Sagar Jain Vidya Bharti Part 1

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Parshwanath Shodhpith Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/001684/1

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pArzvanAtha zodhapITha granthamAlA : 70 Jain E D Wan ahiMsA pradhAna sampAdaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI bhAga-1 (pro. sAgaramala jaina ke zodha lekhoM kA saMkalana 1 - pro. sAgaramala jaina saccaM logammi sArabhUyaM MS pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI - 5 PARSVANATHA SODHAPITHA, VARANASI-5 www.ainelibrary.org

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pArzvanAtha zodhapITha granthamAlA saM. 70 sampAdaka pro. sAgaramala jaina sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI bhAga-1 [pro. sAgaramala jaina ke zodha-lekhoM kA saMkalana] lekhaka pro. sAgaramala jaina nidezaka pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI pUjya sohanalAla smAraka pArzvanAtha zodhapITha vArANasI-5.

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pustaka : sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI (c) lekhaka : pro. sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka : pUjya sohanalAla smAraka pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI - 221005. prathama saMskaraNa san 1664 I. mUlya : rU. 100/ mudraka : ratnA prinTiga varksa, kamacchA, vArANasI SAGAR JAINA-VIDYA BHARATI Prof. Sagarmal Jain Pujya Sohanlal Smaraka Parsvanatha Sodhpitha P.O. : B.H.U., Varanasi - 221005, Phone No. 311462 First Edition : 1994 Rs. 100.00 Ratna Printing Works, Kamchchha, Varanasi-5.

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prakAzakIya pro. sAgaramala jaina ne jaina-vidyA ke vividha pakSoM para apanI lekhanI calAyI hai| unake sabhI nibandha sAmAyika na hokara sArvakAlika mahattva ke haiN| unake ye lekha zramaNa, tulasIpajJA, dArzanika traimAsika, parAmarza, jinavANI Adi aneka patra-patrikAoM meM chapate rahe haiM, sAtha hI vibhinna smRti-granthoM, abhinandana-granthoM, smArikAoM, saMgoSThiyoM evaM kAnphreMsoM ke Alekha saMgrahoM meM bhI unake lekha prakAzita hue haiN| kucha granthoM para likhI huI unakI bhUmikAe~ bhI mahattvapUrNa haiN| hamArI hArdika icchA hai ki pro. sAgaramala jaina dvArA likhita yaha samasta sAmagrI pAThakoM ko eka sAtha upalabdha ho jAya / yojanA mahattvapUrNa hote hue bhI bahuta hI vyaya sAdhya hai, kyoMki yaha sabhI sAmagrI lagabhaga tIna hajAra pRSThoM kI hai| phira bhI kAlakrama meM unake lekhoM ko saMgrahIta karake prakAzita karane kI hamArI bhAvanA hai| yaha sampUrNa sAmagrI lagabhaga dasa khaNDoM meM prakAzita hogii| usake prathama caraNa ke rUpa meM unake kucha lekhoM kA prakAzana zramaNa ke sAtha-sAtha "sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI" ke prathama khaNDa ke rUpa meM alaga se bhI kara raheM haiN| isameM una sabhI nibandhoM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA hai, jo vigata varSa meM unake dvArA vibhinna patra-patrikAoM, granthoM aura saMgoSThiyoM hetu likhe gaye haiN| inameM se mAtra "jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana" nAmaka lekha, tulasIprajJA khaNDa-16, aMka 3 meM prakAzita huA hai, zeSa sabhI lekhoM kA prakAzana honA hai| phira bhI jina patra-patrikAoM yA granthoM meM unakA prakAzana honA hai, unake prati AbhAra vyakta karate hue inheM yahA~ prakAzita kiyA jA rahA hai| ina lekhoM kA kampyUTara dvArA kampojiMga-kArya zrI bRjeza kumAra zrIvAstava ne evaM mudraNa-kArya ratnA priMTiMga varksa ne kiyA hai| sAtha hI prUpha rIDiMga meM DaoN. azoka kumAra siMha aura zrI asIma kumAra mizra ne sahayoga pradAna kiyA, ataH hama ina sabhI ke prati apanA AbhAra vyakta karate haiN| bhUpendranAtha jaina apraila, 1984 mantrI vArANasI (u.pra.) pArzvanAtha zodhapITha vArANasI-5.

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viSaya-sUcI 1. jainadharma-darzana kA sAratattva 1- 13 94 - 128 129-134 135 - 143 2. bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvana aura darzana 3. jainadharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA 4. jainadharma meM svAdhyAya kA artha evaM sthAna 5. jaina sAdhanA meM dhyAna 6. ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA 7. jaina karma siddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa 8. bhAratIya saMskRti kA samanvita svarUpa 9. paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa kI samasyA aura jainadharma 10. jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA 144 - 161 11. jaina AgamoM meM mUlyAtmaka zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha 162 - 172 12. khajurAho kI kalA aura jainAcAryoM kI samanvayAtmaka evaM sahiSNu dRSTi 173 - 178 13. mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ke jainadharma sambandhI mantavyoM kI samAlocanA 179 - 184 14. Rgveda meM arhat aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM : eka adhyayana 185 - 202 15. niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana 203 - 233 16. jaina evaM bauddha pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha-nirdhAraNa aura anuvAda kI samasyA 234 - 238 17. jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana : eka vimarza 239 - 253 18. bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANatithi para punarvicAra 254 - 268

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DaoN. sAgaramala jaina : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva

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pro. sAgaramala jaina jIvana paricaya janma aura bAlyakAla pro. sAgaramala jaina kA janma bhArata ke hRdaya mAlava aMcala ke zAjApura nagara meM vikrama saMvat 1988 kI mAghapUrNimA ke dina huA thaa| Apake pitA zrI rAjamala jI zakkaravAle madhyama Arthika sthiti hone para bhI osavAla samAja ke pratiSThita vyaktiyoM meM mAne jAte the / ApakA gotra maNDalika hai / ApakI mAtA zrImatI gaMgAbAI eka dhArmika mahilA thiiN| Apake janma ke samaya Apake pitAjI saparivAra apane nAnA-nAnI ke sAtha hI nivAsa karate the, kyoMki Apake dAdA-dAdI kA dehAvasAna Apake pitAjI ke bacapana meM hI ho gayA thaa| bAlaka sAgaramala ko sarvAdhika pyAra aura dulAra milA apane pitA kI mausI pAnabAI se| unhoMne hI Apake bAlyajIvana meM dhArmika saMskAroM kA vapana bhI kiyA / ve svabhAvataH viraktamanA thIM / vikrama saMvat 1994 meM jaba ApakI vaya lagabhaga 6 varSa kI thI, tabhI unhoMne pUjya sAdhvI zrI ratnakuMvara jI ma.sA. ke sAnnidhya meM saMnyAsa grahaNa kara liyA thaa| ve Aja pravartanI ratnaku~varajI ma. sA. ke sAdhvI saMgha meM vayovRddha sAdhvI pramukhA ke rUpa meM zAjApura nagara meM hI sthiravAsa kara rahIM haiM / isa prakAra ApakA pAlana-poSaNa dhArmika saMskAramaya pariveza meM huA / mAlavA kI mATI se sahajatA aura saralatA tathA parivAra se pApabhIrutA evaM dharma-saMskAra lekara Apake jIvana kI vikAsa yAtrA Age bddh'ii| zikSA bAlaka sAgaramala kI prArambhika zikSA tor3evAle bhaiyA kI pAThazAlA meM huI / yaha pAThazAlA taba apane kaThora anuzAsana ke lie prasiddha thI / yahI kAraNa thA ki Apake jIvana meM anuzAsana aura saMyama ke guNa vikasita hue / isa pAThazAlA se tIsarI kakSA uttIrNa kara lene para Apako tatkAlIna gvAliyara rAjya ke aiMglo varnAkyUlara miDila skUla kI cauthI kakSA meM praveza milA / yahA~ rAmajI bhaiyA sitUtakara jaise kaThora evaM anuzAsanapriya adhyApakoM ke sAnnidhya meM Apane kakSA 4 se kakSA 8 taka kI zikSA grahaNa kI aura sabhI parIkSAe~ prathama zreNI meM uttIrNa kii| mAdhyamika (miDila ) parIkSA meM prathama zreNI ke sAtha-sAtha zAjApura jile meM prathama sthAna prApta kiyA / jJAtavya hai ki usa samaya mAdhyamika

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1 parIkSA pAsa karane vAloM ke nAma gvAliyara gajaTa meM nikalate the / jisa samaya isa miDila skUla meM Apane praveza liyA thA, usa samaya dvitIya mahAyuddha apanI samApti kI ora thA aura dillI evaM bambaI ke madhya AgarA - bAmbe roDa para sthita zAjApura nagara ke usa skUla ke pAsa kA maidAna sainikoM kA par3Ava sthala thaa| sAtha hI usa samaya gvAliyara rAjya meM prajAmaNDala dvArA svatantratA Andolana kI gatividhiyA~ bhI teja ho gaIM thIM / bAlyAvasthA kI svAbhAvika capalatA vaza kabhI Apa AgarA- bambaI sar3aka para gujarate hue gore sainikoM ko 'V for Victory' kaha kara protsAhita karate, to kabhI prajAmaNDala kI prabhAta pheriyoM ke sAtha 'bhAratamAtA kI jaya' kA udghoSa karate / bAlaka sAgaramala ne isI samaya apane mitroM ke sAtha pArzvanAtha bAla mitra - maNDala kI sthApanA kI / sAmAjika evaM dhArmika gatividhiyoM ke sAtha-sAtha, maNDala kA eka pramukha kArya thA apane sadasyoM ko bIr3I-sigareTa Adi durvyasanoM se mukta rkhnaa| isake lie sadasyoM para kar3I caukasI rakhI jAtI thI / pariNAma yaha huA ki yaha mitra- maNDalI vyasana mukta aura dhArmika saMskAroM se yukta rahI / 1 mAdhyamika parIkSA (kakSA 8 ) uttIrNa karane ke pazcAt parivAra ke loga saba se bar3A putra hone ke kAraNa Apako vyavasAya se jor3anA cAhate the, parantu Apake mana meM adhyayana kI tIvra utkaNThA thI / usa samaya zAjApura nagara, gvAliyara rAjya kA jilA mukhyAlaya thA, phira bhI vahA~ koI hAIskUla nahIM thA / Apake atyadhika Agraha para Apake pitA ne ApakI sasurAla zujAlapura ke eka mAtra hAIskUla meM adhyayana ke lie praveza dilaayaa| jJAtavya hai ki bAlaka sAgaramala kI sagAI isake pUrva hI ho cukI thI / kintu vahA~ praveza ke lagabhaga 15-20 dina pazcAt hI Apa asvastha ho gaye, phalataH mAtra Der3ha mAha ke alpa pravAsa ke pazcAt pArivArika mamatA ne Apako vApasa zAjApura bulA liyA / isaprakAra ApakA adhyayana sthagita ho gayA aura Apa alpavaya meM hI sarrAphe ke vyavasAya se jur3a gaye / vivAha evaM pArivArika tathA sAmAjika gatividhiyA~ ApakI sagAI to bAlyakAla meM hI ho gayI thI aura vivAha kI yojanA bhI bahuta pahale hI bana gaI thI, kintu ApakI sAsake kaiMsara kI asAdhya bImArI se grasta ho jAne aura bAda meM unakI mRtyu ho jAne ke kAraNa vivAha thor3e samaya ke

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lie TalA to sahI kintu 17 varSa kI vaya meM praveza karate hI vaizAkha zuklA trayodazI vi. saMvat 2005 tadanusAra 21 maI 1948 ko Apako zrImatI kamalAbAI ke sAtha dAmpatya-sUtra meM bA~dha diyA gyaa| alpavaya meM Apake vivAha kA eka anya kAraNa yaha bhI thA ki ApakI mAtRtulyA pUjya sAdhvI zrI pAnakuMvara jI ma.sA. ke dIkSita ho jAne aura bAlyakAla se hI ApakI ruci sAdhu-santoM ke samIpa adhika rahane kI hone ke kAraNa parivAra ko bhaya thA ki kahIM bAlakamana para vairAgya ke saMskAra na jama jAyeM ? isa prakAra kizoravaya meM hI Apako gRhastha jIvana aura vyavasAya se jur3a jAnA pdd'aa| jo dina Apake khelane aura khAne ke the, unhIM dinoM meM Apako pArivArika evaM vyAvasAyika dAyitva kA nirvAha karanA pdd'aa| yadyapi Apake mana meM adhyayana ke prati adamya utsAha thA, kintu zAjApura meM hAIskUla kA abhAva tathA pArivArika aura vyAvasAyika dAyitvoM kA bojha isameM bAdhaka thA, phira bhI jahA~ cAha hotI hai vahA~ koI na koI rAha nikala hI AtI hai| vyavasAya ke sAtha-sAtha adhyayana cAra varSa ke antarAla ke pazcAt san 1952 meM hindI sAhitya sammelana prayAga se 'vyApAra vizArada' kI parIkSA uttIrNa kI aura usake do varSa pazcAta 1954 meM arthazAstra viSaya se sAhityaratna kI parIkSA uttIrNa kii| usa samaya Apane arthazAstra ko sugama DhaMga se adhyayana karane aura smRti meM rakhane kA eka cArTa banAyA thA, jisakI prazaMsA usa samaya ke ema.e. arthazAstra ke chAtroM ne bhI kI thii| isI bIca ApakA patra-vyavahAra ilAhAbAda ke suprasiddha arthazAstrI bhagavAnadAsa jI kelA se huaa| unhoMne zrI narahari pArikha ke mAnava arthazAstra ke AdhAra para hindI meM mAnava arthazAstra likhane hetu Apako prerita kiyA thaa| taba Apa hAIskUla bhI uttIrNa nahIM the aura ApakI vaya mAtra bIsa varSa kI thii| isa samaya Apake eka naye mitra bane sAraMgapura ke zrI madanamohana raatthii| isI kAla meM Apane dhArmika parIkSA borDa, pAtharDI se jaina siddhAnta vizArada kI parIkSA uttIrNa kii| san 1953 meM zAjApura nagara meM eka prAiveTa hAIskUla prArambha huaa| yadyapi apane vyAvasAyika kriyA-kalApoM meM vyasta hone ke kAraNa Apa usake chAtra to nahIM bana sake, kintu Apake mana meM adhyayana kI prasupta bhAvanA punaH jAgRta ho gaI aura san 1955 meM Apane apane mitra zrI mANakacandra jaina ke sAtha svAdhyAyI chAtra ke rUpa meM hAIskUla kI parIkSA dii| vaya meM mANakacandra

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Apase tIna varSa choTe the phira bhI Apa donoM meM gaharI dostI thI / yadyapi Apa niyamita adhyayana to nahIM kara sake, phira bhI apanI pratibhA ke bala para Apane usa parIkSA meM ucca dvitIya zreNI ke aMka prApta kiye| acche aMkoM se uttIrNa hone ke pariNAmasvarUpa Apa ke mana meM adhyayana kI bhAvanA punaH tIvra ho gayI / isI avadhi meM vyavasAya ke kSetra meM bhI Apane acchI saphalatA aura kIrti arjita kii| pitA jI kI prAmANikatA aura apane saumya vyavahAra ke kAraNa Apa grAhakoM kA mana moha liyA karate the| pariNAmasvarUpa Apako vyAvasAyika kSetra meM adhika pratiSThA prApta huI / alpa vaya meM hI Apako zAjApura nagara ke sarrAphA esosiyezana kA maMtrI banA diyA gayA / pArivArika aura vyAvasAyika dAyitvoM kA nirvAha karate hue bhI ApameM adhyayana kI ruci sadaiva jIvanta rahI / ataH Apane san 1957 meM iNTara kAmarsa kI parIkSA de hI dI aura isa parIkSA meM bhI ucca dvitIya zreNI ke aMka prApta kiye| yaha ApakA sadbhAgya hI kahA jAyegA ki cAhe vyavasAya kA kSetra ho yA adhyayana kA asaphalatA aura nirAzA kA mukha Apane kabhI nahIM dekhaa| kintu Age adhyayana kA krama punaH khaNDita ho gayA, kyoMki usa samaya zAjApura nagara meM koI mahAvidyAlaya nahIM thA aura bI. e. kI parIkSA svAdhyAyI chAtra ke rUpa meM nahIM dI jA sakatI thI / ataH eka bAra punaH Apako vyavasAya ke kSetra meM hI kendrita honA par3A, kintu bhAgyavAnoM ke lie kahIM na kahIM koI dvAra udghATita ho hI jAtA hai / usa samaya ma. pra. zAsana ne yaha niyama prasArita kiyA ki 25000 ru. kI sthAyI rAzi baiMka meM jamA karake koI bhI saMsthA mahAvidyAlaya kA saMcAlana kara sakatI hai| ataH Apane tatkAlIna vidhAyaka zrI pratApa bhAI se milakara eka mahAvidyAlaya khulavAne kA prayatna kiyA aura vibhinna srotoM se dhana rAzi kI vyavasthA karake bAlakRSNa zarmA navIna mahAvidyAlaya kI sthApanA kI aura svayaM bhI usameM praveza le liyA / vyAvasAyika dAyitva se jur3e hone ke kAraNa Apa adhika niyamita nahIM raha sake, phira bhI bI. e. parIkSA meM baiThane kA avasara to prApta ho hI gyaa| isa mahAvidyAlaya ke mAdhyama se san 1961 meM bI. e. kI parIkSA dvitIya zreNI meM uttIrNa kii| isa samaya Apa para vyAvasAyika, pArivArika aura sAmAjika dAyitva itanA adhika thA ki cAhakara bhI adhyayana ke lie Apa adhika samaya nahIM de pAte the / ataH aMkoM kA pratizata bahuta utsAhajanaka nahIM rahA to bhI zAjApura se jo chAtra isa parIkSA meM baiThe the unameM Apake aMka sarvAdhika the| Apake tatkAlIna sAthiyoM meM zrI manoharalAla jaina evaM Apake mamere bhAI rakhabacandra pramukha the /

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5 parivAra aura samAja gRhI jIvana meM san 1951 meM Apako prathama putraratna kI prApti huI, kintu durdaiva se vaha adhika samaya taka jIvita nahIM raha skaa| agasta 1952 meM Apake dvitIya putra narendrakumAra kA janma huaa| san 1954 meM putrI ku. zobhA kA aura 1957 meM putra pIyUSakumAra kA janma huA / bar3hatA parivAra aura pitA kI asvasthatA tathA choTe bhAI-bahanoM kA adhyayana ina saba kAraNoM se mAtra paccIsa varSa kI alpavaya meM hI Apa eka ke bAda eka jimmedAriyoM ke bojha se dabate hI gye| udhara sAmAjika aura dhArmika kSetra meM bhI ApakI pratibhA aura vyavahAra ke kAraNa Apa para sadaiva eka ke bAda dUsarI jimmedArI DAlI jAtI rhii| isI avadhi meM Apako mAdhava rajata jayaMtI vAcanAlaya, zAjApura kA saciva, hindI sAhitya samiti, zAjApura kA saciva tathA kumAra sAhitya pariSad aura sad- vicAra niketana ke adhyakSa pada ke dAyitva bhI svIkAra karane par3e / Apake kAryakAla meM kumAra sAhitya pariSad kA ma.pra. kSetra kA vArSika adhivezana evaM navIna jayaMtI samArohoM ke bhavya Ayojana bhI hue| isa mAdhyama se Apa bAlakavi bairAgI, padmazrI DaoN. lakSmInArAyaNa zarmA Adi deza ke aneka sAhityakAroM se bhI judd'e| isI avadhi meM Apa sthAnIya sthAnakavAsI jaina saMgha ke maMtrI tathA ma. pra. sthAnakavAsI jaina yuvaka saMgha ke adhyakSa banAye gaye / sAdaDI sammelana ke pazcAt sthAnakavAsI jaina yuvaka saMgha ke prAntIya adhyakSa ke rUpa meM Apane ma.pra. ke vibhinna kSetroM kA vyApaka daurA bhI kiyA tathA jaina samAja kI ekatA ko sthAyitva dene kA prayatna kiyA / -- ema.e. kA adhyayana aura vyavasAya meM nayA mor3a ina gatividhiyoM meM vyasta hone ke bAvajUda bhI ApakI adhyayana kI abhiruci kuMThita nahIM huI, kintu kaThinAI yaha thI ki na to zAjApura meM snAtakottara kakSAyeM khulanI sambhava thIM aura na ina dAyitvoM ke bIca zAjApura se bAhara kisI mahAvidyAlaya meM praveza lekara adhyayana karanA hI, kintu zAjApura mahAvidyAlaya ke tatkAlIna prAcArya zrI rAmacandra 'candra' kI preraNA se eka madhyama mArga nikAlA gayA aura yaha nizcaya huA ki yadi kucha dina niyamita rahA jAye to agrima adhyayana kI kucha sambhAvanAyeM bana sakatIM haiN| unhIM ke nirdeza para Apane julAI 1961 meM krizciyana kAleja, indaura meM ema. e. darzana - zAstra ke

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vidyArthI ke rUpa meM praveza liyaa| indaura meM adhyayana karane meM AvAsa, bhojana Adi kI aneka kaThinAiyA~ rhiiN| sarvaprathama Apane cAhA ki krizciyana kAleja ke sAmane nasiyAjI meM sthita digambara jaina chAtrAvAsa meM praveza liyA jAya, kinta vahA~ ApakA zvetAmbara kula meM janma lenA hI bAdhaka bana gayA, phalataH krizciyana kAleja ke chAtrAvAsa meM praveza lenA pdd'aa| vahA~ niyamAnusAra chAtrAvAsa ke bhojanAlaya meM bhojana karanA Avazyaka thA, kintu usameM zAkAhArI aura mAMsAhArI donoM prakAra ke bhojana banate the aura cammaca tathA bartanoM kA koI viveka nahIM rakhA jAtA thaa| kucha dina Apane mAtra dahI aura roTI khAkara nikAle, kintu anta meM vivaza hokara chAtrAvAsa chor3a diyaa| kucha dina idhara-udhara rahakara gujAre, anta meM rAjendra nagara meM makAna lekara rahane lge| kucha dina patnI ko bhI sAtha le gaye, kintu pArivArika sthiti meM yaha sukha adhika sambhava nahIM thaa| phira bhI Apane apane adhyayana-krama ko nirantara jArI rkhaa| saptAha meM do-tIna dina indaura aura zeSa samaya shaajaapur| isI bhAga-daur3a meM Apane san 1962 meM ema.e. pUrvArddha aura san 1963 meM ema.e. uttarArddha kI parIkSAe~ na kevala prathama zreNI meM uttIrNa kI, apitu tatkAlIna pazcimI madhya-pradeza ke ekamAtra vizvavidyAlaya vikrama vizvavidyAlaya kI kalA saMkAya meM dvitIya sthAna bhI prApta kiyaa| jJAtavya hai ki usa samaya kalA saMkAya meM sAmAjika vijJAna saMkAya bhI samAhita thii| ema.e. kI parIkSA uttIrNa karane ke pazcAt Apake jIvana meM eka nirNAyaka moDa kA avasara aayaa| sana 1962 meM morArajI desAI ne svarNa niyantraNa adhiniyama lAgU kiyA, phalasvaspa svarNa-vyavasAya pratibandhita vyavasAya ke kSetra meM A gayA aura isa vyavasAya ko prAmANikatA pUrvaka kara pAnA kaThina ho gayA aura corI-chipe dhandhA karanA ApakI prakRti ke anukUla nahIM thaa| ataH Apane apane vyavasAya ko eka nayA mor3a dene kA nizcaya kiyaa| ApakA choTA bhAI kailAza, jo usa samaya ema.kAma. (antima varSa) meM thA, usake lie bhI svatantra vyavasAya kA prazna thaa| ataH Apane svarNa ke vyavasAya ke sthAna para kapar3e kA vyavasAya prArambha karane kA nizcaya kiyaa| kaThinAI yaha thI ki ina donoM vyavasAyoM ko kisa prakAra saMcAlita kiyA jAya, kyoMki abhI bhAI kailAza ko apanA adhyayana pUrNa kara lauTane meM kucha samaya thaa|

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darzanazAstra ke adhyApana ____eka ora prabuddha varga kA Agraha thA ki darzana jaise viSaya meM prathama zreNI evaM prathama sthAna meM snAtakottara parIkSA pAsa karake bhI vyAvasAyika kAryoM se jur3e rahanA yaha pratibhA kA samyaka upayoga nahIM hai, to dUsarI ora pArivArika paristhitiyA~ aura dAyitva vyavasAya ke kSetra kA parityAga karane meM bAdhaka the| vastutaH sarasvatI aura lakSmI kI upAsanA meM se kisI eka ke cayana kA prazna A khar3A huA thaa| yaha Apake jIvana kA nirNAyaka moDa thaa| svarNa niyantraNa kAnUna lAgU honA Adi kucha bAhya paristhitiyoM ne bhI jIvana ke isa nirNAyaka mor3a para Apako eka dUsarA hI nirNaya lene ko prerita kiyaa| phira bhI lagabhaga 50 varSoM se susthApita tathA apane pUre kSetra meM pratiSThita usa vyAvasAyika pratiSThAna ko ekAeka banda kara denA na sambhava hI thA aura na hI parivAra ke hita meN| yaha bhI saMyoga thA ki san 1964 ke madhya meM ma.pra. zAsana kI ora se darzanazAstra ke vyAkhyAtAoM ke kucha padoM ke lie cayana kI adhisUcanA prasArita huii| jaba Apako usa vijJApana kI jAnakArI huI to Apane bhI sahaja rUpa se eka Avedana patra prastuta kara diyaa| Avedana patra pahu~cane ke kucha samaya pazcAt hI Apako ma.pra. zAsana kI ora se darzanazAstra ke vyAkhyAtA pada para niyukti kA Adeza prApta huaa| Apane socA bhI nahIM thA ki yaha saba itane sahaja rUpa meM ho jaayegaa| aba yaha nirNaya kI ghar3I thii| eka ora mAtA-pitA aura parijana vyavasAya se jur3e rahane kA Agraha karate the to dUsarI ora antara meM chipI jJAnArjana kI lalaka vyavasAya se nivRtti lekara vidyA kI upAsanA hetu prerita kara rahI thii| Apake bhAI kailAza, jo usa samaya ujjaina vikrama vizvavidyAlaya meM ema.kAma. ke antima varSa meM the, usase Apane vicAra-vimarza kiyA aura usake dvArA Azvasta kiye jAne para Apane darzanazAstra ke vyAkhyAtA ke rUpa meM zAsakIya sevA svIkAra karane kA nirNaya le liyaa| phira bhI pitAjI kA svAsthya aura vyavasAya kA vistRta AkAra aisA nahIM thA ki ApakI anupasthiti meM kevala pitAjI use sambhAla sakeM, ye antardvandva ke kaThina kSaNa the| lakSmI aura sarasvatI kI upAsanA ke isa dvandra meM antatogatvA sarasvatI kI vijaya huI aura dukAna para do munImoM kI vyavasthA karake Apa zAsakIya sevA ke lie cala diye| ApakI prathama niyukti mahAkauzala mahAvidyAlaya jabalapura meM huii| saMyoga se

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8 vahA~ Apake pUrva paricita usa samaya ke AcArya rajanIza ( bAda ke bhagavAna aura ozo) usI vibhAga meM kAryarata the / Apane unase patra vyavahAra kiyA aura dIpAvalI parva para lakSmI kI antima ArAdhanA karake sarasvatI kI upAsanA ke lie 5 navambara, 1964 ko jabalapura ke lie prasthAna kiyA / bidAI dRzya bar3A hI karuNa thaa| pUre parivAra aura samAja meM yaha prathama avasara thA jaba koI naukarI ke liye ghara se bahuta dUra jA rahA thA / mitragaNa aura parijanoM kA sneha eka ora thA, to dUsarI ora ApakA dRr3ha nizcaya / pitAjI kI mA~ga para bar3e putra ko unake pAsa rakhane kA AzvAsana dekara azrupUrNa A~khoM se bidA lii| jabalapura meM jisa pada para Apako niyukti milI thI vaha pada vahA~ ke eka vyAkhyAtA ke pramozana se rikta honA thA, kintu ve jabalapura chor3anA nahIM cAhate the| tIna dina prAcArya ke kAryAlaya ke cakkara lagAye, kintu anta meM zikSA saciva se huI maukhika carcA ke AdhAra para prAcArya ne Apako eka patra de diyA, jisake AdhAra para Apako ThAkura raNamattasiMha kAleja, rIvA meM darzanazAstra ke vyAkhyAtA kA pada grahaNa karanA thaa| rIvA Apake lie pUrNataH aparicita thA, phira bhI AcArya rajanIza Adi kI salAha para tIna dina jabalapura meM bitAne ke pazcAt rIvA ke lie ravAnA hue| yahA~ vibhAga meM DaoN. DI. DI. bandiSTe kA aura mahAvidyAlaya ke DaoN. kachedIlAla jaina Adi aneka jaina prAdhyApakoM kA sahayoga milaa| eka makAna lekara donoM samaya DhAbe meM bhojana karate hue Apane adhyApana kArya kI isa naI jindagI kA prArambha kiyaa| pahalI bAra Apako lagA ki par3hane-par3hAne kA Ananda kucha aura hai kintu rIvA kA yaha pravAsa bhI adhika sthAyI na bana sakA / zAsana dvArA vahA~ kisI anya vyakti ko bheja diye jAne ke kAraNa Apako Adezita kiyA gayA ki Apa mahArAnI lakSmIbAI snAtakottara mahAvidyAlaya gvAliyara jAkara apanA padabhAra grahaNa kareM / 'prathama grAse makSikA pAta: kI ukti ke anusAra zAsakIya sevA kA yaha asthAyitva aura eka zahara se dUsare zahara bhaTakanA Apake mana ko acchA nahIM lagA aura eka bAra mana meM yaha nizcaya kiyA ki zAsakIya sevA kA parityAga kara denA hI ucita hai, kintu pro. bandiSTe aura kucha mitroM ke samajhAne para Apane itanA mAnA ki Apa gvAliyara hokara hI zAjApura jAyeMge / gvAliyara jAne meM Apake do-tIna AkarSaNa the, eka to ma. pra. sthAnakavAsI jaina yuvaka saMgha kI gvAliyara zAkhA ke pramukha zrI TI. sI. bAphanA Apake pUrva

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9 paricita the, dUsare pro. jI. Ara. jaina se bhI ApakA pUrva paricaya thA aura Apa jaina sApekSatAvAda aura Adhunika vijJAna para zodhakArya karane kI dRSTi se unase adhika gaharAI se vicAra-vimarza karanA cAhate the / ataH 27 navambara 1964 ko mAtra 17 dina ke rIvA pravAsa ke pazcAt Apa gvAliyara ke lie ravAnA hue| gvAliyara pahu~cane para Apa mAna - mandira hoTala meM ruke aura prAtaH mahAvidyAlaya ke prAcArya pro. ema. ema. kurezI aura vibhAgAdhyakSa DaoN. esa. esa. banarjI se mile / dopahara meM Apane TI. sI. bAphanA aura pro. jI. Ara. jaina se milane kA kAryakrama bnaayaa| jaba pro. jI. Ara. jaina se mile to unakA pahalA prazna thA kahA~ ruke ho? yaha batAne para unakA pahalA vAkya thA tuma sAmAna lekara A jAo aura tatkAla hI eka hAla kI sApha-saphAI kara Apake rahane kI vyavasthA apane hI ghara meM kara dI / saMdhyA ko mahAvidyAlaya ke darzana-vibhAga ke vyAkhyAtA DaoN. azoka lADa aura vANijya vibhAga ke zrI govinda dAsa mAhezvarI Apa se milane Aye / inase prathama paricaya hI aisA rahA ki Apa tInoM gahare mitra bana gaye / eka hI dina meM pariveza hI badala gayA aura zAjApura vApasa lauTa jAne kA vikalpa samApta ho gayA / disambara meM zItakAlIna avakAza ke pazcAt janavarI 1965 meM Apa choTe putra, putrI aura patnI ko lekara gvAliyara A gaye / yadyapi Apa ke lie adhyApana kA kArya bilkula nayA thA, kintu paryApta parizrama aura viSaya kI pakar3a hone se Apa zIghra hI chAtroM ke priya bana gaye / saMyoga se mahAvidyAlaya meM usI varSa darzanazAstra kI snAtakottara kakSAyeM prArambha huI thIM / ata: Apane kaThina parizrama karake chAtroM ko na kevala mahAvidyAlaya meM par3hAyA, balki ghara para bulAkara bhI unakI taiyArI karAte rhe| sabhI kA parIkSAphala bhI acchA rahA / ataH zIghra hI eka suyogya adhyApaka ke rUpa meM ApakI khyAti ho gayI / -- gvAliyara meM jaba manovijJAna kA svatantra viSaya prArambha huA to Apane prArambha meM usake adhyApana kA dAyitva bhI darzanazAstra ke adhyApana ke sAtha-sAtha sambhAlA / Apane 'jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra- darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana' jaisA vyApaka viSaya lekara pI-eca. DI. kI upAdhi hetu apanA paMjIyana karavAyA aura zodha prabandha likhane kI taiyArI meM juTa gye| isI sandarbha meM jaina aura bauddha paramparA ke mUla granthoM vizeSa rUpa se jaina AgamoM aura bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya kA adhyayana prArambha kiyA / adhyApaka ke rUpa meM puna: mAlava bhUmi meM

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gvAliyara meM ApakA pravAsa pUre tIna varSa rhaa| isI avadhi meM ApakA cayana ma.pra. loka sevA Ayoga se ho cukA thA aura usameM varIyatAkrama meM Apako prathama sthAna prApta huA thaa| sUcI meM sarvocca sthAna para hone ke kAraNa sahAyaka prAdhyApaka ke rUpa meM ApakI padonnati karane ke lie zAsana pratIkSArata thaa| udhara parivAra ke loga bhI yaha cAhate the ki gvAliyara jaise sudUra nagara kI apekSA zAjApura ke nikaTavartI ujjaina, indaura Adi sthAnoM para ApakA sthAnAntaraNa ho jaay| saMyoga se tatkAlIna upazikSA maMtrI zrI kanhaiyAlAla mehatA Apake parijanoM ke paricita the, ataH navambara 1967 meM Apako zAsakIya kalA evaM vANijya mahAvidyAlaya indaura sthAnAntarita kiyA gayA evaM julAI 1968 meM sahAyaka prAdhyApaka evaM vibhAgAdhyakSa banAkara Apako hamIdiyA mahAvidyAlaya, bhopAla bheja diyA gyaa| vaise to indaura aura bhopAla donoM hI Apake gRha nagara zAjApura se najadIka the, kintu indaura kI apekSA bhopAla meM adhyayana kI dRSTi se yahA~ adhika samaya-milane kI sambhavanA thii| ataH Apane 1 agasta 1968 ko hamIdiyA mahAvidyAlaya meM darzanazAstra ke sahAyaka prAdhyApaka evaM vibhAgAdhyakSa kA pada grahaNa kiyaa| isa mahAvidyAlaya meM darzanazAstra viSaya prArambha hI huA thA aura mAtra do chAtra the| ataH prArambha meM adhyApana kArya kA adhika bhAra na hone se Apane zodha-prabandha ko pUrNa karane kA prayatna kiyA aura agasta 1969 meM lagabhaga 1500 pRSThoM kA bRhadakAya zodhaprabandha parIkSArtha prastuta kara diyaa| vibhAga meM chAtroM kI atyalpa saMkhyA aura mahAvidyAlaya meM darzanazAstra viSaya ke upekSita hone ke kAraNa ApakA mana pUrI taraha nahIM laga pA rahA thA, ataH Apane darzanazAstra ko lokapriya banAne kA bIr3A utthaayaa| saMyoga se Apake bhopAla pahu~cane ke bAda dUsare varSa hI bhopAla vizvavidyAlaya kI sthApanA ho gayI aura Apako darzanazAstra viSaya kI adhyayana samiti kA adhyakSa tathA kalA saMkAya evaM vidvat pariSada kA sadasya banane kA maukA milaa| Apane pAThyakrama meM samAjadarzana, dharmadarzana jaise rucikara praznapatroM kA samAyojana kiyaa| sAtha hI chAtra aura mahAvidyAlaya kI paristhitiyoM ke anurUpa muslima-darzana aura IsAI-darzana ke viziSTa pAThyakrama nirdhArita kiye| eka ora saMzodhita pAThyakrama aura dUsarI ora ApakI adhyApana zailI ke prabhAva se chAtra saMkhyA meM vRddhi hone lgii| sthiti yahA~ taka pahu~ca gaI ki bI.e. prathama varSa meM lagabhaga sau se bhI adhika chAtra hone lage aura pariNAmasvarUpa adhyApana-kakSa choTe par3ane lge| antatogatvA

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mahAvidyAlaya ke eka choTe hAla meM darzanazAstra kI kakSAe~ lagane lgiiN| yaha ApakI adhyApana zailI aura chAtroM ke prati AtmIyatA kA hI pariNAma thA ki sampUrNa madhyapradeza meM darzana zAstra ke vidyArthiyoM kI saMkhyA kI dRSTi se ApakA mahAvidyAlaya sarvocca sthAna para A gyaa| lagabhaga 300 chAtroM ko pratidina pA~ca-pA~ca pIriyaDa par3hAkara mahAvidyAlaya ke kartavyaniSTha adhyApakoM meM Apane apanA sthAna banA liyaa| mahAvidyAlaya meM praveza samiti, TAima-Tebala samiti, chAtra pariSada tathA parIkSA sambandhI gatividhiyoM se bhI Apa zIghra hI jur3a gaye aura isa sambandha meM prAcArya ke dvArA diye gaye dAyitvoM kA prAmANikatA ke sAtha nirvAha kiyaa| mAtra yahI nahIM, samAjazAstra aura manovijJAna viSayoM ke prArambha hone para Apane unakI kakSAoM meM bhI adhyApana kiyaa| isa prakAra eka prabuddha aura kartavyaniSTha adhyApaka ke rUpa meM ApakI chavi ubhara kara sAmane aaii| Apane darzanazAstra meM anya adhyApakoM ke padoM ke sRjana aura darzanazAstra ke snAtakottara adhyayana prArambha kiye jAne ke lie bhI prayatna prArambha kiye aura isameM Apako saphalatA bhI milii| Apako zrI pramoda koyala jaisA yogya sAthI mila gyaa| snAtakottara kakSAoM ke kholane ke sambandha meM bhI zAsana sahamata ho gayA, kintu isI bIca Apako pratiniyukti para pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna meM nidezaka banakara banArasa AnA pdd'aa| phira bhI ApakI evaM Apake sAthI pramoda koyala kI pahala asaphala nahIM rahI aura zAsana ne hamIdiyA mahAvidyAlaya meM snAtakottara kakSAe~ prArambha karane kA nirdeza de hI diyaa| ___bhopAla meM darzanazAstra adhyayana samiti ke adhyakSa hone ke nAte Apako pro. candadhara zarmA, pro. esa. esa. bAraliMge jaise suprasiddha dArzanikoM ke Atithya kA saubhAgya prApta huaa| isa avadhi meM 2500vIM mahAvIra nirvANa zatAbdI ke prasaMga para rAyapura, ujjaina, indaura, pUnA aura udayapura ke vizvavidyAlayoM dvArA vyAkhyAna evaM saMgoSThiyoM meM bhAga lene hetu Apa Amantrita kiye gye| jaba Apa bhopAla meM hI the taba darzanazAstra ke punazcaryA pAThyakrama hetu eka mAha ke lie Apa pUnA vizvavidyAlaya gye| vahA~ pro. esa. esa. bAraliMge ke dvArA darzanazAstra vibhAga meM eka jaina ceyara sthApita karane ke prayAsoM meM Apa bhI sahayogI bne| pUnA ke jaina samAja ke agragaNyoM, vizeSa rUpa se zrI navalamala jI phirodiyA ke sahayoga se vahA~ jaina ceyara kI sthApanA bhI huii| phirodiyA jI aura pro. bAraliMge kI hArdika icchA thI ki Apa pUnA kI jaina ceyara ko sambhAle, kintu

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12 niyati ko kucha aura hI maMjUra thaa| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA kA Adeza thA ki Apa pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama kI caramarAtI huI sthiti ko samhAlane ke lie vArANasI jaayeN| Apake sAmane eka kaThina samasyA thI, eka ora sthAyitvapUrNa zAsakIya sevA tathA ghara-parivAra aura apane logoM ke nikaTa rahane kA sukha, to dUsarI ora ghara-parivAra se dUra eka caramarAtI huI jaina vidyA saMsthA ko sambhAlane kA prazna / usa samaya pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama kI pratiSThA to thI, kintu usakI Arthika sthiti DAvA Dola thI / ataH koI bhI vahA~ rahanA nahIM cAhatA thaa| phira bhI eka jaina vidyA saMsthAna ke uddhAra kA nizcaya lekara Apane tatkAlIna saMcAlana samiti ke adhyakSa zrI zAdIlAlajI jaina evaM koSAdhyakSa gulAbacandajI jaina ko AzvAsana diyA ki yadi Apa loga merI prati niyukti kA Adeza ma. pra. zAsana se nikalavA sakeM aura saMsthAna kI artha-vyavasthA ke sudhAra hetu prayatna kareM to maiM vidyAzrama A jAUMgA / tatkAlIna baMgAla ke upamukhya maMtrI vijayasiMha nAhara ke prayatnoM se ApakI pratiniyukti ke Adeza nikale aura Apane 1979 meM pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna meM nidezaka kA kAryabhAra grahaNa kA liyA / vidyAnagarI kAzI meM Apake kAzI Agamana se saMsthAna ko eka nava jIvana milA aura Apane apane zrama se vidyAzrama ko eka naye kIrtimAna para lAkara khar3A kara diyA / pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama meM Apake Agamana ne jahA~ eka ora vidyAzrama kI pragati ko navIna gati dI, vahIM dUsarI ora Apako apane adhyayana ke kSetra meM bhI navIna dizAyeM milI / vidyAzrama ko kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya ke prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti aura itihAsa vibhAga, kalA itihAsa vibhAga, hindI vibhAga, darzana vibhAga, saMskRta aura pAli vibhAga Adi meM zodha chAtroM ke paMjIyana kI suvidhA milI huI hai, ataH Apako ina vividha viSayoM ke zodha chAtra upalabdha hue / zodha- chAtroM ke mArga-darzana hetu yaha Avazyaka thA ki nirdezaka svayaM bhI una viSayoM se paricita ho, ataH Apane jainadharma-darzana ke alAvA jaina kalA, purAtattva aura itihAsa kA bhI adhyayana kiyA / prAmANika zodhakArya ke lie dvitIya zreNI ke granthoM se kAma nahIM calatA hai, mUla granthoM kA adhyayana Avazyaka hotA hai / Apane zodha chAtroM evaM jijJAsu videzI chAtroM ke hetu mUla granthoM ke adhyayana kI

