMga 2 / 5 / 1 / 144 4. jJAtAdharmakathAMga , 2/33 5. bhagavatIsUtra, 9/3 6. purI, baijanAtha, iNDiyA eja DiskrAbDa bAi arlI grIka rAITarsa pR0 90 7. aupapAtika satra, 17 8. nizIthacUNi, bhAga 2, gAthA 952

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190 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana kiye jAne kA ullekha hai grISmakAla meM kaSAya raMga ke sukhada vastra, zItakAla meM lAla raMga ke moTe vastra aura varSAkAla meM kaMkuma se raMge halke vastra pahane jAte the / ' zItakAla meM bher3a, mRga aura U~Ta kI bAloM se bane UnI vastra pahane jAte the| kapar3oM kI vividha raMgoM se raMgane, sugandhita padArthoM se suvAsita karane aura svarNatAroM se sajjita karane ke prasaMga AgamakAla kI Arthika sampannatA kI ora saMketa karate haiN| ___samAja meM sabhI vargoM ke strI-puruSa samAnataH AbhUSaNoM se apane ko alaMkRta karate the| AbhUSaNa sone, cA~dI, maNi-muktAoM aura ratnoM se banAye jAte the| striyA~ kaNTha meM sundara hAra, kAnoM meM kuNDala, hAthoM meM kar3e, aMguliyoM meM aMgaThiyA~, kamara meM kamarabaMdha aura pairoM meM nUpura pahanatI thiiN|" zreNikaputra meghakumAra ko dIkSotsava ke samaya hAra, ardhahAra, ekAvalI, ratnAvalo, pralamba, pAda, truTita, keyUra, kaTisUtra, kuNDala, mudrikAyeM aura ratna-jar3ita mukuTa pahanAyA gayA thA / ' sAja-sajjA meM puruSoM kA bhI bar3A mahattva thA / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM striyoM ke phUloM ke AbhUSaNa pahanane ke ullekha Aye haiN| nizIthacarNi se jJAta hota hai ki pA~ca raMga ke sugandhita puSpoM kI mAlAyeM dhAraNa kI jAtI thiiN| paryoM tathA utsavoM ke avasara para phUloM kI bar3I AvazyakatA par3atI thI isaliye phUla-mAlAoM kA mUlya bar3ha jAtA thaa| zarIra ko sajAne-saMvArane ke liye vividha prakAra ke saundarya prasAdhanoM kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| AcArAMga se sUcita hotA hai ki candana, kapUra aura lodhra ke vilepanoM 1. AvazyakacUNi, bhAga 2, pR0 181 2. AcArAMga, 2/5/1/145 3. vahI, 2/5/1/144 ; bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3, gAthA 3001 4. vahI, 2/2/1/70 5. bhagavatIsUtra, 9/3/33 6. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/128 7. vahI, 8/57 ; nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 2 gAthA 2287 8. nizIthacUNi, bhAga 2 gAthA 2287 9. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 2 gAthA 1592

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aSTama adhyAya : 191 aura ubaTanoM se zarIra ko sundara banAyA jAyA thA / " sUtrakRtAMga meM ullikhita striyoM kI saundarya prasAdhana sAmagrI se pratIta hotA hai ki vilAsamaya padArthoM kA paryApta utpAdana hotA thA / striyoM ke samAna puruSa bhI AkarSaka lagane ke liye zRMgAra meM ruci rakhate the| puruSoM kI prasAdhana kriyA vizeSataH snAna se sambandhita thI / rAjAoM aura sampanna jana ke bhavya snAnagRha hote the jahA~ " aMgamardaka" bhI hote the jo sUkSma se sUkSma aMgamardana kI kriyAoM meM dakSa hote the / rAjAoM ke ina bhavya snAna gRhoM kI tulanA Aja ke "sonAbAtha" se kI jA sakatI hai| puruSoM ke zRMgAra aura maMDana meM "nApita" kI sevAoM kA bhI bar3A mahattva thA ye kSaurakarma tathA alaMkArakarma karate the / jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM ullekha hai ki dhannA nAmaka sArthavAha alaMkArika sabhA meM kSaurakarma karane gayA thaa| rAjagiri ke naMdamaNikAra ne puSpakariNI ke taTa para 'alaMkArika sabhA' banavAI thI jisameM kSaurakarma karane ke liye vetana para nAI rakhe the / veza-bhUSA meM pairoM ko AcchAdita karane ke liye upAnaha arthAt jUtoM kA bhI mahattva thA / bhASyakAla tathA cUrNikAla meM camar3e ke bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke sundara jUte pahane jAte the / AvAsa jIvana meM bhojana aura vasana ke samAna AvAsa kA bhI mahattva hai / Arthika kSamatA aura stara ke anusAra hI nivAsagRha banAye jAte the / bRhatkalpabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki vAstupAThaka ghara banAne se pahale bhUmi kI parIkSA karate the, tatpazcAt bhavana kI nIMva dRr3ha kI jAtI thI aura aura usake Upara bhavana banAyA jAtA thA / uttarAdhyayanacUrNi meM 3 prakAra ke bhavana - khATa, usiTa aura khATa usiTa kA ullekha hai / khATa - arthAt - 1. AcArAMga, 2/2/3/96 : bRhatkalpabhASya bhAga 2 gAthA 2557; , nizIthacUrNa, bhAga 2 pR0 26, bhAga 4 gAthA 5204 2. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/4/2/284-85 3. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 4/24 4. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 2 / 58 vahI, 13 / 23 5. 6. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3, gAthA 2885; nizIthacUrNi bhAga 2, gAthA 914 7. vahI, bhAga 1 gAthA 33

Page #205
192 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana bhami ko khodakara usake nIce banAye haye bhaureM yA tahakhAne jaise, usiTaarthAt bhUmi ke upara banAye gaye aura khATa-usiTa arthAt bhUmi-stara ke nIce tathA Upara saMyukta rUpa meM banAye gaye bhavanoM kA ullekha hai|' nizIthacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki nivAsasthAnoM ko kaI prakAra se susaMskRta kiyA jAtA thA jaise ki 'saMsthApana' gRha ke jIrNa sthAna ko girane se rokanA, parikarma-gRhabhUmi ko samatala karanA, upalepana arthAt zItakAla meM dvAra saMkare kara denA, garmI meM caur3e kara denA aura varSA Rtu meM pAnI bahane ke mArga banAnA Adi kriyAyeM kI jAtI thiiN|2 gharoM ke nirmANa meM patthara, cUnA, bAla aura pakAI gaI IMToM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA / AcArAMga se spaSTa hotA hai ki nivAsagRhoM kI yojanA meM pAkagRha, snAnagRha aura zaucagaha banAye jAte the| peyajala ke nimitta kueM khudavAye jAte the| dUSita jala bahAne ke liye nAliyA~ banAI jAtI thiiN| bhavanoM kI dIvAreM cUne yA miTTI se potI jAtI thIM, chatoM aura dIvAroM para citrakArI kI jAtI thii|" sampanna logoM ke ghara sonecA~dI aura maNiyoM se khacita stambhoM vAle, sphaTikamaNiyoM kI bhUmi vAle, ekAdhika taloM vAle", Rtu ke anukUla sarvasuvidhA sampanna hote the| kalpasUtra se patA calatA hai ki sAdhAraNa gRhastha bhI zuddhavAyu ke AvAgamana vAle gharoM meM nivAsa karate the jahA~ kama se kama kue~ kA sApha pAnI aura gaMde pAnI ke nikAsa ke liye nAlI banI rahatI thii| AcArAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki sampanna vyaktiyoM kI tulanA meM nirdhana vyaktiyoM ke 1. uttarAdhyayanacUNi, 4/100 2. nizIthacUNi, bhAga 2, gAthA 2029, 2031 3. praznavyAkaraNa 2/13; bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 4, gAthA 4768 4. AcArAMga, 2/1/6/32 5. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/18 6. kalpasUtra, 15 7. uttarAdhyayana, 19/4, 8. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 3, gAthA 2794 9. kalpasUtra, 225