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AvazyakatA kA anubhava kiyaa| ataH Apane paramparAgata zailI se aura Adhunika zailI se mUla granthoM kA adhyayana kiyA aura krvaayaa| mUla granthoM meM AgamoM ke sAtha-sAtha vizeSAvazyakabhASya, sanmatitarka, AptamImAMsA, jaina tarkabhASA, pramANamImAMsA, nyAyAvatAra (siddha RSi kI TIkA sahita), saptabhaMgItaMragiNI Adi jaTila dArzanika granthoM kA bhI sahaja aura sarala zailI meM adhyApana kiyaa| Apake sAnnidhya meM jyotiSAcArya jayaprabhavijayajI, muni hitezavijayajI, munizrI lalitaprabhasAgarajI, munizrI candraprabhasAgarajI, zrI azokamunijI, sAdhvI zrI sudarzanAzrI jI, sAdhvI priyadarzanAzrI jI, sAdhvIzrI sumatibAI svAmI aura unakI ziSyAyeM, sAdhvIzrI prANakuMvarabAI svAmI evaM unakI ziSyAe~, sAdhvIzrI pramodakuMvarajI, sAdhvIzrI puSpakuMvara jI aura unakI ziSyAe~, sAdhvIzrI zilApIjI, mumukSu bahana maMgalam Adi aneka sAdhu-sAdhviyoM evaM vairAgI bhAI-bahanoM ne AgamoM ke sAtha-sAtha ina dArzanika granthoM kA adhyayana kiyaa| vividha sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke adhyApana ke sAtha-sAtha Apa kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya meM bhI jAkara jainadharma-darzana sambandhI praznapatroM kA adhyApana kArya karate rahe haiN| aneka videzI chAtra bhI adhyayana evaM apane zodha kAryoM meM sahayoga hetu Apake pAsa Ate rahate haiN| eka poliza prAdhyApaka ne Apake sAtha tattvArtha-bhASya kA adhyayana kiyaa| vidyAzrama meM Apako zramaNa ke saMpAdana evaM prUpha rIDiMga ke sAtha-sAtha apane zodha chAtroM dvArA likhe nibandhoM tathA vividha zIrSastha vidvAnoM ke granthoM ke saMpAdana, prakAzana aura prUpharIDiMga kA kArya karanA pdd'aa| isakA sabase bar3A lAbha Apako yaha huA ki jainadharma, darzana, sAhitya, kalA, itihAsa Adi kI vividha vidhAoM meM ApakI gaharI paiTha ho gyii| pratiSThA aura puraskAra ___ hamIdiyA mahAvidyAlaya, bhopAla meM kArya karate samaya bhI Apako rASTrIya stara kI aneka saMgoSThiyoM aura kAnphreMsoM meM jAne kA avasara milaa| jahA~ Apane apane vidvattapUrNa AlekhoM evaM saujanyapUrNa vyavahAra se darzana evaM jaina vidyA ke zIrSastha vidvAnoM meM apanA sthAna banA liyaa| jaba Apa bhopAla meM the, tabhI pro. bAraliMge ke vizeSa Agraha para Apako na kevala darzana pariSada ke koSAdhyakSa kA bhAra sambhAlanA par3A, apitu dArzanika traimAsika ke prabandha saMpAdaka kA

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14 dAyitva bhI grahaNa karanA par3A thA, jisakA nirvAha vArANasI Ane ke pazcAt bhI san 1986 taka karate rahe / samprati bhI Apa a.bhA. darzana pariSada ke variSTha upAdhyakSa haiM / hamIdiyA mahAvidyAlaya ke darzana vibhAgAdhyakSa evaM pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama ke nidezaka ke rUpa meM kArya karate hue ApakI pratibhA ko sammAna ke aneka avasara upalabdha hue / na kevala Apake aneka Alekha puraskRta hue, apitu Apake zodha-grantha jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAroM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga-1 evaM bhAga 2 ko pradIpakumAra rAmapuriyA puraskAra se tathA jaina bhASAdarzana ko svAmI praNavAnanda darzana puraskAra se sammAnita kiyA gayA / DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI ke nidezaka to haiM hI, usake sAtha-sAtha ve jaina vidyA kI aneka saMsthAoM se bhI jur3e hue haiN| ve Agama ahiMsA samatA aura prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura ke bhI mAnada nidezaka haiM / jahA~ Apake mArga darzana meM prakIrNaka sAhitya ke anuvAda kA kArya cala rahA hai| aba taka pA~ca prakIrNaka prakAzita ho cuke haiN| a.bhA. jaina vidvat pariSada ke to Apa saMsthApaka rahe haiM, varSoM taka Apa isake upAdhyakSa bhI rahe haiN| rASTrIya mAnava saMskRti zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI ke Apa upAdhyakSa haiN| jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM jaba aura jahA~ kahIM bhI koI yojanA banatI hai, mArga nirdezana hetu ApakA smaraNa avazya kiyA jAtA hai| vastutaH Apa vidvAn to haiM hI, kintu eka sAmAjika kAryakarttA bhI haiM / Apake dvArA rASTrIya stara kI aneka kAnphreMso aura saMgoSThiyoM kA saphalatApUrvaka Ayojana huA hai / I deza-videza kI yAtrA deza ke vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM aura jaina saMsthAoM ne Apake vyAkhyAnoM kA Ayojana kiyaa| bambaI, kalakattA, madrAsa, ahamadAbAda, pATaNa, udayapura, jodhapura, dillI, ujjaina, indaura Adi aneka nagaroM meM Apake vyAkhyAna Ayojita kiye jAte raheM haiN| sAtha hI Apa vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM meM viSaya - vizeSajJa ke rUpa meM bhI Amantrita kiye jAte haiN| yahI nahIM Apako esoziyezana Apha varlDa rilIjansa 1985 meM tathA pArliyAmenTa Apha varlDa rilIjansa 1993 meM jainadharma ke pratinidhi vaktA ke rUpa meM amerikA meM Amantrita kiyA gayA / pArliyAmenTa Apha varlDa rilIjansa ke avasara para na kevala Apane vahA~ apanA nibandha prastuta kiyA apitu amerikA ke vibhinna nagaroM

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15 zikAgo, nyUyArka, rAle, vAziMgaTana, senaphrAMsisko, lAsaenjilsa, phiniksa Adi meM jainadharma ke vividha pakSoM para vyAkhyAna bhI diye| isa prakAra jainadharma-darzana aura sAhitya ke adhikRta vidvAn ke rUpa meM ApakA yaza deza evaM videza meM prasArita huA / satyaniSThA vidyAzrama meM kAryarata rahate hue Apane aneka granthoM, laghu pustikAoM aura nibandhoM ke mAdhyama se bhAratI ke bhaNDAra ko samRddha kiyA hai| apane kAryakAla meM lagabhaga 50 se adhika granthoM meM lagabhaga tIsa hajAra pRSThoM kI sAmagrI ko saMpAdita evaM prakAzita karake nayA kIrtimAna sthApita kiyA hai| Apake cintana aura lekhana kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki Apa sadaiva sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se mukta hokara likhate haiN| ApakI "jaina ekatA" nAmaka pustikA na kevala puraskRta huI apitu vidvAnoM meM samAdRta bhI huii| bauddhika ImAnadArI evaM satyAnveSaNa kI anAgrahI zailI Apane paM. sukhalAlajI saMghavI aura paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke lekhana se siikhii| yadyapi sampradAya mukta hokara satyAnveSaNa ke tathyoM kA prakAzana dharmamIrU aura AgrahazIla samAja ko sIdhA gale nahIM utaratA, kintu kauna prazaMsA karatA hai aura kauna AlocanA, isakI paravAha kiye vagaira Apane sadaiva satya ko udghATita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| usake pariNAmasvarUpa taTastha cintakoM, vidvAnoM aura sAmpradAyika abhinavezoM se mukta sAmAjika kAryakartAoM meM Apake lekhana ne paryApta prazaMsA arjita kii| Aja yaha kalpanA bhI duSkara lagatI hai ki eka bAlaka jo 15-16 varSa kI vaya meM hI vyAvasAyika aura pArivArika dAyitvoM ke bojha se daba sA gayA thA, apanI pratibhA ke bala para vidyA ke kSetra meM apanA prabhutva sthApita kara legA / Aja deza meM jaina vidyA ke jo gine-cune zIrSastha vidvAn haiM, unameM apanA sthAna banA lenA yaha DaoN. sAgaramala jaina jaise adhyavasAyI zramaniSTha aura pratibhAzAlI vyakti kI hI kSamatA hai / yadyapi ve Aja bhI aisA nahIM mAnate haiM ki yaha saba unakI pratibhA evaM adhyavasAyitA kA pariNAma hai / unakI dRSTi meM yaha saba mAtra saMyoga hai / ve kahate haiM "jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM vidvAnoM kA akAla hI eka mAtra aisA kAraNa hai, jisase mujha jaisA alpajJa bhI sammAna aura pratiSThA prApta kara letA hai|" kintu hamArI dRSTi meM yaha kevala unakI vinamratA kA paricAyaka hai / Apa apanI saphalatA kA sUtra yaha batAte haiM ki kisI bhI kArya ko choTA

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16 mata samajho aura jisa samaya jo bhI kArya upasthita ho pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha use pUrA karane kA prayatna kro| ___ Apake vyaktitva ke nirmANa meM aneka logoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| pUjya bAbAjI pUrNamala jI ma.sA. aura indramala jI ma.sA. ne Apake jIvana meM dhArmika-jJAna aura saMskAroM ke bIja kA vapana kiyA thaa| pUjya sAdhvIzrI pAnakuMvara jI ma.sA. ko to Apa apanI saMskAradAyinI mAtA hI mAnate haiN| Apane DaoN. sI.pI. bramoM ke jIvana se eka adhyApaka meM dAyitvabodha evaM ziSya ke prati anugraha kI bhAvanA kaisI honI cAhiye, yaha sIkhA hai| paM. sakhalAlajI aura paM. dalasukhabhAI ko Apa apanA droNAcArya mAnate haiM, jinase pratyakSa meM kucha nahIM sIkhA, kintu parokSa meM jo kucha Apa meM hai, vaha saba unhIM kA diyA huA mAnate haiN| ApakI cintana aura prastutIkaraNa kI zailI bahuta kucha unase prabhAvita hai| Apane apane pUjya pitAjI se vyAvasAyika prAmANikatA aura spaSTavAditA ko sIkhA yadyapi Apa kahate haiM ki spaSTavAditA kA jitanA sAhasa pitAjI meM thA, utanA Aja bhI mujhameM nahIM hai| patnI Apake jIvana kA yathArtha hai| Apa kahate haiM ki yadi usase yathArtha ko samajhane aura jIne kI dRSTi na milI hotI to mere Adarza bhI zAyada yathArtha nahIM bana paate| sevA aura sahayoga ke sAtha jIvana ke kaTusatyoM ko bhogane meM jo sAhasa usane dilAyA vaha usakA sabase bar3A yogadAna hai| Apa kahate haiM ki ziSyoM meM zyAmanandana jhA aura DaoN. aruNapratApa siMha ne jo niSThA evaM samarpaNa diyA, vahI aisA sambala hai, jisake kAraNa ziSyoM ke pratyupakAra kI vRtti mujhase jIvita raha sakI, anyathA vartamAna pariveza meM vaha samApta ho gaI hotii| mitroM meM bhAI mANakacandra ke upakAra kA bhI Apa sadaiva smaraNa karate haiN| Apa kahate haiM ki usane adhyayana ke dvAra ko punaH udghATita kiyA thaa| samAja sevA ke kSetra meM bhAI manoharalAla aura zrI saubhAgyamalajI jaina vakIla sA. Apake sahayogI evaM mArgadarzaka rahe haiN| Apa yaha mAnate haiM ki "maiM jo kucha bhI hU~ vaha pUre samAja kI kRti hU~, usake pIche anaginata hAtha rahe haiN| maiM kina-kina kA smaraNa karU~ aneka to aise bhI hoMge jina kI smRti bhI Aja zeSa nahIM hai|" vastutaH vyakti apane Apa meM kucha nahIM hai, vaha deza, kAla, paristhiti aura samAja kI nirmiti hai, jo ina sabake avadAna ko svIkAra kara unake pratyupakAra kI bhAvanA rakhatA hai, vaha mahAn bana jAtA hai cira, jIvI ho jAtA hai| anyathA apane hI svArtha evaM ahaM meM simaTakara samApta ho jAtA hai|

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grantha-praNayana kramAMka pustaka kA nAma 1. jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga - 1 2. jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga -2 3. jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA samAja darzana 4. jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga 5. jainakarma siddhAnta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 6. dharma kA marma 7. arhat pArzva aura unakI paramparA 8. RSibhASita : eka adhyayana 9. jaina bhASA darzana 10. jainadharma kA eka vilupta sampradAya : yApanIya 11. tattvArthasUtra aura usakI paramparA 12. anekAnta, syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI 13. Doctoral Dissertations in Jainism and Buddhism (With Dr. A.P. Singh) prakAzaka rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura 1982 rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura 1982 rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura 1982 rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura 1982 rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura 1982 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 1986 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 1988 rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura 1988 bhogIlAla laheracanda bhAratIya saMskRti mandira, dillI - pATaNa 1986 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1994 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 1994 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 1990 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, 1983 17

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1. anekAnta kI jIvana dRSTi (zrI saubhAgyamala jI jaina ke sAtha) 2. ahiMsA kI sambhAvanAyeM 3. jaina sAhitya aura zilpa meM bAhubalI (DaoN. mArutinandana prasAda tivArI ke sAtha) 4. paryuSaNa parva : eka vivecana 5. jaina ekatA kA prazna 6. jaina adhyAtmavAda : Adhunika sandarbha meM 7. zrAvaka dharma kI prAsaMgikatA kA prazna 8. dhArmika sahiSNutA aura jainadharma 9. bhAratIya saMskRti meM haribhadra kA avadAna 10. jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM tapa pustikAe~ 1. History of Ethics, Sidzwick bhArata jaina mahAmaNDala, bambaI, 1975 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1980 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1981 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1983 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1983 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1983 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1983 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1985 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1987 sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 1981 anUdita -grantha hindI anuvAda (aprakAzita ) 18

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1. caraNakaraNAnuyoga, dvitIya khaNDa kI vistRta bhUmikA 2. jaina tIrthoM kA aitihAsika adhyayana 3. pramukha jaina sAdhviyA~ aura mahilAe~ 4. syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI 5. isi bhAsiyAiM 6. candravedhyaka- prakIrNaka 7. mahApratyAkhyAna prakIrNaka 8. taMdula vaicArika prakIrNaka 9. devendrastava prakIrNaka 10. dvIpasAgara prajJapti prakIrNaka 11. Lord Mahavira 12. jinavANI ke motI prastAvanAe~ Agama anuyoga prakAzana TrasTa, ahamadAbAda pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura, bhUmikA DaoN. sAgaramala evaM sureza sisodiyA Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura bhUmikA DaoN. sAgaramala evaM sureza sisodiyA Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura bhUmikA DaoN. sAgaramala jaina evaM subhASa koThArI Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura bhUmikA DaoN. sAgaramala jaina evaM subhASa koThArI Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura bhUmikA DaoN. sAgaramala jaina evaM sureza sisodiyA pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI jaina vidyA anusaMdhAna pratiSThAna, madrAsa 19

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grantha-sampAdana grantha lekhaka/sampAdaka prakAzaka For Private & Personal 1. ratna jyoti 2. cintana ke naye AyAma 3. jaina sAhitya kA bRhata itihAsa, bhAga-7 4. hindI jaina sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa, bhAga-1 5. hindI jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga-2 6. jaina yoga kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana 7. Anandaghana kA rahasyavAda 8. prAkRta dIpikA 9. jaina darzana meM Atma vicAra 3 10. jainAcAryoM kA alaMkArazAstra meM yogadAna / 11. khajurAhoM kI jaina mandiroM kI mUrtikalA 12. vajjAlaggaM 13. jaina aura bauddha bhikSuNI saMgha 14. AcArAMga sUtra : eka adhyayana 15. mUlAcAra kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana 16. tIrthaMkara,buddha aura avatAra 17. syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgInaya sampAdaka DaoN. sAgaramala jaina zrI sthAnakavAsI jaina samAja, zAjApura, 1971 zrI saubhAgyamala jaina a.bhA.sthA. jaina kAnpharensa, dehalI paM. ke. bhujabalIzAstrI : vidyAdhara joharApurakara, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1981 DaoN. zitikaMTha mithra pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1989 DaoN. zitikaMTha mizra pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1992 DaoN. arhadAsa baNDovA dige pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1981 sAdhvI zrI sudarzanAjI pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 19838 DaoN. sudarzanalAla jaina pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1983 DaoN. lAlacanda jaina pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1984 DaoN, kamalezakumAra jaina pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1984 DaoN. ratnezakumAra varmA pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1984 zrI vizvanAtha pAThaka pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1984 DaoN. aruNapratApa siMha pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1986 DaoN. parameSThIdAsa jaina pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1987 DaoN. phUlacanda jaina ( premI) pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1987 DaoN.ramezacandra gupta pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1988 DaoN. bhikhArIrAma yAdava pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1989

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18. sambodha saptatikA DaoN. ravizaMkara mizra, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1986 19. prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM Arthika jIvana DaoN. kamalaprabhA jaina, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1988 20. jaina sAhitya ke vividha AyAma-1 sampAdaka DaoN.sAgaramala jaina, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1981 21. jaina sAhitya ke vividha AyAma-2 sampAdaka DaoN.sAgaramala jaina, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1990 22. jaina sAhitya ke vividha AyAma-3 sampAdaka DaoN.sAgaramala jaina, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1990 23. maNidhArI jinacandrasUri kAvyAJjali sampAdaka DaoN. sAgaramala jaina pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1981 evaM DaoN. harihara siMha 24. jainadharma kI pramukha sAdhviyA~ evaM mahilAe~ DaoN. hIrAbAI, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1991 25. jaina tIrthoM kA aitihAsika adhyayana DaoN. zivaprasAda, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1991 N 26. madhyakAlIna rAjasthAna meM jainadharma DaoN. (zrImatI) rAjeza jaina, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1992 27. mAnava jIvana aura usake mUlya zrI jagadIza sahAya, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1990 28. jaina meghadUtam DaoN. ravizaMkara mizra, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1989 29. jainakarma siddhAnta kA udabhava evaM vikAsa DaoN. ravIndranAtha mizra, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1993 30. Theory of Reality in Jaina Philosophy Dr. J.C. Sikdar, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1991 31. Concept of Matter in Jaina Philosophy Dr. J.C. Sikdar pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1987 32. Jaina Epistemology Dr. Indra Chand Sastri, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1990 33. The Concept of Pancasila in Indian Thought Dr. Kamal Jain, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1983 34. The Path of Arhat T.U. Mehta, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1993 35. Jaina Perspectives in Philosophy & Religion Dr. Ramjee Singh, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1993 36. Aspects of Jainology Vol. I Dr. Sagarmal Jain, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1987 37. Aspects of Jainology Vol. || Dr. Sagarmal Jain &M.A. Dhaky, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1987

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38. Aspects of Jainology Vol. III 39. Aspects of Jainology Vol IV 40. Samana Suttam [English Translation] -41. mahApratyAkhyAna prakIrNaka 242. candravedhyaka prakIrNaka 243. taMdulavaicArika prakIrNaka 44. prAkRta bhAratI 645. devendrastava 246. dvIpa sAgara prajJapti *47. upAsakadazAMga meM varNita zrAvakAcAra 348. jainadharma ke sampradAya Dr. Sagarmal Jain & M.A. Dhaky pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1991 Dr. Sagarmal Jain & Dr.A.K. Singh pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1993 Justice T. K. Tukol & Dr.K.K. Dixit Sarvaseva Sangh Prakashan, Vns. 1993 sureza sisodiyA Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura, 1991 sureza sisodiyA Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna,udayapura, 1991 DaoN. subhASa koThArI Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna,udayapura, 1991.. DaoN. prema sumana jaina, DA. subhASa koThArI, Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna,udayapura, 1991 DaoN. subhASa koThArI, Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna,udayapura, 1987 DaoN. sureza sisodiyA, Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna,udayapura, 1987 DaoN. subhASa koThArI, Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna,udayapura, 1987 DaoN. sureza sisodiyA, Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna,udayapura, 1994 22 - - -

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zodha-chAtra 1. DaoN. bhikhArIrAma yAdava 2. DaoN. aruNapratApa siMha 3. DaoN. ravizaMkara mizra 4. maho. candraprabhasAgara 5. DaoN. ravIndranAtha mizra 6. DaoN. ramezacandra gupta 7. DaoN. kamalaprabhA jaina 8. DaoN. mahendranAtha siMha 9. DaoN. triveNIprasAda siMha 10. zrI umezacandra siMha 11. DaoN. rajjanakumAra 12. DaoN. (zrImatI) rItA siMha 13. DaoN. indrezacandra siMha 14. DaoN. zrInArAyaNa dUbe 15. DaoN. (zrImatI) saMgItA jhA 17. DaoN. dhanaMjaya mizra 18. DaoN. (zrImatI) gItA siMha 19. DaoN. (zrImatI) arcanA pANDeya 20. DaoN. (zrImatI ) maMjulA bhaTTAcAryA jaina tarkazAstra ke saptabhaMgInaya kI Adhunika vyAkhyA, 1983 jaina aura bauddha bhikSuNI saMgha kA udbhava, vikAsa evaM sthiti, 1983 mahAkavi kAlidAsakRta meghadUta aura jaina kavi merutuGgakRta jainameghadUta kA sAhityika adhyayana, 1983 samaya sundara : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva 1986 jaina karma siddhAnta kA aitihAsika vizleSaNa, 1986 tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra kI avadhAraNAoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, 1986 prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana : eka adhyayana, 1986 uttarAdhyayana aura dhammapada kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, 1986 jainadarzana ke pariprekSya meM mAnava vyaktitva kA vargIkaraNa, 1987 jaina Agama sAhitya meM zikSA, samAja evaM arthavyavasthA 55) jainadharma meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA, 1987 prAkRta aura jaina saMskRta sAhitya meM kRSNa kathA, 1989 jaina sAhitya meM varNita sainyavijJAna evaM yuddhakalA, 1990 jaina abhilekhoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, 1990 dharma aura darzana ke kSetra meM AcArya haribhadra kA avadAna, 1990 haribhadra kA yoga ke kSetra meM yogadAna, 1991 aupaniSadika sAhitya meM zramaNa paramparA ke tattva, 1991 bhASA darzana ko jaina dArzanikoM kA yogadAna, 1991 jaina dArzanika granthoM meM Izvara kartRtva kI samAlocanA, 1992

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21. DaoN. ravIndrakumAra 22. DaoN. ke. vI. esa. pI. bI. AcAryulu 23. DaoN. jitendra bI. zAha anaupacArika mArga-nirdezana zIladUta aura saMskRta dUtakAvyoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, 1992 vaikhAnasa jaina yoga kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, 1992 nayacakra kA dArzanika adhyayana, 1992 24. DaoN. zyAmanandana jhA 25. sAdhvIzrI priyadarzanA zrI jI 26. sAdhvIzrI sudarzanA zrI jI 27. sAdhvIzrI pramoda kumArI jI kundakunda aura zaMkara ke darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, 1973 Anandaghana kA rahasyavAda, 1982 AcArAMgasUtra kA naitika darzana, 1982 isibhAsiyAiM sUtra kA dArzanika adhyayana, 1991 24

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kAryarata zodha chAtra 1. zrImatI zubhA tivArI paumacariyaM meM sAmAjika cetanA : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana 2. zrI virendra nArAyaNa tivArI pramukha smRtiyA~ tathA jainadharma meM prAyazcitta vidhi 3. zrI dayAnanda ojhA jayodaya mahAkAvya kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana 4. zrI asImakumAra mizra aitihAsika adhyayana ke jaina srota aura unakI prAmANikatA eka adhyayana 5. kumakumarAya dharmazarmAbhyudaya kAvya : eka adhyayana 6. zrI maNinAtha mizra jaina campUkAvyoM kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana 7. ku. bebI somezvaradeva kRta kIrtikaumudI kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana 8. zrImatI kaMcana siMha pArvAbhyudaya mahAkAvya kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana 9. ku. AbhA AkhyAnaka maNikoza kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana 10. hanumAnaprasAda mizra jaina prAyazcitta vidhi jIvAjI vizvavidyAlaya gvAliyara meM paMjIkRta zodha chAtra 11. zrI raNavIra siMha bhadauriyA gItA meM pratipAdita vibhinna yoga 25

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kA.hi.vi.vi. ema.e. darzana (antimavarSa) kI parIkSA hetu prastuta laghu zodha-prabandhoM kI sUcI viSaya kramAMka nAma 1. udayapratApa siMha 2. avadhezakumAra siMha 3. kRSNakAnta kumAra 4. tAr3akezvara nAtha 5. rAmAzrayasiMha yAdava 6. satIzacandra siMha 7. zivaparasana siMha 8. azokakumAra 9. vIrendrakumAra 10. triveNIprasAda siMha 11. mukularAja mehatA varSa jainadharma meM samAdhimaraNa da sisTama Ava vailyUja ina jaina philaoNsaphI jainadharma ke sampradAya jainadharma meM mokSa evaM mokSamArga jaina karma siddhAnta jainadarzana meM pramANa AcArya kundakunda ke darzana meM AtmA kA svarUpa upAsakadazAMga ke anusAra zrAvaka dharma jainadarzana meM jIva kI avadhAraNA ratnakaraNDakazrAvakAcAra ke anusAra gRhastha dharma jainadharma meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa : eka tulanAtmaka vivecana 1979-80 1979-80 1980 1980 1980 1980-81 1980-81 1980-81 1980-81 1981 1981

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kramAMka lekha kA nAma patrikA/aMka 27. 1977 1. jaina darzana meM nizcaya aura vyavahAra naya dArzanika 1974 2. jaina darzana kA trividha sAdhanA mArga The Vikram/nAnacaMda jI janma zatAbdI smRti grantha maI evaM navambara 1974 .. 3. nizcaya aura vyavahAra kisakA Azraya leM ? AcArya Ananda RSi abhinandana grantha 1975 4. ahiMsA : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana vIra nirvANa smArikA 1975 5. advaitavAda aura AcAra darzana kI sambhAvanA dArzanika akTUbara 1975 6. bhagavAna mahAvIra kA aparigraha siddhAnta aura usakI upAdeyatA jinavANI, apraila 1979 7. jaina, bauddha aura gItA darzana meM mokSa kA svarUpa : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana rAjendra-jyoti 1975-76 8. nIti ke nirapekSa evaM sApekSa tattva dArzanika apraila 1976 9. mahAvIra ke siddhAnta : Adhunika sandarbha meM mahAvIra jayantI smArikA 1976 10. saptabhaMgI : trimUlyAtmaka tarkazAstra ke sandarbha meM mahAvIra jayantI smArikA 11. syAdrada : eka cintana mahAvIra jayantI smArikA 1977 12. jaina darzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA munidravya abhinandana grantha 1977 13. jaina darzana meM mokSa kA svarUpa tIrthakara mahAvIra smRti grantha 1977 14. samAdhimaraNa (mRtyuvaraNa) : eka tulanAtmaka sambodhi, vAlyUma 6 akTUbara 1977 evaM samIkSAtmaka adhyayana 15. mUlyabodha kI sApekSatA dArzanika akTUbara 1977 16. mAnavatAvAda aura jainAcAra darzana tIrthaMkara janavarI 1978 17. bhAratIya darzana meM sAmAjika cetanA dArzanika janavarI 1978 18. naitika mUlyoM kI parivartanazIlatA kA prazna dArzanika apraila 1978

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tulasI prajJA/vAlyUma 4, aMka 3 mahAvIra jayantI smArikA, jayapura 1978 1978 akTUbara dArzanika zrI puSkara muni abhinandana grantha zrI divAkara smRti grantha 1978 1979 1978 zrI divAkara smRti grantha zramaNa/varSa 30, aMka 8, 1978 dArzanika jUna 1979 19. jainadarzana meM naitika mUlyAMkana kA viSaya 20. jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke darzana meM karma kA zubhatva evaM azubhatva aura zuddhatva __21. jainadarzana ke 'tarka pramANa' kA Adhunika sandarbho meM mUlyAMkana 23. manaH zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa 24. sadAcAra ke zAzvata mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma (500/-rupaye kA prathama puraskAra prApta) 25. jaina darzana meM mithyAtva aura samyaktva 26. pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM kA manovaijJAnika vikAsa evaM unake dArzanika evaM sAmAjika pradeya 27. jaina sAdhanA ke manovaijJAnika AdhAra 28. ahiMsA kA artha vistAra, sambhAvanA aura sImA kSetra 29. naitika mAnadaNDa : eka yA aneka 30. bAlakoM ke saMskAra nirmANa meM abhibhAvaka, zikSaka va samAja kI bhUmikA / 31. dharma kyA hai ? (kramazaH tIna aMko meM) 32. jaina dharma meM bhakti kA sthAna 33. AtmA aura paramAtmA 34. adhyAtma banAma bhautikavAda 35. saMyama : jIvana kA samyak dRSTikoNa 36. bheda vijJAna : mukti kA siMhadvAra 28 1979 1980 zramaNa/varSa 30, aMka 11 zramaNa/varSa 31, aMka 3 dArzanika zramaNa sitambara janavarI janavarI janavarI 1980 1980 zramaNa/varSa 31, aMka 4, pharavarI 1980, zramaNa/varSa 34 pharavarI 1983 zramaNa/varSa 31, aMka 5 mArca 1980 zramaNa/varSa 31, aMka 5 mArca 1980 zramaNa/varSa 31, aMka6 apraila 1980 zramaNa/varSa 31, aMka 9 sambodhi/vAlyUma 8, julAI 1980 zramaNa/varSa 31, aMka 9 julAI 1980

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janavarI pharavarI apraila apraila 37. jaina evaM bauddha dharma meM svahita aura lokahita kA prazna 39. sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDa aura jainadharma 40. mahAvIra kA darzana : sAmAjika pariprekSya meM 41. sattA kitanI vAcya kitanI avAcya ? jaina darzana ke sandarbha meM 42. Adhunika manovijJAna ke sandarbha meM AcArAMga sUtra kA adhyayana 43. mahAvIra ke siddhAnta : yugIna sandarbha meM 44. paryuSaNa parva : kyA, kaba, kyoM aura kaise ? 45. asalI dUkAna/nakalI dUkAna 46. vyakti aura samAja 47. jaina ekatA kA prazna 48. jaina sAhityAkAza kA eka nakSatra vilupta 49. jJAna aura kathana kI satyatA kA prazna : jainadarzana ke pariprekSya meM 50. jaina adhyAtmavAda Adhunika sandarbha meM 51. dasa lakSaNa parva/dasa lakSaNa dharma ke 52. paryuSaNa parva : eka vivecana 53. zrAvaka dharma kI prAsaMgikatA kA prazna 54. bhAgya banAma puruSArtha 55. zvetAmbara sAhitya meM rAmakathA kA svarUpa 56. mahAvIra kA jIvana darzana 57. dharma aura darzana ke kSetra meM haribhadra kA avadAna zramaNa/varSa 32, aMka 3 zramaNa/varSa 32, aMka 4 zramaNa/varSa 32, aMka 6 dArzanika tulasI-prajJA/khaNDa 6, aMka 9 zramaNa/varSa 33, aMka 6 zramaNa/varSa 33, aMka 10 zramaNa/varSa 33, aMka 10 zramaNa/varSa 34, aMka 2 zramaNa/varSa 34 zramaNa parAmarza/aMka, Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No.4 zramaNa/varSa 34 zramaNa/varSa 34, aMka 11 zramaNa/varSa 35 zramaNa zramaNa/varSa 36, aMka 9 zramaNa/varSa 36, aMka 12 zramaNa/varSa 37, aMka 6 zramaNa/varSa 37, aMka 12 1981 1981 1981 1981 1981 1982 1982 1982 1982 1983 1983 1983 apraila agasta agasta disambara janavarI pharavarI jUna agasta sitambara 1983 1983 1983 1984 1985 1985 1986 1986 julAI akTUbara apraila akTUbara

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58. haribhadra ke dharmadarzana meM krAMtikArI tattva 59. haribhadra kI krAMtidarzI dRSTi :dhUrtAkhyAna ke sandarbha meM 60. haribhadra ke dhUrtAkhyAna kA mUla srota 61. jaina vAkya darzana 62. jaina sAhitya meM stUpa 63. rAmaputta yA rAmagupta : sUtrakRtAMga ke sandarbha meM 64. jaina dharma meM naitika aura dhArmika karttavyatA kA svarUpa 65. AcArAMgasUtra kA vizleSaNa 66. jainadharma kA eka vilupta sampradAya : yApanIya 67. adhyAtma aura vijJAna 68.AcArya hemacandra : eka yuga puruSa 69. satIprathA aura jainadharma 70. syAdbhada aura saptabhaMgI : eka cintana 71. jainadharma meM tIrtha kI avadhAraNA 72. pArzvanAtha janmabhUmi mandira vArANasI kA purAtattvIya vaibhava 73. jaina paramparA kA aitihAsika vizleSaNa 74. jainadharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA 75. jainadharma ke dhArmika anuSThAna evaM kalA tattva 76. samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA kI Adhunika pariprekSya meM samIkSA 77. uccairnAgarazAkhA ke utpatti sthAna evaM umAsvAti ke janma sthala kI pahacAna zramaNa/varSa 37, aMka 12 akTUbara 1986 zramaNa/varSa 39/aMka 4 pharavarI 1987 zramaNa/varSa 39/aMka 4 pharavarI 1987 Vaishali Institute Research Bulletin No. 6 1987 Aspects of Jainology/Vol.|| 1987 Aspects of Jainology/Vol. Il 1987 Aspects of Jainology/Vol.1 1987 zramaNa/varSa 39/aMka 2 disambara 1987 zramaNa julAI 1988 zramaNa akTUbara 1989 zramaNa akTUbara 1989 sAdhvIratna kusumavatI abhinandana grantha 1990 zramaNa janavarI-mArca 1990 zramaNa apraila-jUna 1990 zramaNa/saMskRti saMdhAna, vAlyUma 3 1990 zramaNa julAI-sitambara 1990 zramaNa akTUbara-disambara 1990 zramaNa janavarI-mArca 1991 zramaNa apraila-jUna 1991 zramaNa julAI-disambara1991 30

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zramaNa zramaNa 78. antakRddazA kI viSayavastu : eka purnavicAra Aspects of Jainology/vAlyUma 3 79. mUlya aura mUlya bodha kI sApekSatA kA siddhAnta zramaNa 80. guNasthAna siddhAnta kA udbhava evaM vikAsa zramaNa 81. zvetAmbara mUlasaMgha evaM mAthura saMgha : eka vimarza zramaNa 82. jainadharma aura Adhunika vijJAna zramaNa 83. praznavyAkaraNasUtra kI prAcIna viSayavastu kI khoja prAkRta jaina vidyA vikAsa phaNDa 84. bauddhadharma meM sAmAjika cetanA dharmadUta 85. bhAratIya saMskRti kA samanvita svarUpa zramaNa 86. jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA 87. paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa kI samasyA aura jainadharma zramaNa 88. jainadharma meM svAdhyAya kA artha evaM sthAna 89. jaina karma siddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa zramaNa 90. ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA zramaNa 91. Rgveda meM arhat aura RSabhavAcI RcAe~ : eka adhyayana zramaNa 92. niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana 93. jainadharma-darzana kA sAra tattva zramaNa 94. bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvana aura darzana zramaNa 95. jainadharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA zramaNa 96. mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda evaM usameM jaina AtmavAda kA vaiziSThay 97. jaina sAdhanA meM dhyAna zramaNa janavarI, 1994 98. gItA meM niyativAda aura puruSArthavAda kI samasyA aura yathArtha jIvana-dRSTi prAcyapratibhA, bhopAla 1991 janavarI-mArca 1992 janavarI-mArca 1992 julAI-sitambara 1992 akTUbara-disambara 1992 1992 1994 apraila-jUna 1994 apraila-jUna 1994 apraila-jUna 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994 sudharmA 1966 zramaNa

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99. bauddhadarzana aura gItA ke sandarbha meM : jaina AcAra darzana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana nAmaka zodha-prabandha kI saMkSiptikA tulasI-prajJA, 5 100. SaTjIva-nikAya meM trasa evaM sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa kI samasyA zramaNa, apraila-jUna 1993 101. phrAyaDa aura jainadarzana tIrthaMkara 30_102. nivRtti aura pravRtti : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana zramaNopAsaka 103. dharmasAdhanA kA svarUpa aprakAzita 104. prAcIna jainAgamoM meM cArvAka darzana kA prastutikaraNa evaM samIkSA aprakAzita 105. mUlAcAra aura usakI paramparA aprakAzita _106. jaina Agama sAhitya meM zrAvastI aprakAzita 107. Jaina Concept of Peace Chokhamba, Centenary Commemoration Volum 118. The Philosophical foundation of Religious tolerence in Jainism Aspect of Jainology, Vol.I 119. A Search for the Possibility of Non-violence and Peace, Jain Journal Vol.25/No. 3 110. Mahaviras Theory of Samatva Yoga : A Psycho-analytical Approach, Jain Journal Vol.9/No.3 111. The Concept of Vibhajjavada in Buddhism and Jainism, Jain Journal Vol.19/No.3 112. The Relevance of Jainism in Present World Jain Journal, Vol. 22/No. 1 113. The Ethics of Jainism and Swaminarayan : A Comparative Study New Dimensions in Vedant Philosophy 114. Religious Harmony and Fellowship of Faiths : A Jain Perspective Being Published 115. Prof. K. S. Murty's Philosophy of Peace and non-Violence Being Published 116. Equanimity and Meditation Being Published 117. The Teaching of Arhat Parsva and the Distinctness of his Sect . Being Published 118. The Solutions of World Problems from Jaina Perspective Being Published 119. Jaina Sadhana and Yoga Being Published

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sAgara jaina- vidyA bhAratI bhAga-1 (pro. sAgaramala jaina ke zodha lekhoM kA saMkalana 1

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jainadharma-darzana kA sAratattva - pro. sAgaramala jaina jainadharma kA udbhava aura vikAsa jina ke dvArA pravartitadharma jainadharma kahA jAtA hai aura jo apanI indriyoM, vAsanAoM aura icchAoM para vijaya pA letA hai, vaha jina hai| jainadharma kA eka prAcIna nAma nirgantha dharma bhI hai| azoka Adi ke atiprAcIna zilAlekhoM meM isakA isI nAma se ullekha milatA hai| nirgantha zabda kA artha hai -- jisake hRdaya meM chala-kapaTa, rAga-dveSa, ahaMkAra, lobha Adi kI koI gA~Tha nahIM hai aura jo Antarika aura bADhya parigraha se mukta hai, vahI nirgantha hai| jainadharma ko Ahata dharma bhI kahate haiN| arhat zabda kA artha hai -- jisane rAga-dveSa para vijaya prApta kara lI hai aura jo apanI AdhyAtmika pavitratA ke kAraNa jagata kA vandanIya bana gayA, vaha arhat hai aura usakA upAsaka aahet| jahA~ vaidikadharma meM yajJa-yAga aura karmakANDa para vizeSa bala diyA gayA vahI zramaNadharma, vizeSa rUpa se jainadharma meM tapa, tyAga va vairAgya para adhika bala diyA gyaa| ataH vaidikadharma ko pravRtti mUlaka aura zramaNadharma ko nivRtti mUlakadharma bhI kahate haiN| nivRtti mUlakadharma kA mukhya prayojana hotA hai, sAMsArika duHkhoM se mukti hetu saMnyAsa ke mArga kA anusaraNa krnaa| isa prakAra jainadharma saMnyAsa pradhAna yA vairAgya pradhAna dharma hai| mAnava vyaktitva meM do tattva pAye jAte haiM -- 1. vAsanA aura 2. vivek| manuSya meM vAsanAoM kI upasthiti use daihika AvazyakatAoM evaM icchAoM kI pUrti kI ora arthAt bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi kI ora prerita karatI hai| jabaki viveka yaha batAtA hai ki icchAe~ ananta haiM, unakI pUrNa saMtuSTi kabhI bhI saMbhava nahIM hai, isalie zAnti ke icchuka manuSya ko icchAoM kI saMtuSTi kI dizA meM na bhAgakara icchAoM kA saMyama karanA caahie| icchAoM evaM vAsanAoM ke saMyama kI yahI bAta saMnyAsa mUlaka jainadharma kI utpatti kA AdhAra yaha prazna bhI svAbhAvika rUpa se uThatA hai ki jainadharma kA prArambha kaba se huaa| isake prathama pravaktA kauna haiM ? jaina paramparA ke anusAra isa kAla-cakra meM jainadharma kI sthApanA bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne kii| RSabhadeva ke ullekha Rgveda evaM purANa sAhitya meM bhI hai| ataH jainadharma saMsAra kA eka ati prAcIna dharma hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra isa kAlacakra meM saMnyAsa mUlaka dharma kA prathama upadeza bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne diyA thaa| zrImadbhAgavat meM bhI RSabhadeva ko * AkAzavANI dehalI se maI-jUna 1993 meM prasArita vArtA

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jainadarzana : eka anucintana saMnyAsa dharma arthAt paramahaMsa mArga kA prarvataka kahA jAtA hai| RSabhadeva se pUrva mAnava samAja pUrNataH prakRti para Azrita thaa| kAla-krama meM jaba manuSyoM kI janasaMkhyA meM vRddhi aura prAkRtika saMsAdhana meM kamI hone se manuSyoM meM saMcaya vRtti kA vikAsa huA to striyoM, pazuoM aura khAdya padArthoM ko lekara eka-dUsare se chInA-jhapaTI hone lgii| aisI sthiti meM RSabhadeva ne sarvaprathama samAja-vyavasthA evaM zAsana- vyavasthA kI nIMva DAlI tathA kRSi evaM zilpa ke dvArA apane hI zrama se apanI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karanA sikhaayaa| kintu manuSya kI bar3hatI huI bhogAkAMkSA evaM saMcaya vRtti ke kAraNa vaiyaktika jIvana evaM sAmAjika jIvana meM jo azAMti evaM viSamatA AyI usakA samAdhAna nahIM ho skaa| bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne yaha anubhava kiyA ki bhoga sAmagrI kI pracuratA bhI manuSya kI AkAMkSA va tRSNA ko samApta karane meM samartha nahIM hai| yadi vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika jIvana meM zAMti evaM samatA sthApita karanI hai, to manuSya ko tyAga evaM saMyama ke mArga kI zikSA denI hogii| unhoMne svayaM parivAra evaM rAjya kA tyAga karake vairAgya kA mArga apanAyA aura logoM ko tyAga evaM vairAgya kI zikSA denA prArambha kiyaa| basa yahI jainadharma kI utpatti kI kahAnI hai| Age calakara RSabhadeva kI paramparA meM kramazaH anya 23 tIrthaMkara hue| unameM 22veM ariSTanemi, 23veM pArzvanAtha evaM 24veM bhagavAna mahAvIra hue| 22veM tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi bhagavAna kRSNa ke cacere bhAI the aura unhoMne ahiMsA para vizeSa rUpa se bala diyaa| apane vivAha ke avasara para vaivAhika bhoja hetu ekatrita pazu-pakSiyoM kI cItkAra sunakara unhoMne na kevala unheM mukta karavAyA apitu vaivAhika jIvana se mukha mor3akara tapa-sAdhanA kA mArga apanAyA aura jJAna prApta kiyA tathA ahiMsA aura saMyama kA upadeza diyaa| unhoMne kahA -- "dhammo maMgalamukkiLaM ahiMsA saMjamo tvo| devA vi taM namasaMti je dhamme sayA mno||" arthAta ahiMsA, saMyama va tapa rUpI dharma hI sarvotkRSTa maMgala hai| jisakA mana sadaiva isa dharma meM lagA rahatA hai, use devatA bhI namaskAra karate haiN| 23veM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna pArzvanAtha vArANasI meM utpanna hue the, inhoMne tapa-sAdhanA meM jo AtmapIDana evaM parapIDana kI pravRtti vikasita ho rahI thI, usakA virodha kiyaa| unhoMne kahA ki aisA tapa jisase dUsare prANiyoM ko kaSTa hotA ho aura apane tapasvI hone ke ahaMkAra kI puSTi ho aura jo laukika icchAoM kI pUrti ke liye kiyA jAtA ho, ucita nahIM hai, tapa kA prayojana to Atmazuddhi honA caahiye| ataH vivekapUrNa ahiMsaka tapa hI zreSTha hai| bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke bAda bhagavAna mahAvIra svAmI hue| mahAvIra ne indriya saMyama ke sAtha-sAtha brahamacarya evaM aparigraha kI sAdhanA para adhika bala diyaa| unhoMne pArzva ke cArtuyAma dharma meM brahmacarya ko jor3akara ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha kI sAdhanA kA upadeza diyaa| mahAvIra svAmI kA vizeSa bala AcAra- zuddhi aura vyavahAra- zuddhi para thaa| unhoMne kahA ki -- AcAro prathamodharmaH arthAt AcAra hI prathama dharma hai| vyAvahArika jIvana hetu

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pro. sAgaramala jaina unhoMne ahiMsA, anekAMta aura aparigraha para vizeSa bala diyaa| duHkha aura duHkha - vimukti mahAzramaNa mahAvIra ke cintana kA mUla srota jIvana kI duHkhamayatA kA bodha hI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM ve kahate haiM 3 ---- jamma dukkhaM jarA dukkhaM rogA ya maraNANi ya / aho dukkho hu saMsAro jattha kIsanti jantavo / / janma duHkhamaya hai, vRddhAvasthA bhI duHkhamaya hai, roga aura mRtyu bhI duHkhamaya hai, adhika kyA yaha sampUrNa sAMsArika astitva hI duHkha rUpa hai| saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA ke isI bodha se duHkha ke kAraNa kI khoja evaM duHkha vimukti (mokSa yA nirvANa ) ke cintana kA vikAsa huA hai| jaina cintakoM ne yaha mAnA ki sAMsArikatA meM sukha nahI hai| jise hama sukha mAna lete haiM, vaha ThIka usI prakAra kA hai jisa prakAra khujalI kI bImArI se pIr3ita vyakti khAja ko khujAne meM sukha mAna letA hai, vastutaH vaha sukha bhI duHkha rUpa hI hai| saMsAra meM dhanI nirdhana, zAsita - zAsaka sabhI to daHkhI haiN| kahA hai dhana binA nirdhana duHkhI, tRSNAvaza dhanavAna / kabahu na sukha yA saMsAra meM, saba jaga dekhyo chAna / / saMsAra ke ina duHkhoM ko hama do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiN| eka to bhautika dukha, jo prAkRtika vipadAoM aura bAhya tathyoM ke kAraNa hote haiM aura dUsare mAnasika duHkha jo manuSya kI AkAMkSAoM va tRSNAoM se janma lete haiM / mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM ina samasta bhautika evaM mAnasika duHkhoM kA mUla vyakti kI bhogAsakti hI hai| manuSya apanI kAmanAoM kI pUrti ke dvArA ina duHkhoM ke nivAraNa kA prayatna to karatA hai, kintu vaha usa kAraNa kA uccheda nahIM karatA jisase duHkha prasphuTita hotA hai kyoMki vaha bAhara na hokara hamArI cittavRtti meM hotA hai / saMyama (brahmacarya) aura saMtoSa (aparigraha ) ke atirikta manuSya kI tRSNA ko samApta karane kA koI upAya nahIM hai| mahAvIra ne kahA thA ki bAhya padArthoM se icchAoM kI pUrti kA prayAsa vaisA hI hai jaise ghRta DAlakara agni ko zAnta krnaa| vaha to usase zAnta na hokara adhika prajjvalita ha hotI hai| yaha to zAkhAoM ko kATakara jar3oM ko pAnI dene ke samAna hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki - suvaNNa-ruppassa u pavvayA bhave siyA hu kelAsasamA asaMkhayA / narassa luddhassa na tehiM kiMci icchA u AgAsasamA aNantiyA / / cAhe svarNa va rajata ke kailAza ke samAna asaMkhya parvata kyoM na khar3e kara diye jAya kintu ve manuSya kI tRSNA ko pUrNa karane meM samartha nahIM haiM, kyoMki icchA to AkAza ke sAmAna ananta hai| samasta duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa bhogAkAMkSA, tRSNA yA mamatva buddhi hI hai / kintu isa bhogAkAMkSA kI samApti kA upAya icchAoM kI pUrti nahIM hai, apitu saMyama evaM nirAkAMkSatA hI hai| yadi hama

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jainadarzana : eka anucintana vyakti ko mAnasika vikSobhoM evaM tanAvoM se tathA mAnava jAti ko hiMsA evaM zoSaNa se mukta karanA cAhate haiM to hameM apane ko saMyama evaM saMtoSa kI dizA meM mor3anA hogaa| bhogavAdI sukhoM kI lAlasA meM daur3atA hai aura usakI upalabdhi hetu corI, zoSaNa evaM saMgraha jaisI sAmAjika burAiyoM ko janma detA hai| mahAvIra ke anusAra bhogavAdI jIvanadRSTi icchAoM aura AkAMkSAoM ko janma dekara hamAre vaiyaktika jIvana meM tanAvoM evaM vikSobhoM ko utpanna karatI hai| jisase hamArA caitasika samatva bhaMga hotA hai| vaha sAmAjika jIvana meM saMgraha evaM zoSaNa kI vRtti ko janma dekara sAmAjika viSamatA kA kAraNa banatI hai| isIlie mahAvIra ne yaha nirdeza diyA ki padArthoM kI ora bhAgane kI apekSA Atmonmukha bano, kyoMki jo padArtha-apekSI yA parApekSI hotA hai vaha paratantra hotA hai, kintu jo AtmApekSI hotA hai vaha svatantra hotA hai| yadi tuma vastutaH tanAva mukta honA cAhate ho tathA vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika jIvana meM zAnti cAhate ho to, Atmakendrita bano, kyoMki jo parAzrita yA para-kendrita hotA hai, vaha duHkhI hotA hai aura jo svAzrita yA svakendrita hotA hai, sukhI hotA hai| Atura-pratyAkhyAna nAmaka jainagrantha meM kahA gayA hai ki samasta sAMsArika upalabdhiyA~ saMyogajanya hai| inheM apanA mAnane yA ina para mamatva rakhane se prANI duHkha paramparA ko prApta hotA hai| ataH ina sAMyogika upalabdhiyoM ke prati mamatva vRtti kA visarjana kara denA caahie| yahI duHkha vimukti kA eka mAtra upAya hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jahA~-jahA~ mamatva hai, vahA~-vahA~ duHkha hai| icchAoM kI pUrti se duHkha-vimuktikA prayAsa ThIka vaisA hI hai jaise chalanI ko jala se bharane kA prayAsa / hama bAhya jagat meM rasa lene ke lie jaise hI usameM apanA AropaNa karate hai, vaise hI eka prakAra kA dvaita prakaTa ho jAtA hai, jisameM hama apanepana kA AropaNa karate haiM, Asakti rakhate haiM, vaha hamAre lie 'sva' bana jAtA hai aura usase bhinna yA virodhI para bana jAtA hai| AtmA kI samatva ke kendra se yaha cyuti hI use ina 'sva aura 'para' ke do vibhAgoM meM bA~Ta detI hai| inheM hama kramazaH rAga aura dveSa kahate haiN| rAga AkarSaNa kA siddhAnta hai aura dveSa vikarSaNa kaa| apanA-parAyA, rAga-dveSa athavA AkarSaNa-vikarSaNa ke kAraNa hamArI cetanA meM sadaiva hI tanAva, saMgharSa athavA dvandra banA rahatA hai, yadyapi cetanA yA AtmA apanI svAbhAvika zakti ke dvArA sadaiva sAmyAvasthA yA saMtulana banAne kA prayAsa karatI rahatI hai| lekina rAga evaM repa kisI bhI sthAyI santulana kI avasthA ko sambhava nahIM hone dete| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainadarzana meM rAga-dveSa se Upara uThanA samyak jIvana kI anivArya zarta mAnI gaI hai| mamatva va rAga-dveSa kI upasthiti hI mAnavIya pIr3A kA mUla kAraNa hai| yadi manuSya ko mAnasika tanAvoM se mukti pAnA hai to isake lie nirmamatva yA anAsakti kI sAdhanA hI eka mAtra vikalpa hai| AtmA kA bandhana aura mukti jainadharma ke anusAra yaha saMsAra duHkhamaya hai ataH ina sAMsArika duHkhoM se mukta honA hI vyakti kA mukhya prayojana honA caahie| manuSya meM upasthita rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM hI usakA vAstavika bandhana hai aura yahI duHkha hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra manuSya jaba rAga-dveSa athavA krodha, mAna Adi kapAyoM ke vazIbhUta hokara koI bhI zArIrika, vAcika yA mAnasika pravRtti karatA hai

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pro. sAgaramala jaina to usake pariNAmasvarUpa karma paramANuoM kA AkarSaNa hotA hai, jise ve Asava kahate haiN| jaba cittavRtti meM krodhAdi kaSAya vidyamAna ho tathA zarIra evaM indriyoM kI pravRtti asaMyamita ho to usake pariNAmasvarUpa karma kA bandha hotA hai yA karma saMskAra banate haiN| pratyeka karma saMskAra kAla-krama meM apanA vipAka yA phala detA hai aura isa prakAra karma aura vipAka kI paramparA calatI rahatI hai| isa tathya ko hama aise bhI samajhA sakate haiM ki jaba vyakti dveSa Adi ke vazIbhUta hokara krodha karatA hai to usameM krodha ke saMskAra banate haiN| samaya-samaya para krodha ke ina saMskAroM kI abhivyakti hone se krodha usakI jIvana zailI kA hI aMga bana jAtA hai aura yahI usakA bandhana hai| jainadharma ke anusAra pratyeka AtmA meM jo ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, ananta sukha aura ananta zakti rahI huI hai, vaha ina karma saMskAroM ke kAraNa kuMThita ho jAtI hai| Atmika zakti kA kuMThita honA hI bandhana hai| karma kA yaha bandhana ATha prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai, 1. jo karma AtmA kI jJAnAtmaka zakti ko kuMThita karate haiM ve jJAnAvaraNa kahalAte haiM, 2. jinake dvArA AtmA kI anubhUti sAmarthya sImita hotI hai use darzanAvaraNa kahate haiM, 3. jisake dvArA sukha-duHkha kI anubhUti hotI hai, ve vedanIya karma hai, 4. jina karma saMskAroM ke kAraNa vyakti kA dRSTikoNa evaM cAritra dUpita ho use mohanIya karma kahA gayA hai| 5. jo karma hamAre vyaktitva yA caittasika evaM zArIrika saMracanA ke kAraNa hote haiM unheM nAmakarma kahate haiM, 6. jina karmoM ke kAraNa vyakti ko anukUla va pratikUla pariveza upalabdha hotI hai, vaha gotrakarma hai, 7. isI prakAra jo karma eka zarIra vizeSa meM hamArI Ayu maryAdA ko nizcita karatA hai, use AyuSyakarma kahate haiN| 8. anta meM jisa karma dvArA hameM prApta hone vAlI upalabdhiyoM meM bAdhA ho vaha antarAyakarma hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra ina karmoM ke vaza hokara prANI saMsAra meM janma-maraNa karatA hai aura sAMsArika sukha-duHkha kI anubhUti karatA hai| jainadharma kA prayojana AtmA ko isa karma-mala se mukta kara vizuddha banAnA hai| isake lie saMvara kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| jisa prakAra jisa kamare kI khir3akiyA khulI hoM usameM dhUla ke Agamana ko nahIM rokA jA sakatA hai, usI prakAra jaba AtmA kI indriyAM rUpI khir3akiyA~ khulI hoM usameM karma raja rUpI mala ke Agamana ko rokA nahI jA sakatA hai| ataH Atmavizuddhi ke liye yaha Avazyaka hai ki vyakti ina indriyarUpI khir3akiyoM ko banda kareM arthAt indriyoM kA saMyama kreN| jainadharma meM indriya saMyama kA matalaba yaha nahIM hai ki indriyoM kI pravRtti hI na hone dI jaaye| mahAvIrasvAmI ne kahA thA ki indriyoM evaM unake viSayoM kI upasthiti kI dazA meM indriyoM kA apane viSayoM se samparka na ho, yaha sambhava nahIM hai| saMyama kA tAtparya hai ina aindrika viSayoM kI anubhUti kI dazA meM hamArA citta gaga-dveSa kI vRtti se AkrAnta na ho| satat abhyAsa dvArA jaba aindrika anubhUtiyoM meM citta anAsakta rahanA sIkha jAtA hai to saMyama kI sAdhanA saphala hotI hai|

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pro. sAgaramala jaina jaba taka citta meM purAne karma- mala upasthita haiM taba taka AdhyAtmika vizuddhi saMmbhava laa| isake lie jainadharma meM nirjarA kI bAta kahI gayI hai| nirjarA kA artha hai karma-mala ko alaga kara denA yA jhADa denaa| AtmA para lage karma- mala ko alaga karane kA prayatna hI nirjarA hai| jisa prakAra kamare kI saphAI ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki pahale to hama kamare kI khir3akiyA~ banda kara deM tAki bAhara se dhUla na Aye, kintu pUrva kI upasthita dhUla yA mala kI saphAI ke lie kamare ko jhADanA bhI Avazyaka hotA hai| usI prakAra AtmA meM jo gaMdagI hai use dUra karane ke lie nirjarA Avazyaka hai| jainadharma ke anusAra nirjarA ke dvArA hI AtmA ke pUrva saMcita karma- mala kA zodhana saMmbhava hai| nirjarA kA dUsarA nAma 'tapa-sAdhanA' hai| kahA gayA hai ki tapa ke dvArA AtmA karor3oM bhavoM ke pUrva saMcita karmoM ko naSTa kara detA hai| jisa prakAra zaddha ghI ko prApta karane ke lie hameM makkhana ko kisI bartana meM rakhakara tapAnA khana ko kisI bartana meM rakhakara tapAnA hotA hai, usI prakAra AtmA kI zuddhi ke liye use bhI zarIra rUpI bhAjana ke jharA tapAnA hotA hai| jainadharma meM tapasyA kA matalaba zarIra ko kaSTa denA nahIM apitu zarIra ke prati rAgAtmakatA yA mamatva buddhi ko dUra karanA hai| isIliye AtmA kI dehAsakti ko tor3ane kA jo prayatna hai vahI tapasyA hai| yaha satya hai ki sabhI durAcaraNoM kA mUla kAraNa vyakti kI mamatA yA Asakti hai, isa Asakti meM bhI dehAsakti sabase ghanIbhUta hotI hai| ise samApta karane ke lie hI jainadharma meM anazana Adi bAhya tapoM aura svAdhyAya Adi Antarika tapoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| jaba tapasyA dvArA AtmA kI Asakti aura karmamala samApta ho jAtA hai to AtmA kI ananta jJAna Adi kSamatAe~ prakaTa ho jAtI hai| Asakti aura karma- mala kA kSaya hokara AdhyAtmika zaktiyoM kA pUrNa prakaTana hI jainadharma meM mukti yA nirvANa hai| ise hI paramAtmadazA kI prApti bhI kahate haiN| jaba AtmA karma-mala se rahita hokara pUrNa nirmamatva aura nirAvaraNa avasthA ko prApta kara letA hai aura apane Atma svarUpa meM lIna ho jAtA hai, to vahI paramAtmA bana jAtA hai| AtmA ko paramAtmA kI avasthA taka pahu~cAnA hI jaina sAdhanA kA mUla prayojana AtmA aura paramAtmA AtmA kI vibhAvadazA arthAt usakI viSaya-vAsanAoM meM Asakti yA rAgabhAva hI usakA bandhana hai, apane isa rAgabhAva, Asakti yA mamatA ko tor3ane kA jo prayAsa hai, vaha sAdhanA hai aura usa Asakti, mamatva yA rAgabhAva kA TUTa jAnA hI mukti hai, yahI AtmA kA paramAtmA bana jAnA hai| jaina sAdhakoM ne AtmA kI tIna avasthAe~ mAnI haiM -- 1. bahirAtmA 2. antarAtmA aura 3. prmaatmaa| santa Anandaghana jI kahate haiM -- trividha sakala tanudhara gata AtamA, bahirAtama adha rUpa sujnyaanii| bIjo antara AtamA tIsaro paramAtama aviccheda sujnyaanii||

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 7 viSaya-bhogoM meM ulajhA huA AtmA bahirAtmA hai| saMsAra ke viSaya-bhogoM meM udAsIna sAdhaka antarAtmA hai aura jisane apanI viSaya-vAsanAoM para vijaya prApta kara liyA hai, jo viSaya-vikAra se rahita ananta catuSTaya se yukta hokara jJAtA - draSTA bhAva meM sthita hai, vaha paramAtmA hai / AtmA aura paramAtmA ke pArasparika sambandha ko lekara kahA gayA hai- 'appA so paramappA' / AtmA hI paramAtmA hai / pratyeka prANI, pratyeka cetanasattA paramAtma svarUpa hai 1 moha aura mamatA ke kohare meM hamArA vaha paramAtma svarUpa chupa gayA hai| jaise bAdaloM ke AvaraNa meM sUrya kA prakAzapuMja chipa jAtA hai aura andhakAra ghira jAtA hai, usI prakAra moha-mamatA aura rAga-dve rUpI AvaraNa se AtmA kA ananta Ananda svarUpa tirohita ho jAtA hai aura jIva duHkha aura pIr3A se bhara jAtA hai| AtmA aura paramAtmA meM svarUpataH koI bheda nahIM hai| dhAna aura cAvala eka hI hai, antara mAtra itanA hai ki eka AvaraNa sahita hai aura dUsarA nirAvaraNa / isI prakAra AtmA aura paramAtmA eka hI hai, pharka kevala karma rUpa AvaraNa kA hai| jisa prakAra dhAna ke sumadhura bhAta kA AsvAdana tabhI prApta ho sakatA hai jaba usakA chilakA utAra diyA jAve, usI prakAra apane hI paramAtma svarUpa kI anubhUti tabhI sambhava hai, jaba hama apanI cetanA se moha-mamatA aura rAga-dveSa kI khola ko utAra phekeM / chilake sahita dhAna ke samAna moha-mamatA kI khola meM jakar3I huI cetanA baddhAtmA hai aura chilake-rahita zuddha zubhra cAvala ke rUpa meM nirAvaraNa zuddha cetanA paramAtmA hai| kahA hai siddhA jaiso jIva hai, jIva soya siddha hoya / karma maila kA AMtarA, bUjhe biralA koya / / moha - mamatA rUpI parade ko haTAkara usa pAra rahe hue apane hI paramAtma svarUpa kA darzana sambhava hai| hameM prayatna paramAtmA ko pAne kA nahIM, isa parade ko haTAne kA karanA hai, paramAtmA to upasthita hai hI / hamArI galatI yahI hai ki hama paramAtmasvarUpa ko prApta karanA to cAhate haiM, kintu isa AvaraNa ko haTAne kA prayAsa nahIM krte| hamAre prayatnoM kI dizA yadi sahI ho to apane meM hI nihita paramAtmA kA darzana dUra nahIM hai| hamArA durbhAgya to yahI hai ki Aja svAmI hI dAsa banA huA hai / hameM apanI hastI kA ahasAsa hI nahIM hai| kisI urdU zAyara ne ThIka hI kahA hai insA kI badatI aMdAja se bAhara hai. 1 kamabakhta khudA hokara baMdA najara AtA hai / / jainadharma meM paramAtmA kI avadhAraNA eka Adarza puruSa ke rUpa meM kI gayI hai| paramAtmA

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8 jainadarzana : eka anucintana na to kisI ko mukti detA hai aura na daNDa hI / paramAtmA kI stuti kA prayojana mAtra apane zuddha svarUpa kA bodha karanA hai| jainadarzana meM bhakti ke sacce svarUpa ko spaSTa karate hue upAdhyAya devacandrajI likhate haiM : aja-kula- -gata kezarI lahere, nija pada siMha nihAra / tima prabhu bhakti bhavI lahere, Atama zakti saMbhAra / / jisa prakAra aja kula meM pAlita siMhazAvaka vAstavika siMha ke darzana se apane prasupta siMhatva ko prakaTa kara letA hai, usI prakAra sAdhaka paramAtmA ke guNakIrtana yA stavana ke dvArA nija meM jinatva kI zodha kara letA hai, svayaM meM nihita paramAtmazakti ko prakaTa kara letA hai / jaina sAdhanA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki bhagavAna kI stuti prasupta antazcetanA ko jAgrata karatI hai aura hamAre sAmane sAdhanA ke Adarza kA eka jIvanta citra upasthita karatI hai| itanA hI nahIM, vaha usa Adarza kI prApti ke lie preraNA bhI banatI hai| phira bhI jaina mAnyatA to yaha hai ki vyakti apane hI prayatnoM se AdhyAtmika utthAna yA patana kara sakatA hai| svayaM pApa se mukta hone kA prayatna na karake kevala bhagavAn se mukti kI prArthanA karanA jaina- vicAraNA kI dRSTi se sarvathA nirarthaka hai| aisI vivekazUnya prArthanAoM ne mAnava jAti ko saba prakAra se hIna, dIna evaM parApekSI banAyA hai| jaba manuSya kisI aise uddhAraka meM vizvAsa karane lagatA hai, jo usakI stuti se prasanna hokara use pApa se ubAra legA to aisI niSThA se sadAcAra kI mAnyatAoM ko gaharA dhakkA lagatA hai| jaina vicArakoM kI yaha spaSTa mAnyatA hai ki kevala paramAtmA kI stuti karane se mokSa evaM samAdhi kI prApti nahIM hotI, jaba taka ki manuSya svayaM usake lie prayAsa na kare / mukti yA paramAtma dazA kI prApti ke liye sAdhanA apekSita hai| trividha sAdhanAmArga jainadarzana meM mokSa kI prApti ke lie trividha sAdhanAmArga batAyA gayA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM samyak-jJAna, samyak-darzana aura samyak cAritra ko mokSamArga kahA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM samyak - jJAna, samyak - darzana, samyak cAritra aura samyak - tapa aise caturvidha mokSamArga kA bhI vidhAna hai, kintu jaina AcAryoM ne tapa kA antarbhAvacAritra meM karake isa trividha sAdhanA mArga ko hI mAnya kiyA hai| kucha bhAratIya vicArakoM ne isa trividha sAdhanAmArga ke kisI eka hI pakSa ko mokSa kI prApti kA sAdhana mAna liyA hai| AcArya zaMkara mAtra jJAna se aura rAmAnuja mAtra bhakti se mukti kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra karate haiN| lekina jaina dArzanika aisI kisI ekAntavAditA meM nahIM girate haiN| unake anusAra to jJAna, karma aura bhakti kI samaveta sAdhanA hI mokSa kI prApti kA mArga hai| inameM se kisI eka ke abhAva meM mokSa kI prApti sambhava nahIM hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra darzana ke binA jJAna nahIM hotA aura jJAna ke abhAva meM AcaraNa samyak nahIM hotA hai| aura samyak AcaraNa ke abhAva meM mukti bhI nahIM hotI hai| isa prakAra mukti kI prApti ke lie tInoM hI aMgoM kA honA Avazyaka hai|

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pro. sAgaramala jaina samyak-darzana -- jaina paramparA meM samyak-darzana Atma-sAkSAtkAra, tattvazraddhA, antarbodha, dRSTikoNa, zraddhA aura bhakti Adi aneka arthoM ko apane meM sameTe hue hai| samyak-darzana ko cAhe yathArtha dRSTi kaheM yA tattvArtha zraddhA, usameM vAstavikatA kI dRSTi se adhika antara nahIM hotA hai| antara hotA hai unakI upalabdhi kI vidhi meN| eka vaijJAnika svataH prayoga ke AdhAra para kisI satya kA udghATana kara vastutattva ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnatA hai, kintu dUsarA vaijJAnikoM ke kathanoM para vizvAsa karake vastutattva ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnatA hai| yadyapi yahA~ donoM kA hI dRSTikoNa yathArtha hogA, phira bhI eka ne svAnubhUti se pAyA hai to dUsare ne use zraddhA ke mAdhyama se| zraddhA hI samyakdRSTi ho to bhI vaha artha antima nahIM hai, antima artha svAnubhUti hI hai aura yahI samyak-darzana kA vAstavika artha hai| aisA samyagdarzana hotA hai nirvikAra, nirAkula cittavRti se| jainadharma meM samyak-darzana ke nimna pA~ca lakSaNa batAye gaye haiM -- 1. sama arthAt samabhAva, 2. saMvega arthAt AtmA ke Anandamaya svarUpa kI anubhUti athavA satyAbhIpsA, 3. nirveda arthAt anAsakti yA vairAgya, 4. anukampA arthAt dUsare vyakti kI pIr3A ko Atmavat samajhanA aura usake prati karuNA kA bhAva rakhanA aura 5. Astikya arthAt puNya-pApa, punarjanma, karma-siddhAnta aura AtmA ke astitva ko svIkAra krnaa| jisa prakAra bauddha-sAdhanA ke anusAra duHkha hai, duHkha kA kAraNa hai, duHkha se nivRtti ho sakatI hai aura duHkhanivRtti kA mArga hai -- ina cAra Arya-satyoM kI svIkRti samyAdRSTi hai, usI prakAra jaina-sAdhanA ke anusAra SaT sthAnakoM ( chaha bAtoM) kI svIkRti samyagdarzana hai -- (1) AtmA hai, (2) AtmA nitya hai, (3) AtmA apane karmoM kA kartA hai, (4) AtmA kRta karmoM ke phala kA bhoktA hai, (5) AtmA mukti prApta kara sakatA hai aura (6) mukti kA upAya (mArga) hai| jaina tattva-vicAraNA ke anusAra ina SaTsthAnakoM para dRr3ha pratIti, samyagdarzana kI sAdhanA kA Avazyaka aMga hai| dRSTikoNa kI vizuddhatA evaM sadAcAra donoM hI ina para nirbhara hai, ye SaTsthAnaka jaina-sAdhanA ke kendra bindu hai| samyak-jJAna -- dRSTikoNa kI vizuddhi para hI jJAna kI samyaktA nirbhara karatI hai| ataH jaina sAdhanA kA dUsarA caraNa hai samyak jnyaan| samyak jJAna ko mukti kA sAdhana svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, lekina kauna sA jJAna mukti ke lie Avazyaka hai, yaha vicAraNIya hai| jainadarzana meM samyak jJAna ke do rUpa pAye jAte haiN| sAmAnya dRSTi se samyak jJAna vastutattva kA usake ananta pahaluoM se yukta jJAna hai aura isa rUpa meM vaha vicAra zuddhi kA mAdhyama hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra ekAMgIjJAna mithyAtva hai kyoMki vaha satya ke ananta pakSoM kA apalApa karatA hai| jaba taka Agraha buddhi hai taba taka vItarAgatA sambhava hI nahIM hai aura jaba taka vItarAga dRSTi nahIM hai taba taka yathArtha jJAna bhI asambhava hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra satya ke ananta pahaluoM ko jAnane ke lie anekAnta dRSTi samyak jJAna kI anivArya zarta hai| ekAnta dRSTi yA vaicArika Agraha apane meM nihita rAga ke kAraNa satya ko raMgIna kara detA hai| ataH ekAnta aura Agraha satya ke

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jainadarzana : eka anucintana sAkSAtkAra meM bAdhaka haiN| jaina sAdhanA kI dRSTi se vItarAgatA ko upalabdha karane ke lie vaicArika Agraha kA parityAga aura anAgrahI dRSTi kA nirmANa Avazyaka hai aura isake mAdhyama se prApta jJAna hI samyak jJAna hai| samyAjJAna kA artha hai vastu ko usake ananta pahaluoM se jaannaa| jainadharma meM samyaka-jJAna kA artha Atma-anAtma kA viveka bhI hai| yaha sahI hai ki Atmatattva ko jJAna kA viSaya nahIM banAyA jA sakatA, use jJAtA-jJeya ke dvaita ke AdhAra para nahIM jAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki vaha svayaM jJAna-svarUpa hai, jJAtA hai aura jJAtA kabhI jJeya nahIM bana sakatA, ataH AtmajJAna durUha hai| lekina anAtma tattva to aisA hai jise hama jJAtA aura jJeya ke dvaita ke AdhAra para jAna sakate haiN| sAmAnya vyakti bhI apane sAdhAraNa jJAna ke dvArA itanA to jAna hI sakatA hai ki usake jJAna ke viSaya kyA haiM ? aura isase vaha yaha niSkarSa nikAla sakatA hai ki jo usake jJAna ke viSaya haiM, ve usake svasvarUpa nahIM haiM, ve anAtma hai| samyagjJAna Atma-jJAna hai, kintu AtmA ko anAtma ke mAdhyama se hI pahacAnA jA sakatA hai| anAtma ke svarUpa ko jAnakara anAtma se Atma kA bheda karanA yahI bheda vijJAna hai aura yahI jainadarzana meM samyak jJAna kA mUla artha hai| jainoM kI pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM ise bheda- vijJAna kahA jAtA hai| AcArya amRtacandra sUri ke anusAra jo koI siddha haiM ve isa Atma-anAtma ke viveka yA bheda-vijJAna se hI siddha hue haiM aura jo bandhana meM haiM, ve isake abhAva ke kAraNa hI haiN| AcArya kundakunda ne samayasAra meM isa bheda vijJAna kA atyanta gahana vivecana kiyA hai| samyak-cAritra -- jaina paramparA meM sAdhanA kA tIsarA caraNa samyak-cAritra hai| isake do spa mAne gae haiM 1. vyavahAracAritra aura 2.nishcycaaritr| AcaraNa kA bAhya pakSa yA AcaraNa ke vidhi-vidhAna vyavahAracAritra kahe jAte haiN| jabaki AcaraNa kI antarAtmA nizcayacAritra kahI jAtI hai| vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA prazna hai, nizcayAtmakacAritra hI usakA mUlabhUta AdhAra hai| lekina jahA~ taka sAmAjika jIvana kA prazna hai, cAritra kA bAhya pakSa hI pramukha hai| nizcaya dRSTi (Real view point) se cArita kA saccA artha samabhAva yA samatva kI upalabdhi haiN| vastutaH cAritra kA yaha pakSa Atma-ramaNa kI sthiti hai| naizcayika cAritra kA prAdurbhAva kevala apramatta avasthA meM hI hotA hai| apramatta cetanA kI avasthA meM hone vAle sabhI kArya zuddha hI mAne gae haiN| cetanA meM jaba rAga-dveSa, kaSAya aura vAsanAoM kI agni pUrI taraha zAnta ho jAtI hai tabhI sacce naitika evaM dhArmika jIvana kA udbhava hotA hai aura aisA hI sadAcAra mokSa kA kAraNa hotA hai| vyavahAracAritra kA sambandha AcAra ke niyamoM ke paripAlana se hai| vyavahAracAritra ko sarvavratI aura dezavratIcAritra -- aise do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| dezavratIcAritra kA sambandha gRhastha upAsakoM se aura sarvavratIcAritra kA sambandha zramaNa varga se hai| jaina-paramparA meM gRhasthAcAra ke antargata aSTamUlaguNa, paTkarma, bAraha vrata aura gyAraha pratimAoM kA pAlana AtA hai| zramaNAcAra ke antargata paMcamahAvrata, rAtri bhojana-niSedha, paMcasamiti, tIna gupti, dasa yatidharma, bAraha anuprekSAe~, bAIsa parIpaha, aTThAisa mUlaguNa, bAvana anAcAra Adi kA vivecana

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pro. sAgaramala jaina upalabdha hai| kintu isa sabake mUla meM ahiMsA, anekAMta aura aparigraha kI sAdhanA hI mukhya hai| jainadharma ke kendrIya tattva : ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha jainadharma meM samyaka-cAritra kI dRSTi se ahiMsA aura anAsakti ye do kendrIya siddhAnta haiN| vaicArika kSetra meM ahiMsA aura anAsakti milakara anAgraha yA anekAntavAda ko janma dete haiN| Agraha vaicArika Asakti hai aura ekAnta vaicArika hiNsaa| anAsakti kA siddhAnta hI ahiMsA se samanvita ho sAmAjika jIvana meM aparigraha kA Adeza prastuta karatA hai| saMgraha vaiyaktika jIvana ke sandarbha meM Asakti aura sAmAjika jIvana ke sandarbha meM hiMsA hai| isa prakAra jainadarzana sAmAjika naitikatA ke tIna kendrIya siddhAnta prastuta karatA hai:- 1. ahiMsA, 2. anAgraha (vaicArika sahiSNutA) aura 3. aparigraha (asaMgraha ) / samyak AcaraNa eka prakAra se jIvana zuddhi kA prayAsa hai, ataH mAnasika karmoM kI zuddhi ke lie anAsakti (aparigraha), vAcika karmoM kI zuddhi ke lie anekAnta (anAgraha ) aura kAyika karmoM kI zuddhi ke lie ahiMsA ke pAlana kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| jainadarzana kA sAra inhIM tIna siddhAntoM meM nihita hai| jainadharma kI paribhASA karane vAlA yaha zloka sarvAdhika pracalita hI hai-- syAdvAdo vartata'smina pakSapAto na vidyte| nAstyanyaM pIDanaM kiMcita jainadharmaH sa ucyte|| saccA jaina vahI hai jo pakSapAta (samatva) se rahita hai, anAgrahI aura ahiMsaka hai| ahiMsA -- ahiMsA jaina AcAra-darzana kA prANa hai| ahiMsA vaha dhurI hai jisa para samagra jaina AcAra-vidhi ghUmatI hai| jainAgamoM meM ahiMsA ko bhagavatI kahA gayA hai| praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki bhayabhItoM ko jaise zaraNa, pakSiyoM ko jaise gagana, tRSitoM ko jaise jala, bhUkhoM ko jaise bhojana, samudra ke madhya jaise jahAja, rogiyoM ko jaise auSadha aura vana meM jaise sArthavAha kA sAtha AdhArabhUta hai, vaise hI ahiMsA prANiyoM ke lie AdhArabhUta hai| ahiMsA sabhI prANiyoM kA kalyANa karane vAlI hai| vaha zAzvata dharma hai, jisakA upadeza tIrthaMkara karate haiN| AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai -- bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna ke sabhI arhat yaha upadeza karate haiM ki kisI bhI prANa, pUta, jIva aura sattva ko kisI prakAra kA paritApa, udvega yA duHkha nahIM denA cAhie, na kisI kA hanana karanA caahie| yahI zuddha, nitya aura zAzvata dharma hai| samasta loka kI pIr3A ko jAnakara arhatoM ne isakA pratipAdana kiyA hai| sUtrakRtAMgasUtra ke anusAra jJAnI hone kA sAra yaha hai ki kisI bhI prANI kI hiMsA na kre| ahiMsA hI samagra dharma kA sAra hai, ise sadaiva smaraNa rakhanA caahie| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki sabhI prANiyoM ke hita sAdhana meM ahiMsA ke sarvazreSTha hone se mahAvIra ne isako prathama sthAna diyA hai| ahiMsA ke samAna dUsarA dharma nahIM hai| AcArAMga meM ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko manovaijJAnika AdhAra para sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki sabhI prANiyoM meM jijIviSA pradhAna hai, punaH sabhI ko sukha anukUla aura duHkha pratikUla hai| ahiMsA kA adhiSThAna yahI manovaijJAnika satya hai|

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astitva aura sukha kI cAha prANIya svabhAva hai| jaina vicArakoM ne isI manovaijJAnika tathya ke AdhAra para ahiMsA ko sthApita kiyA hai| vastutaH ahiMsA jIvana ke prati sammAna, samatvabhAva evaM advaitabhAva hai / samatvabhAva se sahAnubhUti tathA advaitabhAva se AtmIyatA utpanna hotI hai aura inhIM se ahiMsA kA vikAsa hotA hai| vastutaH prANiyoM ke jIvita rahane kA naitika adhikAra hI ahiMsA ke kartavya ko janma detA hai / jIvana ke adhikAra kA sammAna hI ahiMsA hai / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM samatva ke AdhAra para ahiMsA ke siddhAnta kI sthApanA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki bhaya aura vaira se mukta sAdhaka, jIvana kI icchA rakhane vAle sabhI prANiyoM ko sarvatra apanI AtmA ke samAna jAna kara unakI kabhI bhI hiMsA na kare / isa prakAra jainadharma meM ahiMsA kA AdhAra Atmavat dRSTi hI hai| Aja vizva zAnti kA eka mAtra vikalpa ahiMsA kI samaveta sAdhanA hai| mahAvIra ne kahA thA- 'zastra eka se bar3ha kara eka ho sakate haiM, kintu ahiMsA (azastra) se bar3hakara kucha nahIM hai / ' -- 12 anAgraha anAgraha yA anekAnta kA siddhAnta vaicArika ahiMsA hai| anAgraha apane vicAroM kI taraha dUsare ke vicAroM kA sammAna karanA sikhAtA hai| vaha usa bhrAnti kA nirAkaraNa karatA hai ki satya mere pAsa hai, dUsare ke pAsa nahIM ho sktaa| vaha hameM yaha batAtA hai ki satya hamAre pAsa bhI ho sakatA hai aura dUsare ke pAsa bhI / satyatA kA bodha hameM hI ho sakatA hai, kevala dUsaroM ko satya kA bodha nahIM ho sakatA yaha kahane kA hameM adhikAra nahIM hai| satya kA sUrya na kevala hamAre ghara ko prakAzita karatA hai varan dUsaroM ke gharoM ko bhI prakAzita karatA hai / vastutaH vaha sarvatra prakAzita hai| jo bhI unmukta dRSTi se use dekha pAtA hai, vaha use pA jAtA hai / satya kevala satya hai, vaha na merA hai aura na dUsare kA hai| jisa prakAra ahiMsA kA siddhAnta kahatA hai ki jIvana jahA~ kahIM ho, usakA sammAna karanA cAhie, usI prakAra anAgraha kA siddhAnta kahatA hai ki satya jahA~ bhI ho, usakA sammAna karanA caahie| vastutaH pakSAgraha kI dhAraNA se vivAda kA janma hotA hai| vyakti jaba sva-mata kI prazaMsA aura dUsaroM kI ninda karatA hai, to pariNAmasvarUpa sAmAjika jIvana meM saMgharSa kA prAdurbhAva ho jAtA hai| vaicArika Agraha na kevala vaiyaktika vikAsa ko kuNThita karatA hai, varan sAmAjika jIvana meM vigraha, viSAda aura vaimanasya ke bIja bo detA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki jo apane-apane mata kI prazaMsA aura dUsare mata kI nindA karane meM hI apanA pANDitya dikhAte haiM aura loka ko satya se bhaTakAte haiM, ve ekAntavAdI svayaM saMsAracakra meM bhaTakate rahate haiN| vastutaH jahA~ bhI Agrahabuddhi hogI, vipakSa meM nihita satya kA darzana sambhava nahIM hogA aura jo vipakSa meM nihita satya nahIM dekhegA vaha sampUrNa satya kA draSTA nahIM hogaa| jainadharma ke anusAra satya kA prakaTana Agraha meM nahIM, anAgraha meM hotA hai| satya kA sAdhaka vItarAga aura anAgrahI hotA hai| jainadharma apane anekAnta ke siddhAnta ke dvArA eka anAgrahI evaM samanvayAtmaka dRSTi prastuta karatA hai, tAki vaicArika evaM dhArmika asahiSNutA ko samApta kiyA jA ske| jainadarzana : eka anucintana -- 1. anAsakti vyakti ke andara nihita Asakti do rUpoM meM prakaTa hotI hai saMgraha - bhAvanA aura 2. bhoga- bhAvanA / saMgraha - bhAvanA aura bhoga-bhAvanA se prerita hokara hI --