Page #206
aSTama adhyAya : 193 sAdhAraNa nivAsa yogya, lakar3I kI dIvAroM vAle, chappara kI chatoM vAle, caTAI se Dhake dvAroM vAle aura gobara se lIpI bhUmi vAle hote the / manoraMjana sadA se jIvana meM manoraMjana kA mahattva rahA hai / jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki prajA ke manoraMjana ke liye rAjya kI ora se paryApta prabandha kiye jAte the / hAthIgumphA lekha se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki khAravela ne apanI prajA ke manoraMjana ke liye bahuta sA dhana vyaya karake vizeSaM Ayojana karavAye the / aupapAtika aura rAjapraznIya Adi jaina granthoM se yakSAyatanoM kA astitva jJAta hotA hai / jinakA svarUpa vartamAna manoraMjana gRhoM (klaboM) jaisA rahA hogA | avakAza ke samaya yahAM ekatra hokara loga nRtya, saMgIta, mallayuddha, kathA-kahAnI, bAjIgiroM tathA jAdUgaroM ke vividha khelatamAzoM kA Ananda lete the / ' vasudevahiNDI se jJAta hotA hai ki gA~va ke bAhara aindrajAlika jAdU kA khela dikhAte the / dazavaikAlikacUrNa meM bhI yatra-tatra AjIvikA ke liye logoM ko apanI ora AkRSTa karane vAle aindrajAlikoM kA ullekha huA hai / jAtakakathA meM manoraMjana ke lie sAMpa kA khela dikhAkara AjIvikA arjita karane vAle saperoM kA ullekha huA mAnava sadA se utsava priya rahA hai / AcArAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki utsava ke avasara para strI, puruSa, bAlaka, vRddha, yuvA sabhI AbhUSaNoM se vibhUSita hokara nAcate, gAte, bajAte, bhojana-pAna karate Anandamagna ho jAte the / ' uttarAdhyayanacUrNa meM harSollAsa ke sAtha manAye gaye vasantotsava, 1. AcArAMga, 2/2/1/164, bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 5, gAthA 1675 2. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/76, kalpasUtra, sUtra 98 3. khAravela kA hAthIgumphA abhilekha, paMkti 4; nArAyaNa e0 ke0 : prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha 2, pR073 4. aupapAtika sUtra 2; rAjapraznIya sUtra 2 5. " bahiya gAmasya iMdajAliya" - saMghadAsagaNi, vasudevahiNDI, bhAga 1 pR0 195 6. dazavaikAlikacUNi, pR0 321 7. campeyyajAtaka Ananda kausalyAyana, jAtakakathA 5 / 45 8. AcArAMga, 2 /12/171 13

Page #207
194 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana kaumudI-utsava aura madanotsava kA ullekha hai jaba strI-puruSa saMgIta ke dvArA manoraMjana karake mAnasika svAsthya prApta karate the| utsavAyojanoM meM janatA ke sAtha rAjya ke bhI sakriya sahayoga ke pramANa upalabdha hote haiN| gAyana, vAdana aura nRtya se bhI manoraMjana kiyA jAtA thaa| saMgIta-nipuNa nartakiyA~ sundara nRtya prastuta karatI thiiN| nATaka bhI manovinoda ke svastha sAdhana the / rAjapraznoya meM battIsa prakAra ke nATakoM kA ullekha huA hai| ___ manoraMjana ke liye pazu-pakSiyoM ko lar3AyA jAtA thA / jaina graMthoM meM mahiSa-yuddha, kukkuTa-yuddha aura mayUra-yuddha Adi kA ullekha milatA hai| vasudevahiNDI se jJAta hotA hai ki hajAroM sikkoM kI zarte lagAkara kukkuToM kA yuddha karavAyA jAtA thaa|6 dazavaikAlikacUrNi meM buddhilla aura sAgaradatta nAma ke zreSThipUtroM kA ullekha huA hai, jo eka lAkha mudrAoM kI bAjI lagAkara kukkuToM kA yuddha karavAte the| samAja meM dyUtakrIr3A kA bhI pracalana thaa| vasudevahiNDo se jJAta hotA hai ki dhanavAna zreSThiyoM ke putra ya ta se apanA manoraMjana karate the| vipAkasUtra meM dyUtagRhoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| prAyaH gA~va ke bAhara khaNDahara aura devakula jue ke aDDe hote the jahA~ pAsoM se ghta khelA jAtA thaa| isake atirikta kandukakrIr3A, madyapAna, jhUlA aura jalakrIr3A bhI manoraMjana ke sAdhana the / rAjAoM ke vyasta jIvana meM AkheTa manoraMjana kA sAdhana 1. uttarAdhyayanacUNi, 4/221 2. vahI, 4/221 3. rAjapraznIya sUtra 97 4. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/76 5. rAjapraznIya sUtra 15 6. jJaHtAdharmakathAMga 3/33; saMghadAsa gaNi, vasudevahiNDI, bhAga 2/ pR0 289 7. dazavaikAlikacUNi, pR0 269 8. saghadAsagaNi, vasudeva hiNDI bhAga 2 pR0 309 9. vipAkasUtra, 2/9 10. devakulakAdisu jUyAdipamatto"-nizIthacUNi bhAga 3 gAthA 3499 11. dazavakAlika sUtra, 3/4 12. gedagAdisu ramaMte majjapAna aMdolagAdisu lalete jalamadhye krIr3A, nizIthacUNi bhAga 3 gAthA 4137