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 13 manuSya dUsaroM ke adhikAra kI vastuoM kA apaharaNa karatA hai| isa prakAra Asakti bAhyataH tIna rUpoM meM prakaTa hotI hai --- 1. apaharaNa (zoSaNa), 2. bhoga aura 3. saMgraha / Asakti ke tIna rUpoM kA nigraha karane ke lie jaina AcAradarzana meM asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha mahAvratoM kA vidhAna hai| saMgraha-vRtti kA aparigraha se, bhogavRtti kA brahmacarya se aura apaharaNavRtti kA asteya mahAvrata se nigraha hotA hai| jaina AcAryoM ne jisa aparigraha ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA, usake mUla meM yahI anAsakti kI jIvana dRSTi kArya kara rahI hai| yadyapi Asakti eka mAnasika tathya hai, mana kI hI eka vRtti hai, tathApi usakA prakaTana bAhya hai| vaha sAmAjika jIvana ko dUSita karatI hai| ataH Asakti ke prahANa ke lie vyAvahArika rUpa meM parigraha kA tyAga bhI Avazyaka hai| parigraha yA saMgrahavRtti sAmAjika hiMsA hai| jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM samagra parigraha hiMsA se pratyutpanna hai| kyoMki binA hiMsA (zoSaNa) ke saMgraha asambhava hai| vyakti saMgraha ke dvArA dUsaroM ke hitoM kA hanana karatA hai aura isa rUpa meM saMgraha yA parigraha hiMsA kA hI eka rUpa hai| anAsakti ko jIvana meM utArane ke lie jaina AcAryoM ne yaha Avazyaka mAnA ki manuSya bAhya-parigraha kA bhI tyAga yA parisImana kre| parigraha-tyAga anAsakta dRSTi kA bAhya jIvana meM diyA gayA pramANa hai| eka ora vipula saMgraha aura dUsarI ora anAsakti, ina donoM meM koI mela nahIM hai| yadi mana meM anAsakti kI bhAvanA kA udaya hai to use bAhya vyavahAra meM anivArya rUpa se prakaTa honA caahie| jainadarzana ke anusAra samavibhAga aura samavitaraNa sAdhanA kA Avazyaka aMga hai| isake binA AdhyAtmika upalabdhi bhI saMbhava nhiiN| ataH jaina AcAryoM ne sAdhanA kI dRSTi se aparigraha ko anivArya eka tattva mAnA hai| isa prakAra vRtti meM anAsakti, vicAra meM anekAnta aura vyavahAra meM ahiMsA jaina sAdhanA kA sAra haiN| jaina sAdhaka sadaiva hI yaha prArthanA karatA hai -- satveSu maitrI, guNISu pramodaM, kliSTesu jIveSu kRpAparatvaM / mAdhyasthabhAvaM vIparItavRtau sadAmamAtmA viddhAtu dev|| he prabhu ! mere hRdaya meM prANi mAtra ke prati maitrIbhAva, guNIjanoM ke prati samAdarabhAva, duHkhiyoM ke prati karuNAbhAva aura virodhiyoM ke pratimadhyastha bhAva banA rhe| - pro. sAgaramala jaina

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bhagavAn mahAvIra kA jIvana aura darzana - DaoN. sAgaramala jaina bhagavAn mahAvIra kA janma bauddhika jAgaraNa ke yuga meM huA thA / usa yuga meM bhArata meM hamAre aupaniSadika RSi nita-nUtana cintana prastuta kara rahe the / mahAvIra aura buddha bhI usI vaicArika krAMti ke krama meM Ate haiN| lekina prazna yaha uThatA hai ki mahAvIra kI vizeSatA kyA thI ? buddha kI vizeSatA kyA thI ? yaha eka sunizcita tathya hai ki koI bhI mahApuruSa apane yuga kI paristhitiyoM kI paidAiza hotA hai| mahAvIra aura buddha jaba isa bhUmaNDala para Aye unake sAmane do prakAra kI samasyAe~ thiiN| eka ora vaicArika saMgharSa thA dUsarI ora manuSya apanI mAnavIya garimA aura mUlyavattA ko bhUlatA jA rahA thA / mahAvIra ne jo mukhya kArya kiyA vaha yaha ki unhoMne manuSya ko usakI vismRta mahattA yA garimA kA bodha kraayaa| agara mahAvIra ke jIvana darzana ko do zabdoM meM kahanA ho to hama kaheMge vicAra meM udAratA aura AcAra meM kaThoratA / vaicArika kSetra meM mahAvIra kI jIvana dRSTi jitanI udAra, sahiSNu aura samanvayavAdI rahI, AcAra ke kSetra meM mahAvIra kA darzana utanA hI kaThora rhaa| mahAvIra ke jIvana ke sandarbha meM hamAre sAmane eka bAta bahuta hI spaSTa hai, vaha yaha ki vaha vyakti rAja parivAra meM, sampanna parivAra meM janma letA hai lekina phira bhI vaha usa sAre vaibhava ko ThukarA detA hai aura zramaNa jIvana aMgIkAra kara letA hai / Akhira aisA kyoM karatA hai ? usake pIche kyA uddezya hai ? kyA mahAvIra ne yaha socakara saMnyAsa le liyA ki bhramaNa yA saMnyAsI hokara hI mukti prApta kI jA sakatI ? aisI bAta nahIM thI, kyoMki mahAvIra ne svayaM hI AcArAMga meM kahA hai "gAme vA raNe vA" dharma sAdhanA gAMva meM bhI ho sakatI hai aura araNya meM bhI ho sakatI hai| phira mahAvIra ne saMnyAsa kA mArga kyoM cunA ? uttara spaSTa hai "samicca loe kheyanne paveie" samasta loka kI pIr3A ko jAnakara aura jagat ko duHkha aura pIr3A se mukta karane ke lie mahAvIra ne saMnyAsa dhAraNa kiyaa| ve apane vaiyaktika jIvana se eka aisA Adarza pratiSThita karanA cAhate the, jise sammukha rakhakara ke vyakti mAnavatA ke kalyANa kI dizA meM Age bar3ha sakatA hai / sambhavataH prazna yaha ho sakatA hai ki lokamaMgala aura lokakalyANa ke lie zramaNatva kyoM Avazyaka hai ? mitroM ! hama Aja ke yuga meM bhI dekhate haiM ki jaba taka vyakti kahIM bhI apane nijI svArthoM se aura vaiyaktika tathA pArivArika kalyANa se jur3A hotA hai taba taka vaha samyak rUpa se lokakalyANa kA sampAdana nahIM kara sktaa| cAhe Apa usako lokakalyANa adhikArI kyoM nahIM banA deM kyA vaha lokakalyANa kara sakegA ? vyakti jaba taka apane svArthoM evaM hitoM se Upara nahIM uTha jAtA hai, taba taka vaha lokamaMgala kA sRjana nahIM kara sakatA /

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15 bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvana aura darzana lokamaMgala ke sRjana ke lie nijI sukhAkAMkSAoM se, svArthoM se, aham se, maiM aura mere ke bhAva se Upara uThanA Avazyaka hotA hai| isIlie cAhe ve mahAvIra hoM yA cAhe buddha hoM yA anya koI, lokamaMgala ke lie to apane Apako pUrI taraha se laukika aiSaNAoM, vAsanAoM aura kaSAyoM se Upara uThAnA hogaa| mamatva aura merepana ke ghere ko samApta karanA hogaa| mahAvIra ke sambandha meM jo bAta maiM Apake sAmane prastuta karane jA rahA hU~ usameM mukhya hai mahAvIra kI vaicArika udaartaa| samAja meM agara koI saMgharSa hai to usa saMgharSa kA samAdhAna vaicArika udAratA ke binA sambhava nahIM hai| vicAroM ke prati bhI mamatva yA Agraha ko samApta karanA hogaa| isalie mahAvIra ne to kabhI yaha bhI nahIM kahA ki maiM kisI navIna dharma kA pravartana kara rahA hU~ na koI navIna siddhAnta tumheM de rahA huuN| mahAvIra ne vinaya bhAva se yahI kahA ki -- "samiyAe Ayarie dhamme paveie" AryajanoM ke samabhAva meM dharma kahA hai| mahAvIra kI isa vinamratA aura udAratA ko samajhiye aura usase preraNA lijiye| AcArAMga meM ve kahate haiM -- "je arahantA bhagavantA paDipunnA, je vA AgamissA, je vA Asi te savve imaM bhAsaMti, paruti savve sattA na hantavvA, esa dhammo suddho Nicco saasyo|" jo arahaMta ho cuke haiM, jo hoMge aura jo haiM, ve saba eka hI bAta kahate haiM ki kisI bhI prANI ko duHkha yA pIr3A nahIM denA caahie| yahI zuddha nitya aura zAzvata dharma hai| isalie merA nivedana hai ki mahAvIra ko kisI dharma vizeSa ke sAtha bA~dhe nhiiN| unako kisI eka dharma aura sampradAya ke sAtha bA~dha karake hama unake sAtha nyAya nahIM kara paayeNge| __ mujhe Azcarya lagatA hai ki jaba vidvAn yaha kahate haiM ki bhagavAn mahAvIra jaina dharma ke pravartaka haiN| mitroM vicAra kreN| yaha jaina zabda kaba kA hai ? chaThI zatAbdI ke pahale hameM "jaina" zabda kA kahIM ullekha hI nahIM miltaa| jaba bhI mahAvIra se koI unakA paricaya pUchatA thA to ve kahate the -- maiM zramaNa hU~, nirgantha huuN| nirgantha kauna ho sakatA hai ? mahAvIra kahate the "je maNaM parijANai se nirganthe -- jo mana kA draSTA hai vahI nirgantha hai| mahAvIra apane Apako kisI ghere meM bAMdha karake khar3A honA hI nahIM cAhate the| jo bhI mana kA draSTA hai, jo apane vicAroM kA, vikAroM kA aura apanI vAsanAoM kA sAkSI hai, draSTA hai vahI nirgantha hai| apane hRdaya kI granthi ko dekha lenA, yahI nirgandha kI pahacAna hai| unakI sAdhanA yAtrA prArambha hotI thI antaradarzana se. andara jhAMkane se| yahI unakA Atmadarzana thaa| mahAvIra ne jo sikhAyA vaha yahI ki vyakti apane andara dekheM, apane Apako prkhe| kyoMki yahI vaha mArga thA jo ki vyakti ko apane AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dizA meM le jAtA hai| mahAvIra ne sampUrNa jIvana meM jo kucha kahA aura jo kucha kiyA usakA mUlabhUta sAra tattva yahI hai| mahAvIra jIvana paryanta yahI kahate rahe --- jJAtA aura draSTA bnoN| yahI vaha mUla AdhAra hai jahA~ sthita hokara Atma vizleSaNa ke dvArA hama apanI aura samAja kI sArI samasyAoM ko samajha sakate haiN| Aja hamArA durbhAgya yaha hai ki hama apane bhItara ke vAsanAoM

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DaoN. sAgaramala jaina 16 aura kaSAyoM ke kUr3e-kacare ko na dekhakara, apitu usa para sunahalA AvaraNa DAla karake apanA jIvana vyavahAra calAnA cAhate haiN| isake kAraNa na kevala hamArA jIvana viSAkta banatA hai apitu sAmAjika pariveza bhI viSAkta banatA hai| mahAvIra ne kahA thA ki jaba taka tuma apane Apako vAsanAoM aura kaSAyoM se Upara nahIM uThA sakate taba taka tuma lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA nahIM kara skte| hama jAnate haiM ki mahAvIra ke jIvana ke sAr3he bAraha varSa kaThora sAdhanA ke varSa haiN| una varSoM meM unhoMne koI upadeza nahIM diyA / jainoM kI eka paramparA to yahA~ taka kahatI hai ki usake bAda bhI bhagavAn bole nhiiN| lekina Aja hama saba adhika mukhara ho gaye haiN| hama bolate adhika haiM aura karate kama haiN| mahAvIra ne bolA bahuta alpa aura kiyA bahuta adhik| mahAvIra kA darzana thA ki yadi Apa apane jIvana ko pariSkArita kara lete haiM to ApakA jIvana hI bolegA / aise vyakti ke lie zAbdika upadeza dene kI bhI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, kyoMki usakI jIvana zailI hI upadeza hai| Aja hamArA durbhAgya yaha hai ki hamArA jIvana nahIM bolatA hai, hama mAtra upadeza dete haiN| mahAvIra ke jIvana aura darzana meM kitanI vyApakatA evaM udAratA thI, isakI kalpanA hama mahAvIra ko jaina dharma ke caukhaTe meM khar3A karake nahIM dekha sakate / buddha aura mahAvIra donoM ke sAtha sambhavataH yaha anyAya huA hai ki eka varga vizeSa ne jaba unheM apanA liyA to dUsare varga ne unase apanA sambandha viccheda kara liyaa| agara hama jainadharma aura bauddhadharma ke prAcInatama svarUpa ko dekheM to jJAta hogA ki mahAvIra aura buddha bhArata kI usI RSi paramparA ke aMga hai, jinake ullekha vaidika paramparA ke upaniSadoM meM jaina paramparA ke RSibhASita aura uttarAdhyayana meM tathA bauddha paramparA ke theragAthA aura suttanipAta meM milate haiN| mujhe apane adhyayana ke daurAna RSibhASita ke adhyayana kA saubhAgya milA hai| prAkRta kA yaha grantha, jo kisI samaya jaina Agama sAhitya kA eka bhAga thA, zatAbdiyoM se jainoM meM bhI upekSita banA rahA / jahA~ usameM nirgrantha paramparA ke pArzva aura mahAvIra ke vacanoM kA saMkalana hai, vahIM usameM aupaniSadika paramparA ke nArada, aruNa, uddAlaka aura bhAradvAja Adi kA, bauddha paramparA ke vajjIputta aura sAriputta, mahAkAzyapa Adi kA tathA anya zramaNa paramparAoM ke maMkhalIgozAla, saMjaya velaTThIputta Adi kA bhI ullekha hai / una sabake lie 'arhat' isI vizeSaNa kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / granthakAra ke lie mahAvIra bhI arhat RSi haiM to uddAlaka Adi bhI arhat RSi haiN| yadi Apa usa grantha ko par3he to Apako yaha spaSTa laga sakatA hai ki vaha grantha kisI paramparA ke Agraha se jur3A huA nahIM hai| mahAvIra ne jo vaicArika udAratA dI thI usI kA pariNAma yaha grantha thA / sambhavataH jo durbhAgya pratyeka mahApuruSa ke sAtha hotA hai, vahI mahAvIra ke sAtha bhI ghaTita huaa| kucha loga unake AsapAsa gherA banA karake khar3e ho gaye aura isa prakAra ve samAja ke anya vargoM se kaTa gye| agara hama Aja bhI bhAratIya cintana kI udAra cetanA ko samyak rUpa se kucha samajhanA cAhate haiM to maiM Apase kahU~gA ki hameM upaniSadoM RSibhASita aura theragAthA jaise granthoM kA niSpakSa bhAva se adhyayana karanA caahie| mitroM agara bauddha yaha samajhate

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17 bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvana aura darzana raheM ki theragAthA ke sAre "thera" bauddha se aura jaina yaha samajhate raheM ki "isibhAsiyAI" ke sAre RSi jaina the, to isase bar3I bhrAnti aura koI nahIM hogI / thera gAthA meM varddhamAna thera haiM aura yaha varddhamAna thera likvI putra haiM yaha bAta usakI aTThakathA kaha rahI hai, to kyA hama yaha mAne ki varddhamAna buddha kA ziSya yA bauddha thaa| mitroM hamArA jo prAcIna sAhitya hai vaha udAra aura vyApaka dRSTi se yukta hai aura mahAvIra ne jo hamako jIvana dRSTi dI thI vaha dRSTi thI vaicArika udAratA kI / Apako maiMne apane vaktavya ke pUrva meM saMketa kiyA thA ki mahAvIra aura buddha jisa kAla meM janmeM the vaha dArzanika cintana kA kAla thA / aneka mata-matAMtara, aneka dRSTikoNa, aneka vicAradhArAyeM upasthita thIM / mahAvIra aura buddha donoM ke sAmane yaha prazna thA, manuSya ina vibhinna dRSTikoNoM meM kisako satya khe| mahAvIra ne kahA ki sabhI bAteM apane-apane dRSTikoNa yA apekSA bheda se satya ho sakatI hai, isalie kisI ko bhI galata mata kaho jabaki buddha ne kahA ki tuma ina dRSTiyoM ke prapaMca meM mata par3o, kyoMki ye duHkha vimukti meM sahAyaka nahIM haiN| -- eka ne ina vibhinna dRSTiyoM se Upara uThAne kI bAta kahI to dUsare ne una dRSTiyoM ko samanvaya ke sUtra meM pirone kI bAta kahI / sUtrakRtAGgasUtra meM mahAvIra kahate haiM - "sayaM sayaM pasaMsaMtA garahaMtA paraM vayaM / je u tattha viussaMti saMsAre te viussiyA" / / jo apane-apane mata kI prazaMsA karate haiM aura dUsare ke matoM kI nindA karate haiM aura jo satya ko vidrUpita karate haiM ve saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karegeM / Aja hamAre durbhAgya se deza meM dharma ke nAma para saMgharSa ho rahe haiN| kyA vastutaH saMgharSa kA kAraNa dharma hai ? kyA dharma saMgharSa sikhAtA hai ! mitroM mUla bAta to yaha hai ki hama dharma ke utsa ko hI nahIM samajhate haiM, hama nahIM jAnate haiM ki vastutaH dharma kyA hai ? hama to dharma ke nAma para Aropita kucha karmakANDoM, kucha rUr3hiyoM yA kucha vyaktiyoM se apane ko bAMdha karake yaha kahate haiM yahI dharma hai| mahAvIra ne isa taraha ke kisI bhI dharma kA upadeza nahIM diyaa| mahAvIra ne kahA thA ki "dhammo suddhassa ciTThai" dharma to zuddha citta meM rahatA hai| dharma "ujubhUyassa" citta kI saralatA meM hai| vastutaH jahA~ saralatA hai, sahajatA hai, vahIM dharma hai| dharma hai kyA ? mahAvIra ne kahA thA ki "samiyAe Ayarie dhamme pavvaiye" samabhAva meM samatva kI sAdhanA meM hI Arya janoM ne dharma kahA hai| mahAvIra kahate haiM ki jahA~ bhI samatva kI sAdhanA hai, jahA~ bhI vyaktiyoM ko tanAva se mukta karane kA koI prayatna hai, vaiyaktika jIvana aura sAmAjika jIvana se tanAva aura saMgharSa ko samApta karane kA koI prayAsa hai, vahIM dharma hai| aisA dharma cAhe Apa use jaina kaheM, bauddha kaheM, hindU kaheM vaha dharma, dharma hai aura sabhI mahApuruSa dharma ke isI utsa kA pravartana karate haiM / mahAvIra kA jo jIvana aura darzana hai vaha hamAre sAmane isa bAta ko spaSTa rUpa se prastuta karatA hai ki hama vaiyaktika jIvana meM vAsanAoM se Upara uTheM, apane vikAroM para niyaMtraNa kA

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DaoN. sAgaramala jaina prayatna kareM aura sAmAjika jIvana meM lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA kreN| vaiyaktika jIvana meM vAsanAoM se zuddhi aura sAmAjika jIvana meM saMgharSoM kA nirAkaraNa - ye do bAteM aisI haiM jo mahAvIra ke jIvana aura darzana ko hamAre sAmane samyak rUpa se prastuta karatI hai| anekAnta kA siddhAnta spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta ko batAtA hai ki vyakti apane ko Agraha ke ghere meM khar3A na kareM / satya kA sUraja kisI eka ke ghara ko prakAzita karegA aura dUsare ke ghara ko prakAzita nahIM karegA, yaha nahIM ho sktaa| sUraja kA kAma hai prakAza denA, jo bhI apanA daravAjA, apanI chata, khulI rakha sakegA usake yahA~ sUrya kA prakAza A hI jaayegaa| mitroM ! yahI sthiti satya kI hai| yadi Apake mastiSka kA daravAjA yA khir3akI khulI hai to satya Apako Alokita karegA hii| lekina agara hamane apane AgrahoM ke daravAjoM se apanI mastiSka kI khir3akI ko banda kara liyA hai to satya kA prakAza praveza nahIM kregaa| satya na to merA hotA hai na parAyA hI / vaha sabakA hai aura vaha sarvatra ho sakatA hai / "merA satya" yaha mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM sabase bar3I bhrAnti hai / AcArya siddhasena mahAvIra kI stuti karate hue kahate haiM ki - "bhadaM micchAdaMsaNa samUha maiyassa amayasArassa" he prabhu mithyA darzana samUha rUpa amRtamaya Apake vacanoM kA kalyANa ho" / mahAvIra kA apanA kucha bhI nahIM hai-- jo sabakA hai vahI unakA hai aura agara hama dArzanika gaharAI meM na jAyeM aura mahAvIra ke darzana ko jIvana-mUlyoM ke sAtha use jor3eM to hama pAyeMge ki vaha vaiyaktika jIvana meM aura sAmAjika jIvana meM saMgharSoM ke nirAkaraNa aura samatva kI sAdhanA kI bAta kahatA hai| "praznavyAkaraNasUtra " meM ahiMsA ke sATha nAma diye haiN| jitane sAre sadguNa haiM, ve samasta sadguNa ahiMsA meM samAhita haiN| ahiMsA aura anekAnta ye do mahAvIra ke dharma cakra ke do pahiye haiM, jinake AdhAra para dharmarUpI ratha Age bar3hatA -- hai I 18 -1 maiM aba ApakA adhika samaya nahIM lenA cAhU~gA aura anta meM yahI kahanA cAhUMgA ki agara mahAvIra ko samajhanA hai to unhoMne vaiyaktika jIvana meM jo kaThora sAdhanAe~ kI haiM unakI ora dekheM, yaha dekheM ki vAsanAoM aura vikAroM se kaise lar3e ? yadi sAmAjika jIvana ke sandarbha meM unake jIvana ko samajhanA hai to unakI vaicArika udAratA aura lokamaMgala kI kAmanA ko samajhe aura jIyeM / sambhavataH tabhI hama mahAvIra ko samyak prakAra se samajha sakegeM /

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jaina dharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA pro. sAgaramala jaina jainadharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA kA vivecana karane ke pUrva yaha vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| ki 'bhakti' zabda kA tAtparya yA artha kyA hai aura vaha jainadharma meM kisa artha meM svIkRta hai / bhakti zabda bhaj dhAtu meM ktin pratyaya lagakara banA hai / bhaj dhAtu kA artha hai-- sevA karanA / kintu yathArtha meM bhakti zabda kA artha isase kahIM adhika vyApaka hai| sAmAnyatayA ArAdhya yA usake vigraha kI guNasaMkIrtana, stuti, vandana, prArthanA, pUjA aura arcA ke rUpa meM jo sevA kI jAtI hai, use hama bhakti nAma dete haiN| yadyapi yaha smaraNa rakhanA hai ki ye saba kriyAyeM bhI taba taka bhakti nahIM kahI jA sakatI haiM, jaba taka inake mUla meM ArAdhya ke prati pUjyabuddhi, zraddhA, anurAga aura samarpaNa kA bhAva nahIM ho| jainAcArya pUjyapAda devanandI ne bhakti kI vyAkhyA nimna rUpa meM kI hai- sarvArthasiddhi arthAt arhatu, AcArya, bahuzruta evaM Agama ke prati bhAvavizuddhi pUrvaka jo anurAga hai, vaha bhakti hai| pro. rAmacandra zukla ne premapUrNa zraddhA ko bhakti kahA hai| kucha vidvAnoM ne ise ArAdhya aura ArAdhaka ke madhya eka rAgAtmaka sambandha mAnA hai / kintu merI dRSTi meM bhakti zabda kA tAtparya ina sabase adhika hai| arhadAcArya bahuzrutapravacaneSu bhAva vizuddhi yukto'nurAgo bhakti - -- yaha satya hai ki bhakti kA udaya upAsya aura upAsaka yA bhakta aura bhagavAna ke bIca eka dUrI yA dvaita meM hI hotA hai, kintu isakI carama niSpatti isa dvaita ko samApta karane meM hI hai| jaise-jaise bhakta aura bhagavAn yA ArAdhya aura ArAdhaka ke madhya kI yaha dUrI simaTatI jAtI hai aura eka aisA samaya AtA hai jaba vyakti usa dvaita ko samApta kara svayaM meM bhagavattA kI anubhUti kara letA hai / yahI bhakti kA paripAka hai, yahA~ hI vaha pUrNatA ko prApta hotI hai| jaina dharma kI vizeSatA yahI hai ki usameM bhakti kA prayojana isa dvaita yA dUrI ko samApta karanA hI mAnA gayA hai| 1 jainoM ke anusAra yaha dvaita taba hI samApta hotA hai, jaba bhakta svayaM bhagavAna bana jAtA hai| yadyapi hameM smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki anIzvaravAdI evaM pratyeka AtmA kI svatantra sattA mAnane 3 pro. kalyANamala lor3hA ke nirdeza se bhAratIya bhASA pariSad kalakattA dvArA prakAzya 'bhAratIya bhakti : tatva, darzana evaM sAhitya' ke hetu likhita Alekha, sAbhAra

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20 zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 188 vAle jaina darzana meM isa daita ke samApta hone kA artha advaita vedAnta kI taraha bhakta kI vaiyaktika sattA kA brahma meM vilaya nahIM hai| sAtha hI jainadarzana dvaitavAdiyoM yA viziSTAdvaitavAdiyoM kI taraha yaha bhI nahIM mAnatA hai ki bhakti kI cAma niSpatti meM bhI bhakta aura bhagavAna kA dvaita banA rahatA hai, cAhe vaha sArUpya mukti ko hI kyo / prApta kara leN| jainadarzana ke anusAra bhakti kI carama niSpatti AtmA dvArA apane hI nirAvaraNa zuddha svarUpa yA paramAtma svarUpa ko prApta karanA hai-- vaha svayaM paramAtmA bana jAnA hai| vaha svayaM ke dvArA svayaM ko pAnA hai| bhakti aura prema : sAmAnyatayA bhakti meM anurAga yA prema ko eka Avazyaka tattva mAnA gayA hai| paramAtmA ke prati nizchala prema bhakti kA AdhAra hai| kintu yahA prazna yaha upasthita hotA hai ki kyA vItarAgatA ke upAsaka jaina dharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA ke sAtha prema ko aparihArya mAnA jA sakatA hai| yaha satya hai ki anurAga yA prema kI utkaTatA hI bhakti kA rUpa letI hai kintu eka ora rAga ke prahANa yA vItarAgadazA kI prApti kA prayAsa aM dUsarI ora anurAga yA prema kI sAdhanA -- ye donoM eka sAtha kaise sambhava hai ? vItarAgatA kA sAdhaka rAga yA anurAga se kaise jur3a sakatA hai| yadyapi yaha bhI satya hai ki jaina paramparA meM jahA~ bhakti bhAva kI abhivyakti huI hai, vahAM kisI na kisI rUpa meM tIrthaMkara prabhu ke prati prema yA anurAga kI carcA avazya huI hai| jaina paramparA meM rAga do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai -- (1) prazastarAga aura (2) aprazasta raag| ___ yadi hama bhakti ko rAgAtmaka sambandha yA anurAga mAnate haiM to jainadharma meM bhakti kA sthAna isI prazastarAga ke arntagata ho sakatA hai| kintu aisA prazasta rAga bhI jaina sAdhanA kA Adarza nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| jaina paramparA meM gautama se adhika zreSTha bhakta aura kauna ho sakatA hai? mahAvIra ke prati unakI ananya bhakti yA anurAga lokavizruta hai| kintu jaina vicAraka yaha mAnate haiM ki aisA prazasta rAga bhI mokSa mArga ke pathika ke lie bAdhaka hI hai| gautama kI mahAvIra ke prati yaha ananya bhakti yA rAgAtmakatA unakI mokSa prApti meM bAdhaka hI mAnI gayI hai| ve mahAvIra ke jIvita rahate vItarAgadazA yA kaivalya ko upalabdha nahIM kara ske| mahAvIra ne svayaM kahA thA ki sneha yA anurAga to mokSa mArga meM eka argalA hai ( mukkhamagga pavannAnaM sineho vajja siMkhalA-kalpasUtraTIkA, vinayavijaya, pR.120)| jaina paramparA meM bhakti zraddhA para AdhArita to mAnI gayI, kintu use rAga yA prema rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA gyaa| yaha eka alaga bAta hai ki paravartI jainAcAryoM ne bhakti ke isa rAgAtmaka svarUpa ko apanI paramparA meM sthAna diyaa| yaha bhI ThIka hai ki eka bhAvuka AdamI vAsanAtmaka prema yA aprazasta rAga se chuTakArA pAne ke lie prazasta rAga kA sahArA le, kintu antatogatvA hameM yahI mAnanA hogA ki vItarAgatA kI upAsaka jaina paramparA meM rAgAtmakatA ko bhakti kA AdhAra nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| prema cAhe kaisA bhI ho, vaha bandhana hai ataH use atikrAnta karanA Avazyaka hai|

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 21 zraddhA aura bhakti : 1 bhakti meM zraddhA kA tattva pramukha hotA hai, kintu hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki zraddhA evaM bhakti meM eka mahattvapUrNa antara bhI hai| zraddhA aura bhakti meM mukhya antara to yaha hai ki jahAM zraddhA ArAdhya athavA siddhAnta athavA donoM ke prati ho sakatI hai, vahIM bhakti sadaiva hI ArAdhya ke prati hotI hai, siddhAnta ke prati nahIM / siddhAnta ke prati to mAtra zraddhA / AsthA hotI hai, bhakti nhiiN| kyoMki bhakti vaiyaktika ( Personal ) hotI hai / punaH jahAM bhakti ke lie zraddhA Avazyaka tattva hai| vahAM zraddhA ke lie bhakti Avazyaka nhiiN| apane pracalita artha kI dRSTi se zraddhA aura bhakti meM eka mahattvapUrNa antara yaha bhI hai ki zraddhA mAtra eka niSkriya bhAva- dazA hai, vaha kisI ke prati ananya niSThA kI dyotaka hai aura vaha niSThA siddhAnta athavA vyakti kisI ke prati bhI ho sakatI hai| zraddhA kAraNa hai, bhakti kArya / bhakti to zraddhA kI bAhyAbhivyakti hai, vaha citta kI sakriya bhAva dazA hai| pUjya - buddhi aura pUjA meM jo antara hai vahIM antara zraddhA aura bhakti meM hai| zraddhA pUjya - buddhi hai, pUjA nahIM / pUjA pUjya - buddhi kI bAhyAbhivyakti hai| satya to yaha hai ki zraddhA jaba sakriya hokara kriyAtmaka rUpa meM bAhya jagat meM abhivyakta hotI hai, to vaha bhakti bana jAtI hai / vaha zraddhA evaM karma kA samanvaya hai / vaha zraddhA yukta karma hai ! nirguNa bhakti meM bhI cAhe pratimA pUjA yA arcA na ho, kintu nAma-smaraNa, saMkIrtana Adi karmoM tathA vihvalatA Adi bhAvoM kI bAhya abhivyakti to hai hI, zraddhA aura bhakti donoM hI vaiyaktika hai, sArvajanika nahIM / phira bhI zraddhA nitAnta vaiyaktika hai, mAtra caittasika hai, use kisI bhI sthiti meM sAmUhika nahIM banAyA jA sakatA hai, vahAM bhakti ke nAma saMkIrtana, pUjA, arcA Adi rUpoM meM bAhya abhivyakti sambhava hone se use sAmUhika yA sArvajanika banAyA jA sakatA hai| yadi hama bhakti ke ghaTakoM kI carcA kareM to usameM zraddhA, prema, sarmapaNa, nAma-smaraNa, stuti, vigraha pUjA aura sevA sabhI samAhita hai| isa prakAra bhakti eka vyApaka pariprekSya ko abhivyakta karatI hai| zraddhA to bhakti kA eka aMga mAtra hai, bhakti meM zraddhA Avazyaka hai, kintu zraddhA bhakti kA rUpa le hI yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| jainadharma meM jaba hama bhakti kI carcA karate haiM to hameM zraddhA evaM bhakti ke isa antara ko dRSTigata rakhanA hogaa| kyoMki jainadharma mUlataH nivRtti paraka hai, ataH usameM zraddhA kI hI pradhAnatA rahI hai / punaH jainadharma nirIzvaravAdI hai, ataH usameM zraddhA yA bhakti kA kendra sRSTikarttA yA jagat niyantA Izvara na hokara zuddhAtmasvarUpa vItarAga dazA hI rahI hai| usakI zraddhA ke kendra haiN| deva ( vItarAgadazA prApta vyakti), gurU aura dharma / kintu jaina dharma meM jaise hI pratIkopAsanA yA jina pratimA kI pUjA kI paramparA svIkRta huI, usameM tIrthaMkara pratimA kI upAsanA ke sAtha bhakti ke anya pakSoM kA vikAsa prArambha ho gayA / -- bhArata meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa : bhAratIya dharmadarzana ke kSetra meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA ati prAcIna kAla se upasthita rahI hai| mohanajodar3o evaM har3appA se prApta huI sIloM ke paridRzyoM ke AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya bhI mUrti pUjA yA pratIka pUjA astitva meM thI aura isa dRSTi se yaha .

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22 jaina dharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA gAne meM koI bAdhA nahIM hai ki usa yuga meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA bhI upasthita thii| yadi hama vaidika sAhitya kI ora mur3ate haiM, to usameM bhI jo RgvedAdi prAcIna stara ke grantha haiM, unameM cAhe mUrti-pUjA yA vigraha pUjA kA nirdeza nahIM ho, kintu yaha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki vahAM bhakti kI avadhAraNA pUrNatayA anupasthita hai / kyoMki Rgveda ke sUktoM meM bhI stuti sambandhI sUkta hI sarvAdhika haiN| stuti ke sAtha bhI pUjya - buddhi aura zraddhA kA tattva to jur3A hI hotA hai| isalie hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki vaidika kAla meM cAhe vigraha - pUjA yA mUrti-pUjA na rahI ho, kintu zraddhA va stuti ke rUpa meM usameM bhakti kA tattva to hai hI / Age calakara aupaniSadika kAla aura vizeSa rUpa se gItA ke racanAkAla meM to hameM bhakti kI eka susthApita paramparA upalabdha hotI hai| gItA meM jina yogoM (sAdhanA-vidhiyoM) kI carcA milatI hai, usameM bhaktiyoga sabase mahattvapUrNa hai| yadyapi gItA kI jJAnayoga paraka evaM karmayoga paraka vyAkhyAe~ bhI kI gayIM, kintu yadi hama gItA kI antarAtmA meM jhAMkakara dekheM to lagatA hai ki usameM bhakti yA samarpaNa bhAva hI eka kendrIya tattva hai| karma kI niSkAmatA kA AdhAra bhI karma - phala kI AkAMkSA kA prabhu ke prati samarpaNa hI hai / yaha bAta alaga hai ki gItA jJAna evaM karma ko bhI samAna rUpa se mahattva detI hai, kintu usameM inheM bhI bhakti ke kAraNa va kArya ke rUpa meM vyAkhyAyita kiyA jA sakatA hai| paramAtmA ke svarUpa kA jJAna, jo ki gItA ke jJAnayoga kA pratipAdya hai, antatogatvA prabhu ke prati ananya niSThA meM pariNita hotA hai| dUsarI ora gItA yahI kahatI hai ki zraddhAvAna hI prabhu ke jJAna ko prApta hotA hai (4 / 36 ) punaH gItA kA karmayoga bhI vastutaH paramAtmA ke prati na kevala karmaphala kA pUrNa samarpaNa hai apitu samarpita bhAva se usake AdezoM kA paripAlana bhI hai| gItA lokasevA ko bhI prabhu kI sevA meM arntabhAvita kara karmayoga ko bhaktiyoga banA detI hai| gItA meM jJAna vaha hai jisase bhakti kI dhArA prasUta hotI hai aura karma usa bhakti kI vyApaka bAhUyAbhivyakti hai / yahI kAraNa rahA ki rAmAnuja, vallabha Adi bhaktimArgI AcAryoM ne gItA kI bhakti paraka vyAkhyA prastuta kI / ataH hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki bhArata meM prArambhika kAla se lekara sUra va tulasI ke mAdhyama se Adhunika kAla taka bhakti kI eka ajasa dhArA pravAhita hotI rahI hai aura jaina paramparA bhI isase prabhAvita hotI rahI hai| jainadharma meM bhakti jainadarzana meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA ke vikAsa ko samajhane ke lie bhakti ke bhAratIya pariprekSya ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki jainadharma meM bhakti kA jo vikAsa huA vaha ina samasAmayika paristhitiyoM se aprabhAvita nahIM rahA hai| jainadharma kI bhakti sAdhanA meM anya paramparAoM se Aye tattva Aja isa taraha AtmasAt ho gaye haiM ki Aja unheM alaga kara pAnA bhI kaThina hai| jainadharma meM sAhityika sAkSya ke rUpa meM jo prAcInatama sandarbha upalabdha hai, ve AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita aura uttarAdhyayana para AdhArita haiN| inameM AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM bhakti tattva anupasthita hai AcArAMga mAtra yaha batAtA hai ki merI AjJA kA pAlana dharma hai

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 23 (1/6/2/48 ) / RSibhASita aura uttarAdhyayana meM yadyapi zraddhA ko sthAna milA hai, kintu vaha zraddhA mAtra tattvazraddhA hai| jainadharma meM samyagdarzana, jo bhakti kA AdhAra hai, prArambha meM mAtra tattvazraddhA hI rahA hai| deva, gurU evaM dharma ke prati zraddhA yaha usakA paravartI artha vikAsa hai| purAtAttvika sAkSyoM meM to hameM mauryakAla se hI jaina paramparA meM mUrti-pUjA ke pramANa milane lagate haiN| mathurA meM to mUrti-pUjA ke paridRzya bhI aMkita hai| ataH yaha mAnane meM hameM koI Apatti nahIM hai ki aitihAsika dRSTi se jaina paramparA meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA maurya kAla meM pallavita evaM vikasita huI hai| punaH isa dizA meM jo bhI sAkSya upalabdha haiM ve saba isI tathya ko saMpoSita karate haiM ki jaina dharma meM bhakti kA vikAsa apanI sahavartI hindU paramparA se prabhAvita hotA rahA hai| hindU paramparA meM bhakti ke vividha rUpoM kA jisa prakAra kramika vikAsa huA hai usI prakAra jaina paramparA meM bhI bhakti kA kramika vikAsa huA hai| phira bhI jaina aura hindU dharma kI mUlabhUta dArzanika avadhAraNAoM meM jo antara hai usake AdhAra para donoM kI bhaktiyoM kI avadhAraNA meM aura usake lakSya meM bhI antara hai / yaha spaSTa hai ki jahAM hindU dharma IzvaravAdI hai vahIM jainadharma nirIzvaravAdI hai / usameM sRSTi ke nirmAtA aura pAlana kartA tathA saMhAraka Izvara kI avadhAraNA pUrNataH anupasthita hai| dUsarA antara yaha hai ki jahAM hindU dharma kA Izvara kRpA ke mAdhyama se apane bhaktoM ke kalyANa kI sAmarthya rakhatA hai vahAM jaina dharma ke siddha paramAtmA niSkriya haiN| ve na to apane bhaktoM kA kalyANa kara sakate haiM aura na duSToM kA damana / jainadharma meM bhakti kA tattva upasthita to hai, kintu vaha hindU paramparA meM upalabdha bhakti kI avadhAraNA se kiMcita bhinna hai, Age hama isa saMdarbha meM vistAra se vicAra kareMge / sAmAnyatayA jaina bhakti paramparA meM zraddhA, sarmapaNa, guNa-saMkIrtina yA bhajana, pUjA aura arcA yA sevA ke tattva upasthita rahe haiN| zraddhA usakA prasthAna - bindu hai aura sevA antima caraNa hai / zraddhA evaM sarmapaNa-bhAva usake mAnasika rUpa haiM aura sevA usakI kAyika abhivyakti / aba hama yaha dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki jaina dharma meM ina tattvoM kA vikAsa kaise huA ? jainadharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA kaise va kisa rUpa meM AyIM yaha vicAra karanA bhI Avazyaka hai| jahA~ taka merI jAnakArI hai AgamoM meM satthArabhakti (sUtrakRtAMga 1 / 14 / 20 ) 'bhatticittAoM' (jJAtAdharma) zabda milate haiN| sarvaprathama jJAtAdharma meM tIrthaMkara pada kI prApti meM sahAyaka jina 20 kAraNoM kI carcA hai unameM zruta bhakti (suyabhatti) kA spaSTa ullekha hai / isake sAtha hI usameM arahaMta, siddha, pravacana, guru, sthAvira, tapasvI Adi ke prati vatsalatA yA vallabhatA kA ullekha huA hai, jo bhakti kA hI eka rUpa hai ( jJAtAdharmakathA 16 / 14 ) / tattvArthasUtra meM arhata, AcArya, bahuzruta evaM pravacana (zAstra) kI bhakti ko tIrthaMkaratva prApta karane ke 16 kAraNoM meM parigaNita kiyA gayA hai (tattvArthasUtra 6 / 23 ) / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jJAtAdharmakathA aura Avazyakaniryukti ( 451 - 453 ) jahAM arhatu, siddha, AcArya Adi ke prati vatsalatA arthAt anurAga kI bAta karate haiM, vahA~ tatvArthasUtra spaSTa rUpa se inakI bhakti kI bAta kahatA hai, kintu bhakti aura vAtsalya meM artha kI dRSTi se antara nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| Age calakara to vAtsalya ko bhakti kA eka aMga mAna hI

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24 jaina dharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA f gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki bhakti yA vAtsalya donoM kA artha zraddhAyukta sevA bhAva hI hai| Avazyakaniyukti meM sarva prathama bhakti ke phala kI carcA huii| usameM kahA gayA hai ki -- bhattIi jiNavarANaM khijjatI puvvasaMciyAkammA Ayaria namukkAreNa vijjA maMtA ya sijjhAMti bhattIi jiNavarANaM paramAe khINapijjadosANaM ArUgga bohilAbhaM samAhimaraNaM ca paavNti| - Avazyaka niyukti 1160-1111 / arthAt jina kI bhakti se pUrva saMcita karma kSINa hote haiM aura AcArya ke namaskAra se vidyA aura maMtra siddha hote haiN| punaH jinendra kI bhakti se rAga-dveSa samApta hokara Arogya, bodhi aura samAdhi lAbha hotA hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM navadhA bhakti kA ullekha milatA hai --- zravaNaM kIrtanaM viSNo smaraNaM pAdasevanam / arcanaM vandanaM dAsyaM sakhyamAtmanivedanam / / zrImadbhAgavata (715/23) 1. zravaNa, 2. kIrtana, 3. smaraNa, 4. pAdasevana, 5. arcana, 6. vaMdana, 7. dAsya, 8. sakhya aura 9. aatmnivedn| bhakti ke ina nava tatvoM meM kauna kisa rUpa meM jainaparamparA meM mAnya rahA hai, isakA saMkSipta vivaraNa apekSita hai| inameM se zravaNa zAstra-zravaNa yA jinavANI-zravaNa ke rUpa meM jaina paramparA meM sadaiva hI mAnya rahA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki vyakti ko kalyANa mArga aura pApa mArga kA bodha zravaNa se hI hotA hai, donoM ko sunakara hI jAnA jAtA hai (dazavakAlika 4/34) / jahA~ taka kIrtana evaM smaraNa kA prazna hai ina donoM kA antarbhAva jaina paramparA ke stavana meM hotA hai| ise SaDAvazyako arthAt zramaNa evaM zrAvaka ke kartavyoM meM dUsarA sthAna prApta hai| pAdasevana aura vaMdana ko bhI jaina paramparA ke tRtIya Avazyaka kartavya ke rUpa meM vaMdana meM antarnihita mAnA jA sakatA hai| arcana ko jaina paramparA meM jina-pUjA ke rUpa meM svIkRta kiyA gayA hai| jaina paramparA meM muni ke liye bhAva-pUjA aura gRhastha ke liye dravya-pUjA kA vidhAna hai| jisa prakAra vaiSNava paramparA meM paMcopacAra pUjA aura SoDazopacAra pUjA kA vidhAna hai usI prakAra jaina paramparA meM aSTa-prakArI pUjA aura sataraha-bhedI pUjA kA vidhAna hai| ___ yadyapi dAsa, sakhya evaM Atmanivedana rUpa bhakti kI vidhAoM kA spaSTa pratipAdana to prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM nahIM milatA hai kintu jinAjJA ke paripAlana, AtmAlocana tathA vAtsalya ke rUpa meM inake mUla tattva jaina paramparA meM upalabdha haiN| bhakti ke ina aMgoM kI vistRta carcA agrima paMktiyoM meM kI gaI hai| jainadharma meM zraddhA jaina paramparA meM zraddhA ke lie sAmAnyatayA samyak-darzana zabda pracalita hai| isa kA mUla artha to dekhanA yA anubhUti hI hai, kintu Age calakara jaina paramparA meM darzana zabda zraddhA ke artha meM sr3ha ho gyaa| jaina granthoM ke adhyayana se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki darzana zabda kA zraddhAparaka artha

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pro. sAgaramala jaina eka paravartI vikAsa hai aura usake prakAroM ke vargIkaraNa ke pariNAma svarUpa astitva meM AyA hai| jaina dharma meM samyak darzana ke mukhyataH do prakAra mAne gaye haiM -- nisargataH aura adhigamaja / samyak darzana kA eka rUpa vaha hotA hai, jahAM sAdhaka apanI anubhUti se satya kA sAkSAtkAra karatA hai| 'satya kA sAkSAtkAra yahI samyak darzana kA mUla artha hai kintu yaha taba taka sambhava nahIM hai jaba taka vyakti apane ko rAga dveSa ke paMjoM se mukta nahIM kara letaa| jaba taka vyakti sAdhaka avasthA meM hai rAga-dveSa kA atikramaNa kara lenA sambhava nahIM hai| aisI sthiti meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki jaba taka vyakti svayaM satya kA sAkSAtkAra na kara leM, use vItarAga paramAtmA, jinhoMne svayaM satya kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA hai, unake kathanoM para vizvAsa karanA caahie| jaina sAhitya meM samyak-darzana ke jina pAMca aMgoM kI carcA milatI hai, unameM zraddhA bhI eka hai| lagabhaga uttarAdhyayana (I.pU. 3-2rI zatI) ke kAla taka jaina paramparA meM samyak-darzana kA zraddhA paraka artha svIkAra ho cukA thaa| kintu hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki uttarAdhyayana evaM tatvArthasUtra (I.san urI zatI) ke kAla taka jainadharma meM zraddhA tattvazraddhA thii| vaha jina yA paramAtmA ke prati zraddhA ke rUpa meM susthApita nahIM huI thii| prAcIna stara ke granthoM meM zraddhA ko tattva zraddhA yA siddhAnta ke prati niSThA ke rUpa meM hI dekhA gyaa| kintu jaba zraddhA ke kSetra meM tattva yA siddhAnta ke sthAna para vyakti ko pramukhatA dI gayI, to jina aura jina-vacana ke prati zraddhA hI samyak darzana kA pratIka mAnI gyii| Age calakara jina vacana ke prastotA guru ke prati bhI zraddhA ko sthAna milaa| isa prakAra zraddhA kA artha huA -- deva, gurU evaM dharma ke prati shrddhaa| jainasAdhanA ke kSetra meM sAmAnyatayA darzana (zraddhA) ko prAthamikatA dI gaI hai| kahA gayA hai dharma darzana (zraddhA ) mUlaka haiN| jaba taka darzana zabda anubhUti yA dRSTikoNa kA sUcaka rahA taba taka darzana ko jJAna kI apekSA pradhAnatA milI kintu jaba darzana kA artha tattva-zraddhA mAna liyA gayA to usakA sthAna jJAna ke bAda nirdhArita huaa| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM jahA~ darzana kA zraddhA paraka artha kiyA gayA hai vahAM spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki jJAna se tattva ke svarUpa ko jAne aura darzana ke dvArA usa para zraddhA kare (28/35 ) / yaha satya hai ki jJAna ke abhAva meM jo zraddhA hogI usameM saMzaya kI sambhAvanA hogI aisI zraddhA aMdha-zraddhA hogii| yaha satya he ki jainoM ne zraddhA ko apane sAdhanA meM sthAna diyA kintu ve isa sandarbha meM sartaka rahe ki zraddhA ko jJAnAdhiSThita honA caahie| zraddhA prajJA aura tarka se samIkSita hokara hI samyak zraddhA bana sakatI hai ( uttarAdhyayana 23/25,31) / isa prakAra jaina cintana meM bhakti ke mUla AdhAra zraddhA ke tattva ko sthAna to milA, kintu use anubhUti yA jJAna se samanvita kiyA gayA, tAki zraddhA andha-zraddhA na bana ske| jainadharma meM zraddhA mUlataH tattva-zraddhA yA siddhAnta ke prati AsthA rhii| usameM jo vaiyaktikatA kA tattva praviSTa huA aura vaha deva tathA guru ke prati zraddhA banI hai, usake mUla meM rahe hue hindU paramparA ke prabhAva ko vismRta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| hindU paramparA meM jo Izvara ke prati athavA usake vacana ke rUpa meM vedAdi ke prati jo AsthA kI bAta kahI gaI thI, use jaina AcAryoM ne jina va jina-vANI ke prati zraddhA ke rUpa meM grahIta karake apanI paramparA meM sthAna diyaa| phira bhI yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA bhakti kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa jisa rUpa meM hindUdharma meM huA, usa rUpa meM jainadharma meM nahIM huA hai| jainAcAryoM ne apanI tAttvika

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26 jaina dharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA mAnyatAoM ke AdhAra para hI apanI paramparA meM bhakti ke svarUpa ko nirdhArita kiyA hai| unhoMne apanI sahavartI hindU paramparA se bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA, kintu use apanI tattva yojanA ke caukhaTe meM prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai, yadyapi kahIM-kahIM isameM skhalanA bhI huI hai| jainadharma meM stuti, guNasaMkIrtana evaM prArthanA kA prayojana : jainadharma meM bhakti ke jo dUsare rUpa stuti, guNa-saMkIrtana, prArthanA Adi haiM, unakA svarUpa vartamAna meM to bahuta kucha hindU paramparA ke samAna hI ho gayA aura jaina bhakta bhI apane prabhu se saba kucha mAMgane lagA hai| kintu apane prAthamika rUpa meM jaina stutiyoM kA hindU paramparA kI stutiyoM se eka antara rahA hai| hindU paramparA apane prAcIna kAla se hI isa tathya meM vizvAsa karatI rahI hai ki stuti yA bhakti ke mAdhyama se hama jisa prabhu kI ArAdhanA karate haiM, vaha prasanna hokara hamAre kaSToM ko miTA detA hai| usameM IzvarIya yA daivIkRpA kA tattva sadaiva hI svIkRta rahA hai| gItA meM bhakta aura bhakti ke cAra rUpoM kI carcA hai -- 1. arthArthI, 2. Arta, 3. jijJAsu evaM 4. jnyaanii| yadyapi gItA ne jijJAsu yA jJAnI ko hI saccA bhakta nirupita kiyA hai, kintu bhakti kA jo rUpa hindU dharma meM pracalita rahA hai, usameM IzvarIya yA daivIya kRpA kI prApti kA prayojana to sadaiva hI pramukha rahatA hai, kintu jainadharma meM usako koI khAsa sthAna nahIM hai| kyoMki jainoM kA paramAtmA kisI kA kalyANa yA akalyANa karane meM samartha nahIM hai| sAmAnyatayA vyakti duHkha yA pIr3A kI sthiti meM usase trANa-pAne ke lie prabhu kI bhakti karatA hai| vaha bhakti ke nAma para bhagavAna se bhI koI saudA hI karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki yadi merI amuka manokAmanA pUrNa hogI to maiM ApakI viziSTa rUpa se pUjA karUgA yA viziSTa prasAda samarpita krugaa| jainadharma meM cU~ki prArambha se hI tIrthaMkara ko vItarAga mAnA gayA hai| ataH vaha na to bhaktoM kA kalyANa kara sakatA hai aura na duSToM kA sNhaar| jahA~ gItA tathA anya granthoM meM prabhu ke avataraNa kA mukhya prayojana duSToM kA saMhAra evaM dharma-mArga kI sthApanA mAnA gayA hai, vahAM jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkara kA uddezya mAtra dharma-mArga kI saMsthApanA karanA hai| jainoM kA paramAtmA gItA ke paramAtmA ke samAna isa prakAra kA koI AzvAsana nahIM de pAtA hai ki tuma mere prati pUrNataH samarpita ho jAo, maiM tumheM saba pApoM se mukti duuNgaa| jainadharma meM prAcIna kAla meM stuti kA prayojana prabhu se kucha pAnA nahIM rahA hai| stuti ke prayojana ko spaSTa karate hue AcArya samantabhadra apane grantha devAgama stotra meM kahate haiM ki -- he prabhu ! na to maiM Apako prasanna karane ke lie ApakI bhakti yA pUjA karatA hU~ kyoMki maiM jAnatA hU~ ki Apa vItarAga haiM ataH merI pUjA se prasanna hone vAle nahIM haiN| isI prakAra Apa nindA karane para kupita bhI nahIM hoMge cUMki Apa vivAnta-vaira haiM, maiM to Apa kI bhakti kevala isalie karatA hU~ ki Apake puNya guNoM kI smRti se merA citta pApa rUpI mala se rahita hogaa| smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jaina-vicAradhArA ke anusAra sAdhanA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM jisakI stuti kI jAtI hai, una Adarza puruSoM se kisI prakAra kI upalabdhi kI apekSA nahIM

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 27 hotI / tIrthaMkara evaM siddha paramAtmA mAtra sAdhanA ke Adarza haiN| ve na to kisI ko saMsAra se pAra karA sakate haiM aura na unakI kisI prakAra kI upalabdhi meM sahAyaka hote haiN| phira bhI stuti ke mAdhyama se sAdhaka unake guNoM ke prati apanI zraddhA ko sajIva banA letA hai| sAdhaka ke sAmane unakA mahAn Adarza jIvanta rUpa meM upasthita ho jAtA hai| vaha apane hRdaya meM tIrthaMkaroM ke Adarza kA smaraNa karatA huA AtmA meM eka AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI bhAvanA prakaTa karatA hai / vaha vicAra karatA hai ki Atmatattva ke rUpa meM merI AtmA aura tIrthaMkaroM kI AtmA samAna hI hai, yadi maiM svayaM prayatna karUM, to unake samAna hI bana sakatA huuN| mujhe apane puruSArtha se unake samAna banane kA prayatna karanA caahie| jaina mAnyatA to yaha hai ki vyakti apane hI prayatnoM se apanA AdhyAtmika utthAna yA patana kara sakatA hai| svayaM pApa se mukta hone kA prayatna na karake kevala bhagavAn se mukti kI prArthanA karanA jaina- vicAraNA kI dRSTi se sarvathA nirarthaka hai / aisI viveka zUnya prArthanAoM ne mAnava jAti ko saba prakAra se hIna, dIna evaM parApekSI banAyA hai / jaba manuSya kisI aise uddhAraka meM vizvAsa karane lagatA hai, jo usakI stuti se prasanna hokara use pApa se ubAra legA, to aisI niSThA se sadAcAra kI mAnyatAoM ko bhI gaharA dhakkA lagatA hai / jaina vicArakoM kI yaha spaSTa mAnyatA hai ki kevala tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti karane se mokSa evaM samAdhi kI prApti nahIM hotI, jaba taka ki manuSya svayaM usake lie prayAsa na kare / jaina vicArakoM ke anusAra tIrthaMkara to sAdhanA mArga ke prakAzastambha haiN| jisa prakAra gati karanA jahAja kA kArya hai, usI prakAra sAdhanA kI dizA meM Age bar3hanA sAdhaka kA kArya hai / jaise prakAza - stambha kI upasthiti meM bhI jahAja samudra meM binA gati ke usa pAra nahIM pahu~catA, vaise hI kevala nAma - smaraNa yA bhakti sAdhaka ko nirvANa lAbha nahIM karA sakatI, jaba taka ki usake lie samyak prayatna na ho| hameM smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jaina paramparA meM bhakti kA lakSya AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa kA bodha yA sAkSAtkAra hai| apane meM nihita paramAtma zakti ko abhivyakta karanA hai| AcArya kundakunda ( niyamasAra 134 - 140 ) kahate haiM "samyagjJAna aura AcaraNa se yukta ho nirvANAbhimukha honA hI gRhastha aura zramaNa kI vAstavika bhakti hai| mukti ko prApta puruSoM ke guNoM kA kIrtana karanA vyAvahArika bhakti hai / vAstavika bhakti to AtmA ko mokSapatha meM yojita karanA hai| rAga-dveSa evaM sarva vikalpoM kA parihAra karake vizuddha Atmatattva se yojita honA hI vAstavika bhakti yoga hai| RSabha Adi sabhI tIrthaMkara isI bhakti ke dvArA paramapada ko prApta hue haiN|" isa prakAra bhakti yA stavana mUlataH Atmabodha hai, vaha apanA hI kIrtana aura stavana hai| jaina darzana meM bhakti ke sacce svarUpa ko spaSTa karate hue upAdhyAya devacandrajI likhate haiM- aja-kula-gata kezarI lahere, nija pada siMha nihAla / tima prabhu bhakti bhavI lahere, Atama zakti saMbhAla / / jisa prakAra aja kula meM pAlita siMhazAvaka vAstavika siMha ke darzana se apane prasupta siMhatva ko prakaTa kara letA hai, usI prakAra sAdhaka tIrthaMkaroM ke guNakIrtana yA stavana ke dvArA nija meM jinatva kI zodha kara letA hai, svayaM meM nihita paramAtmazakti ko prakaTa kara letA hai / --

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28 jaina dharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA lekina isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki jaina-sAdhanA meM bhagavAn kI stuti nirarthaka hai / jaina sAdhanA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki bhagavAn kI stuti prasupta antazcetanA ko jAgrata karatI hai aura hamAre sAmane sAdhanA ke Adarza kA eka jIvanta citra upasthita karatI hai| itanA hI nahIM, vaha usa Adarza kI prApti ke lie preraNA bhI banatI hai| jaina vicArakoM ne yaha bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| ki bhagavAn kI stuti ke mAdhyama se manuSya apanA AdhyAtmika vikAsa kara sakatA hai / yadyapi prayatna vyakti kA hI hotA hai, tathApi sAdhanA ke Adarza una mahApuruSoM kA jIvana usakI preraNA kA nimitta hotA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ( 26 / 60 ) meM kahA hai ki stavana se vyakti kI darzana-vizuddhi hotI hai| yaha bhI kahA hai ki bhagavadbhakti ke phalasvarUpa pUrvasaMcita karmoM kA kSaya hotA hai| yadyapi isakA kAraNa paramAtmA kI kRpA nahIM, varan vyakti ke dRSTikoNa kI vizuddhi hI hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu ne isa bAta ko bar3e hI spaSTa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai ki bhagavAn ke nAma-smaraNa se pApoM kA puMja naSTa hotA hai (Avazyaka niyukti 1110 ) / AcArya vinayacandra bhagavAn kI stuti karate hue kahate haiM- pApa - parAla ko puMja vaNyo ati, mAno merU AkAro / te tuma nAma hutAzana setI, sahaja hI prajalata sAro / / isa prakAra jaina dharma meM stuti yA guNa-saMkIrtana ko pApa kA praNAzaka to mAnA gayA kintu ise IzvarI kRpA kA phala mAna lenA ucita nahIM hai| jainadharma ke anusAra vyakti ke pApoM ke kSaya kA kAraNa paramAtmA kI kRpA nahIM, kintu prabhu stuti kI mAdhyama se hue usake zuddha Atma-svarUpa kA bodha hai| prabhu kI stuti ke mAdhyama se jaba sAdhaka apane zuddha AtmasvarUpa ko jAna letA hai, apanI zakti kI pahacAna letA hai to vaha jJAtA - draSTA bhAva meM arthAt Atma-svabhAva meM sthita ho jAtA hai / phalataH vAsanAyeM svataH hI kSINa hone lagatI haiN| isa prakAra jainadharma meM stuti se pApoM kA kSaya aura Atma-vizuddhi to mAnI gaI kintu isakA kAraNa IzvarIya kRpA nahIM, apitu apane zuddha svarUpa kA bodha mAnA gayA / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM stavana yA guNa-saMkIrtana ke rUpa meM jisa bhakti tattva kA vikAsa huA, vaha niSkAma bhakti kA hI eka rUpa thA / jainadharma aura sakAma bhakti niSkAma bhakti kI yaha avadhAraNA Adarza hote hue bhI sAmAnyajana ke lie duHsAdhya hI hai| sAmAnyajana eka aise bhagavAna kI kalpanA karatA hai jo prasanna hokara usake duHkhoM ko dUra kara use ihalaukika sukha pradAna kara sake / yahI kAraNa rahA ki jainadharma meM stuti kI niSkAmatA dhIre-dhIre kama hotI gayI aura stutiyA~ tathA prArthanAyeM aihika lAbha ke sAtha jur3atI gyii| jaina paramparA meM stuti kA sabase prAcIna rUpa sUtrakRtAMga (I.pU. 4 - 3zatI) ke chaTheM adhyayana meM 'vIra-stuti' ke nAma se upalabdha hai| isameM mahAvIra ke guNoM kA saMrkIrtana to hai kintu usameM kahIM bhI kucha prApta karane kI kAmanA nahI kI gaI hai| isI prakAra zakrastava arthAt indra ke

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 29 dvArA kI gaI tIrthaMkara kI stuti ke nAma se jAne vAle 'namotthuNa nAmaka stotra (I.pU. urI zatI) meM bhI arahaMta evaM tIrthaMkara ke guNoM kA citraNa hote hue bhI unase kahIM koI upalabdhi kI AkAMkSA pradarzita nahIM kI gaI hai| jahA~ taka mujhe smaraNa hai, jaina paramparA meM sarva prathama paramAtmA yA prabhu se koI yAcanA kI gayI to vaha cartuviMzati stavana (I. san 1lI zatI) meM hai| isa stavana meM sarvaprathama prabhu se Arogya, bodhi aura samAdhi kI yAcanA kI gayI hai| isameM bhI bodhi evaM samAdhi to AdhyAtmika pratyaya hai, kintu Arogya ko cAhe AdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM Avazyaka mAnA jAya phira bhI vaha eka laukika pratyaya hI hai| prabhu se Arogya kI kAmanA karanA yaha sUcita karatA hai ki jaina paramparA kI bhakti kI avadhAraNA meM apanI sahavartI hindU paramparA kA prabhAva AyA hai, kyoMki jaina dArzanika mAnyatAke anusAra to prabhu kisI ko Arogya bhI pradAna nahIM karatA hai| arahaMta ke rUpa meM vaha hameM mokSa-mArga yA mukti-patha kA mAtra bodha karAtA hai, use bhI cala kara pAnA to hameM hI hotA hai| ataH isa caturvizati stavana meM jo Arogya kI kAmanA hai vaha nizcita rUpa se jaina paramparA para anya paramparA ke prabhAva kA sUcaka hai| bhaviSya meM to isa prakAra anya prayatna bhI hue| jaina paramparA meM uvasaggahara stotra bhI paryApta rUpa se prasiddha hai| ise sAmAnyatayA bhadrabAhu dvitIya kI kRti mAnA jAtA hai| isameM prabhu se bhakta ko upasarga se chuTakArA dilAne kI prArthanA kI gaI hai| jina vipattiyoM kI carcA hai unameM jvara, sarpadaMza Adi bhI sammilita hai| yaha stotra isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki jaina paramparA meM bhakti kA sakAma svarupa bhI antatogatvA vikasita ho hI gyaa| yadyapi jaina AcAryoM ne yahA~ jina kI stuti ke sAtha pArzva-yakSa kI stuti ko bhI jor3a diyA hai| vastutaH jaba AcAryoM ne dekhA hogA ki upAsakoM ko jaina dharma meM tabhI sthita rakhA jA sakatA hai, jaba unheM unake bhautika maMgala kA AzvAsana diyA jA ske| cU~ki tIrthaMkara dvArA kisI bhI sthiti meM bhaktoM ke bhautika maMgala kI koI sambhAvanA nahIM thI, isalie tIrthaMkara ke zAsana-saMrakSaka devoM ke rUpa meM zAsana devatA ( yakSa-yakSI) kI kalpanA AyI aura isa rUpa meM hindU paramparA ke hI aneka deviyoM ko na kevala samAhita kiyA gayA, apitu yaha bhI mAnA gayA ki unakI upAsanA yA bhakti karane para ve prasanna hokara bhautika duHkhoM ko dUra karate haiN| yakSa-yakSiNiyoM ke jaina dharma meM praveza ke sAtha hI usameM hindU dharma kI karma-kANDa paraka tAMtrika upAsanA paddhati kucha saMzodhanoM evaM parivartanoM ke sAtha samAhita kara lI gii| jaina stotra sAhitya meM saMskRta meM jo sundara stutiyA~ likhI gaI unameM siddhasena divAkara kI dvAtriMzikAe~ tathA samantabhadra ke devAgama Adi stotra prasiddha haiN| saMskRta meM racita ye stutiyAM na kevala jinastuti haiM, apitu jina stuti ke byAja se pracalita dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI sundara samIkSA bhI haiN| ina stutiyoM meM jainadharma kA dArzanika svarUpa adhika ubharakara sAmane AyA hai| isalie ina stutiyoM ko bhaktiparaka kama aura darzanaparaka adhika mAnA jA sakatA hai| AThavIM-navIM zatI ke pazcAt jina bhaktiparaka stotroM kI racanA jaina paramparA meM huI, unameM bhaktAmara stotra, kalyANamaMdira stotra Adi supasiddha haiN| yadyapi ye stotra jaina paramparA meM sakAma bhakti kI avadhAraNA kI vikAsa ke bAda hI racita haiN| inameM pada-pada para laukika kalyANa kI

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30 jaina dharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA prArthanAe~ bhI haiN| paravartI kAla meM to maru-gurjara, purAnI hindI Adi meM bahuta sI stutiyA~ likhI gaIM, jinameM AdhyAtmika kalyANa ke sAtha-sAtha laukika kalyANa kI prArthanA kI gaI / yadyapi Anandaghana aura devacanda jaise kaviyoM kI caubIsiyoM bhaktirasa se ota-prota haiM / madhyakAla meM viSNusahastranAma ke samAna jaina paramparA meM bhI jinasahastranAma jaise grantha likhe ge| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM stutiyoM eva stutiparaka sAhitya kI racanA ati prAcInakAla se lekara vartamAna yuga taka jIvita rahI hai aura hajAroM kI saMkhyA meM bhakti gIta likhe gaye jinakA sampUrNa vivaraNa prastuta karanA isa lekha meM sambhava nahIM hai| yadyapi jainadharma meM sakAma stutiyoM yA prArthanAoM ke rUpa yatra-tatra parilakSita hote haiM, kintu vItarAgatA aura mukti kI AkAMkSI jaina paramparA meM phalAkAMkSA se yukta sakAma bhakti kA koI sthAna nahIM ho sakatA hai, yaha hameM smaraNa rahanA caahie| kyoMki jaina paramparA meM phalAkAMkSA ko zalya (kAMTA ) kahA gayA hai / phalAkAMkSA sahita bhakti ko nidAna - zalya kahA gayA hai| jaina paramparA meM bhakti kA yathArtha Adarza kyA rahA hai ? ise jaina kavi dhananjaya ne nimna zabdoM meM abhivyakta kiyA hai iti stutiM deva vidhAya dainyAd, varaM na yAce tvamupekSakossi / chAyA tarUM saMzrayataH svataH syAt kazchAyayA yAcitayA''tmalAbhaH / athAsti ditsA yadivoparodhaH tvayyeva saktAM diza bhakti buddhiM / kariSyate deva tathA kupAM meM, ko vAtmapoSye sumukho na sUrIH / he prabhu! isa prakAra ApakI stuti karake maiM Apase koI varadAna nahIM mAMganA cAhatA hU~, kyoMki kucha mAMganA to eka prakAra kI dInatA hai, punaH Apa rAga-dveSa se rahita haiM, binA rAga ke kauna kisa kI AkAMkSA pUrI karatA hai, punaH chAyAvAle vRkSa ke nIce baiThakara chAyA kI yAcanA karanA to vyartha hI hai / vaha to svataH hI prApta ho jAtI hai| isa prakAra jaina dharma meM bhakti kA utsa to niSkAmatA hI hai| usameM sakAmatA jo tattva praviSTa huA hai, vaha hindU paramparA aura sama-sAmayika paristhitiyoM kA prabhAva hai / jaina paramparA meM stuti yA stavana kA mahattva to isI tathya se spaSTa ho jAtA hai, usameM muni athavA gRhastha ke jo dainika SaT Avazyaka kartavya batAye gae haiM, usameM dUsare krama para stuti kA nirUpaNa hai / ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki zraddhA ke sAtha-sAtha jaina dharma meM bhakti kA dUsarA mahatvapUrNa pakSa stuti bhI svIkRta rahA hai| stuti vastutaH upAsya ke guNoM kA hI saMkIrtana hai| jaina paramparA meM jo stutiyAM upalabdha haiM, unameM arahaMta, siddha yA tIrthakara ke guNoM kA saMkIrtana kiyA jAtA hai, kintu isakA mukhya uddezya to AtmA kI zuddha-svabhAva dazA kI upalabdhi hI hai| saMta Anandaghana jI likhate haiM-

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pro. sAgaramala jaina Apano Atama bhAvaje, eka cetanano dhAra re / avara savi sAtha saMjogathI, e nija parikara sAra re / / 31 prabhu mukha thI ima sAMbhalI, kahai AtamarAma re / thAharai darisaNe nistarayo, mujha sIdhA savi kAma re / / zAMti jina stavana 11 vaMdana vaMdana ko jaina paramparA meM muni va gRhastha donoM ke SaT- Avazyaka karttavyoM meM tIsarA sthAna hai| puNya karma ke vivecana meM bhI namaskAra ko puNya kahA gayA hai| namaskAra yA vaMdana tabhI saMbhava hotA hai jaba usameM vaMdanIya ke prati pUjya - buddhi yA samAdara bhAva ho| isa prakAra vaMdana bhI bhakti kA hI eka rUpa hai| jainoM ke pavitra namaskAra maMtra meM pA~ca padoM ko vaMdana kiyA gayA hai| ve pAMca pada haiM 1. arahaMta 2. siddha 3. AcArya 4. upAdhyAya aura 5 sAdhu / yahAM vizeSa rUpa se jJAtavya yaha hai ki isa namaskAra maMtra meM viziSTa guNoM ke dhAraNa karane vAle padoM ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai, vyakti ko nhiiN| isa prakAra jaina paramparA meM vyakti kI upAsanA ke sthAna para guNoM kI upAsanA ko pradhAnatA dI gayI / vyakti ko to guNoM ke AdhAra para hI vaMdanIya mAnA gayA hai| vaMdana meM mukhya rUpa se arahaMta, siddha, AcArya, gurU evaM apane se pada, yogyatA, dIkSA Adi meM jyeSTha vyakti ko vaMdanIya mAnA jAtA hai| vaMdana kA yaha tattva eka ora vyakti ke ahaMkAra ko vigalita karane kA sAdhana hai to dUsarI ora vinaya - guNa kA bhI vikAsa karatA hai| yaha suspaSTa hai ki ahaMkAra ko sabhI dharma paramparAoM meM durguNa mAnA gayA hai| jaina dharma meM vinaya ko dharma kA mUla yA AdhAra kahA gayA hai| -- jaina paramparA meM isa prazna para bhI gaMbhIratA se vicAra kiyA gayA hai ki vaMdanIya kauna hai ? jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM jaina paramparA meM uparyukta pA~ca pada ko dhAraNa karane vAle vyakti hI vaMdanIya mAne gaye haiM / kintu sAtha hI yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jina vyaktiyoM meM ina padoM ke lie varNita yogyatA kA abhAva hai ve veza yA pada sthApita ho jAne mAtra se vaMdanIya nahIM bana jAte / jaina paramparA spaSTa rUpa se zithilAcAriyoM ke vaMdana aura saMsarga kA niSedha karatI hai kyoMki inake mAdhyama se samAja meM duSpravRttiyoM ko na kevala bar3hAvA milatA hai apitu sAmAjika jIvana meM bhI zithilAcAra Ane kI sambhAvanA rahatI hai| ataH vaMdana kisako kiyA jAya aura kise na kiyA jAya, isa sambandha meM viveka ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| vaMdana kaise kiyA jAya, isa sambandha meM bhI jaina paramparA meM vistAra se carcA upalabdha hotI hai, sAtha hI usameM sadoSa vaMdana ke doSoM kA citraNa bhI huA hai| vistArabhaya se usakI carcA yahA~ apekSita nahIM hai| jainoM ke namaskAra maMtra meM jo pA~ca pada vaMdanIya haiM unameM tIrthaMkara yA arhata ke lie kevala siddha pada vaMdanIya hotA hai| AcArya ke lie arahaMta aura siddha ye do pada vaMdanIya haiN| isI lie prAcIna abhilekhoM meM sAmAnyatayA arahaMta va siddha aise do padoM ke namaskAra kA ullekha hai / upAdhyAya ke lie arahaMta, siddha evaM AcArya -- ye tIna pada vaMdanIya hai| jabaki sAmAnya muniyoM ke lie arahaMta, siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya aura apane se dIkSA meM jyeSTha muni isa prakAra pA~coM

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32 jaina dharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA hI pada vaMdanIya hote haiN| isI prakAra gRhastha ke lie bhI uparyukta pA~coM hI pada vaMdanIya mAne gaye haiN| jaina paramparA meM jo vaMdana ke pATha upalabdha haiM unake anusAra vaMdana meM pUjya-buddhi yA sammAna kA bhAva Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| pUjya-buddhi ke abhAva meM vaMdana kA koI artha nahIM raha jaataa| stuti evaM vaMdana donoM meM hI guNa saMkIrtana kI bhAvanA spaSTa rUpa se jur3I hai| pUjA, arcA aura bhakti jaina paramparA meM mUrti pUjA kI avadhAraNA ati prAcIna kAla se pAyI jAtI hai| tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAoM kI pUjA kA vidhAna AgamoM meM upalabdha hai| paravartI kAla meM zAsana-devatA ke rUpa meM yakSa-yakSI evaM kSetrapAloM (bhairava) kI pUjA bhI hone lgii| jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkara pratimAoM kA nirmANa I.pU. tIsarI zatI se to spaSTa rUpa se hone laga gayA thA, kyoMki mauryakAla kI jina-pratimA upalabdha hotI hai| isase pUrva bhI nanda rAjA ke dvArA kaliMga-jina kI pratimA ko uThAkara le jAne kA jo khAravela kA abhilekhIya sAkSya upalabdha hai| usake AdhAra para yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki maurya kAla se pUrva bhI tIrthaMkara pratimAoM kA nirmANa prArambha ho gayA thaa| kintu usa yuga kI jina pratimA kI pUjA-arcA kI vidhi ko batAne vAlA koI grantha Aja upalabdha nahIM hai| jaina paramparA meM pUjA-arcA ke vidhi-vidhAna evaM mandira-nirmANa kalA Adi ke sUcita karane vAle jo grantha upalabdha haiM, ve lagabhaga I.san kI prArambhika sadiyoM ke haiN| jaina AgamoM meM sthAnAMga, jJAtAdharma evaM rAjapraznIya sUtra meM maMdira saMracanA evaM jina pratimAoM kI pUjana vidhi ke ullekha haiN| mathurA ke prathama zatI ke aMkanoM se bhI isa tathya kI puSTi hotI hai| kyoMki unameM kamala-puSpa le jAte hue zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM ko aMkita kiyA gayA hai| jo pUjA vidhi rAjapraznIya sUtra aura paravartI granthoM meM upalabdha hai usake anusAra muni aura sAdhviyAM to jina pratimAoM kI vaMdana evaM stuti ke rUpa meM bhAva-pUjA hI karate haiN| gRhastha hI unakI pUjA-sAmagrI se dravya pUjA karatA hai| gRhastha kI pUjA vidhi ke anusAra kUpa athavA puSkaraNI meM snAna karake vahAM se kamala puSpa aura jala lekara jina pratimA kA pUjana kiyA jAtA thaa| jJAtAdharma va rAjapraznIya meM jina pratimA kI pUjA vidhi nimna prakAra se varNita haiM -- "tatpazcAt sUryAbhadeva cAra hajAra sAmAnika devoM yAvat aura dUsare bahuta se devoM aura deviyoM se pariveSThita hokara apanI samasta Rddhi, vaibhava yAvat vAdyoM kI tumula dhvanipUrvaka jahA~ siddhAyatana thA, vahAM aayaa| pUrva dara se praveza karake jahA~ devachadaka aura jina pratimAe~ thIM, vahAM aayaa| vahAM Akara usane jina pratimAoM ko dekhate hI praNAma karake lomamayI pramArjanI (mayUra-piccha kI pUMjanI) hAtha meM lI aura pramArjanI ko lekara jina pratimAoM ko pramArjita kiyaa| pramArjita karake surabhi gandhodaka se una jina pratimAoM kA prakSAlana kiyaa| prakSAlana karake sarasa gozIrSa candana kA lepa kiyaa| lepa karake kASAyika surabhi gandha se suvAsita vastra se unako pochaa| una jina-pratimAoM ko akhaNDa devadUSya-yugala phnaayaa| devadUSya pahanA kara puSpa, mAlA, gandha, cUrNa, varNa, vastra aura AbhUSaNa cddh'aaye| ina sabako car3hAne ke anantara phira Upara se nIce taka laTakatI huI lambI-lambI golA mAlAe~ phnaaiiN| mAlAe~ pahanAkara paMcarageM puSyagaNoM ko hAtha meM lekara unakI varSA kI aura mAMDane mADaMkara usa sthAna ko suzobhita

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 33 kiyaa| phira una jina pratimAoM ke sanmukha zubhra, salaune, rajatamaya akSata tanduloM ( cAvaloM) se ATha-ATha maMgaloM kA Alekhana kiyA, yakSa, svAstika yAvat drpnn| tadantara una jina pratimAoM ke sammukha zreSTha kAle agara, kundaru, turaSka, aura dhUpa kI mahakatI sugandha se vyApta aura dhUpabattI ke samAna surabhigandha ko phailAne vAle svarNa evaM maNiratnoM se racita citra-vicitra racanAoM se yukta vaiDUryamaya dhUpadAna ko lekara dhUpakSepa kiyA tathA vizuddha apUrva artha sampanna apunarukta mahimAzAlI eka sau ATha chandoM meM stuti kii| stuti karake sAta ATha paga pIche haTA aura phira pIche haTakara bAMyA ghuTanA UMcA kiyA aura dAyAM ghuTanA jamIna para TikAkara tIna bAra mastaka ko bhUmi tala para nmaayaa| namAkara kucha UMcA uThA tathA mastaka UcA~ karake donoM hAtha joDakara Avarta pUrvaka mastaka para aMjali karake prabhu kI stuti kii| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki munijana jo sacitta dravya kA sparza bhI nahIM karate the ve kevala vaMdana yA guNa-stavana hI karate the kintu gRhastha pUjana sAmagrI meM sacitta dravyoM kA upayoga karate the| yadyapi usa sambandha meM aneka satarkatAeM baratI jAtI haiM jinakA ullekha 7-8 vIM zatI ke jaina AcAryoM ne kiyA hai| jainoM kI pUjA vidhi kI jaba hama vaiSNava vidhi se tulanA karate haiM taba hama pAte haiM ki donoM meM kAphI samAnatA thii| mAtra yahI nahIM jainoM ne apanI pUjA vidhi ko vaiSNava paramparA se gRhIta kiyA thaa| unake AhvAna, visarjana Adi ke mantra na kevala hindU paramparA kI nakala haiM, apitu unakI dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke virodha meM isakI svatantracarcA hamane anya lekha meM kI hai ( zramaNa 1660) vItarAga paramAtmA kI jisane tyAga, vairAgya va tapa kA upadeza diyA usakI pUjA, puSpa, phala, naivedya, dhUpa, dIpa Adi se kI jAya yaha spaSTa rUpa se anya paramparA kA prabhAva hai| cUMki vaiSNava paramparA meM yaha vidhi pracalita thI jainoM ne unhIM se grahIta kara liyA aura ve jina pUjA ke aMga mAna liye ge| vaiSNava paramparA meM paMcopacAra pUjA va SoDaSopacAra pUjA ke ullekha milate haiN| jainoM meM usake sthAna para aSTa prakArI pUjA evaM sataraha bhedI pUjA ke ullekha haiN| donoM meM nAma krama Adi dekhane para yaha siddha hotA hai ki jaina paramparA meM pUjA vidhi kA vikAsa vaiSNava paramparA se prabhAvita hai| sAmAnyatayA bhakti ke kSetra meM vigraha-pUjA kI prAthamikatA rahI hai aura jaina paramparA meM bhI cAhe kiMcita paravartI kyoM na hoM, kintu jina mUrtiyoM kI pUjA ke rUpa meM isakA pracalana huaa| jaina pUjA paddhati vaiSNava bhakti paramparA se na kevala prabhAvita rahI, apitu usakA anukaraNa mAtra hai tathA jaina darzana kI mAnyatAoM ke viruddha hai isa tathya kI paM. phUlacanda jI siddhAnta zAstrI ne bhI jJAna-pITha pUjAJjalI meM vistAra se carcA kI hai| maine bhI apane lekha jaina dharma ke dhArmika anuSThAna evaM kalA tattva meM vistAra se carcA kI hai| yahAM isakA ullekha mAtra yaha batAnA hai ki jaina paramparA meM bhakti mArga kA jo vikAsa hai, vaha hindU paramparA se prabhAvita hokara hI huA hai| jahAM taka dAsa, sakhya, evaM Atma-nivedana rUpa bhaktiyoM ke ullekha kA prazna hai, anIzvaravAdI jaina paramparA meM svAmI-sevaka bhAva se prabhu kI upAsanA svIkRta nahIM rahI hai, kyoMki usameM bhakti kA lakSya usa paramAtma dazA kI prApti hai jisameM svAmI-sevaka kA bhAva