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aSTama adhyAya : 195 thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki gaNikAyeM aura vArAMganAyeM bhI tatkAlIna samAja kA manoraMjana karatI thiiN| ve samAja meM sammAnita thIM svayaM rAjA unheM ratha, cAmara, chatra, svarNaghaTa Adi se sammAnita karate the / dhanI aura kAmI gaNikAoM ko prabhUta dhana dekara unakA upabhoga karate the|3 kauTilIya arthazAstra se jJAta hotA hai ki gaNikAyeM itanI dhanI hotI thIM ki inakI Aya para rAjya kara letA thaa| zikSA caritra aura vyaktitva ke sarvAGgINa vikAsa ke liye zikSA parama Avazyaka hai| manuSya ko eka ziSTa sAmAjika prANI banAne kA kArya zikSA hI karatI hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki jIvano'payogI 72 kalAoM kI zikSA dI jAtI thii|" uttarAdhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki AjIvikA ke liye chinnavidyA ( vastra, kASTha Adi kI 'vidyA ) evaM svaravidyA bhaumavidyA, antarikSavidyA, lakSaNavidyA, vAstuvidyA aura aMgavicAravidyA sIkhI jAtI thii|" vidyArthI ko vidyAdhyayana ke liye gurukuloM meM nivAsa karanA par3atA thaa| rAjapUtroM kA vidyArthI jIvana bhI guru ke sAnnidhya meM hI vyatIta hotA thA jahA~ ve rAjanIti, yuddhavidyA, arthanIti Adi anyAnya vidyAoM kA jJAna prApta karate the| antakRtdazAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki bhaddilapura ke rAjA jitazatru ke putra anIyasa kumAra ko 8 varSa kI Ayu meM kalAcArya ke pAsa vidyAdhyayana ke liye bhejA gayA thaa| guru se zikSA prApta kara lene ke bAda ziSya unheM gurudakSiNA bheMTa karate the| kanyAyeM bhI zikSA prApta karane ke liye gurukuloM meM jAtI thI paumacariyaM se jJAta hotA hai ki cakradhvaja kI kanyA guru ke ghara meM rahakara vidyAdhyayana karatI thii| jaina 1. uttarAdhyayana, 18/1 2. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 3/5 3. vahI, 3/16 4. kauTilIya arthazAstra, 2/2/20 5. uttarAdhyayana, 15/7 6. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/85 7. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 1/86 ; antakRtdazAMga, 3/1/3 8. antakRtdazAMga 3/1/3 ; jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/87 9. paumacariyaM, 26/5

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196 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana graMthoM se patA calatA hai ki abhijAta kuloM ke putra lokAcAra tathA ziSTAcAra kI zikSA pAne ke liye gaNikA ke pAsa bheje jAte the / vasudevahiNDI se pramANita hai ki rAjakumAra dhammila ko zikSA ke liye gaNikA ke pAsa bhejA gayA thA jisake liye vaha pratidina gaNikA kI mA~ ko 500 sikke detA thaa| isI prakAra AvazyakacUNise bhI jJAta hotA hai ki nanda ke maMtrI zakaDAla ke putra sthUlabhadra ko bhI kozAnAmaka gaNikA ke pAsa bhejA gayA thA / 2 gA~va aura nagaroM meM baccoM kI prArambhika zikSA ke liye vidyAlaya hote the| jinheM "dArakazAlA" yA "lebhazAlA" kahA jAtA thA / zikSA ke prasAra ke liye rAjya paryApta dhana vyaya karatA thaa| nAlandA aura takSazilA jaise vizvavidyAlaya zikSA ke prasAra ko pradarzita karate haiN| vidyArthI kA samAja meM bar3A sammAna hotA thaa| jaba koI vidyAdhyayana karake ghara AtA thA to usakA sArvajanika sammAna kiyA jAtA thaa| jainagraMthoM meM vyAvasAyika aura takanIkI zikSA-prazikSA ke vidyAlayoM kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| anumAna hai ki aisI vidyA putra ko pitA se paramparA se prApta hoto thI aura iso kAraNa aisI vidyA meM dakSatA bar3ha jAtI thii| svAsthya evaM cikitsA sUtrakAla meM loga apane svAsthya ke prati sajaga pratIta hote haiM kyoMki uttarAdhyayanasUtra se patA calatA hai ki deza meM cikitsA kI suvidhAyeM upalabdha thiiN|' maurya samrATa azoka ne apane rAjya meM manuSyoM aura pazuoM ke lie niHzulka cikitsAlaya aura auSadhAlaya khulavAye the / jJAtAdharmakathAMga se sUcanA milatI hai ki rAjagRha ke naMdanamaNikAra ne puSkariNI ke taTa para eka niHzulka cikitsAlaya khulavAyA thA jahA~ vetanabhogI vaidyoM ko niyukta kiyA thaa| rAjya ke vaidya Ayurveda ke kuzala jJAtA huA 1. vasudevahiNDI, 1/29 2. AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 2/184 pR0 3. bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 3/2929 4. uttarAdhyayana sukhabodhA patra 23 5. uttarAdhyayana, 15/8 6. giranAra kI dvitIya zilAlekha paMkti 4-8; nArAyaNa, e0 ke0 : prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha 2, pR0 5 7. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 13/22

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aSTama adhyAya : 197 karate the / vipAkasUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki vaidya paramparAgata paMcakarmoM- abhyaM(mAliza), udvartana ( uvaTana ), snehapAna, vamana, svedana Adi se roga kA upacAra kara " rogI" ko roga mukta kara dete the / ' vipAkasatra se hI jJAta hotA hai ki kanaka rAjA kA vaidya dhanavantari Ayurveda ke ATha aMga kumArabhRtya, zAlAkya, zAlyahatya, kAyacikitsA, jAMgula, bhUtavidyA, rasAyaNa aura vAjIkaraNa kA jJAtA thA vaha rAjA, rAniyoM, rAjyAdhikAriyoM, dAsiyoM, zramaNoM, bhikSuoM aura anAthoM kI cikitsA karatA thA / vyavahArabhASya se jJAta hotA hai ki yuddha ke samaya vaidya prAthamikacikitsA ke liye vraNasaMrohaka taila, ghRta, cUrNa Adi sAtha rakhate the aura AvazyakatA par3ane para ghAyala yoddhAoM ke zarIra meM ghuse astra-zastra ko zalyakriyA dvArA nikAlakara unake ghAvoM kI auSadha - paTTI karate the / isa prakAra prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM pratibimbita bhAratIyoM ke khAna-pAna, rahana-sahana, Amoda-pramoda, paThana-pAThana, svAsthya aura cikitsA ke uparilikhita vivecana se tatkAlIna samAja kI bahupakSIya Arthika sthiti kI jhalaka milatI hai / 1. vipAkasUtra, 2/55, 2. kumArabhiccaM, sAlAge, sallahatte, kAyatigicchA, jaMgole, bhUyavijjA, rasAyaNe vAjIkaraNe-vipAkasUtra, 7/15,16 3. vyavahArabhASya, 5/103