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34 jaina dharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA samApta ho jAtA hai| phira bhI sAdhaka dazA meM paramAtmA ke prati pUjya buddhi jaina paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahI aura usa rUpa meM jaina sAdhaka apane ko paramAtmA kA sevaka bhI sUcita karatA hai| jaina bhakti gItoM meM aneka sthAnoM para bhakta apane ko paramAtmA ke sevaka ke rUpa meM prastuta bhI karatA hai| jaina saMta Anandaghana jI likhate haiM -- eka araja sevaka taNIre, avadhAro jindev| kRpA karI mujha dIjie re, Anandaghana pada seva / / - vimala jina stavana phira bhI vaiSNava bhakti paramparA meM jo sadaiva hI paramAtmA kA sevaka bane rahane kI utkaTa bhAvanA hai, vaha jaina paramparA meM nahIM pAyI jaatii| usakA Adarza to svayaM paramAtma pada ko prApta kara lenA hai| usa sarvocca sthiti meM svAmI aura sevaka kA bheda nahIM raha jaataa| bhakta sadaiva hI yaha prArthanA karatA hai ki -- bhakta aura bhagavAna ke bIca kA yaha antara kaise samApta ho ? santa Anandaghana jI likhate haiM ki -- padyaprabha jina tujha maja AMtarU re, kima bhAMje bhgvNt| karma vipAka kAraNa joinere koI kahe mtimNt|| anta meM usa antara ko samApta hone kI pUrNa AsthA rakhate hue bhakta kahatA hai ki -- tujha mujha antara anta bhAMjase bAjasye maMgalatUra-Anandaghana granthAvalI, padmaprabha jinstvn| isI prakAra sahajAnanda jI prabhu kI stuti karate hue kahate haiM ki -- supArasa prabhu sevathI, sevaka sevya samAnaH anubhava gamya karI laho, sahajAnandaghana yAna... jaina bhakti kA Adarza vAkya hai -- vande tad gunnlbdhye-tttvaarthsuutr-mNglaacrnn| isa prakAra jaina dharma meM bhakti kA prayojana paramAtma dazA ko prApta kara svAmI-sevaka bhAva samApta karanA hI rahA hai| ___isI prakAra sakhya bhAva se bhakti ke ullekha bhI jaina paramparA meM mila jAte haiN| phira bhI donoM paramparA meM jo maulika antara hai use lakSya meM rakhanA hI hogaa| jaina paramparA meM paramAtmA koI eka vyakti vizeSa nahIM hai jisase sakhya bhAva se jur3A jA ske| apitu pratyeka AtmA kA apanA zuddha svarUpa hI usakA sakhA yA mitra haiN| isI prakAra vaiSNava paramparA meM paramAtmA ko pati mAnakara bhakti kI paramparA bhI pAyI jAtI hai| prema aura viraha ke rUpa meM bhakti gItoM kA paramparA ati prAcIna hai| yadyapi jaina paramparA kI sAdhanA kA mukhya uddezya to rAga-bhAva se Upara uThanA hI rahA hai phira bhI paramAtmA ke prati ananya prema kA prakaTana usameM bhI huA hai| yadyapi merI dRSTi meM yaha saba vaiSNava bhaktimArgI paramparA kA hI prabhAva rahA hai| samayasundara, Anandaghana, yazovijaya, devacandra Adi jaina kaviyoM ne paramAtmA ko pati mAnakara aneka bhakti gItoM kI racanA kii| Anandaghana ne

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 35 viraha-bhakti ke aneka gIta likhe haiN| unake kucha udAharaNa prastuta haiM -- RSabha jiNesara prItama mAharo, aura na ghAhU~ kNt| rIMiyoM sAhaba seja na parihare, bhAge sAdi annt|| prIta sagAI jaga mAM saha karai, prIta sagAI na koy| prIta sagAI nirUpAdhika kahI re, sopAdhika dhana khoy|| prItama prAnapati binA, priyA kaise jIvai ho| prAna-pavana virahA-dazA, bhuaMgani pIvai ho|| sItala paMkhA kumakumA, candana kahA lAvai ho| anala na virahAlana yaha hai, tana tApa bar3hAvai ho|| vedana viraha athAha hai, pAnI nava nejA ho| kauna habIba tabIba hai, TArai karaka karejA ho|| gAla hathelI lagAi kai, surasiMdhu hamelI ho| aMsuvana nIra bahAya kai, sIMcU kara belI ho|| milApI Ana milAvo re, mere anubhava mIThaDe miit| cAtika piu piu karai re, pIu milAve na aan| jIva pIvana pIuM pIuM karai pyAre, jIu niu Ana ayAna / / isa prakAra jaina paramparA meM viraha va prema ko lekara aneka bhakti gItoM kI racanAeM huI haiN| usameM zuddha caitanya AtmA ko pati tathA AtmA ke samatA rUpa svAbhAvika dazA ko patnI tathA AtmA kI hI vaibhAvika dazA ko sauta ke rUpa meM citrita kara AdhyAtmika prema kA anUThA varNana kiyA gayA hai| nArada bhaktisUtra meM prema svarUpA bhakti ke nimna gyAraha prakAroM kA ullekha huA hai -- 1. guNamahAtmyAsakti 2. spAsakti 3. pUjAsakti 4. smaraNAsakti 5. dAsyAsakti 6. sakhyAsakti 7. kAntAsakti 8. vAtsalyAsakti 9. AtmanivedanAsakti 10. tanmayatAsakti 11. paramavirahAsakti inameM bhI rUpAsakti, smaraNAsakti, guNamahAtmyAsakti aura pUjAsakti to stavana, vaMdana evaM pUjana ke rUpa meM jaina paramparA meM bhI pAI jAtI hai| zeSa dAsa sakhya, kAntA, vAtsalya Adi ko bhI paravartI jainAcAryoM ne apanI paramparAgata dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke anurUpa banAkara prastuta kiyA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA stavana, vaMdana, vinaya, pUjA aura sevA ina sabhI pakSoM ko samAhita kiye hue hai| sevA ke kSetra meM bhakti ke do rUpa rahe haiM -- eka to svayaM ArAdhya Adi kI pratimA kI sevA karanA, gItA ke yuga se hI saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ko prabhu kA pratinidhi mAnakara unakI sevA ko bhI bhakti meM sthAna diyA gyaa| jaina paramparA meM bhI nizItha cUrNi (sAtavIM zatI) meM yaha prazna uThA ki eka vyakti jo prabhu kA nAma

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36 jaina dharma meM bhakti kI avadhAraNA smaraNa karatA hai, dUsarA jo glAna vRddha va rogiyoM kI suzruSA karatA hai, unameM kauna zreSTha hai ? isa sambandha meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki jo vRddha, rogI Adi kI sevA karatA hai, vaha bhagavAna kI hI sevA karatA hai| isa prakAra bhakti meM sevA kI jo avadhAraNA thI, usane eka loka-kalyANakArI rUpa grahaNa kiyA, yahI jaina bhakti kI vizeSatA hai|

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jainadharma meM svAdhyAya kA artha evaM sthAna jaina sAdhanA kA lakSya samabhAva (sAmAyika) kI upalabdhi hai aura samabhAva kI upalabdhi hetu svAdhyAya aura satsAhitya kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| sat sAhitya kA svAdhyAya manuSya kA eka aisA mitra hai, jo anukUla evaM pratikUla donoM sthitiyoM meM usakA sAtha nibhAtA hai aura usakA mArga-darzana kara usake mAnasika vikSobhoM evaM tanAvoM ko samApta karatA hai| aise sAhitya ke svAdhyAya se vyakti ko sadaiva hI AtmatoSa aura AdhyAtmika Ananda kI anubhUti hotI hai, mAnasika tanAvoM se mukti milatI hai| yaha mAnasika zAMti kA amogha upAya hai| svAdhyAya kA mahattva -- sat - sAhitya svAdhyAya kA mahattva ati prAcIna kAla se hI svIkRta rahA hai / aupaniSadika cintana meM jaba ziSya apanI zikSA pUrNa karake guru ke Azrama se bidAI letA, to use dI jAne vAlI antima zikSAoM meM eka zikSA hotI thI svAdhyAyAn mA pramadaH arthAt svAdhyAya meM pramAda mata krnaa| svAdhyAya eka aisI vastu hai jo guru kI anupasthiti meM bhI guru kA kArya karatI thI / svAdhyAya se hama koI-na-koI mArga darzana prApta kara hI lete haiN| mahAtmA gAMdhI kahA karate the ki "jaba bhI maiM kisI kaThinAI meM hotA hU~, mere sAmane koI jaTila samasyA hotI hai, jisakA nidAna mujhe spaSTa rUpa se pratIta nahIM hotA hai| maiM gItA-mAtA kI goda meM calA jAtA hU~, vahA~ mujhe koI-na-koI samAdhAna avazya mila jAtA hai|" yaha satya hai ki vyakti kitane hI tanAva meM kyoM na ho, agara vaha ImAnadArI se sadgranthoM kA svAdhyAya karatA hai to use unameM apanI pIr3A se mukti kA mArga avazya hI dikhAyI detA hai| -- - pro. sAgaramala jaina jaina paramparA meM jise mukti kahA gayA hai, vaha vastutaH rAga-dveSa se mukti hai, mAnasika tanAvoM se mukti hai aura aisI mukti ke lie pUrva karma saMskAroM kA nirjaraNa yA kSaya Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| nirjarA kA artha hai mAnasika granthiyoM ko jarjarita karanA arthAt mana kI rAga-dveSa, ahaMkAra Adi kI gAMThoM ko kholanA / ise granthi-bheda karanA bhI kahate haiN| nirjarA eka sAdhanA hai| vastutaH vaha tapa kI hI sAdhanA hai| jaina paramparA meM tapa sAdhanA ke jo 12 bheda mAne gae haiM, unameM svAdhyAya kI gaNanA Antarika tapa ke antargata hotI hai| isa prakAra svAdhyAya mukti kA mArga hai| jaina sAdhanA kA eka Avazyaka aMga hai| -- uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM svAdhyAya ko Antarika tapa kA eka prakAra batAte hue usake pA~coM aMgoM evaM unakI upalabdhiyoM kI vistAra se carcA kI gaI hai| bRhatkalpabhASya meM spaSTa rUpa se

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38 jainadharma meM svAdhyAya kA artha evaM sthAna yaha kahA gayA he ki -- "navi atthi na vi a hohI, sajjhAya samaM tapo kamma" arthAt svAdhyAya ke samAna dUsarA tapa na atIta meM koI thA, na vartamAna meM koI hai aura na bhaviSya meM koI hogaa| isa prakAra jaina paramparA meM svAdhyAya ko AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke kSetra meM vizeSa mahattva diyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki svAdhyAya se jJAna kA prakAza prApta hotA hai, jisase samasta duHkhoM kA kSaya ho jAtA hai| vastutaH svAdhyAya jJAna prApti kA eka mahattvapUrNa upAya hai| kahA bhI hai -- nANassa savvassa pagAsaNAe, annANa-mohassa vivjjnnaae| rAgassa dosassa ya saMkhaeNaM, egantasokkhaM samuveI mokkhaM / / tassesa maggo guru-viddhasevA, vajjaNA bAlajaNassa duuraa| sajjhAya-egantanisevaNA ya, suttatthasaMcintaNayA ghiI y|| - uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 32/2-3 arthAt sampUrNa jJAna ke prakAzana se, ajJAna aura moha ke parihAra se, rAga-dveSa ke pUrNa kSaya se jIva ekAnta sukha-rUpa mokSa ko prApta karatA hai| gurujanoM kI aura vRddhoM kI sevA karanA, ajJAnI logoM ke samparka se dUra rahanA, sUtra aura artha kA cintana karanA, svAdhyAya karanA aura dhairya rakhanA -- yahI duHkhoM se mukti kA upAya hai| svAdhyAya kA artha svAdhyAya zabda kA sAmAnya artha hai -- .sva kA adhyyn| vAcaspatyam meM svAdhyAya zabda kI vyAkhyA do prakAra se kI gayI hai -- 1. sva + adhi + INa jisakA tAtparya hai ki sva kA adhyayana karanA, dUsare zabdoM meM svAdhyAya AtmAnubhUti hai, apane andara jhAMka kara apane Apa ko dekhanA hai| vaha svayaM apanA adhyayana hai| merI dRSTi meM apane vicAroM, vAsanAoM va anubhUtiyoM ko jAnane va samajhane kA prayatna hI svAdhyAya hai| vastutaH vaha apanI AtmA kA adhyayana hI hai| AtmA ke darpaNa meM apane ko dekhanA hai| jaba taka sva kA adhyayana nahIM hogA, vyakti apanI vAsanAoM evaM vikAroM kA draSTA nahIM banegA taba taka vaha unheM dUra karane kA prayatna nahIM karegA aura jaba taka ve dUra nahIM hoMge, taba taka AdhyAtmika pavitratA yA Atma-vizuddhi saMbhava nahIM hogI aura Atma-vizuddhi ke binA mukti asambhava hai| yaha eka suspaSTa tathya hai ki jo gahiNI apane ghara kI gaMdagI ko dekha pAtI hai, vaha use dUra kara ghara ko svaccha bhI rakha sakatI hai| isI prakAra jo vyakti apanI manodaihika vikRtiyoM ko jAna letA hai aura unake kAraNoM kA nidAna kara letA hai, vahI suyogya vaidya ke parAmarza se unakI yogya cikitsA karake anta meM svAsthya lAbha karatA hai| yahI bAta hamArI AdhyAtmika vikRtiyoM ko dUra karane kI prakriyA meM bhI lAgU hotI hai| jo vyakti svayaM apane andara jhAMkakara apanI caitasika vikRtiyoM arthAt kaSAyoM ko jAna letA hai, vahI yogya guru ke sAnidhya meM unakA nirAkaraNa karake AdhyAtmika vizuddhatA ko prApta kara letA hai| isa prakAra svAdhyAya arthAt sva kA adhyayana Atma-vizuddhi kI eka anupama sAdhanA siddha hotI hai| hameM smaraNa rakhanA hogA

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 39 svAdhyAya kA mUla artha to apanA adhyayana hI hai, svayaM meM jhAMkanA hai| svayaM ko jAnane aura pahacAnane kI vRtti ke abhAva se sUtroM yA granthoM ke adhyayana kA koI bhI lAbha nahIM hotA hai| antarcakSu ke unmIlana ke binA jJAna kA prakAza sArthaka nahIM bana pAtA hai| kahA bhI hai -- subahupi suyamahIyaM, kiM kAhI? crnnvipphiinnss| aMdhassa jaha palittA, dIvasayasahassa koddivi|| appaMpi suyamahIyaM, payAsayaM hoI crnnjuttss| ikko vi jaha paIvo, sacakkhuassa pyaaseii|| - Avazyakaniyukti, 88-89 arthAt jaise aMdhe vyakti ke lie karor3oM dIpakoM kA prakAza bhI vyartha hai -- kintu A~kha vAle vyakti ke lie eka bhI dIpaka kA prakAza sArthaka hotA hai| usI prakAra jisake antara-cakSu khula gaye haiM, jisakI antaryAtrA prArambha ho cukI hai, aise AdhyAtmika sAdhaka ke lie svalpa adhyayana bhI lAbhaprada hotA hai, anyathA Atma vismRta vyakti ke lie karor3oM padoM kA jJAna bhI nirarthaka hai| svAdhyAya meM antarcakSu kA khulanA -- Atma-draSTA bananA, svayaM meM jhAMkanA, pahalI zarta hai, zAstra kA par3hanA yA adhyayana karanA usakA dUsarA caraNa hai| svAdhyAya zabda kI dUsarI vyAkhyA su+A+aghi ID - isa rUpa meM bhI kI gaI hai| isa dRSTi se svAdhyAya kI paribhASA hotI hai -- zobhano'dhyAyaH svAdhyAyaH arthAt sat-sAhitya kA adhyayana karanA hI svAdhyAya hai| svAdhyAya kI ina donoM paribhASAoM ke AdhAra para eka bAta jo ubhara kara sAmane AtI hai vaha yaha ki sabhI prakAra kA paThana-pAThana svAdhyAya nahIM hai| Atma-vizuddhi ke lie kiyA gayA apanI svakIya vRttiyoM, bhAvanAoM va vAsanAoM athavA vicAroM kA adhyayana yA nirIkSaNa tathA aise sadgranthoM kA paThana-pAThana, jo hamArI caittasika vikRtiyoM ke samajhane aura unheM dUra karane meM sahAyaka hoM, hI svAdhyAya ke antargata AtA hai| viSaya-vAsanA varddhaka, bhogAkAMkSAoM ko udIpta karane vAle, citta ko vicalita karane vAle aura AdhyAtmika zAMti aura samatA ko bhaMga karane vAle sAhitya kA adhyayana svAdhyAya kI koTi meM nahIM AtA hai| unhIM granthoM kA adhyayana hI svAdhyAya kI koTi meM AtA hai jisase citta vRttiyoM kI caMcalatA kama hotI ho, mana prazAnta hotA ho aura jIvana meM saMtoSa kI vRtti vikasita hotI ho| svAdhyAya kA svarUpa svAdhyAya ke antargata kauna sI pravRttiyAM AtI haiM, isakA vizleSaNa jaina paramparA meM vistAra se kiyA gayA hai| svAdhyAya ke pA~ca aMga mAne gae haiM -- 1. vAcanA 2. pratipRcchanA 3. parAvartanA 4. anuprekSA aura 5. dhrmkthaa| 1. guru ke sAnidhya meM sadgranthoM kA adhyayana karanA vAcanA hai| vartamAna sandarbha meM hama kisI sadgrantha ke paThana-pAThana evaM adhyayana ko vAcanA ke artha meM grahIta kara sakate haiN|

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___40 jainadharma meM svAdhyAya kA artha evaM sthAna 2. pratipacchanA kA artha hai paThita yA paDhe jAne vAle grantha ke arthabodha meM sandeha Adi kI nivRtti hetu jijJAsA vRtti se, yA viSaya ke spaSTIkaraNa ke nimitta prazna-uttara krnaa| 3. pUrva paThita grantha kI punarAvRtti yA pArAyaNa karanA, yaha parAvartanA hai| 4. pUrva paThita viSaya ke sandarbha meM cintana-manana karanA anuprekSA hai| 5. isI prakAra adhyayana ke mAdhyama se jo jJAna prApta huA hai, use dUsaroM ko pradAna karanA yA dharmopadeza denA dharmakathA hai| yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hai ki svAdhyAya ke kSetra meM ina pA~coM avasthAoM kA eka krama hai| inameM prathama sthAna vAcanA kA hai| adhyayana kie gae viSaya ke spaSTa bodha ke lie praznottara ke mAdhyama se zaMkA kA nivAraNa karanA -- isakA krama dUsarA hai, kyoMki jaba taka adhyayana nahIM hogA taba taka zaMkA Adi bhI nahIM hogeN| adhyayana kie gae viSaya ke sthirIkaraNa ke lie usakA pArAyaNa Avazyaka hai| isase eka ora smRti sudRr3ha hotI hai to dUsarI ora kramazaH artha-bodha meM spaSTatA kA vikAsa hotA hai -- isake pazcAt anuprekSA yA cintana kA krama AtA hai| cintana ke mAdhyama se vyakti paThita viSaya ko na kevala sthira karatA hai, apitu vaha usake arthabodha kI gaharAI meM jAkara svataH kI anubhUti ke stara para use samajhane kA prayatna karatA hai| isa prakAra cintana evaM manana ke dvArA jaba viSaya spaSTa ho jAya, to vyakti ko dharmopadeza dene yA adhyayana karAne kA adhikAra milatA hai| svAdhyAya ke lAbha uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM yaha prazna upasthita kiyA gayA hai ki svAdhyAya se jIva ko kyA lAbha hotA hai ? isake uttara meM kahA gayA hai ki svAdhyAya se jJAnAvaraNakarma kA kSaya hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM AtmA mithyAjJAna kA AvaraNa dUra karake samyakjJAna kA arjana karatA hai| svAdhyAya ke isa sAmAnya lAbha kI carcA ke sAtha uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM svAdhyAya ke pA~coM aMgoM -- vAcanA, prati pRcchanA, dharmakathA Adi ke apane apane kyA lAbha hote haiM isakI bhI carcA kI gayI hai, jo nimna rUpa meM pAyI jAtI hai -- bhante ! vAcanA ( adhyayana) se jIva ko kyA prApta hotA hai ? vAcanA se jIva karmoM kI nirjarA karatA hai, zrutajJAna kI AzAtanA ke doSa se dUra rahane vAlA vaha tIrtha-dharma kA avalambana karatA hai -- gaNadharoM ke samAna jijJAsu ziSyoM ko zruta pradAna karatA hai| tIrtha-dharma kA avalambana lekara karmoM kI mahAnirjarA karatA hai aura mahAparyavasAna (saMsAra kA anta) karatA hai| bhante ! pratipRcchanA se jIva ko kyA prApta hotA hai ? pratipacchanA (pUrvapaThita zAstra ke sambandha meM zaMkAnivRtti ke lie prazna karanA) se jIva sUtra, artha aura tadubhaya arthAt donoM se sambandhita kAMkSAmohanIya (saMzaya) kA nirAkaraNa karatA bhante ! parAvartanA se jIva ko kyA prApta hotA hai ?

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pro. sAgaramala jaina parAvartanA se arthAt paThita pATha ke punarAvartana se vyaMjana (zabda - pATha) sthira hotA hai aura jIva padAnusAritA Adi vyaMjanA - labdhi ko prApta hotA hai| bhante ! anuprekSA se jIva ko kyA prApta hotA hai ? anuprekSA arthAt sUtrArtha ke cintana-manana se jIva AyuSyakarma ko chor3akara zeSa jJAnAvaraNAdi sAta karmoM kI prakRtiyoM ke pragAr3ha bandhana ko zithila karatA hai| unakI dIrghakAlIna sthiti ko alpakAlIna karatA hai| unake tIvra rasAnubhAva ko manda karatA hai / bahukarma pradezoM ko alpa-pradezoM meM parivartita karatA hai| AyuSyakarma kA bandha kadAcit karatA hai, kadAcit nahIM bhI karatA hai| asAtAvedanIyakarma kA punaH punaH upacaya nahIM karatA hai / jo saMsAra aTavI anAdi evaM ananta hai, dIrghamArga se yukta hai, jisake narakAdi gatirUpa cAra anta (avayava) hai, use zIghra hI pAra karatA hai / 41 bhante ! dharmakathA (dharmopadeza ) se jIva ko kyA prApta hotA hai ? dharma kathA se jIva karmoM kI nirjarA karatA hai aura pravacana (zAsana evaM siddhAnta ) kI prabhAvanA karatA hai| pravacana kI prabhAvanA karane vAlA jIva bhaviSya meM zubha phala dene vAle puNya karmoM kA bandha karatA hai 1 I -- isI prakAra sthAnAMga sUtra meM bhI zAstrAdhyayana ke kyA lAbha haiM ? isakI carcA upalabdha hotI hai| isameM kahA gayA hai ki sUtra kI vAcanA ke 5 lAbha haiM. 1. vAcanA se zruta kA saMgraha hotA hai arthAt yadi adhyayana kA krama banA rahe to jJAna kI vaha paramparA avicchinna rUpa se calatI rahatI hai| 2. zAstrAdhyayana-adhyApana kI pravRtti se ziSya kA hita hotA hai, kyoMki vaha usake jJAna kI prApti kA mahatvapUrNa sAdhana hai| 3. zAstrAdhyayana arthAt adhyApana kI pravRtti banI rahane se jJAnAvaraNa karma kI nirjarA hotI hai arthAt ajJAna kA nAza hotA hai| 4. adhyayana-adhyApana kI pravRtti ke jIvita rahane se usake vismRta hone kI sambhAvanA nahIM rahatI hai| 5. jaba zruta sthira rahatA hai to usakI avicchinna paramparA calatI rahatI hai| svAdhyAya kA prayojana sthAnAMgasUtra (5) meM svAdhyAya kyoM karanA cAhie isakI carcA upalabdha hotI hai| isameM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki svAdhyAya ke nimna pA~ca prayojana hone cAhie 1. jJAna kI prApti ke liye 2. samyaka jJAna kI prApti ke liye 3. sadAcaraNa meM pravRtti ke hetu 4. durAgrahoM aura ajJAna kA vimocana karane ke liye 5. yathArtha kA bodha karane ke lie yA yathA avasthita bhAvoM kA jJAna prApta karane ke lie / AcArya akalaMka ne tatvArtharAjavArtika, 9 / 25 meM svAdhyAya ke nimna pA~ca prayojanoM kI bhI carcA kI hai -- 1. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 29/20-24.

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42 jainadharma meM svAdhyAya kA artha evaM sthAna 1. buddhi kI nirmalatA, 2. prazasta manobhAvoM kA prApti, 3. jina zAsana kI rakSA, 4. saMzaya kI nivRti, 5. parivAdiyoM kI zaMkA kA nirasana, 6. tapa-tyAga kI vRddhi aura aticAroM (doSoM) kI shuddhi| svAdhyAya kA sAdhaka jIvana meM sthAna svAdhyAya kA jaina paramparA meM kitanA mahattva rahA hai, isa sambandha meM maiM apanI ora se kucha na kahakara uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke mAdhyama se hI apanI bAta ko spaSTa kruuNgaa| usameM muni kI jIvana-caryA kI carcA karate hue kahA gayA hai-- divasassa cauro bhAge kujjA bhikkhU viyakkhaNo / tao uttaraguNe kujjA diNabhAgesu causu vi|| paDhama porisiM sajjhAyaM bIyaM jhANaM jhiyaayii| taiyAe bhikkhAcariyaM puNo cautthIe sjjhaayN|| rati pi ghauro bhAge bhikkhU kujjA viykkhnno| tao uttaraguNe kujjA rAibhAesu causu vi|| paDhamaM porisi sajjhAyaM bIyaM jhiyaayii| taiyAe niddamokkhaM tu ghautthI bhujjo vi sjjhaayN|| - uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 26/11,12,17,18 muni dina ke prathama prahara meM svAdhyAya kareM, dUsare prahara meM dhyAna kareM, tIsare meM bhikSA-caryA evaM daihika AvazyakatA kI nivRtti kA kArya kreN| punaH caturtha prahara meM svAdhyAya kareM isI prakAra rAtri ke prathama prahara meM svAdhyAya, dUsare meM dhyAna, tIsare meM nidrA va cauthe meM punaH svAdhyAya kA nirdeza hai| isa prakAra muni pratidina cAra prahara arthAt 12 ghaMTe svAdhyAya meM rata rahe, dUsare zabdoM meM sAdhaka jIvana kA AdhA bhAga svAdhyAya ke liye niyata thaa| isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jainaparamparA meM svAdhyAya kI mahattva prAcIna kAla se hI susthApita rahA hai, kyoMki yahI eka aisA mAdhyama thA jisake dvArA vyakti ke ajJAna kA nivAraNa tathA AdhyAtmika vizuddhi sambhava thii| satsAhitya ke adhyayana kI dizAyeM sata-sAhitya ke paThana ke rUpa meM svAdhyAya kI kyA upayogitA hai ? yaha suspaSTa hai| vastutaH sat- sAhitya kA adhyayana vyakti kI jIvana dRSTi ko hI badala detA hai| aise aneka loga haiM jinakI sat-sAhitya ke adhyayana se jIvana kI dizA hI badala gyii| svAdhyAya eka aisA mAdhyama hai, jo ekAMta ke kSaNoM meM hameM akelApana mahasUsa nahIM hone detA aura eka sacce mitra kI bhA~ti sadaiva sAtha detA hai aura mArga-darzana karatA hai| vartamAna yuga meM yadyapi logoM meM par3hane-par3hAne kI rudhi vikasita huI hai, kintu hamAre paThana kI viSaya vastu samyaka nahI hai| Aja ke vyakti ke paThana-pAThana kA mukhya viSaya patra-patrikAe~ haiN|

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pro. sAgaramala jaina inameM mukhya rUpa se ve hI patrikAe~ adhika pasaMda kI jA rahI haiM jo vAsanAoM ko ubhArane vAlI tathA jIvana ke vidvapita pakSa ko yathArtha ke nAma para prakaTa karane vAlI haiN| Aja samAja meM naitika mUlyoM kA jo patana hai usakA kAraNa hamAre prasAra mAdhyama bhI haiN| ina mAdhyamoM meM patra-patrikAe~ tathA AkAzavANI evaM dUradarzana pramukha haiN| Aja sthiti aisI hai ki ye sabhI apaharaNa, balAtkAra, gabana, DakaitI, corI, hatyA -- ina sabakI sUcanAoM se bhare par3e hote haiM aura hama unako par3hane aura dekhane meM adhika rasa lete haiN| inake darzana aura pradarzana se hamArI jIvana dRSTi hI vikRta ho cukI hai, Aja saccaritra vyaktiyoM evaM unake jIvana vRttAntoM kI sAmAnya rUpa se ina mAdhyamoM ke kharA upekSA kI jAtI hai| ataH naitikamUlyoM aura sadAcAra se hamArI AsthA uThatI jA rahI ___ ina vikRta paristhitiyoM meM yadi manuSya ke caritra ko uThAnA hai aura use sanmArga evaM naitikatA kI ora prerita karanA hai to hameM apane adhyayana kI dRSTi badalanA hogaa| Aja sAhitya ke nAma para jo bhI hai vaha paThanIya hai, aisA nahIM hai| Aja yaha Avazyaka hai ki satsAhitya kA prasAraNa ho aura logoM meM usake adhyayana kI abhiruci jAgrata ho| yahI sacce artha meM svAdhyAya hai| - pro. sAgaramala jaina, nidezaka, pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI-5.

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jaina sAdhanA meM dhyAna sAgaramala jaina zramaNadhArA aura dhyAna _ bhAratIya adhyAtmavAdI paramparA meM dhyAna sAdhanA kA astitva ati prAcInakAla se hI rahA hai| yahAM taka ki ati prAcIna nagara mohana-jodaro aura harappA se khudAI meM, jo sIleM Adi upalabdha huI haiM, unameM bhI dhyAnamudrA meM yogiyoM ke aMkana pAye jAte haiN| isa prakAra aitihAsika adhyayana ke, jo bhI prAcInatama srota hameM upalabdha haiM, ve sabhI bhArata meM dhyAna kI paramparA ke ati prAcInakAla se pracalita hone kI puSTi karate haiN| unase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki bhArata meM yajJa-mArga kI apekSA dhyAna mArga kI paramparA prAcIna hai aura use sadaiva hI AdarapUrNa sthAna prApta rahA hai| aupaniSadika paramparA aura usakI sahavartI zramaNa paramparAoM meM sAdhanA kI dRSTi se dhyAna kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna rahA thaa| aupaniSadika RSi-gaNa aura zramaNa-sAdhaka apanI dainika jIvanacaryA meM dhyAna-sAdhanA ko sthAna dete rahe haiM - yaha eka nirvivAda tathya hai| mahAvIra aura buddha ke pUrva bhI aneka aise zramaNa sAdhaka the, jo dhyAna sAdhanA kI viziSTa vidhiyoM ke na kevala jJAtA the, apitu apane sAnnidhya meM aneka sAdhakoM ko una dhyAnasAdhanA kI vidhiyoM kA abhyAsa bhI karavAte the| ina AcAryoM ko dhyAna sAdhanA ko apanI-apanI viziSTa vidhiyAM thIM,aise saMketa bhI milate haiN| buddha apane sAdhanAkAla meM aise hI eka dhyAna-sAdhaka zramaNa AcArya rAmaputta ke pAsa svayaM dhyAna-sAdhanA ke abhyAsa ke lie gaye the| rAmaputta ke saMbaMdha meM tripiTaka sAhitya meM yaha bhI ullekha milatA hai ki svayaM bhagavAn buddha jJAna prApti ke pazcAt bhI apanI sAdhanA kI upalabdhiyoM ko batAne hetu unase milane ke lie utsuka the, kintu taba taka unakI mRtyu ho cukI thii| inhIM rAmaputta kA ullekha jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhI AtA hai| prAkRta AgamoM meM sUtrakRtAMga meM unake nAma ke nirdeza ke atirikta antakRtdazA', RSibhASita Adi meM to unase saMbaMdhita svataMtra adhyAya bhI rahe the| durbhAgya se antakRtdazA kA vaha adhyAya to Aja lupta ho cukA hai, kintu RSibhASitA meM unake upadezoM kA saMkalana Aja bhI upalabdha hai| 1) Mohenjodaro and Indus Civilization, John Marshall Vol. I. Page 52 2) Dictionary of Pali Proper Names. By J. P. Malal Sckhar (1937) ___Vol. I. P. 382-83 3) sUtrakRtAMga 1 / 3 / 4 / 2-3 4) sthAnAMga 10 / 133 (isameM antakRtdazA kI prAcIna viSayavastu kA ullekha hai) 5) isibhAsiyAI - adhyAya 23 6) vahI, adhyAya 23

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45 buddha aura mahAvIra ko jJAna kA jo prakAza upalabdha huA vaha unakI dhyAna sAdhanA kA pariNAma hI thA, isameM Aja kisI prakAra kA vaimatya nahIM hai| kintu hamArA yaha durbhAgya hai ki prAcIna sAhitya meM bhI dhyAna sAdhanA kI ina paddhatiyoM ke vistRta vivaraNa Aja upalabdha nahIM haiM, mAtra yatra-tatra vikIrNa nirdeza hI hameM milate haiN| phira bhI jo sUcanAyeM upalabdha haiM, unake AdhAra para itanA to kahA hI jA sakatA hai ki aupaniSadika RSigaNa aura zramaNa sAdhaka apane AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke lie dhyAna-sAdhanA kI vibhinna paddhatiyoM kA anusaraNa karate the| unakI dhyAna-sAdhanA paddhatiyoM ke kucha avazeSa Aja bhI hameM yoga paramparA ke sAtha-sAtha jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM mila jAte haiN| jaina dharma aura dhyAna zramaNa paramparA kI nirgranthadhArA - jo Aja jaina paramparA ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai - apane astitva kAla se dhyAna sAdhanA se jur3I huI hai| prAkRta sAhitya ke prAcInatama graMthoM AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, RSibhASita Adi meM dhyAna kA mahattva spaSTa rUpa se pratipAdita hai| RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAI) meM to spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki zarIra meM jo sthAna mastiSka kA hai, sAdhanA meM vahI sthAna dhyAna kA hai|" uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM zramaNa jIvana kI dinacaryA kA vivaraNa prastuta karate hue kahA gayA hai ki pratyeka zramaNa sAdhaka ko dina aura rAtri ke dUsare prahara meM niyamita rUpa se dhyAna karanA caahie| Aja bhI jaina zramaNa ko nidrAtyAga ke pazcAt, bhikSAcaryA evaM padayAtrA se lauTane para gamanAgamana evaM malamUtra Adi ke visarjana ke pazcAt tathA prAtaHkAlIna aura sAyaMkAlIna pratikramaNa karate samaya dhyAna karanA hotA hai| usake AcAra aura upAsanA ke sAtha kadama-kadama para dhyAna prakriyA jur3I huI hai| 2 jaina paramparA meM dhyAna kA kitanA mahatva hai - isakA sabase bar3A pramANa to yaha hai ki jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAyeM cAhe ve khaDgAsana meM hoM yA padmAsana meM sadaiva hI dhyAnamudrA meM upalabdha hotI haiN| Aja taka koI bhI jina pratimA dhyAna-mudrA ke atirikta kisI bhI anya mudrA meM upalabdha hI nahIM huI hai| yadyapi tIrthaMkara yA jina pratimAoM ke atirikta buddha kabhI kucha pratimAyeM dhyAna mudrA meM upalabdha huI haiM kintu buddha kI adhikAMza pratimAyeM to dhyAnetara mudrAoM - yathA abhayamudrA, varada mudrA aura upadeza- mudrA meM hI milatI haiN| isI prakAra ziva kI kucha pratimAyeM bhI dhyAna mudrA meM milatI haiM - kintu nRtyu mudrA Adi meM bhI ziva pratimAyeM vipula parimANa meM upalabdha hotI haiN| isa prakAra jahAM anya paramparAoM meM 1) isimAsiyAI (RSibhASita), 22 / 14 2) uttarAdhyayana sUtra 26 / 18 3) zramaNa sUtra (upAdhyAya amaramuni), prathama saMskaraNa pR. 133-134

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46 apane ArAdhya devoM kI pratimAyeM dhyAnetara mudrAoM meM bhI banatI rahIM. vahAM tIrthakara yA jina pratimAyeM mAtra dhyAnamudrA meM hI nirmita huI, kisI bhI anya mudrA meM nahIM bniiN| jinapratimAoM ke nirmANa kA do sahasra varSa kA itihAsa isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki kabhI bhI koI bhI jinapratimA/tIrthakara pratimA dhyAna-mudrA ke atirikta kisI anya mudrA meM nahIM banAI gyii| isase jaina paramparA meM dhyAna kA kyA sthAna rahA hai - yaha suspaSTa ho jAtA hai| jainAcAryoM ne dhyAna ko sAdhanA kA mastiSka mAnA hai| jisa prakAra mastiSka ke niSkriya ho jAne para mAnava jIvana kA koI artha nahIM raha jAtA hai,usI prakAra dhyAna ke abhAva meM jaina sAdhanA kA koI artha nahIM raha jAtA hai| dhyAna - sAdhanA kI AvazyakatA mAnava mana svabhAvataH caMcala mAnA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM mana ko duSTa azva kI saMjJA dI gaI, jo kumArga meM bhAgatA hai| gItA meM mana ko caMcala batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki usako nigrahIta karanA vAyu ko rokane ke samAna ati kaThina hai| caMcala mana meM vikalpa uThate rahate haiM - inhIM vikalpoM ke kAraNa caittasika AkulatA yA azAnti kA janma hotA hai| yaha AkulatA hI cetanA meM udvignatA yA tanAva kI upasthiti kI sUcaka hai| citta kI yaha udvigna yA tanAvapUrNa sthiti hI asamAdhi yA duHkha hai| isI caittasika pIr3A yA duHkha se vimukti pAnA samagra AdhyAtmika sAdhanA paddhatiyoM kA mUlabhUta lakSya hai| ise hI nirvANa yA mukti kahA gayA hai| manuSya meM duHkha-vimukti kI bhAvanA sadaiva hI rahI hai| yaha svAbhAvika hai, Aropita nahIM hai| kyoMki koI bhI vyakti tanAva yA udvignatA kI sthiti meM jInA nahIM cAhatA hai| udvignatA cetanA kI vibhAvadazA hai| vibhAvadazA se svabhAva meM lauTanA yahI sAdhanA hai| pUrva yA pazcima kI sabhI adhyAtmapradhAna sAdhanA vidhiyoM kA lakSya yahI rahA hai ki citta ko AkulatA, udvignatA yA tanAvoM se mukta karake, use nirAkula, anudvigna cittadazA yA samAdhibhAva meM sthita kiyA jaaye| isaliye sAdhanA vidhiyoM kA lakSya nirvikAra aura nirvikalpa samatA yukta citta kI upalabdhi hI hai| ise hI samAdhi/sAmAyika (prAkRtasamAhi) kahA gayA hai| dhyAna isI samAdhi yA nirvikalpa citta kI upalabdhi kA abhyAsa hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki ve sabhI sAdhanA paddhatiyAM jo citta ko anudvigna, nirAkula, nirvikAra aura nirvikalpa yA dUsare zabdoM meM samatva-yukta banAnA cAhatI haiM, dhyAna ko apanI sAdhanA meM avazya sthAna detI haiN| 1) uttarAdhyayana sUtra 23 / 55-56 2) bhagavadgItA 6 / 34

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47 dhyAna kA svarUpa evaM prakriyA jainAcAryoM ne dhyAna ko 'cittanirodha' kahA hai| citta kA nirodha ho jAnA hI dhyAna hai| dUsare zabdoM meM yaha mana kI caMcalatA ko samApta karane kA abhyAsa hai| jaba dhyAna siddha ho jAtA hai to citta kI caMcalatA svataH hI samApta ho jAtI hai| yogadarzana meM 'yoga' ko paribhASita karate hue bhI kahA gayA hai ki cittavRtti kA nirodha hI 'yoga' hai| spaSTa hai ki citta kI caMcalatA kI samApti yA cittavRtti kA nirodha dhyAna se hI sambhava hai| ataH dhyAna ko sAdhanA kA Avazyaka aMga mAnA gayA hai| gItA meM mana kI caMcalatA ke nirodha ko vAyu ko rokane ke samAna ati kaThina mAnA gayA hai| usameM usake nirodha ke do upAya batAye gaye haiM - 1. abhyAsa, 2. vairaagy| uttarAdhyayana meM mana rUpI duSTa azva ko nigrahIta karane ke lie zruta rUpI rassiyoM kA prayoga Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai| caMcala citta kI saMkalpa-vikalpAtmaka taraMgeM yA vAsanAjanya Avega sahaja hI samApta nahIM ho jAte haiN| pahale unakI bhAga-daur3a ko samApta karanA hotA hai| kintu yaha vAsanonmukha sakriya-mana yA vikSobhita citta nirodha ke saMkalpa mAtra se niyantrita nahIM ho pAtA hai| punaH yadi use balAt rokane kA prayala kiyA jAtA hai to vaha adhika vikSubdha hokara manuSya ko pAgalapana ke kaMgAra para pahuMcA detA hai, jaise tIvra gati se calate hue vAhana ko yakAyaka rokane kA prayatna bhayaMkara durghaTanA kA hI kAraNa banatA hai, usI prakAra citta kI caMcalatA kA yakAyaka nirodha vikSiptatA kA kAraNa banatA hai| prathamataH mAnava mana kI gatizIlatA ko niyaMtrita kara usakI gati kI dizA badalanI hotI hai| jJAna yA vivekarUpI lagAma ke dvArA usa mana rUpI duSTa azva ko kumArga se sanmArga kI dizA meM mor3A jAtA hai| isase usakI sakriyatA yakAyaka samApta to nahIM hotI, kintu usakI dizA badala jAtI hai| dhyAna meM bhI yahI karanA hotA hai| dhyAna meM sarva prathama mana ko vAsanA rUpI vikalpoM se mor3akara dharma-cintana meM lagAyA jAtA hai - phira kramazaH isa cintana kI prakriyA ko zithila yA kSINa kiyA jAtA hai| anta meM eka aisI sthiti A jAtI hai jaba mana pUrNataH niSkriya ho jAtA hai, usakI bhAgadaur3a samApta ho jAtI hai| aisA mana, mana na rahakara 'amana' ho jAtA hai| mana ko 'amana' banA denA hI dhyAna hai| isa prakAra caittasika tanAvoM yA vikSobhoM ko samApta karane ke lie athavA nirvikalpa aura zAnta citta-dazA kI upalabdhi ke lie dhyAna sAdhanA Avazyaka hai| 1) tattvAtha sUtra 9 / 27 2) gItA 6 / 34 3) uttarAdhyayana sUtra 23156

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48 usake dvArA saMkalpa-vikalpoM meM vibhakta citta ko kendrita kiyA jAtA hai| vividha vAsanAoM, AkAMkSAoM aura icchAoM ke kAraNa cetanA-zakti aneka rUpoM meM vikhaNDita hokara svataH meM hI saMgharSazIla ho jAtI hai| usa zakti kA yaha bikharAva hI hamArA AdhyAtmika patana hai| dhyAna isa caittasika vighaTana ko samApta kara cetanA ko kendrita karatA hai| cUMki vaha vighaTita cetanA ko saMgaThita karatA hai| isIlie vaha 'yoga' (Unification) hai| dhyAna cetanA ke saMgaThana kI kalA hai| saMgaThita cetanA hI zaktisrota hai, isIlie yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki dhyAna se aneka Atmika labdhiyAM yA siddhiyAM prApta hotI haiN| cittadhArA jaba vAsanAoM evaM AkAMkSAoM ke mArga se bahatI hai to vaha vAsanAoM, AkAMkSAoM, icchAoM kI svAbhAvika bahuvidhatA ke kAraNa aneka dhArAoM meM vibhakta hokara nirbala ho jAtI hai| dhyAna ina vibhakta evaM nirbala cittadhArAoM ko eka dizA meM mor3ane kA prayAsa hai| jaba dhyAna kI sAdhanA yA abhyAsa se cittadhArA eka dizA meM bahane lagatI hai, to na kevala vaha sabala hotI hai, apitu niyaMtrita hone se usakI dizA bhI samyak hotI hai| jisa prakAra bAMdha vikIrNa jaladhArAoM ko ekatrita kara unheM sabala aura suniyojita karatA hai, usI prakAra dhyAna bhI hamArI cetanAdhArA ko sabala aura suniyojita karatA hai| jisa prakAra bAMdha dvArA suniyojita jala-zakti: kA samyak upayoga sambhava ho pAtA hai, usI prakAra dhyAna dvArA suniyojita cetanazakta kA samyak upayoga sambhava hai| ___ saMkSepa meM Atmazakti ke kendrIkaraNa evaM use samyak dizA meM niyojita karane ke lie dhyAna sAdhanA Avazyaka hai| vaha citta vRttiyoM kI nirarthaka bhAgadaur3a ko samApta kara hameM mAnasika vikSobhoM evaM vikAroM se mukta rakhatA hai| pariNAmataH vaha AdhyAtmika zAnti aura nirvikalpa citta kI upalabdhi kA anyatama sAdhana hai| dhyAna ke pArampArika evaM vyAvahArika lAbha dhyAnazataka (jhANajjhayana) meM dhyAna se honevAle pAramparika evaM vyAvahArika lAbhoM kI vistRta carcA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki dharmadhyAna se zubhAsrava, saMvara, nirjarA aura devaloka ke sukha prApta hote haiN| zukla dhyAna ke bhI prathama do caraNoM kA pariNAma zubhAsrava evaM anuttara devaloka ke sukha haiM, jabaki zukla dhyAna ke antima do caraNoM kA phala mokSa yA nirvANa hai| yahAM yaha smaraNa rakhane yogya hai ki jaba taka dhyAna meM vikalpa hai, AkAMkSA hai, cAhe vaha prazasta hI kyoM na ho, taba taka vaha zubhAsrava kA kAraNa to hogA hii| 1) puDho chaMdA iha mANavA, puDho dukkhaM pvedit| - AcArAMga 1 / 5 / 2 / 25 aNegacitte khalu ayaM purise, se keyaNaM arihae pUraittae - AcArAMga 5 / 3 / 2

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49 phira bhI yaha zubhAsrava antatogatvA mukti kA nimitta hone se upAdeya hI mAnA gayA hai| aisA Asrava mithyAtva ke abhAva ke kAraNa saMsAra kI abhivRddhi kA kAraNa nahIM banatA hai|' punaH dhyAna ke lAbhoM kI carcA karate hue usameM kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra jala vastra ke mala ko dhokara use nirmala banA detA hai, usI prakAra dhyAnarUpI jala AtmA ke karmarUpI mala ko dhokara use nirmala banA detA hai| jisa prakAra agni lohe ke maila ko dUra kara detI hai, jisa prakAra vAyu se prerita agni dIrghakAla se saMcita kASTha ko jalA detI hai, usI prakAra dhyAnarUpI vAyu se prerita sAdhanArUpI agni pUrvabhavoM ke saMcita karma saMskAroM ko naSTa kara detI hai| usI prakAra dhyAnarUpI agni AtmA para lage hue karmarUpI mala ko dUra kara detI hai| jisa prakAra vAyu se tADita . .. megha zIghra hI vilIna ho jAte haiN| usI prakAra dhyAnarUpI vAyu se tADita karmarUpI medha zIghra vilIna ho jAte haiN| saMkSepa meM dhyAna sAdhanA se AtmA karmarUpI mala evaM AvaraNa se mukta hokara apanI zuddha nirvikAra jJAtAdraSTA avasthA ko prApta ho jAtA hai| dhyAna ke ina cAra alaukika yA AdhyAtmika lAbhoM ke atirikta granthakAra ne usake aihika, manovaijJAnika lAbhoM kI bhI carcA kI hai| vaha kahatA hai ki jisakA citta dhyAna meM saMlagna hai, vaha krodhAdi kaSAyoM se utpanna honevAle IrSyA, viSAda, zoka Adi mAnasika duHkhoM se pIDita nahIM hotA hai|5 granthakAra ke isa kathana kA rahasya yaha hai ki jaba dhyAna meM AtmA apramatta cetA hokara jJAtA-draSTA bhAva meM sthita hotA hai, to usa apramattatA kI sthiti meM na to kaSAya hI kriyAzIla hote haiM aura na unase utpanna IrSyA, dveSa, viSAda Adi bhAva hI utpanna hote haiN| dhyAnI vyakti pUrva saMskAroM ke kAraNa utpanna honevAle kaSAyoM ke vipAka ko mAtra dekhatA hai, kintu una bhAvoM meM pariNata nahIM hotA hai| ataH kASAyika bhAvoM kI pariNati nahIM hone se usake citta ke mAnasika tanAva samApta ho jAte haiN| dhyAna mAnasika tanAvoM se mukti kA anyatama sAdhana hai| dhyAnazataka (jhANajjhayaNa) ke anusAra dhyAna se na kevala Atma vizuddhi aura mAnasika tanAvoM se mukti milatI hai, apitu zArIrika pIr3AyeM bhI kama ho jAtI haiN| usameM likhA hai ki jo citta dhyAna meM atizaya sthiratA prApta kara cukA hai, vaha zIta, uSNa Adi zArIrika duHkhoM se bhI vicalita nahIM hotA hai| vaha unheM nirAkulatApUrvaka sahana kara letA hai| yaha hamArA 1) dhyAna zataka (jhANajjhayaNa) 93-96 2)vahI 97-100 3) vahI 101 4) vahI 102 5) dhyAnazataka (vIrasevAmaMdira) 103 6)vahI 104

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vyAvahArika anubhava hai ki jaba hamArI cittavRtti kisI vizeSa dizA meM kendrita hotI hai to hama zArIrika pIDAoM ko bhUla jAte haiM, jaise eka vyApArI vyApAra meM bhUkha-pyAsa Adi ko bhUla jAtA hai| ataH dhyAna meM daihika pIr3AoM kA ehasAsa bhI alpatama ho jAtA hai| AcArya bhadrabAha ne kAyotsarga, jo dhyAna sAdhanA kI agrima sthiti hai, ke lAbhoM kI carcA karate hue Avazyaka niyukti meM likhA hai ki kAyotsarga ke nimna pAMca lAbha haiN| 1) deha jADya zuddhi -zleSma evaM carbI ke kama ho jAne se deha kI jar3atA samApta ho jAtI hai| kAyotsarga se zleSma, carbI Adi naSTa hote haiM, ataH unase utpanna honevAlI jar3atA bhI naSTa ho jAtI hai| 2) mati jADya zuddhi - kAyotsarga meM mana kI vRtti kendrita ho jAtI hai, usase bauddhika jar3atA kSINa hotI hai| 3) sukha-duHkha titikSA, (samatAbhAva) 4) kAyotsarga meM sthita vyakti anuprekSAoM yA bhAvanAoM kA sthiratApUrvaka abhyAsa kara sakatA hai| 5) dhyAna, kAyotsarga meM zubha dhyAna kA abhyAsa sahaja ho jAtA hai| ina lAbhoM meM na kevala AdhyAtmika lAbhoM kI carcA hai apitu mAnasika aura zArIrika lAbhoM kI bhI carcA hai| vastutaH dhyAna sAdhanA kI vaha kalA hai jo na kevala citta kI nirarthaka bhAga-daur3a ko niyaMtrita karatI hai, apitu vAcika aura kAyika (daihika) gatividhiyoM ko bhI niyaMtrita kara vyakti ko apane Apa se jor3a detI hai| hameM ehasAsa hotA hai ki hamArA astitva caittasika aura daihika gatividhiyoM se bhI Upara hai aura hama unake na kevala sAkSI haiM, apitu niyAmaka bhI haiN| dhyAna AtmasAkSAtkAra kI kalA manuSya ke liye, jo kucha bhI zreSThatama aura kalyANakArI hai, vaha svayaM apane ko jAnanA aura apane meM jInA hai| Atma bodha se mahattvapUrNa evaM zreSThatama anya koI bodha hai hI nhiiN| Atma sAkSAtkAra yA AtmajJAna hI sAdhanA kA sAratattva hai| sAdhanA kA artha hai apane Apa ke prati jaagnaa| vaha ko'haM se so'haM taka kI yAtrA hai| sAdhanA kI isa yAtrA meM apane Apa ke prati jAganA sambhava hotA hai dhyAna ke dvaaraa| dhyAna meM AtmA, AtmA ke dvArA AtmA ko jAnatA hai| yaha apane Apa ke sammukha hotA hai| dhyAna meM jJAtA apanI hI vRttiyoM, bhAvanAoM, AvegoM aura vAsanAoM ko jJeya banAkara vastutaH apanA hI darzana karatA hai| yadyapi yaha darzana tabhI saMbhava hotA hai, jaba hama inakA atikramaNa kara jAte haiM, arthAt inake prati kartAbhAva se mukta hokara sAkSI bhAva jagAte haiN| ataH dhyAna AtmA ke darzana kI kalA hai| dhyAna hI vaha vidhi hai, jisake dvArA hama sIdhe apane hI sammukha hote haiM, ise hI Atma sAkSAtkAra kahate haiN| dhyAna jIva meM 'jina' kA, AtmA se paramAtmA kA darzana karAtA hai| 1) Avazyakaniyukti 1462

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dhyAna kI isa prakriyA meM AtmA ke dvArA paramAtmA (zuddhAtmA) ke darzana ke pUrva sarva prathama to hama apane 'vAsanAtmaka sva' (id) kA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai - dUsare zabdoM meM hama apane hI vikAroM aura vAsanAoM ke prati jAgate haiN| jAgaraNa ke isa prathama caraNa meM hama unakI vidrUpatA kA bodha hotA hai| hameM lagatA hai ki ye hamAre vikAra bhAva haiM - vibhAva haiM, kyoMki hamameM ye 'para' ke nimitta se hote haiN| yahI vibhAva dazA kA bodha sAdhanA kA dUsarA caraNa hai| sAdhanA ke tIsare caraNa meM sAdhaka vibhAva se rahita zuddha Atma dazA kI anubhUti karatA hai - yahI paramAtma darzana hai| svabhAvadazA meM ramaNa hai| yahAM yaha vicAraNIya hai ki dhyAna isa Atma-darzana meM kaise sahAyaka hotA hai? __ dhyAna meM zarIra ko sthira rakhakara AMkha banda karanI hotI hai| jaise hI AMkha banda hotI hai-vyakti kA sambandha bAhya jagata se TUTakara antarjagata se juDatA hai, antara kA paridRzya sAmane AtA hai, aba hamArI cetanA kA viSaya bAhya vastueM na hokara manosRjanAeM hotI hai| jaba vyakti ina manosRjanAoM (saMkalpa-vikalpoM) kA draSTA banatA hai, use eka ora inakI para-nimittatA (vibhAvarUpatA) kA bodha hotA hai tathA dUsarI o apane sAkSI svarUpa kA bodha hotA hai| AtmaanAtma kA viveka yA sva-para ke bheda kA jJAna hotA hai| kartA-bhoktA bhAva ke vikalpa kSINa hone lagate haiN| eka nirvikalpa Atma-dazA kI anubhUti hotI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM mana kI bhAga-dauDa samApta ho jAtI hai| manosRjanAeM yA saMkalpa-vikalpa vilIna hone lagate haiN| cetanA kI sabhI vikalatAeM samApta ho jAtI haiN| mana AtmA meM vilIna ho jAtA hai| sahaja-samAdhi prakaTa hotI hai| isa prakAra AkAMkSAoM, vAsanAoM, saMkalpa-vikalpoM evaM tanAvoM se mukta hone para eka aparimita nirapekSa Ananda kI upalabdhi hotI hai| AtmA apane cidAnanda svarUpa meM lIna rahatA hai| isa prakAra dhyAna AtmA ko paramAtmA yA zuddhAtmA se jor3atA hai| ataH vaha AtmasAkSAtkAra yA paramAtmA ke darzana kI eka kalA hai| dhyAna mukti kA anyatama kAraNa / jainadharma meM dhyAna ko mukti kA anyatama kAraNa mAnA jA sakatA hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke jina 14 sopAnoM (guNasthAnoM) kA ullekha kiyA hai, unameM antima guNasthAna ko ayogI kevalI guNa-sthAna kahA gayA hai| ayogI kevalI guNasthAna vaha avasthA hai jisameM vItarAga-AtmA apane kAyayoga, vacanayoga, manoyoga arthAta zarIra, vANI aura mana kI gatividhiyoM kA nirodha kara letA hai aura unake niruddha hone para hI vaha mukti yA nirvANa ko prApta kara letA hai| yaha prakriyA sambhava hai zukladhyAna ke caturtha caraNa vyuparata kriyA nivRtti ke dvaaraa| ataH dhyAnamokSa kA anyatama kAraNa hai| jaina paramparA meM dhyAna meM sthita hone ke pUrva jina padoM kA uccAraNa kiyA jAtA hai ve nimna haiM

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52 ThANeNaM moNeNaM jhANeNaM appANaM vosirAmi'. arthAta "maiM zarIra se sthira hokara, vANI se mauna hokara, mana ko dhyAna meM niyojita kara zarIra ke prati mamatva kA parityAga karatA huuN|" yahAM hameM smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki appANaM vosirAmi kA artha, AtmA kA visarjana karanA nahIM hai, apitu deha ke prati apanepana ke bhAva kA visarjana karanA hai| kyoMki visarjana yA parityAga AtmA kA nahIM, apanepana ke bhAva arthAta mamatva buddhi kA hotA hai| jaba kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika kriyAoM para pUrNa niyaMtraNa sthApita ho jAtA hai tabhI dhyAna kI siddhi hotI hai aura jaba dhyAna siddha ho jAtA hai to AtmA ayoga dazA arthAta mokSa ko prApta kara letA hai| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki dhyAna mokSa kA anyatama kAraNa hai| - jaina paramparA meM dhyAna Antarika tapa kA eka prakAra hai / isa Antarika tapa ko Atma-vizuddhi kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki "AtmA tapa se parizuddha hotI hai| samyak jJAna se vastu svarUpa kA yathArtha bodha hotA hai| samyak darzana se tattva-zraddhA utpanna hotI hai| samyak cAritra Asrava kA nirodha karatA hai / kintu ina tInoM se bhI mukti sambhava nahIM hotI, mukti kA antima kAraNa to nirjarA hai / sampUrNa karmoM kI nirjarA ho jAnA hI mukti hai aura karmoM kI tapa se hI nirjarA hotI hai| ataH dhyAna tapa kA eka viziSTa rUpa hai, jo Atmazuddhi kA anyatama kAraNa hai| vaise yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki AtmA vyuparata kriyA nivRtti nAmaka zukla dhyAna meM ArUDha hokara hI mukti ko prApta hotA hai| ataH hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki jaina sAdhanA vidhi meM dhyAna mukti kA anyatama kAraNa hai| dhyAna eka aisI avasthA hai jaba AtmA pUrNa rUpa se 'sva' meM sthita hotA hai aura AtmA kA 'sva' meM sthita honA hI mukti yA nirvANa kI avasthA hai| ataH dhyAna hI mukti bana jAtA hai| yoga darzana meM dhyAna ko samAdhi kA pUrva caraNa mAnA gayA hai| usameM bhI dhyAna se hI samAdhi kI siddhi hotI hai| dhyAna jaba apanI pUrNatA para pahuMcatA hai to vahI samAdhi bana jAtA hai| dhyAna kI isa nirvikalpa dazA ko na kevala jaina-darzana meM, apitu sampUrNa zramaNa paramparA meM aura na kevala sampUrNa zramaNa paramparA meM apitu sabhI dharmoM kI sAdhanA vidhiyoM meM mukti kA aMtima upAya mAnA gayA hai| yoga cAhe citta vRttiyoM ke nirodha rUpa meM nirvikalpa samAdhi ho yA AtmA ko paramAtmA se jor3ane kI kalA ho, vaha dhyAna hI hai / 1) AvazyakasUtra - AgArasUtra (zramaNasUtra - amaramuni) pra. saM. pU. 376 2) uttarAdhyayanasUtra 28/35

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53 dhyAna aura samAdhi sarvArtha siddhi aura tattvArthavArtika meM samAdhi ke svarUpa ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra koSThAgAra meM lagI huI Aga ko zAnta karanA Avazyaka hai, usI prakAra muni-jIvana ke zIlavratoM meM lagI huI vAsanA yA AkAMkSArUpI agni kA prazamana karanA bhI Avazyaka hai| yahI samAdhi hai| ghavalA meM AcArya vIrasena ne jJAna, darzana aura cAritra meM samyak avasthiti ko hI samAdhi kahA hai| vastutaH cittavRtti kA udvelita honA hI asamAdhi hai aura unakI isa udvignatA kA samApta ho jAnA hI samAdhi hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jaba vAyu ke saMyoga se jala taraMgAyita hotA hai to usa taraMgita jala meM rahI huI vastuoM kA bodha nahIM hotA, usI prakAra tanAvayukta udvigna citta meM AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa kA sAkSAtkAra nahIM hotA hai| citta kI isa udvignatA kA yA tanAva yukta sthiti kA samApta honA hI samAdhi hai| dhyAna bhI vastutaH citta kI vaha niSprakampa avasthA hai jisameM AtmA apane zuddha svarUpa kA sAkSI hotA hai| vaha citta kI samatvapUrNa sthiti hai| ataH dhyAna aura samAdhi samAnArthaka hai; phira bhI donoM meM eka sUkSma antara hai| vaha antara isa rUpa meM hai ki dhyAna samAdhi kA sAdhana hai aura samAdhi sAdhya hai| yogadarzana ke aSTAMga yoga meM samAdhi kA pUrva caraNa dhyAna mAnA gayA hai| dhyAna jaba siddha ho jAtA hai, taba vaha samAdhi bana jAtA hai| vastutaH donoM eka hI hai| dhyAna kI pUrNatA samAdhi meM hai| yadyapi donoM me hI cittavRtti kI niSprakaMpatA yA samatva kI sthiti Avazyaka hai| eka meM usa niSprakampatA yA samatva kA abhyAsa hotA hai aura dUsare meM vaha avasthA sahaja ho jAtI hai| dhyAna aura yoga ___ yahAM dhyAna kA yoga se kyA saMbaMdha hai? yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai| jaina paramparA meM sAmAnyatayA mana, vANI aura zarIra kI gatizIlatA ko yoga kahA jAtA hai| usake anusAra sAmAnya rUpa se samagra sAdhanA aura vizeSa rUpa se dhyAna-sAdhanA kA prayojana yoga-nirodha hI hai| vastutaH mAnasika, vAcika aura zArIrika kriyAoM meM jinheM jaina paramparA meM yoga kahA gayA hai, mana kI pradhAnatA hotI hai| vAcika yoga aura kAyika-yoga, manoyoga para, hI nirbhara karate haiN| jaba mana kI caMcalatA samApta hotI hai to sahaja hI zArIrika aura vAcika kriyAoM meM zaithilya A jAtA hai, kyoMki unake mUla meM vyakta yA avyakta mana hI hai| ataH mana kI sakriyatA ke nirodha se hI yoga-nirodha saMbhava hai| yogadarzana bhI jo yoga para sarvAdhika bala detA hai, yaha mAnatA hai ki cittavRttiyoM kA nirodha hI yoga hai| vastutaH jahAM citta kI caMcalatA samApta hotI hai, vahIM sAdhanA kI pUrNatA hai aura 1) tattvArtha vArtika 6 / 24 / 8 2) ghavalA pustaka 8, pR.88 (daMsaNa-NANa-carittesu sammamavaTThANaM samAhI) 3) yoga : samAdhi : dhyaanmitynrthaantrm| tattvArtha rAjavArtika 6 / 1 / 12 4) kAyavADmanaH karma yogH| tattvArthasUtra 6 / 1 / / 5) yogazcitta vRtti nirodhH| yogasUtra 12 (pataMjali)

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54 vahI pUrNatA dhyAna hai| citta kI caMcalatA athavA mana kI bhAga daur3a ko samApta karanA hI jaina-sAdhanA aura yoga- sAdhanA donoM kA lakSya hai| isa dRSTi se dekheM to jaina darzana meM dhyAna kI jo paribhASA dI jAtI hai vahI paribhASA yoga darzana meM yoga kI dI jAtI hai| isa prakAra dhyAna aura yoga paryAyavAcI bana jAte haiN| ___ yoga zabda kA eka artha jor3anA bhI hai| isa dRSTi se AtmA ko paramAtmA se jor3ane kI kalA ko yoga kahA gayA hai aura isI artha se yoga ko mukti kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai| apane isa dUsare artha meM bhI yoga zabda dhyAna kA samAnArthaka hI siddha hotA hai, kyoMki dhyAna hI sAdhaka ko apane meM hI sthita paramAtmA (zuddhAtmA) yA mukti se jor3atA hai| vastutaH jaba cittavRttiyoM kI caMcalatA samApta ho jAtI hai citta prazAnta aura niSprakampa ho jAtA hai, to vahI dhyAna hotA hai, vahI samAdhi hotA hai aura use hI yoga kahA jAtA hai| kintu jaba kArya-kAraNa bhAva athavA sAdhyasAdhana kI dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM to dhyAna sAdhana hotA hai, samAdhi sAdhya hotI hai| sAdhana se sAdhya kI upalabdhi hI yoga kahI jAtI dhyAna aura kAyotsarga jaina sAdhanA meM tapa ke vargIkaraNa meM Abhyantara tapa ke jo chaha prakAra batalAe gaye haiM, unameM dhyAna aura kAyotsarga ina donoM kA alaga-alaga ullekha kiyA gayA hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM dhyAna aura kAyotsarga do bhinna bhinna sthitiyAM haiN| dhyAna cetanA ko kisI viSaya para kendrita karane kA abhyAsa hai,to kAyotsarga zarIra ke niyantraNa kA eka abhyaas| yadyapi yahAM kAyA (zarIra) vyApaka artha meM grahIta hai| smaraNa rahe ki mana aura vAk ye zarIra ke Azrita hI haiN| zAbdika dRSTi se kAyotsarga zabda kA artha hotA hai 'kAyA' kA utsarga arthAta deh-tyaag| lekina jaba taka jIvana hai taba taka zarIra kA tyAga to saMbhava nahIM hai| ataH kAyotsarga kA matalaba hai deha ke prati mamatva kA tyAga, dUsare zabdoM meM zArIrika gatividhiyoM kA kartA na banakara draSTA bana jaanaa| vaha zarIra kI mAtra aicchika gatividhiyoM kA niyantraNa hai| zArIrika gatividhiyA~ bhI do prakAra kI hotI haiM- eka svacAlita aura dUsarI aicchika) kAyotsarga meM svacAlita gatividhiyoM kA nahIM, apitu aicchika gatividhiyoM kA niyantraNa kiyA jAtA hai| sarga karane se pUrva jo AgArasUtra kA pATha bolA jAtA hai usameM zvasana-prakriyA, chIMka, jambhAI Adi svacAlita zArIrika gatividhiyoM kA nirodha nahIM karane kA hI spaSTa ullekha hai| ataH kAyotsarga 1) 'yujapI yoge' hemacandra dhAtumAlA, gaNa 7 2) uttarAdhyayana sUtra 30130 (jhANaM ca viussaggo eso anbhintaro tavo) 3) AvazyakasUtra-AgArasUtra

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55 aicchika zArIrika gatavidhiyoM ke nirodha kA prayatna hai| yadyapi aicichaka gatividhiyoM kA kendra mAnavIya mana athavA cetanA hI hai| ataH kAyotsarga kI prakriyA dhyAna kI prakriyA ke sAtha aparihArya rUpa se jur3I huI hai| eka anya dRSTi se kAyotsarga ko deha ke prati nirmamatva kI sAdhanA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| vaha deha meM rahakara bhI kartAbhAva se upara uThakara draSTAbhAva meM sthita honA hai| yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki cittavRttiyoM ke vicalana meM zarIra bhI eka mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA adA karatA hai| hama zarIra aura indriyoM ke mAdhyama se hI bAhya viSayoM se jur3ate haiM aura unakI anubhUti karate haiN| isa anubhUti kA anukUla yA pratikUla prabhAva hamArI cittavRtti para par3atA hai| jo citta vicalana kA yA rAga-dveSa kA kAraNa hotA hai| citta (mana) aura dhyAna jaina darzana meM mana kI cAra vyavasthAeM - jaina, bauddha aura vaidika paramparAoM meM citta yA mana dhyAna sAdhanA kI AdhArabhUmi hai, ataH citta kI vibhinna vyavasthAoM para vyakti ke dhyAna sAdhanA ke vikAsa ko AMkA jA sakatA hai| jaina paramparA meM AcArya hemacandra ne mana kI cAra avasthAeM mAnI haiM 1) vikSipta mana, 2) yAtAyAta mana, 3) zliSTa mana aura 4) sulIna mn| 1) vikSipta mana - yaha mana kI asthira avasthA hai, isameM citta caMcala hotA hai, idhara udhara bhaTakatA rahatA hai, isake Alambana pramukhatayA bAhya viSaya hI hote haiN| isameM saMkalpa-vikalpa yA vicAroM kI bhAga-daur3a macI rahatI hai, ataH isa avasthA meM mAnasika zAnti kA abhAva hotA hai| yaha citta pUrI taraha bahirmukhI hotA hai| 2) yAtAyAta mana - yAtAyAta mana kabhI bAhya viSayoM kI ora jAtA hai to kabhI apane meM sthita hone kA prayatna karatA hai| yaha yogAbhyAsa ke prArambha kI avasthA hai| isa avasthA meM citta apane pUrvAbhyAsa ke kAraNa bAharI viSayoM kI ora daur3atA rahatA hai, vaise thoDe bahuta prayatna se use sthira kara liyA jAtA hai| kucha samaya usa para sthira rahakara punaH bAhya viSayoM ke saMkalpa-vikalpa meM ulajha jAtA hai| jaba-jaba kucha sthira hotA hai taba mAnasika zAnti evaM Ananda kA anubhava karane lagatA hai| yAtAyAta citta kathaMcit antarmukhI aura kathaMcita bahirmukhI hotA hai| 3) zliSTa mana - yaha mana kI sthiratA kI avasthA hai| isa avasthA meM citta kI sthiratA kA AdhAra yA Alambana viSaya hotA hai| isameM jaise jaise sthiratA AtI hai, Ananda bhI bar3hatA jAtA hai| 1) yogazAstra, 12/2

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56 4) sulIna mana - yaha mana kI vaha avasthA hai, jisameM saMkalpa-vikalpa evaM mAnasika vRttiyoM kA laya ho jAtA hai| isako mana kI niruddhAvasthA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| yaha paramAnanda kI avasthA hai, kyoMki isameM sabhI vAsanAoM kA vilaya ho jAtA hai| bauddha darzana meM citta kI cAra avasthAeM - abhidhammatthasaMgaho ke anusAra bauddha darzana meM bhI citta (mana) cAra prakAra kA hai-1. kAmAvacara, 2. rUpAvacara, 3. arUpAvacara aura 4. lokottr| 1) kAmAvacara citta - yaha citta kI vaha avasthA hai, jisameM kAmanAoM aura vAsanAoM kA prAdhAnya hotA hai| isameM vitarka evaM vicAroM kI adhikatA hotI hai| mana sAMsArika bhogoM ke pIche bhaTakatA rahatA hai| 2) rUpAvacara cita - isa avasthA meM vitarka-vicAra to hote haiM, lekina ekAgratA kA prayatna bhI hotA hai| citta kA Alambana bAhya sthUla viSaya hI hote haiN| yaha yogAbhyAsI citta kI prAthamika avasthA hai| 3) arUpAvacara citta - isa avasthA meM citta kA Alambana rUpavAna bAhya padArtha nahIM hai| isa stara para citta kI vRttiyoM meM sthiratA hotI hai lekina usakI ekAgratA nirviSaya nahIM hotii| usake viSaya atyanta sUkSma jaise ananta AkAza, ananta vijJAna yA akiMcanatA hote haiN| 4) lokottara citta - isa avasthA meM vAsanA-saMskAra, rAga-dveSa evaM moha kA prahANa ho jAtA hai| citta vikalpazUnya ho jAtA hai| isa avasthA kI prApti kara lene para nizcita rUpa se arhata pada evaM nirvANa kI prApti ho jAtI hai| yogadarzana meM citta kI pA~ca avasthAe~ - yogadarzana meM cittabhUmi (mAnasika avasthA) ke pAMca prakAra haiM:- 1. kSipta, 2. mUr3ha, 3. vikSipta, 4. ekAgra aura 5. niruddhAra 1) kSipta citta - isa avasthA meM citta rajoguNa ke prabhAva meM rahatA hai aura eka viSaya se dUsare viSaya para dauDatA rahatA hai| sthiratA nahIM rahatI hai| yaha avasthA yoga ke anukUla nahIM hai, kyoMki isameM mana aura indriyoM para saMyama nahIM rhtaa| 2) mUDha citta - isa avasthA meM tama kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai aura isase nidrA, Alasya Adi kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai| nidrAvasthA meM citta kI vRttiyoM kA kucha kAla ke 1) abhidhammatthasaMgaho, pR. 1 2) bhAratIya darzana (dattA) pR. 190

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57 lie tirobhAva ho jAtA hai, parantu yaha avasthA yogAvasthA nahIM hai| kyoMki isameM AtmA sAkSI bhAva meM nahIM hotA hai| 3) vikSipta citta - vikSiptAvasthA meM mana thor3I dera ke lie eka viSaya meM lagatA hai, para turanta hI anya viSaya kI ora daur3a jAtA hai aura pahalA viSaya chUTa jAtA hai| yaha citta kI AMzika sthiratA kI avasthA hai| 4) ekAgra citta - yaha vaha avasthA hai, jisameM citta dera taka eka viSaya para lagA rahatA hai| yaha kisI vastu para mAnasika kendrIkaraNa yA dhyAna kI avasthA hai| isa avasthA meM citta kisI viSaya para vicAra yA dhyAna karatA rahatA hai| isalie isameM bhI sabhI cittavRttiyoM kA nirodha nahIM hotA, tathApi yaha yoga kI pahalI sIr3hI hai| 5) niruddha citta- isa avasthA meM citta kI sabhI vRttiyoM kA (dhyeya viSaya taka kA bhI) lopa ho jAtA hai aura citta apanI svAbhAvika sthira zAMta avasthA meM A jAtA hai| jaina, bauddha aura yoga darzana meM mana kI ina vibhinna avasthAoM ke nAmoM meM cAhe antara ho, lekina unake mUlabhUta dRSTikoNa meM koI antara nahIM hai, jaisA ki nimna tAlikA se spaSTa hai| jaina darzana bauddha darzana yogadarzana vikSipta kAmAvacara kSipta evaM mUr3ha yAtAyAta rUpAvacara vikSipta arUpAvacara ekAgra sulIna lokottara niruddha jaina darzana kA vikSipta mana, bauddha darzana kA kAmAvacara citta aura yogadarzana ke kSipta aura mUr3ha citta samAnArthaka haiM, kyoMki sabhI ke anusAra isa avasthA meM citta meM vAsanAoM evaM kAmanAoM kI bahulatA hotI hai| isI prakAra jaina darzana kA yAtAyAta mana, bauddha darzana kA rupAvacara citta aura yogadarzana kA vikSipta citta bhI samAnArthaka haiM, sAmAnyatayA sabhI ke anusAra isa avasthA meM citta meM alpakAlika sthiratA hotI hai tathA vAsanAoM ke vega meM thoDI kamI avazya ho jAtI hai| isI prakAra jainadarzana kA zliSTa mana, bauddha-darzana kA arUpAvacara citta aura yogadarzana kA ekAgracitta bhI samAna hI haiN| sabhI ne isako mana kI sthiratA kI avasthA kahA hai| citta kI antima avasthA jise jaina darzana meM sulInamana, bauddhadarzana meM lokottara citta aura yogadarzana meM niruddha citta kahA gayA hai bhI samAna artha ke dyotaka haiN| isameM vAsanA, saMskAra evaM saMkalpa-vikalpa kA pUrNa abhAva ho jAtA hai| dhyAna sAdhanA kA lakSya citta kI isa vAsanA saMskAra evaM saMkalpa-vikalpa se rahita avasthA ko prApta karanA hai| AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM ki krama se abhyAsa bar3hAte hue zliSTa

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58 arthAt vikSipta se yAtAyAta citta kA, yAtAyAta se zliSTa kA aura zliSTa se sulIna citta kA abhyAsa karanA caahie| isa taraha abhyAsa karane se nirAlambana dhyAna hone lagatA nirAlambana dhyAna se samatva prApta karake paramAnanda kA anubhava karanA caahie| yogI ko cAhie ki vaha bahirAtmabhAva kA tyAga karake antarAtmA ke sAtha sAmIpya sthApita kare aura paramAtmamaya banane ke lie nirantara paramAtmA kA dhyAna kre| 1 isa prakAra citta-vRttiyoM yA vAsanAoM kA vilayana hI samAlocya dhyAnaparamparAoM pramukha lakSya rahA hai kyoMki vAsanAoM dvArA hI mana-kSobhita hotA hai, jisase cetanA ke samatva kA bhaMga hotA hai| dhyAna isI samatva yA samAdhi ko prApta karane kI sAdhanA hai| dhyAna kA sAmAnya artha - dhyAna zabda kA sAmAnya artha cetanA kA kisI eka viSaya yA bindu para kendrita honA hai | cetanA jisa viSaya para kendrita hotI hai vaha prazasta yA aprazasta donoM hI ho sakatA hai| isI AdhAra para dhyAna ke do rUpa nirdhArita hue - 1 ) prazasta aura 2) aprazasta / usameM bhI aprazasta dhyAna ke punaH do rUpa mAne gaye- 1) Arta aura 2) raudra / prazasta dhyAna ke bhI do rUpa mAne gaye - 1) dharma aura 2) zukla / jaba cetanA rAga yA Asakti meM DUba kara kisI vastu aura usakI upalabdhi ko AzA para kendrita hotI hai to use Arta dhyAna kahA jA sakatA hai| aprApta vastu kI prApti kI AkAMkSA yA prAptavastu ke viyoga kI saMbhAvanA kI cintA meM citta kA DUbanA Arta dhyAna hai| ArtadhyAna citta ke avasAda / viSAda kI avasthA hai| 3 jaba koI upalabdha anukUla viSayoM ke viyoga kA yA aprApta anukUla viSayoM kI 'upalabdhi meM avarodha kA nimitta banatA hai to usa para Akroza kA jo sthAyIbhAva hotA hai, vahI raudradhyAna hai| isa prakAra Arta dhyAna rAgamUlaka hotA hai aura raudra dhyAna dveSa mUlaka hotA hai| rAga-dveSa ke nimitta se utpanna hone ke kAraNa ye donoM dhyAna saMsAra ke janaka haiM, ataH aprazasta mAne gaye haiN| inake viparIta dharmadhyAna aura zukla dhyAna prazasta mAne gaye haiN| merI dRSTi meM sva-para ke liye kalyANakArI viSayoM para cittavRtti kA sthira honA dharmadhyAna hai| yaha lokamaMgala aura Atma vizuddhi kA sAdhaka hotA hai| cUMki dharmadhyAna meM bhoktAbhAva hotA hai, ataH yaha zubha Asrava kA kAraNa hotA hai| jaba AtmA yA citta kI vRttiyA~ sAkSIbhAva yA jJAtA draSTA bhAva meM avasthita hotI hai, taba sAdhaka na to kartAbhAva se tA hai aura na bhoktAbhAva se jur3atA hai, yahI sAkSIbhAva kI avasthA hI zukla dhyAna hai| isameM citta zubha-azubha donoM se Upara uTha jAtA hai| 1) yogazAstra, 12 / 5-6 2) tattvArthasUtra 9 / 27, 3) vahI 9 31, 4) vahI 9 / 36.