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upasaMhAra , prAcIna jaina sAhitya AgamoM, una para likhI gaI niyuktiyoM bhASyoM, cUrNiyoM, TIkAoM, Agametara kathA-granthoM tathA dArzanika graMthoM ke rUpa meM surakSita hai / maiMne apane isa grantha meM inameM pratibimbita artha-vyavasthA kA citraNa kiyA hai| nivRttimArga kA upadeza dene vAle jaina granthoM meM bhI laukika sukhasuvidhAoM ke lie dhana ke mahattva ko svIkAra kiyA hai aura dhArmika niyamoM kA pAlana karate huye dhana kA arjana kisa prakAra sambhava hai isa tathya kA vistRta vizleSaNa kiyA hai / yadyapi jaina vicArakoM ne Adhunika arthazAstriyoM ko taraha spaSTa rUpa se utpAdana ke sAdhanoM kA bhUmi, zrama, pU~jI tathA prabandha ke rUpa meM vibhAjana nahIM kiyA hai tathApi ina saba tathyoM kA yathAvasara vizleSaNa evaM vivecana kiyA hai jaise bhUmi ko kRSi ke lie Avazyaka mAnate hue utpAdana ke lie prAkRtika sAdhanoM ke vidohana ko svIkAra kiyA hai / Arthika jIvana meM vanoM ke mahattva ko dekhate hue vana sampadA ko surakSita rakhane para bala dete hue, kRSi Adi ke lie vanoM ko jalAne aura kATane kA spaSTa niSedha kiyA hai / isI prakAra jalasampadA ko bhI surakSita rakhane hetu jalAzayoM ko sukhAne aura pATane se virata rahane kA nirdeza diyA hai / vibhinna dhAtuoM ke sikkoM aura mUlyavAna ratnoM ke AbhUSaNoM ke nirmANa se spaSTa hai ki khanija sampadA kA samucita vido - na kiyA jAtA thA / I kuTumbiyoM, bhRtyoM, dAsa-dAsiyoM, gopAlakoM, bhAgIdAroM, karmakAroM Adi ke bAra-bAra ullekha se nizcita hai ki utpAdana meM zrama kA paryApta yogadAna thA / kuzala aura akuzala donoM prakAra ke zilpI apanI yogyatA aura kSamatA ke anurUpa vibhinna prakAra kI vastuoM kA utpAdana kara rASTrIya Aya meM vRddhi karate the / jainagranthoM meM ahiMsA - pAlana ke vidhAna svarUpa 'adhibhAra' arthAt zramika se usakesAmarthya se adhika zrama lene bhojana Adi kI suvidhA na dene, usako AjIvikA se vaMcita karane Adi kA niSedha karake Aja se zatAbdiyoM pUrva eka suniyojita zrama vyavasthA kI sthApanA kI gaI thI / IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM meM pU~jI ke

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upasaMhAra : 199 lie Aja kI taraha baiMkoM kI vyavasthA to nahIM thI para samAja ke sampannajana jaise zreSThI, gAthApati, sArthavAha, zilpiyoM tathA vyApAriyoM ke saMgaThana utpAdana ke liye vyAja para RNa pradAna karate the / pU~jIpati dUradarzitA ke sAtha apane dhana kA suniyojita vibhAjana karake usakA caturthAMza, vyApAra meM ghATe Adi jaise durdina kI AzaMkA se surakSita nidhi ke rUpa meM rakha lete the| Arthika utpAdana meM prabandha kA sabase adhika mahattva thA / bhami, zrama tathA pU~jI ke upalabdha hone para bhI yaha Avazyaka nahIM thA ki utpAdana vyavasthita ho isalie zreSThI, sArthavAha aura gAthApati bhUmi, zrama aura pUMjI kI samucita vyavasthA karake utpAdana karate the / ve utpAdana mAtra se hI santuSTa nahIM ho pAte the, varan vAstavika lAgata para mA~ga aura pUrti ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue kama se kama vyaya karake adhika se adhika lAbha prApta karane kA prayatna karate the| samAja meM prazasta aura aprazasta donoM prakAra ke vyavasAya pracalita the parantu AsakadazAMga meM 15 niSiddha kadiAnoM arthAt vyavasAyoM ko sUcI se spaSTa hotA hai ki ahiMsA-pradhAna hone ke kAraNa jaina paramparA una vyavasAyoM kI svIkRti nahIM detI thI, jo hiMsaka, ahitakara yA kisI bhI rUpa meM samAja viruddha the| isake viparIta hiMsA aura zoSaNa se rahita manuSya ke parizrama para AdhArita vyavasAyoM jaise kRSi, pazupAlana, vidyA, vyApAra aura zilpa ko samAja sammata aura pratiSThita mAnatI thii| arthavyavasthA mukhya rUpa se kRSi para AdhArita thii| ahiMsA pradhAna hote hue bhI jaina paramparA meM kRSi karma prazasta mAnA jAtA thaa| kRSakoM ne kRSi meM itanI unnati kara lI thI ki ve upaja ke bhaNDAraNa hetu vaijJAnika paddhati apanAte the aura dhAnyoM ko aMkuraNa kSamatA dIrghakAla taka banAye rakhate the| sAdhanoM ke sImita hone ke kAraNa kRSaka bar3e to nahIM para choTe-choTe bhaNDAragRhoM kA nirmANa karate the jisakA lAbha nirdhana kisAna bhI uThAte the| dUsare bhaNDAra-gRhoM thor3I-thor3I dUra para hone se parivahana ke sAdhanoM para nirbharatA bhI kama hotI thii| pazudhana kI mahattA ko dekhate hue unake khAne-pIne ke prabandha se lekara unako kSati pahu~cAne vAloM ke viruddha vidhAnoM taka kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| pazudhana jahA~ samRddhi kA dyotaka hai vahIM logoM ko AjIvikA dene kI dRSTi se bhI isakI bar3I upayogitA thii| upavana-udyAna aura vATikA

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200 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana vilAsa ke sAdhana to the hI para unakA Arthika mahattva bhI kama nahIM thA / bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke phaloM, vRkSoM se pauSTika AhAra aura auSadhiyA~ upalabdha hotI thIM / jaina granthoM meM Ama ke sahasroM vRkSoM vAle vanoM ke ullekha se pratIta hotA hai ki itane bar3e paimAne para lagAye gaye vanoM bagIcoM kA uddezya vyAvasAyika hI rahA hogaa| nadiyoM, jhIloM tathA sarovaroM se machaliyoM ke pakar3e jAne ke ullekha se matsyapAlana kI prathA kA jJAna hotA hai / isase bhI logoM ko AjIvikA milatI thI / deza ke Arthika vikAsa meM udyogoM kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai / guptakAla meM deza kI khanija sampadA aura vanasampadA ke vidohana se udyogoM meM vRddhi huI thI / udyogoM meM vastra, kASTha, dhAtu Adi ke udyoga unnata avasthA meM the / guptakAla meM sAmAnya zilpoM ne bhI laghustarIya udyogoM kA rUpa le liyA thA / nagara ke bAhara aneka prakAra kI karmazAlAoM ke hone kA ullekha prApta hotA hai isase tatkAlIna logoM ko sUjha-bUjha kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai / isase kacce mAla aura zrama kI pUrti saralatA se hotI hogI aura mAlagAr3iyoM ke AvAgamana se nagarIya yAtAyAta bAdhita nahIM hotA hogA / audyogika aura kRSi utpAdanoM ke liye dezI aura videzI maMDiyA~ thIM / zilpiyoM kI surakSA aura saMrakSA ke liye unake saMgha 1 aura zreNiyA~ thIM / jainagraMthoM se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki dezI aura videzI vyApAra zreSThiyoM, sArthavAhoM aura gAthApatiyoM ke hAtha meM thA / rAjasabhA meM zreSThI aura sArthavAha kI upasthiti rAjya meM vyApAra ke bar3hate mahattva ko pradarzita karatI hai / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ye rAjA ko vANijya aura udyoga sambandhI parAmarza dene meM apane varga kA pratinidhitva karate the / puruSoM ke atirikta striyA~ bhI vyAvasAyika buddhi rakhatI thIM / bhadrA nAmaka sArthavAhI tathA thAvaccA nAmaka gAthApatnI isakI udAharaNa haiM / kRSi aura udyoga se deza kI vyApArika sthiti sudRr3ha huI thI / vyApAra itanA unnata thA ki vastuoM ke AdhAra para bAjAroM kA vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA thA aura alaga-alaga vastuoM ke ApaNa aura hATa huA karate the / upabhoktAoM 1 kI suvidhA ke liye Aja ke vibhAgIya bhaNDAra kI taraha bar3I-bar3I dukAneM thIM jinheM 'kuttiyAvaNa' ( kutrikApaNa ) kahA jAtA thA / yahA~ saba prakAra kI vastue~ upalabdha thIM / jaina granthoM meM vyApAriyoM ke liye niMdanIya aura

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upasahAra : 201 daNDanIya mAne jAne para bhI Aja kI bhA~ti hI vaNika vastu ko kama mApane, usameM milAvaTa karane aura karoM kI corI karane se apane ko roka nahIM pAte the| vyApAra aura vyavasAya kI zuddhatA banAye rakhane ke liye jainagranthoM meM asteya vrata kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| jisakA pAlana karane para vyApArI beImAnI aura corI se dUra rahate the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki AyAtita vastuoM para AyAta zulka dene kA prAvadhAna thaa| kintu niryAta zulka kA kahIM ullekha nahIM hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki vastuoM ke niryAta ko protsAhita aura AyAta ko hatotsAhita kiyA jAtA thaa| bhAratIya vyApArI bhArata se bAhara dUrastha dezoM yathA cIna deza, hUNadeza, khasadeza, kamaladvIpa, suvarNadvIpa, ratnadvIpa Adi meM vyApArArtha jAte the| yadyapi prAcIna jaina granthoM ke kAla meM yAtAyAta ke sAdhana Aja kI taraha vikasita nahIM the phira bhI deza ke vibhinna vyApArika kendra jalasthala mArgoM se paraspara jur3e haye the, sthala mArgo ke liye ratha, zakaTa, hAthI, ghor3e, U~Ta Adi vAhana the aura jalamArgoM ke liye kaI prakAra kI jahAja jaisI bar3o aura choTI pota, pravahana, vAhana tathA kuMja, datti, paNi jaisI choTI naukAe~ thiiN| bhASyoM tathA cuNiyoM meM sarvatra sone-cA~dI aura tA~be ke sikkoM ke ullekha guptakAla kI samRddha Arthika sthiti ko vyakta karate haiN| khAne-pIne aura sAdhAraNa AvazyakatA kI vastue~ sastI hone ke kAraNa dainika vyavahAra meM kaur3iyoM aura tAMbe ke sikkoM kA prayoga hotA thA aura unase adhika mUlyavAna sone-cAMdI ke sikkoM kI krayazakti adhika hone ke kAraNa una sikkoM kA kama prayoga hotA thA aura unakA upayoga bhUmi ke kraya-vikraya tathA videzI vyApAra meM kiyA jAtA thaa| IsA ko prArambhika zatAbdiyoM meM rASTrIya Aya ke vitaraNa meM 'viSamatA dikhAI par3atI hai / Aya kA adhika aMza samAja ke eka sImita varga ke pAsa hI thA jisameM bar3e-bar3e gAthApati, sArthavAha aura zreSThI sammilita the| utpAdana meM sakriya bhAgIdAra na hone para bhI unake pAsa athAha sampatti thI aura ve rAjya dvArA sammAna prApta the / dUsarA varga bhUmihIna kisAnoM, nirdhana zramikoM, bhRtakoM aura dAsa-dAsiyoM kA thA / utpAdana meM sakriya bhAgIdAra hone para bhI unheM dhana kA ucita aMza nahIM mila

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202 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana pAtA thA / sampanna varga unakA zoSaNa kara unheM aura vipanna banAtA jA rahA thaa| jainagraMthoM ke vizleSaNa se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yadyapi rAjya tathA samAja kA pratyakSa rUpa meM koI hastakSepa sampatti ke vyaktigata svAmitva para nahIM thA para parokSa rUpa meM dhArmika niyama use prerita karate the ki vaha apanI saMpatti ko parisImita karake atirikta dhana ko dAna-puNya meM vyaya kare / jaina paramparA meM viSamatA dUra karane ke lie utpAdana bar3hAne para bala diyA gayA hai / paurANika kathAoM ke anusAra jaba kalpavRkSoM ke kSINa hone para utpAdana kama ho jAne ke kAraNa pArasparika vivAda janma lene lage taba Adi tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva ne vaira miTAne ke liye udyoga karane tathA utpAdana bar3hAne kI preraNA dI thii| kArla mArksa kA bhI vicAra hai ki mAnava kI vibhinna zaktiyoM ke vikAsa ke liye adhika utpAdana aura samucita vitaraNa honA cAhie jisase mAnava jIvana kA bhautika stara U~cA ho| rAjya kI surakSA aura vyavasthA ke liye dhana kI AvazyakatA hotI thii| etadartha rAjA grAmakara, bhUmikara, vANijyakara, upahAra aura bheMTa, arthadaNDa Adi se rAjakoza ko samRddha banAte the| karagrahaNa karate samaya prajA kI Arthika kSamatA ko dhyAna meM rakhA jAtA thaa| kara nakada aura vastu donoM rUpoM meM liyA jAtA thaa| jainagraMthoM meM bhI Aja kI taraha rAjyAdhikAriyoM meM vyApta bhraSTAcAra ke kucha udAharaNa dikhAI par3ate haiN| ve anaitika tarIkoM se dhana vasUla karake prajA ko utpIr3ita karate the| karoM se bacane ke liye rAjA prajA ko karamukta kara dete the| samAja kA nirdhana varga karamukta thaa| rAjya kI Aya kI taraha vyaya kA kSetra bhI bar3A vyApaka thaa| zAsana-vyavasthA, sainya-vyavasthA, nyAya-vyavasthA, antaHpuravyavasthA aura jana-kalyANa para rAjya kA paryApta dhana vyaya hotA thaa| isa prakAra rAjA prajA kI sukha-suvidhA aura samRddhi kA pUrA dhyAna rakhatA thaa| upAsakadazAMga meM Ananda zrAvaka ne 12 vratoM ko grahaNa karate samaya jina khAdya, peya, paribhogya Adi kA parimANa kiyA thA unase tatkAlIna rahana-sahana aura jIvana-stara para paryApta prakAza par3atA hai| apanI Arthika sthiti ke anusAra loga svAdiSTa evaM pauSTika bhojana karate aura vastrAlaMkAroM ko dhAraNa karate the / gRhoM aura bhavanoM se bhI tatkAlIna logoM kA Arthika stara sUcita hotA hai / sampanna vyakti RtuoM ke anukUla sukha

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___ upasaMhAra : 203 suvidhApUrNa AvAsagRhoM meM nivAsa karate the aura vipanna sAdhAraNa gRhoM meN| jaina graMthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki prajA ke manoraMjana ke liye rAjya paryApta dhana vyaya karatA thaa| prajA bhI vanavihAra, udyAnavihAra, jalavihAra, vividha mahotsava, saMgIta, nRtya, nATaka, AkheTa, chUta Adi para dhana vyaya karake Ananda-Amoda ke dvArA apane ko svastha rakhatI thii| manuSya ke sarvAGgINa vikAsa ko dhyAna meM rakhakara puruSoM ko 72 aura striyoM ko 64 jIvanopayogI kalAoM kI zikSA dI jAtI thI / bhUmivijJAna, dhAtuvijJAna, pazuvijJAna, vastra-vijJAna, vAstu-vijJAna jaise vijJAnoM aura vidyAoM kI zikSA se artha ke mahattva aura usakI upayogitA ke prati avazya jAgarUkatA bar3hI hogii| Arthika samRddhi meM svastha zarIra ke mahattva ko samajhate huye svAsthya kI ora dhyAna diyA jAtA thaa| kuzala vaidya rogoM kA upacAra karake unakA nidAna karate the| upAsakadazAMga meM varNita Ananda Adi dasa gAthApatiyoM ke vaibhava kA varNana kisI sImA taka atizayoktipUrNa hote haye bhI tatkAlIna samAja kI vipula samRddhi kI sUcanA detA hai| prAcIna jaina graMthoM ke vistRta adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki unake racanAkAla meM bhArata kI Arthika sthiti sudRr3ha thii|

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1. anuttaropapAtikadazA aNuttarotravAiyadasAo ( aMgasuttANi 3 ) 2. anuyogadvAra ( AryarakSita ) 3. antakRtdazAMga antakRt dazAMga 4. AcArAMga AyAro 5. Avazyaka sUtra 6. AvazyakacUrNa ( jinadAsagaNa ) 7. Avazyaka niyukti ( bhadrabAhu ) 8. AdipurANa ( jinasena ) 9. uttarapurANa ( guNabhadra ) 10. uttarAdhyayana sandarbha grantha-sUcI " 11 : bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana : jaina zAstramAlA kAryAlaya, lAhaura : sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA : zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara ( rAjasthAna ) 11. uttarAdhyayanacUrNa (jinadAsagaNi) : RSabhadeva kezarImala zvetAmbara prakAzana, indaura 12. upAsakadazAMga : sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA : jaina vizvabhAratI lADanUM, ( rAjasthAna ) : jaina zAstroddhAra samiti, rAjakoTa : Agama prazAsana samiti, byAvara : jaina zAstroddhAra samiti, rAjakoTa : jainAgama prakAzana samiti, ludhiyAnA : jaina zvetAmbara terApaMthI Agama sAhitya prakAzana samiti, : jainAgama prakAzana samiti, ludhiyAnA prakAzaka dhAraNIvAi, jAmanagara : Agamodaya samiti, bambaI : bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana : jaina zAstroddhAra samiti, rAjakoTa : zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara "" uvAsagadasAo ( aMgasuttANi 3 ) : jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM 13. aupapAtika ovavAiyaM 14. oghaniyukti 15. kalpAvataMsikA 16. kalpasUtra ( bhadrabAhu ) 17. kuvalayamAlA kahA ( udyotanasUri ) : : zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara : jaina zAstrodvAra samiti, rAjakoTa : jaina graMthamAlA, gopIpurA, sUrata : jaina zAstroddhAra samiti, rAjakoTa : prAkRta bhAratI jayapura siMghI jaina granthamAlA, bambaI

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sandarbha grantha sUcI 205 18. jambUdvIpaprajJapti : jaina zAstroddhAra mudraNAlaya, haidarAbAda : jaina zAstroddhAra mudraNAlaya, haidarAbAda 19. jIvAbhigama : jaina zAstroddhAra mudraNAlaya, haidarAbAda 20. tiloyapaNNatti (yativRSabhAcArya) : jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha zolApura, 21. dazavaikAlika (AcArya zayyaMbhava) : jaina zAstramAlA kAryAlaya, lAhaura dasaveyAliyaM 22. dazavaikAlikacUrNi (jinadAsagaNi) : zvetAmbara saMsthA, jAmanagara 23. dazAzrutaskandha : jaina zAstramAlA kAryAlaya, lAhaura 24. dhUrtAkhyAna ( haribhadrasUri ) : bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI 25. nirayAvalikAsUtra : jaina zAstroddhAra samiti, rAjakoTa 26. naMdIsUtra : AcArya zrI AtmArAma jaina prakAzana samiti, ludhiyAnA 27. nizIthasUtra ( bhAga 1 se 4 bhASya : sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA aura cUgi sahita ) 28.nItivAkyAmRtam ( somadevasUri ) : mahAvIra jaina graMthamAlA, vArANasI 29. piMDaniyukti ( bhadrabAhu) : pustakoddhAra bhaMDAgAra saMsthAna, mumbaI 30. paumacariyaM ( vimalasUri ) : prAkRta TaiksTa sosAyaTI 1968. 31. praznavyAkaraNa : jaina zAstroddhAra samiti, rAjakoTa :: sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA __ paNhAvAgaraNAI (aMgasuttANi 3) : jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanu 32. prajJApanA ( zyAmAya) : jaina zAstroddhAra samiti, rAjakoTa : zrI Agama prakAzana, byAvara : zrI Aga, 33. bRhatkalpabhASya ( saMghadAsagaNi) : zrI jaina AtmAnaMda sabhA, bhAvanagara ( bhAga 1 se 6 taka) 34. bhagavatIsUtra : akhila bhAratIya sAdhumArgI jaina ____ saMskRti rakSaka saMgha, sailAnA bhagavatIsUtra : jaina zAstroddhAra samiti, rAjakoTa (bhAga 1 se 15 taka) 35. rAjapraznIyasUtra : jaina zAstroddhAra samiti, rAjakoTa : jaina zAstroddhAra mudraNAlaya, haidarAbAda : zrI Agama prakAzana, byAvara

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206 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana 36. ratnakaraNDakazrAvakAcAra : digambara jaina mahAsamiti, dharmapurA, dillI 37. vipAkasUtra : jaina zAstramAlA kAryAlaya, ludhiyAnA : zrI Agama prakAzana, byAvara, rAjasthAna vivAgasuyaM : jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU ( aMgasuttANi 3) 38. vyavahArasUtra : jaina zAstroddhAra mudrANAlaya, haidarAbAda 39. vyavahArabhASya : AgAmodaya samiti, ahamadAbAda 40. vasudevahiNDI ( saMghadAsagaNi) : zrI AtmAnaMda jaina graMthamAlA, bhAvanagara 41. vajjAlaggaM ( jayavallabha) : pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama graMthamAlA, vArANasI 42. sUtrakRtAMga : sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA : jaina zAstroddhAra samiti, rAjakoTa : zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara ( rAjasthAna) .43. samavAyAMga : zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara ( rAjasthAna ) : jaina zAstroddhAra samiti, rAjakoTa 44. ThANAMga : jaina zvetAmbara terApaMtho Agama sAhitya prakAzana 45. samarAiccakahA ( haribhadrasUri ) : prakAzaka zrI ratirAma zAstrI sAhitya bhaNDAra, meraTha 46. jJAtAdharmakathAMga : jaina zAstroddhAra samiti, rAjakoTa : jaina zAstroddhAra samiti mudraNAlaya haidarAbAda nAyAdhammakahAo : jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU (rAjasthAna) ( aMgasuttANi 3) anya mUla graMtha 47. aSTAdhyAyI ( pANini) : caukhambA saMskRta sirIja, vArANasI 48. kauTilIya arthazAstra : caukhambA saMskRta sirIja, vArANasI : paMDita pustakAlaya, kAzI 49. gautamadharmasUtra : caukhambA saMskRta sirIja, vArANasI

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sandarbha granya sUcI : 207 50. jAtaka kathAyeM : hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga 51. manusmRti : caukhambA saMskRta sirIja, vArANasI 52. milindaprazna : sthAvira mizra DaoN0 kittiyA bamI dharmazAlA banArasa' vArANasI 53. meghadUta ( kAlidAsa ) : caukhambA prakAzana, vArANasI 54. yAjJavalkyasmRti : caukhambA prakAzana, vArANasI 55. raghuvaMza ( kAlidAsa) : caukhambA prakAzana, vArANasI 56. zukranIti : caukhambA prakAzana; vArANasI anya sahAyaka pustaka 1. aparigrahadarzana AcArya amara muni jI, : sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA 2. a kalcalara sTaDI Apha : sohanalAla jainadharma pracAraka samiti ( nizIthacUNi ) madhusena vArANasI 3. arlI iMDiyana ikonomika : ena0ema0 tripAThI, prAiveTa limiTeDa * hisTrI-Ara ena sailaTora bambaI 4. Agama aura tripiTaka : : arhat prakAzana, akhila bhAratIya jaina - eka anuzIlana muninAgarAja zvetAmbara terApaMthI samAja, kalakattA 5. Agama aura vyAkhyA sAhitya : sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA vijayamuni aura samadarzImuni 6. AdipurANa meM pratipAdita : gaNeza prasAda varNI graMthamAlA, vArANasI bhArata, DaoN0 nemicandrazAstrI 7. ikonomika lAipha eMDa : Ara0ena0sIla, 107 medhU bAjAra progresa ina enzyeMTa iMDiyA : sTrITa, kalakattA prathama, dvitIya, nArAyaNacandra vandyopAdhyAya .8. ikonomika lAipha Apha : kalakattA varlDa presa prAiveTa limiTeDa nArdarna iNDiyA ina guptA pIriyaDa, esa0ke0maitI 9. ikonomika lAipha Apha nArdana : motIlAla banArasIdAsa, vArANasI iNDiyA, lallana jI gopAla |

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208 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana 10. ikonomika lAipha ina enzyeMTa : risarca iMsTITyUTa Apha prAkRta iMDiyA eja DipikTiDa ina jaina : jainAlAjI eNDa ahiMsA, vaizAlI kainAnikala liTarecara, (bihAra) dinendra jaina 11. iMDiyA eja DiskrAibDa bAI : iMDAlojikala buka hAusa, vArANasI arlI grIka rAiTasaM, baijanAthapuri .. 12. iMDiyA Apha vaidika kalpasUtra : motIlAla banArasIdAsa, vArANasI rAmagopAla 13. uttarAdhyayana eka samIkSAtmaka : Agama sAhitya prakAzana, kalakattA adhyayana, AcArya tulasI 14. egreriyana aiMDa phiskala ikonomI : motIlAla banArasIdAsa, vArANasI ina mauryA eMDa posTa moryA eja, ena0 ena0 khera 15. enrayeMTa jyogrAphI Apha iMDiyA, : kaniMghama 16. kuvalayamAlAkahA : eka sAMskRtika : prAkRta jainazAstra evaM ahiMsA zodha adhyayana, DaoN0 premasumana jaina saMsthAna, vaizAlI 17. kauTilyakAlIna bhArata : hindo samiti sUcanA vibhAga, lakhanaU AcArya dIpakara 18. kAlidAsa kA bhArata : bhAratIya jJAnapITha, vArANasI DaoN0 bhagavatazaraNa upAdhyAya 19. candragupta maurya aura unakA kAla, : rAjakamala prakAzana, ilAhAbAda __ DaoN0 rAdhAkamala mukharjI 20. gupta sAmrAjya, : vizvavidyAlaya prakAzana, vArANasI DaoN. paramezvaro lAla gupta 21. gupta samrAjya kA itihAsa : iMDiyana presa limiTeDa, ilAhAbAda prathama, dvitIya vAsudeva upAdhyAya . 22. jainasAhitya kA itihAsa, : zrI gaNezaprasAda varNI jaina graMthamAlA kailAzacandra zAstrI 23. janasAhitya kA bRhada itihAsa, : pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, ( bhAga 1 se 7) vArANasI

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sandarbha grantha sUco : 209 24. jaina dharma kA maulika itihAsa, : jaina itihAsa samiti, jayapura prathama, evaM dvitIya bhAga / AcArya zrI hastImala jI 25. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya : vidyAbhavana rASTrabhASA graMthamAlA, samAja, DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina vArANasI 26. jaina kathA-kahAniyA~ do hajAra : bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI ___varSa purAnI, DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina 27. jainadarzana manana aura mImAMsA, : Adarza sAhitya saMgha prakAzana curU, mani nathamala (rAjasthAna ) 28. jaina kathAoM kA sAMskRtika : voharA prakAzana, jayapura adhyayana, zrIcanda jaina 29. jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra : prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, rAjasthAna darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina 30. jAtakakAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti, : bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSad DaoN0 mohanalAla mahato 31. tIrthakara mahAvIra aura unakI : jaina vidyApariSad AcArya paraMparA (bhAga 1 se 4) DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI 32. da kaimbrija hisTrI Apha : pablizaDa ina iMDiyA vAI0 esa0 iMDiyA, I0 je0 repasana candra eNDa ko 33. dazavakAlika : eka sAMskRtika : Agama sAhitya prakAzana samiti, adhyayana, muni nathamala kalakattA 34. nizItha eka adhyayana, : sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA 35. naMda-mauryayugIna bhArata, : motIlAla banArasIdAsa nIlakaMTha zAstrI 36. patajaMlikAlIna bhArata, : rASTrabhASA pariSad, paTanA prabhudayAla agnihotrI 37. pANinikAlIna bhAratavarSa, : mahatAbarAya dvArA nAgarI mudraNa vAsudevazaraNa agravAla 14

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210 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana 38. priMsipalsa Apha ikonomiksa, : dI iMgaliza buka sosAyaTI, maikamilana elapharDa mArzala 39. priMsipala AMpha poliTikala : ikonomI, jAnasTUarTa mila 40. prAcIna bhArata : itihAsa aura : hindI anuvAdaka munIza saksenA eziyA saMskRti, bI0 jI0 gokhale pabliziGga hAusa; bambaI 41. prAcIna bhAratIya Arthika vicAra, : voharA pablizarsa eMDa DisTrIbyUTarsa rAmanareza tripAThI ilAhAbAda 42. poliTikala hisTrI Apha nArdarna : sohanalAla jainadharma pracAraka samiti, iMDiyA phAma jaina sorsez2a, amRtasara gulAba candra caudharI 43. prAcIna bhAratIya vezabhUSA, : bhArata darpaNa graMthamAlA, prayAga DaoN0 motIcandra 44. prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA : prajJA prakAzana, paTanA adhyayana, vAsudeva upAdhyAya 45. prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha : prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa, saMskRti evaM bhAga prathama, dvitIya purAtattva vibhAga, vArANasI e0 ke0 nArAyaNa 46. prAcIna bhAratIya mudrAyeM : prajJA prakAzana, paTanA ____DaoN0 vAsudeva upAdhyAya 47. prAcIna madrA, : kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA zrI yuktarAkhAla dAsa 48. prAcIna bhAratIya artha vicAraka, : viveka ghinDiyAla bandhu AgarA, DaoN0 acyutAnaMda ghilDiyAla vArANasI 49. prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, : caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI DaoN0 jagadIzacandra jaina 50 prAcIna bhArata kA rAjanaitika evaM : senTrala buka Dipo, ilAhAbAda sAMskRtika itihAsa DaoN0 vimalacandra pAMDeya 51. prAcIna bhArata meM saMghaTita jIvana, : hindI anuvAdaka pro0 kRSNadatta DaoN0 ramezacandra majumadAra vAjapeyI, sAgara vizvavidyAlaya bhArata sarakAra

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sandarbha grantha sUcI : 211 52. bauddha ora jana AgamoM meM nArI : sohanalAla jainadharma pracAraka samiti, jIvana, komalacandra jaina amRtasara 53. buddhisTa iNDiyA, : suzIla guptA limiTiDa, kalakattA TI0 DablyU0 rIz2aDeviDaz2a 54. bauddhakAlIna samAja aura dharma, : bihAra hindI akAdamo, paTanA madanamohana siMha 55. bhArata kA itihAsa, : rAjakamala prakAzana, naIdillI romilA thApara 56. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA : madhyapradeza zAsana sAhitya pariSada, yogadAna, DaoN0 hIrAlAla jaina bhopAla 57. bhArata kA prAcIna itihAsa : sarasvatI sadana, maMsUrI satyaketu vidyAlaMkAra 58. bhagavAna mahAvIra Adhunika : motIlAla banArasIdAsa saMdarbha meM, DaoN0 narendra bhAnAvata 59. bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA saMgraha, : hindI anuvAdaka girajAzaMkara mizra, jAna phethaphula phlITa rAjasthAna hindI graMtha ekAdamI, jayapura 60. yazastilaka eka sAMskRtika : pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna adhyayana, DaoN0 gokula candra jaina vArANasI 61. yazastila eNDa iMDiyana kalcara : jovarAja jaina graMthamAlA, zolApura kRSNa kAnta handikI 62. rebenyU sisTama ina posTa mauryA : puMthI pustaka, kalakattA eNDa guptA pIriyaDa, dinendra nArAyaNa jhA 63. lebara ina enaziyaMTa iNDiyA, : motIlAla banArasIdAsa, vArANasI puruSottamacandra jaina 64. lArDa mahAvIra eMDa hiz2a TAimsa, : motIlAla banArasIdAsa, vArANasI ke0 sI0 jaina 65. sTaDIz2a ina jyogrAkI Apha : motIlAla banArasIdAsa, vArANasI enziyaMTa eMDa mIDivala iMDiyA, DI0 sI0 sarakAra 66. sikreTa buksa Apha dI IsTa : eDiTeDa bAI maiksamUlara, AksaphorDa vAlyuma 14 jekabaharamana yUnivarsITI

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212 : prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana 67. sTaDI ina enaziyaMTa hisTrI eMDa : lokabhAratI pablIkezana, ilAhAbAda kalcara, udayanArAyaNa rAya 68. samarAiccakahA kA sAMskRtika, : bhAratI prakAzana, vArANasI adhyayana, jhinakU yAdava 69. sArthavAha, DaoN. motIcandra : bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSad, 70. hindU sabhyatA, : hindI anuvAdaka vAsudevazaraNa agravAla DaoN0 rAdhAkumuda mukarjI rAjakamala prakAzana, baMbaI 71. harSacarita : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, : bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSad sammelana vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ___bhavana, paTanA jaina patrikAoM aura abhinandana graMthoM meM lekha 1-jaina zAstroM meM 18 zreNiyoM kA ullekha, jJAnacandra, zramaNa varSa 27, aMka 2. 2-jaina graMthoM meM kRSi, DaoN. acche lAla, zramaNa varSa 24, aMka 2. 3-jaina sAhitya meM janapada, DaoN0 acchelAla, zramaNa varSa 26 aMka 1. 4-jaina dharma meM sAmAjika Arthika nyAya, saubhAgyamala jaina, sambodhi, varSa 7 aMka 8-9. 5-jaina dRSTi meM saMpatti viniryoga, khuzAla candra, caMdAbAI abhinandana graMtha. 6-jaina Agama aupapAtika kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, vijaya muni, jinavijaya abhinandana graMtha. 7-jainadharma meM vyAvasAyika pUMjIvAda, zrI kRSNalAla zarmA, zramaNa varSa 12. 8-jaina vicAra-Arthika pariprekSya meM, bAbUlAla jaina, jamAdAra abhinandana graMtha. 9-samarAiccakahA yugona bhArata meM sthAnIya vyApAra evaM vANijya, DaoN. sureza candra agravAla, zramaNopAsaka, agasta 1981. 10-sUtrakRtAMga ke AdhAra para AgamakAlIna sabhyatA evaM saMskRti, muni dulaharAja, tulasI prajJA, aMka 2, 1968. 11-aparigraha aura samAjavAda, vimala kumAra jaina, gurU gopAla dAsa varaiyA smRti graMtha. 12-mahAvIra : varNa vyavasthA ke saMdarbha meM, badrI prasAda jaina, jainaprakAza, varSa 65, aMka 23... 13-mahAvIra kA sAmyavAda, dharmacandra jaina, sanmativANI, varSa 11, aMka 7. 14-AgamakAlIna samAja vyavasthA, vijayamuni, amarabhAratI, varSa 16, aMka pharavarI-mArca /

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Mantrition Indiannadatdoblemsinaskaratunation DaoN0 (zrImatI) kamala jaina kA janma 19 akTUbara, 1941 I0 ko jammU meM huaa| inakI prArambhika zikSA jammU meM huii| gRhastha jIvana ke sAtha-sAtha ApakA adhyayana bhI kucha vyavadhAnoM ke sAtha calatA rhaa| Apane ema0 e0 (arthazAstra) kI upAdhi jammU aura kazmIra vizvavidyAlaya se prApta kii| Apako "prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM Arthika jIvana : eka adhyayana" nAmaka zodha viSaya para san 1986 I0 meM kA0 hi0 vi0 vi0 se pIeca-DI0 kI upAdhi prApta huii| Apake pati zrI rAjendra kumAra jaina bhAratIya rela meM uccAdhikArI haiN| Apa apane vinamra vyavahAra evaM vidyA prema ke kAraNa sadaiva hI sneha aura sammAna kI bhAjana rahI haiN| Apako yaha kRti eka mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi kahI jA sakatI hai|