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59 dhyAna zabda kI jaina paribhASAe~ sAmAnyatayA adhyavasAyoM (cittavRtti) kA sthira honA hI dhyAna kahA gayA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM mana kI ekAgratA ko prApta honA hI dhyAna hai| . isake viparIta jo mana caMcala hai use bhAvanA, anuprekSA athavA cintA kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra dhyAna vaha sthiti hai jisameM citta vRtti kI caMcalatA samApta ho jAtI hai aura vaha kisI eka viSaya para kendrita ho jAtI hai| tattvArthasUtra meM dhyAna ko paribhASita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki aneka arthoM kA Alambana TenevAlI cintA kA nirodha dhyAna hai| dUsare zabdoM meM jaba cintana ko anyAnya viSayoM se haTA kara kisI eka hI vastu meM kendrita kara diyA jAtA hai to vaha dhyAna bana jAtA hai| yadyapi bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM eka ora cintA nirodha se utpanna ekAgratA ko dhyAna kahA gayA hai kintu dUsarI ora usameM rAga-dveSa aura mithyAtva se rahita hokara padArtha kI yathArthatA ko grahaNa karanevAlA jo viSayAntara ke saMcAra se rahita jJAna hotA hai, use dhyAna kahA gayA hai| AcArya kundakunda paMcAstikAya meM dhyAna ko spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM ki darzana aura jJAna se paripUrNa aura anya dravya ke saMsarga se rahita cetanA kI jo avasthA hai vahI dhyAna hai| isa gAthA meM paNDita bAlacandrajI siddhAnta zAstrI ne "daMsaNaNANa samaggaM" kA artha samyak-darzana va samyak jJAna se paripUrNa kiyA hai, kintu merI dRSTi meM yaha artha ucita nahIM hai| darzana aura jJAna kI samagratA (samaggaM) kA artha hai jJAna kA bhI nirvikalpa avasthA meM honaa| sAmAnyatayA jJAna vikalpAtmaka hotA hai aura darzana nirviklp| kintu jaba jJAna citta kI vikalpatA se rahita hokara darzana se abhinna ho jAtA hai, to vahIM dhyAna ho jAtA hai| isIlie anyatra kahA bhI hai ki jJAna se hI dhyAna kI siddhi hotI hai| dhyAna zabda kI ina paribhASAoM meM hameM spaSTa rUpa se eka vikAsakrama parilakSita hotA hai| phira bhI mUla rUpa meM ye paribhASAeM eka dUsare kI virodhI nahIM haiN| citta kA vividha vikalpoM se rahita hokara eka vikalpa para sthira ho jAnA aura anta meM nirvikalpa ho jAnA hI dhyAna hai| kyoMki dhyAna kI antima avasthA meM sabhI vikalpa samApta ho jAte haiN| dhyAna kA kSetra dhyAna ke sAdhana do prakAra ke mAne gaye haiM-eka bahiraMga aura dUsarA antrNg| dhyAna ke bahiraMga sAdhanoM meM dhyAna ke yogya sthAna (kSetra), Asana, kAla Adi kA vicAra kiyA 1) dhyAnastava (jinabhadra, pra. vIra sevA maMdira)2 2) tattvArthasUtra 9 / 27 3) bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vinayodayA TIkA - dekheM dhyAna zataka prastAvanA pR. 26 4) paMcAstikAya 152 5) NANeNa jhANasiddhi

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60 jAtA hai aura antaraMga sAdhanoM meM dhyeya viSaya aura dhyAtA ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai ki dhyAna ke yogya kSetra kauna se ho sakate haiN| AcArya zubhacandra likhate haiM ki 'jo sthAna nikRSTa svabhAvavAle logoM se sevita ho, duSTa rAjA se zAsita ho, pAkhaNDiyoM ke samUha se vyApta ho, juAriyoM, madyapiyoM aura vyabhicAriyoM se yukta ho aura jahAM kA vAtAvaraNa azAnta ho, jahAM senA kA saMcAra ho rahA ho, gIta, vAditra Adi ke svara gUMja rahe hoM, jahAM jantuoM tathA napuMsaka Adi nikRSTa prakRti ke janoM kA vicaraNa ho, vaha sthAna dhyAna ke yogya nahIM hai| isI prakAra kAMTe, patthara, kIcar3a, haDDI, rudhira Adi se dUSita tathA kaue, ullU, zRgAla, kuttoM Adi se sevita sthAna bhI dhyAna ke yogya nahIM hote| ___ yaha bAta spaSTa hai ki pariveza kA prabhAva hamArI cittavRttiyoM para par3atA hai| dharma sthaloM evaM nIrava sAdhanA-kSetroM Adi meM jo nirAkulatA hotI hai tathA unameM jo eka viziSTa prakAra kI zAnti hotI hai, vaha dhyAna-sAdhanA ke lie upayukta hotI hai| ataH dhyAna karate samaya sAdhaka ko kSetra kA vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| saMyamI sAdhaka ko samudra taTa, nadI-taTa, athavA sarovara ke taTa, parvata zikhara athavA guphA kiMvA prAkRtika dRSTi se nIrava aura sundara pradezoM ko athavA jinAlaya Adi dharma sthAnoM ko hI dhyAna ke kSetra rUpa meM cunanA caahie| dhyAna kI dizA ke sambandha meM vicAra karate hue kahA gayA hai ki dhyAna ke lie pUrva yA uttara dizA abhimukha hokara baiThanA caahiye| dhyAna ke Asana - __ dhyAna ke AsanoM ko lekara bhI jaina granthoM meM paryApta rUpa se vicAra huA hai| sAmAnya rUpa se padmAsana, paryakAsana evaM khaDgAsana dhyAna ke uttama Asana mAne gaye haiN| dhyAna ke AsanoM ke saMbaMdha meM jaina AcAryoM kI mUladRSTi yaha hai ki jina AsanoM se zarIra aura mana para tanAva nahIM paDatA ho aise sukhAsana hI dhyAna ke yogya Asana mAne jA sakate haiN| jina AsanoM kA abhyAsa sAdhaka ne kara rakhA ho aura jina AsanoM meM vaha adhika samaya taka sukhapUrvaka baiTha sakatA ho tathA jinake kAraNa usakA zarIra sveda ko prApta nahIM hotA ho, ve hI Asana dhyAna ke liye zreSTha Asana haiN| sAmAnyatayA jaina paramparA meM padmAsana aura khaDgAsana hI dhyAna ke adhika pracalita Asana rahe haiN| kintu mahAvIra ke dvArA goduhAsana meM dhyAna karake kevalajJAna prApta karane ke bhI ullekha haiN| samAdhimaraNa yA zArIrika azakti kI sthiti meM leTe leTe bhI dhyAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| 1) jJAnArNava 27/23-32 2) jJAnArNava 28.11 3) jJAnArNava 28 / 10 4) 'godohiyAe ukkuDayanilijnAe' kalpasUtra 120

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dhyAna kA kAla sAmAnyatayA sabhI kAloM meM zubha bhAva saMbhava hone se dhyAna sAdhanA kA koI viziSTa kAla nahIM kahA gayA hai| kintu jahAM taka muni samAcArI kA prazna hai, uttarAdhyayana meM sAmAnya rUpa se madhyAhna aura madhyarAtri ko dhyAna ke lie upayukta samaya batAyA gayA hai|' upAsakadazAMga meM sakaDAla putra ke dvArA madhyAhna meM dhyAna karane kA nirdeza hai| kahIM kahIM prAtaHkAla aura sandhyAkAla meM bhI dhyAna karane kA vidhAna milatA hai| dhyAna kI samayAvadhi jaina AcAryoM ne isa prazna para bhI manovaijJAnika dRSTi se vicAra kiyA hai ki kisI vyakti kI citta vRtti adhikatama kitane samaya taka eka viSaya para sthira raha sakatI hai| isa saMbaMdha meM unakA niSkarSa yaha hai ki kisI eka viSaya para akhaNDita rUpa se citta vRtti antarmuhUrta se adhika sthira nahIM raha sktii| antarmuhUrta se unakA tAtparya eka kSaNa se kucha adhika tathA 48 minaTa se kucha kama hai| kintu isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki dhyAna antarmuhUrta se adhika samaya taka nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha satya hai ki itane kAla ke pazcAt dhyAna khaNDita hotA hai, kintu cittavRtti ko punaH niyojita karake dhyAna ko eka prahara yA rAtriparyaMta bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| dhyAna aura zarIra racanA jaina AcAryoM ne dhyAna kA saMbaMdha zarIra se bhI jor3A hai| yaha anubhUta tathya hai ki sabala, svastha aura sugaThita zarIra hI dhyAna ke lie adhika yogya hotA hai| yadi zarIra nirbala hai, sugaThita nahIM hai to zArIrika gatavidhiyoM ko adhika samaya taka niyantrita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai aura yadi zArIrika gatividhiyAM niyaMtrita nahIM raheMgI to citta bhI niyantrita nahIM rhegaa| zarIra aura cittavRttiyoM meM eka gaharA saMbaMdha hai| zArIrika vikalatAeM citta ko vikala banA detI haiM aura caittasika vikalatAeM zarIra ko| ataH yaha mAnA gayA hai ki dhyAna ke lie sabala niroga aura sugaThita zarIra Avazyaka hai| tattvArthasUtra meM to dhyAna kI paribhASA dete hue spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki uttama saMhanana vAle kA eka viSaya meM aMtakaraNa kI vRtti kA niyojana dhyAna hai| jaina AcArya yaha mAnate haiM ki chaH prakAra kI zArIrika saMracanA meM se vajrarSabhanArAca, ardhavajrarSabhanArAca, nArAca aura ardhanArAca ye cAra zArIrika saMracanAeM hI (saMhanana) dhyAna ke yogya hotI haiN| yadyapi hameM yahAM smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki zArIrika saMracanA kA sahasaMbaMdha mukhya rUpa se prazasta dhyAnoM se hI hai, aprazasta 1) uttarAdhyana sUtra 26 / 12 2) upAsakadazAMga 8 / 182 3) uttamasaMhananasyaikAgracitta nirodho dhyaanm| tttvaarthsuutr-9|26 4) tattvArtha svopajJa bhASya, umAsvAti 9 / 26

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62 dhyAnoM se nahIM hai| yaha satya hai ki zarIraM cittavRtti kI sthiratA kA mukhya kAraNa hotA hai| ataH dhyAna kI ve sthitiyAM jinakA viSaya prazasta hotA hai aura jinake lie cittavRtti kI adhika samaya taka sthiratA Avazyaka hotI hai ve kevala sabala zarIra meM hI sambhava hotI haiM / kintu aprazasta Arta, raudra Adi dhyAna to nirbala zarIravAloM ko hI adhika hote haiN| azakta yA durbala vyakti hI adhika cintita evaM cir3acir3A hotA hai| dhyAna kisakA? dhyAna ke sandarbha meM yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se uThatA hai ki dhyAna kisakA kiyA jAye? dUsare zabdoM meM dhyeya yA dhyAna kA Alambana kyA hai? sAmAnya dRSTi se vicAra karane para to kisI bhI vastu yA viSaya ko dhyeya / dhyAna ke Alambana ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki sabhI vastuoM yA viSayoM meM kama-adhika rUpa meM dhyAnAkarSaNa kI kSamatA to hotI hI hai| cAhe saMsAra ke sabhI viSaya dhyAna ke Alambana hone kI pAtratA rakhate hoM, kintu una sabhI ko dhyAna kA Alambana nahIM banAyA jA sakatA hai| vyakti ke prayojana ke AdhAra para hI unameM se koI eka viSaya hI dhyAna kA Alambana banatA hai| ataH dhyAna ke Alambana kA nirdhAraNa karate samaya yaha vicAra karanA Avazyaka hotA hai ki dhyAna kA uddezya yA prayojana kyA hai? dUsare zabdoM meM dhyAna hama kisalie karanA cAhate haiM? isakA nirdhAraNa sarvaprathama Avazyaka hotA hai| vaise to saMsAra ke sabhI viSaya citta ko kendrita karane kA sAmarthya rakhate haiM, kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki binA kisI pUrva vicAra ke unheM dhyAna kA Alambana athavA dhyeya banAyA jaaye| kisI strI kA sundara zarIra dhyAnAkarSaNa yA dhyAna kA Alambana hone kI yogyatA to rakhatA hai kintu jo sAdhaka dhyAna ke mAdhyama se vikSobha yA tanAvamukta honA cAhatA hai, usake lie yaha ucita nahIM hogA ki vaha strI ke sundara zarIra ko apane dhyAna kA viSaya bnaaye| kyoMki use dhyAna kA viSaya banAne se usake mana meM usake prati rAgAtmakatA utpanna hogI, vAsanA jagegI aura pAne kI AkAMkSA yA bhoga kI AkAMkSA se citta meM vikSobha paidA hogaa| ataH kisI bhI vastu ko dhyAna kA Alambana banAne ke pUrva yaha vicAra karanA Avazyaka hotA hai ki hamAre dhyAna kA prayojana yA uddezya kyA hai? jo vyakti apanI vAsanAoM kA poSaNa cAhatA hai, vahI strIzarIra ke saundarya ko apane dhyAna kA Alambana banAtA hai aura usake mAdhyama se ArtadhyAna kA bhAgIdAra banatA hai| kintu jo bhoga ke sthAna para tyAga aura vairAgya ko apane jIvana kA lakSya banAnA cAhatA hai, jo samAdhi kA icchuka hai, usake lie strI- zarIra kI bIbhatsatA aura vidrUpatA hI dhyAna kA Alambana hogI / ataH dhyAna ke prayojana ke AdhAra para hI dhyeya kA nirdhAraNa karanA hotA hai / punaH dhyAna kI prazastatA aura aprazastatA bhI usake dhyeya yA Alambana para AdhArita hotI hai, ataH prazasta dhyAna ke sAdhaka aprazasta viSayoM ko apane dhyAna kA Alambana yA dhyeya nahIM banAte haiN| 3 ka

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63 jaina dArzanikoM kI dRSTi meM prAthamika stara para dhyAna ke lie kisI dhyeya yA Alambana kA honA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki binA Alambana hI citta kI vRttiyoM ko kendrita karanA sambhava nahIM hotA hai| ve sabhI viSaya aura vastueM jinameM vyakti kA mana rama jAtA hai, dhyAna kA Alambana banane kI yogyatA to rakhatI haiM, kintu unameM se kisI eka ko apane dhyAna kA Alambana banAte samaya vyakti ko yaha vicAra karanA hotA hai ki usase vaha rAga kI ora jAyegA yA virAga kI ora, usake citta meM vAsanA aura vikSobha jageMge yA samAdhi sdhegii| yadi sAdhaka kA uddezya dhyAna ke mAdhyama se citta-vikSobhoM ko dUra karake samAdhilAbha yA samatA-bhAva ko prApta karanA hai,to use prazasta viSayoM ko hI apane dhyAna kA Alambana banAnA hogaa| prazasta Alambana hI vyakti ko prazasta dhyAna kI dizA kI ora le jAtA hai| dhyAna ke Alambana ke prazasta viSayoM meM paramAtmA yA Izvara kA sthAna sarvopari mAnA gayA hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne bhI dhyAna ke Alambana ke rUpa meM vItarAga paramAtmA ko dhyeya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| cAhe dhyAna padastha ho yA piNDastha, rUpastha ho yA rUpAtIta; dhyeya to paramAtmA hI hai| kintu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jainadharma meM AtmA aura paramAtmA bhinna nahIM haiN| AtmA kI zuddhadazA hI paramAtmA hai| isalie jaina darzana meM dhyAtA aura dhyeya abhinna haiN| sAdhaka AtmA dhyAnasAdhanA meM apane hI zuddha svarUpa ko dhyeya banAtA hai| AtmA, AtmA ke dvArA AtmA kA hI dhyAna karatA hai|3 jisa paramAtma-svarUpa ko dhyAtA dhyeya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai vaha usakA apanA hI zuddha svarUpa hai| punaH dhyAna meM jo dhyeya banatA hai vaha vastu nahIM, citta kI vRtti hotI hai| dhyAna meM citta hI dhyeya kA AkAra grahaNa karake hamAre sAmane upasthita hotA hai| ataH dhyAtA bhI citta hai aura dhyeya bhI citta hai| jise hama dhyeya kahate haiM, vaha hamArA apanA hI nija rUpa hai, hamArA apanA hI projekzana (Projection) hai| dhyAna vaha kalA hai jisameM dhyAtA apane ko hI dhyeya banAkara svayaM usakA sAkSI banatA hai| hamArI vRttiyA~ hI hamAre dhyAna kA Alambana hotI haiM aura unake mAdhyama se hama apanA hI darzana karate haiN| dhyAna ke adhikArI dhyAna ko vyApaka arthoM meM grahaNa karane para sabhI vyakti dhyAna ke adhikArI mAne jA sakate haiM, kyoMki jaina darzana ke anusAra Arta aura raudra dhyAna to nimnatama prANiyoM meM bhI 1) jJAnArNava - 32 / 95, 39 / 1-8, mokkhapAhuDa 7 2) appA so paramappA 3) tattvAnuzAsana 74 4) mokkhapAhuDa 5

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64 pAyA jAtA hai| apane vyApaka artha meM dhyAna meM prazasta aura aprazasta donoM hI prakAra ke dhyAnoM kA samAveza hotA hai| ataH hameM yaha mAnanA hotA hai ki ina aprazasta dhyAnoM kI pAtratA to AdhyAtmika dRSTi se apUrNa rUpa se vikasita sabhI prANiyoM meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM rahI huI hai| nAraka, tiryaMca, manuSya, deva Adi sabhI meM ArtadhyAna aura raudradhyAna pAye jAte haiN| kintu jaba hama dhyAna kA tAtparya kevala prazasta dhyAna arthAt dharmadhyAna aura zukladhyAna se lete haiM to hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki ina dhyAnoM ke adhikArI sabhI prANI nahIM haiN| umAsvAtI ne tattvArthasUtra meM kisa dhyAna kA kauna adhikArI hai isakA ullekha kiyA hai| isakI vizeSa carcA hamane dhyAna ke prakAroM ke prasaMga meM kI hai| sAdhAraNatayA caturtha guNasthAna arthAta samyakdarzana kI prApti ke pazcAt hI vyakti dharmadhyAna kA adhikArI banatA hai| dharmadhyAna kI pAtratA kevala samyak dRSTi jIvoM ko hI hai| Arta aura raudra dhyAna kA parityAga karake apane ko prazasta cintana se jor3ane kI sambhAvanA kevala usI vyakti meM ho sakatI hai, jisakA viveka jAgRta ho aura jo heya, jJeya aura upAdeya ke bheda ko samajhatA ho| jisa vyakti meM heya-upAdeya athavA hitaahita ke bodha kA hI sAmarthya nahIM hai, vaha dharmadhyAna meM apane citta ko kendrita nahIM kara sktaa| ___ yaha bhI smaraNIya hai ki Arta aura raudra dhyAna pUrva saMskAroM ke kAraNa vyakti meM sahaja hote haiN| unake lie vyakti ko vizeSa prayatna yA sAdhanA nahIM karanI hotI, jabaki dharmadhyAna ke lie sAdhanA (abhyAsa) Avazyaka hai| isIlie dharmadhyAna kevala samyakdRSTi ko hI ho sakatA hai| dharma-dhyAna kI sAdhanA ke lie vyakti meM jJAna ke sAtha-sAtha vairAgya/virati bhI Avazyaka mAnI gaI hai aura isalie kucha logoM kA yaha mAnanA bhI hai ki dharmadhyAna pAMcaveM guNasthAna arthAta dezavratI ko hI saMbhava hai| ataH spaSTa hai ki jahA~ Arta aura raudra dhyAna ke svAmI samyakdRSTi evaM mithyAdRSTi donoM prakAra ke jIva ho sakate haiM, vahA~ dharmadhyAna kA prazna adhikArI rUpa se samyakdRSTi zrAvaka aura vizeSarUpa se dezavirata zrAvaka yA muni hI ho sakatA hai| jahAM taka zukladhyAna kA prazna hai vaha sAtaveM guNasthAna ke apramatta jIvoM se lekara 14 veM ayogI kevalI guNasthAna taka ke sabhI vyaktiyoM meM sambhava hai| isa sambandha meM zvetAmbara - digambara ke matabhedoM kI carcA dhyAna ke prakAroM ke prasaMga meM Age kI hai| isa prakAra dhyAnasAdhanA ke adhikArI vyakti bhinna-bhinna dhyAnoM kI apekSA se bhinna-bhinna kahe gaye haiN| jo vyakti AdhyAtmika dRSTi se jitanA vikasita hotA hai, vaha dhyAna ke kSetra meM utanA hI Age bar3ha sakatA hai| ataH vyakti kA AdhyAtmika vikAsa usakI dhyAnasAdhanA se jur3A huA hai| AdhyAtmika sAdhanA aura dhyAnasAdhanA meM vikAsa 1) dekheM-tattvArthasUtra 9 / 31-41

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65 kA krama anyonyAzrita haiN| jaise-jaise vyakti prazasta dhyAnoM kI dizA meM agrasara hotA hai usakA AdhyAtmika vikAsa hotA hai aura jaise-jaise usakA AdhyAtmika vikAsa hotA hai, vaha prazasta dhyAnoM kI aura agrasara hotA hai| dhyAna kA sAdhaka gRhastha yA zramaNa ? dhyAna kI kSamatA tyAgI aura bhogI donoM meM samAna rUpa se hotI hai, kintu aksara bhogI jise viSaya para apanA dhyAna kendrita karatA hai vaha viSaya anta meM usake mana ko pramathita karake udvelita hI banAtA hai| ataH usake dhyAna meM yadyapi kucha kAla taka citta to sthira rahatA hai, kintu usakA phala cittavRttiyoM kI sthiratA na hokara asthiratA hI hotI hai| jisa dhyAna ke anta meM citta udvelita hotA ho vaha dhyAna sAdhanAtmaka dhyAna kI koTi meM nahIM AtA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki paravartI jaina dArzanikoM ne apane granthoM meM ArtadhyAna aura raudra dhyAna ko dhyAna ke rUpa meM parigaNita hI nahIM kiyA, kyoMki ve antatogatvA citta kI udvignatA ke hI kAraNa banate haiN| yahI kAraNa thA ki digambara paramparA ne yaha mAna liyA ki gRhastha kA jIvana vAsanAoM, AkAMkSAoM aura udvignatAoM se paripUrNa hai ataH ve dhyAna sAdhanA karane meM asamartha haiN| jJAnArNava meM isa mata kA pratipAdana huA hai ki gRhastha dhyAna kA adhikArI nahIM hai / " isa saMbaMdha meM usakA kathana hai ki gRhastha pramAda ko jItane meM samartha nahIM hotA, isalie vaha apane caMcala mana ko vaza meM nahIM rakha paataa| phalataH vaha dhyAna kA adhikArI nahIM ho . sktaa| jJAnArNava kAra kA kathana hai ki gRhastha kA mana saiMkar3oM jhaMjhaToM se vyathita tathA duSTa tRSNA rUpa pizAca se pIr3ita rahatA hai isalie usameM rahakara vyakti dhyAna Adi kI sAdhanA nahIM kara sakatA hai| jaba pralayakAlIna tIkSNa vAyu ke dvArA sthira svabhAvavAle bar3e-bar3e parvata bhI sthAna bhraSTa kara diye jAte haiM to phira strI- putra Adi ke bIca rahanevAle gRhastha ko jo svabhAva se hI caMcala haiM kyoM nahIM bhraSTa kiyA jA sakatA haiN| isa carcA ko Age bar3hAte hue jJAnArNavakAra to yahAM taka kahatA hai ki kadAcita AkAza kusuma aura gadhe ke sIMga (ga) saMbhava bhI hoM, lekina gRhastha jIvana meM kisI bhI deza aura kAla meM dhyAna saMbhava nahIM hotaa| isake sAtha hI jJAnArNavakAra mithyA dRSTiyoM, asthira abhiprAya vAloM tathA kapaTapUrNa jIvana jIne vAloM meM bhI dhyAna kI saMbhAvanA ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| 4 yahAM yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki kyA gRhastha jIvana meM dhyAna saMbhava hI nahIM hai| 1) jJAnArNava 4 / 10-15 2) vahI - 4 / 16 3) vahI - 4 / 17 4) vahI 4 / 18 - 19

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66 yaha sahI hai ki gRhastha jIvana meM aneka dvandva hote haiM aura gRhastha Arta aura raudra dhyAna se adhikAMza samaya taka jur3A rahatA hai| kintu ekAnta rUpa se gRhastha meM dharmadhyAna kI saMbhAvanA ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / anyathA gRhastha liMga kI avadhAraNA khaNDita ho jaayegii| ataH gRhastha meM bhI dharma dhyAna kI saMbhAvanA hai| yaha satya hai ki jo vyakti gRhastha jIvana ke prapaMcoM meM ulajhA huA hai, usake lie dhyAna saMbhava nahIM hai| kintu gRhastha jIvana aura gRhI veza meM rahanevAle sabhI vyakti Asakta hI hote haiM, yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| aneka samyakdRSTi gRhastha aise hote haiM jo jala meM kamalavat gRhastha jIvana meM alipta bhAva se rahate haiN| aise vyaktiyoM ke lie dharmadhyAna kI saMbhAvanA ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| svayaM jJAnArNavakAra yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki jo sAdhu mAtra veza meM anurAga rakhatA huA apane ko mahAna samajhatA hai| aura dUsaroM ko hIna samajhatA haiM vaha sAdhu bhI dhyAna ke yogya nahIM hai| ataH vyakti meM munivezadhAraNa karane se dhyAna kI pAtratA nahIM AtI hai| prazna yaha nahIM ki dhyAna gRhastha ko saMbhava hogA yA sAdhu ko ? vastutaH nirlipta jIvana jIne vAlA vyakti cAhe vaha sAdhu ho yA gRhastha, usake lie dharmadhyAna saMbhava ho sakatA hai| dUsarI ora Asakta, daMbhI aura sAkAMkSa vyakti, cAhe vaha muni hI kyoM na ho, usake lie dharmadhyAna asaMbhava hotA hai| dhyAna kI saMbhAvanA sAdhu aura gRhastha hone para nirbhara nahIM krtii| usakI saMbhAvanA kA AdhAra hI vyakti ke citta kI nirAkulatA yA anAsakti hai| jo citta anAsakta aura nirAkula hai, phira vaha citta gRhastha kA ho yA muni kA, isase koI antara nahIM par3atA / dhyAna ke adhikArI banane ke lie Avazyaka yaha hai ki vyakti kA mAnasa nirAkAMkSa, anAkula aura anudvigna rhe| yaha anubhUta satya hai ki koI-koI vyakti gRhastha jIvana meM rahakara bhI nirAkAMkSa, anAkula aura anudvigna banA rahatA hai| dUsarI ora kucha sAdhu, sAdhu hokara bhI sadaiva Asakta, Akula aura udvigna rahate haiN| ataH dhyAna kA saMbaMdha gRhI jIvana yA muni jIvana se na hokara citta kI vizuddhi se hai / citta jitanA vizuddha hogA dhyAna utanA hI sthira hogA / punaH jo zvetAmbara aura yApanIya paramparAyeM gRhastha meM bhI 14 guNasthAna sambhava mAnatI haiM, unake anusAra to AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke agrima zreNiyoM kA ArohaNa karatA huA gRhastha bhI na kevala dharma dhyAna kA apitu zukla dhyAna kA bhI adhikArI hotA hai| dhyAna ke prakAra sAmAnyatayA jainAcAryoM ne dhyAna kA artha cittavRtti kA kisI eka viSaya para kendrita honA hI mAnA hai| ataH jaba unhoMne dhyAna ke prakAroM kI carcA kI to usameM prazasta aura 1) jJAnArNava - 433 -

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67 aprazasta donoM hI prakAra ke dhyAnoM ko grahIta kara liyaa| unhoMne Arta, raudra, dharma aura zukla ye dhyAna ke cAra prakAra maane| dhyAna ke ina cAra prakAroM meM prathama do ko arthAta saMsAra kA hetu aura antima do ko prazasta arthAta mokSa kA hetu kahA gayA hai| isakA AdhAra yaha mAnA gayA hai ki Arta aura raudra dhyAna rAga-dveSa janita hone se bandhana ke kAraNa haiN| isalie ve aprazasta haiN| jabaki dharmadhyAna aura zukla dhyAna kaSAya bhAva se rahita hone se mukti ke kAraNa haiM, isalie ve prazasta haiN| dhyAnazataka kI TIkA meM tathA amitagati ke zrAvakAcAra meM ina cAra dhyAnoM ko kramazaH tiryaMcagati, narakagati, devagati aura mukti kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| yadyapi prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM dhyAna kA yaha caturvidha vargIkaraNa hI mAnya rahA hai| kintu jaba dhyAna kA sambandha mukti kI sAdhanA se jor3A gayA to Arta aura raudra dhyAna ko bandhana kA kAraNa hone se dhyAna kI koTi meM hI parigaNita nahIM kiyA gyaa| ataH digambara paramparA kI dhavalA TIkAra meM tathA zvetAmbara paramparA ke hemacandra ke yogazAstra meM dhyAna ke do hI prakAra mAne gae-dharma aura zuklA dhyAna meM bheda-prabhedoM kI carcA se spaSTa rUpa se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki usameM kramazaH vikAsa hotA gayA hai| prAcIna AgamoM yathA-sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, bhagavatIsUtra meM tathA jhANajjhayaNa (dhyAnazataka) aura tattvArthasUtra meM dhyAna ke cAra vibhAgoM kI carcA karake kramazaH unake cAra-cAra vibhAga kiye gae haiM kintu unameM kahIM bhI dhyAna ke piMDastha, padastha, rUpastha aura rUpAtIta ina cAra prakAra kI carcA nahIM hai| jabaki paravartI sAhitya meM inakI vistRta carcA milatI hai| sarvaprathama inakA ullekha yogIndu ke yogasAra aura devasena ke bhAvasaMgraha meM milatA hai|5 muni padyasiMha ne jJAnasAra meM arhanta ke sandarbha meM dharma dhyAna ke antargata piNDastha, padastha aura rUpastha kI carcA kI hai kintu unhoMne rUpAtIta kA koI spaSTa nirdeza nahIM kiyA hai| isa vivecanA meM eka samasyA yaha bhI hai ki piNDastha ora rUpastha meM koI vizeSa antara nahIM dikhAyA gayA hai| paravartI sAhitya meM AcArya nemicandra ke dravya saMgraha meM dhyAna ke cAra bhedoM kI carcA ke pazcAt dharma dhyAna ke antargata padoM ke jApa aura paMca parameSTI ke svarUpa kA bhI nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| isake TIkAkAra brahmadeva ne yaha bhI batAyA hai ki jo dhyAna mantra vAkyoM ke Azrita hotA hai vaha padastha hai, jisa dhyAna meM svaAtmA kA cintana hotA hai vaha piMDastha hai, jisameM cetanA svarUpa yA vidrUpatA kA vicAra kiyA jAtA hai vaha rUpastha hai 1) tattvArthasUtra 9 / 29 4) yogazAstra 4 / 115 2) vahI 9 / 30, dhyAna zataka 5 5) yogasAra, 98 3) dhavalA pustaka 13 pR.70 6) jJAnasAra 18-28 5) dravyasaMgraha (nemIcandra) 48-54 TIkA brahmadeva gAthA 48 kI TIkA

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68 tathA niraMjana va nirAkAra kA dhyAna hI rUpAtIta hai|' amitagatira ne apane zrAvakAcAra meM dhyeya yA dhyAna ke Alambana kI carcA karate hue piNDastha Adi ina cAra prakAra ke dhyAnoM kI vistAra se lagabhaga 27 zlokoM meM carcA kI hai| yahAM piNDastha se pahale padastha dhyAna ko sthAna diyA gayA hai aura usakI vistRta carcA bhI kI gaI hai| zubhacandra ne jJAnArNava meM padastha Adi dhyAna ke ina prakAroM kI pUre vistAra ke sAtha lagabhaga 27 zlokoM meM carcA kI hai| paravartI AcAryoM meM vasunandi, hemacandra, bhAskaranandi Adi ne bhI inakI vistAra se carcA kI hai| punaH pArthivI, AgneyI, mAruti, vAruNI aura tattvabhU aisI piNDastha dhyAna kI jo pAMca dhAraNAeM kahI gaI haiM unakA bhI prAcIna granthoM meM kahIM ullekha nahIM milatA hai| tattvArthasUtra aura usakI prAcIna TIkAoM meM lagabhaga 6ThIM 7 vIM zatI taka inakA abhAva hai| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki dhyAna ke prakAroM, upaprakAroM, lakSaNoM, AlambanoM Adi kI jo carcA jaina paramparA meM huI hai, vaha kramazaH vikasita hotI rahI hai aura una para anya paramparAoM kA prabhAva bhI hai| prAcIna Agamika sAhitya meM sthAnAMga meM dhyAna ke prakAroM, lakSaNoM, AlambanoM aura anuprekSAoM kA jo vivaraNa milatA hai vaha isa prakAra hai: : 1) ArtadhyAna- ArtadhyAna hatAzA ko sthiti hai| sthAnAMga ke anusAra isa dhyAna ke cAra upaprakAra haiN| apriya vastu ke prApta hone para usake viyoga kI satata cintA karanA yaha prathama prakAra kA Arta dhyAna hai| duHkha ke Ane para use dUra karane kI cintA karanA yaha Arta dhyAna kA dUsarA rUpa hai| priya vastu kA viyoga ho jAne para usakI punaH prApti ke lie cintana karanA tIsare prakAra kA Arta dhyAna hai aura jo vastu prApta nahIM hai usakI prApti ke lie icchA karanA cauthe prakAra kA Arta dhyAna hai / tattvArtha sUtra ke anusAra yaha ArtadhyAna, avirata, dezavirata aura pramatta saMyata meM hotA hai| isake sAtha hI mithyA dRSTiyoM meM bhI isa dhyAna kA sadbhAva hotA hai| saiddhAntika dRSTi se mithyA dRSTi, avirata samyakadRSTi tathA dezavirata samyakdRSTi meM ArtadhyAna ke uparokta cAroM hI prakAra pAye jAte haiM; kintu pramatta saMyata meM nidAna ko chor3akara arthAt aprApta kI prApti kI AkAMkSA ko chor3akara anya tIna hI vikalpa hote haiN| sthAnAMgasUtra meM isake nimna cAra lakSaNoM kA ullekha huA hai| ucca svara se ronA / 1) krandanatA 2) zocanatA * 1) padastha maMtravAkyastha vahI gAthA 48 kI TIkA 2) zrAvakAcAra (amitagati) pariccheda 15 3) jJAnArNava (zubhacandra) sarga 32-40 4) sthAnAMgasUtra 4 / 60-72 5) sthAnAMgasUtra 4 / 62 tA prakaTa karate hue zoka karanA / -

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- 69 3) tepanatA - AMsU bhaanaa| 4) paridevanatA - karuNA-janaka vilApa krnaa| raudra dhyAna raudradhyAna AvegAtmaka avasthA hai| raudradhyAna ke bhI cAra bheda kiye gaye haiN| 1) hiMsAnubaMdhI - nirantara hiMsaka pravRtti meM tanmayatA karAnevAlI citta kI ekaagrtaa| 2) mRSAnubaMdhI - asatya bhASaNa karane sambandhI citta kI ekaagrtaa| 3) stenAnubandhI - nirantara corI karane karAne kI pravRtti sambandhI citta kI --ekaagrtaa| 4) saMrakSaNAnubandhI - parigraha ke arjana aura saMrakSaNa sambandhI tnmytaa| kucha AcAryoM ne viSayasaMrakSaNa kA artha balAt aindrika bhogoM kA saMkalpa kiyA hai, jaba ki kucha AcAryoM ne aindrika viSayoM ke saMrakSaNa meM upasthita krUratA ke bhAva ko hI viSayasaMrakSaNa kahA hai| sthAnAMga meM isake bhI nimna cAra lakSaNoM kA nirdeza hai|2 1) utsannadoSa - hiMsAdi kisI eka pApa meM nirantara pravRtti krnaa| 2) bahudoSa - hiMsAdi sabhI pApoM ke karane meM saMlagna rhnaa| 3) ajJAnadoSa - kusaMskAroM ke kAraNa hiMsAdi adhArmika kAryoM ko dharma maannaa| 4) AmaraNAnta doSa - maraNakAla taka bhI hiMsAdi krara karmoM ko karane kA anutApa na honaa| dharmadhyAna jaina AcAryoM ne sAdhanA kI dRSTi se kevala dharmadhyAna aura zukladhyAna ko hI dhyAna kI koTi meM rakhA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki AgamoM meM inake bheda aura lakSaNoM kI carcA ke sAtha-sAtha inake AlambanoM aura anuprekSAoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra Adi meM dharmadhyAna ke nimna cAra bheda batAye gaye haiN| 1) AjJAvicaya - vItarAga sarvajJa - prabhu ke Adeza aura upadeza ke sambandha meM AgamoM ke anusAra cintana krnaa| 2) apAyavicaya - doSoM aura unake kAraNoM kA cintana kara unase chuTakArA kaise ho, isa sambandha meM vicAra krnaa| dUsare zabdoM meM heya kyA hai? isakA cintana krnaa| 1) sthAnAMga sUtra 4 / 63 2) vahI 4 / 64 3)vahI4/65

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701 3) vipAka vicaya - pUrvakoM ke vipAka ke pariNAmasvarUpa udaya meM AnevAlI sukhaduHkhAtmaka vibhinna anubhUtiyoM kA samabhAvapUrvaka vedana karate hue unake kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa krnaa| dUsare kucha AcAryoM ke anusAra heya ke pariNAmoM kA cintana karanA hI vipAkavicaya dharmadhyAna hai| vipAkavicaya dharmadhyAna kenimna udAharaNa se bhI samajhA jA sakatA hai - mAna lIjie koI vyakti hameM apazabda kahatA hai aura una apazabdoM ko sunane se pUrvasaMskAroM ke nimitta se krodha kA bhAva udita hotA hai| usa samaya utpanna hote hue krodha ko sAkSI bhAva se dekhanA aura krodha kI pratikriyA vyakta na karanA tathA yaha vicAra karanA ki krodha kA pariNAma duHkhada hotA hai athavA yaha socanA ki mere nimitta se isako koI pIr3A huI hogI, ataH yaha mujhe apazabda kaha rahA hai, yaha vipAkavicaya dharmadhyAna hai| saMkSepa meM karmavipAkoM ke udaya para unake prati sAkSI bhAva rakhanA, pratikriyA ke duHkhada pariNAma kA cintana karanA evaM pratikriyA na karanA hI vipAkavicaya dharmadhyAna hai| 4) saMsthAna vicaya - loka ke svarUpa ke cintana ko sAmAnyarUpa se saMsthAna vicaya dharmadhyAna kahA jAtA hai| kintu loka evaM saMsthAna kA artha AgamoM meM zarIra bhI hai| ataH zArIrika gatividhiyoM para apanI cittavRttiyoM ko kendrita karane ko bhI saMsthAnavicaya dharmadhyAna kahA jA sakatA hai| apane isa artha meM saMsthAna vicaya dharmadhyAna zarIra-vipazyanA yA zarIra-prekSA ke nikaTa hai| AgamoM meM dharmadhyAna ke nimna cAra lakSaNa kahe gaye haiN|' 1) AjJAruci - jina AjJA ke sambandha meM vicAra-vimarza karanA tathA usake prati niSThAvAna rhnaa| 2) nisargaruci - dharmakAryoM meM svAbhAvika rUpa ruci honaa| 3) sUtraruci - Agama zAstroM ke adhyayana adhyApana meM ruci honaa| 4) avagAdaruci - Agamika viSayoM ke gahana cintana aura manana meM ruci honaa| dUsare zabdoM meM Agamika viSayoM kA ruci gambhIratA se avagAhana krnaa| sthAnAMga meM dharmadhyAna ke AlambanoM kI carcA karate hue, usameM cAra Alambana batAye gaye haiM - 1) vAcanA-arthAta AgamasAhitya kA adhyayana karanA, 2) pratipRcchanA-adhyayana karate samaya utpanna zaMkA ke nivAraNArtha jijJAsAvRtti se usa sambandha meM gurujanoM se puuchnaa| 3) parivartanA - adhIta sUtroM kA punarAvartana karanA 4) anuprekSA - AgamoM ke artha kA cintana krnaa| kucha AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM anuprekSA kA artha saMsAra kI anityatA Adi kA cintana karanA bhI hai| 1) sthAnAMga 4 / 66 2) vahI 4 / 67

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sthAnAMgasUtra ke anusAra dharmadhyAna kI cAra anuprekSAeM kahIM gaI haiM:1) ekasthAnuprekSA, 2) anityAnuprekSA, 3) azaraNAnuprekSA aura 4) sNsaaraanuprekssaa| ye anuprekSAe~ jaina paraMparA meM pracalita 12 anuprekSAoM ke hI antargata hai| jinabhadra ke dhyAnazataka tathA umAsvAtI ke tattvArthasUtra meM dharmadhyAna ke adhikArI ke sambandha meM carcA upalabdha hotI hai| jinabhadra ke anusAra jisa vyakti meM nimna cAra bAteM hotI haiM vahI dharmadhyAna kA adhikArI hotA hai| 1. samyakjJAna (jJAna), 2. dRSTikoNa kI vizuddhi (darzana), 3. samyak AcaraNa (cAritra) aura 4. vairaagybhaav| hemacandragne yogazAstra meM inheM hI kucha zabdAntara ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai| ve dharmadhyAna ke lie 1. AgamajJAna, 2. anAsakti, 3. AtmasaMyama aura 4. mumukSubhAva ko Avazyaka mAnate haiN| dharmadhyAna ke adhikArI ke sambandha meM tattvArtha kA dRSTikoNa thoDA bhinna hai| tattvArtha ke zvetAmbara pATha ke anusAra dharmadhyAna apramattasaMyata, upazAMtakaSAya aura kSINakaSAya meM hI sambhava hai| guNasthAna siddhAnta kI dRSTi se yadi hama kaheM to sAtaveM, gyArahaveM aura bArahaveM meM hI dharmadhyAna saMbhava hai| yadi ise niraMtaratA meM grahaNa kareM to apramatta saMyata se lekara kSINakaSAya taka arthAta sAtaveM guNasthAna se lekara bArahaveM guNasthAna taka dharmadhyAna kI saMbhAvanA hai| tattvArthasUtra ke digambara mAnya mUlapATha meM dharmadhyAna ke adhikArI vivecanA karanevAlA sUtra hai hI nhiiN| yadyapi tattvArthasUtra kI digambara TIkAoM meM pUjyapAda aklaMka aura vidyAnandi sabhI ne dharmadhyAna ke svAmI kA ullekha kiyA hai kintu unakA maMtavya zvetAmbara paramparA se bhinna hai| unake anusAra cauthe guNasthAna se lekara sAtaveM guNasthAna taka hI dharmadhyAna kI saMbhAvanA hai| AThaveM guNasthAna se zreNI prAraMbha hone ke kAraNa dharmadhyAna saMbhava nahIM hai| isa prakAra dharmadhyAna ke adhikArI ke prazna para jaina AcArya meM matabheda rahe haiN| zukla dhyAna - yaha dharma-dhyAna ke bAda kI sthiti hai| zukladhyAna ke dvArA mana ko zAnta aura niSprakampa kiyA jAtA hai| isakI antima pariNati mana kI samasta pravRttiyoM kA pUrNa nirodha hai| zukla dhyAna cAra prakAra kA hai|- 1. pRthaktva-vitarka-savicAra-isa dhyAna meM dhyAtA kabhI dravya kA cintana karate karate paryAya kA cintana karatA hai aura kabhI paryAya kA cintana karate karate dravya kA cintana karane lagatA hai| isa dhyAna meM kabhI dravya para to kabhI paryAya para manoyoga kA saMkramaNa hote rahane para bhI dhyeya dravya eka hI rahatA hai| 2. ekatva-vitarka 1) sthAnAMga 4 / 68 2)dhyAna zataka 63 3) yogazAstra 7 / 2-6 4) sthAnAMga 4 / 69

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72 avicArI-yoga saMkramaNa se rahita eka paryAya viSayaka dhyAna ekatva vitarka avicAra dhyAna kahalAtA hai| 3. sUkSmakriyA apratipAtI-mana, vacana aura zarIra vyApAra kA nirodha ho jAne evaM kevala zvAsocchvAsa kI sUkSma kriyA ke zeSa rahane para dhyAna kI yaha avasthA prApta hotI hai| 4. samucchinna-kriyA-nivRtti-jaba mana, vacana aura zarIra kI samasta pravRttiyoM kA nirodha ho jAtA hai aura koI bhI sUkSma kriyA zeSa nahIM rahatI usa avasthA ko samucchinna kriyA nivRtti zukladhyAna kahate haiN| isa prakAra zukladhyAna kI prathama avasthA se kramazaH Age bar3hate hue antima avasthA meM sAdhaka kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika sabhI pravRttiyoM kA pUrNa nirodha kara anta meM siddhAvasthA prApta kara letA hai, jo ki dharmasAdhanA aura yogasAdhanA kA antima lakSya hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM zukladhyAna ke nimna cAra lakSaNa kahe gaye haiM 1) avyatha-parISaha, upasarga Adi kI vyathA se pIr3ita hone para bhI kSobhita nahIM honaa| 2) asammoha - kisI bhI prakAra se mohita nahIM honaa| 3) viveka - sva aura para athavA Atma aura anAtma ke bheda ko smjhnaa| bhedavijJAna kA jJAtA honaa| 4) vyutsarga - zarIra, upadhi Adi ke prati mamatva bhAva kA pUrNa tyaag| dUsare zabdoM meM pUrNa nirmamatva se yukta honaa| ina cAra lakSaNoM ke AdhAra para hama yaha batA sakate haiM ki kisI vyakti meM zukladhyAna saMbhava hogA yA nhiiN| sthAnAMga meM zukladhyAna ke cAra AlambanaM batAye gaye haiM2- 1. zAnti (kSamAbhAva), 2. mukti (nirlobhatA, 3. Arjava (saralatA) aura 4. mArdava (mRdutaa)| vastutaH zukladhyAna ke ye cAra Alambana cAra kaSAyoM ke tyAgarUpa hI haiN| zAnti meM krodha kA tyAga hai aura mukti meM lobha kA tyAga hai| Arjava mAyA (kapaTa) ke tyAga kA sUcaka hai,to mArdava manana kaSAya ke tyAga kA sUcaka hai| isI grantha meM zukladhyAna kI cAra anuprekSAoM kA ullekha bhI huA hai,kintu ye cAra anuprekSAeM sAmAnyarUpa se pracalita 12 anuprekSAoM se kvacita rUpa meM bhinna hI pratIta hotI hai| sthAnAMga meM zukladhyAna kI nimna cAra anuprekSAeM ullekhita haiM: 1) anantavRttitAnuprekSA - saMsAra meM paribhramaNa kI anantatA kA vicAra krnaa| 2) vipariNAmAnuprekSA - vastuoM ke vividha pariNamanoM kA vicAra krnaa| 1) sthAnAMga 4170 2) vahI 4 / 71 3) vahI 4172

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73 . 3) azubhAnuprekSA - saMsAra, deha aura bhogoM kI azubhatA kA vicAra krnaa| 4) apAyAnuprekSA - rAga dveSa se honevAle doSoM kA vicAra krnaa| zukladhyAna ke cAra prakAroM ke sambandha meM bauddhoM kA dRSTikoNa bhI jaina paramparA ke nikaTa hI AtA hai| bauddha paramparA meM cAra prakAra ke dhyAna mAne gaye haiN| 1) savitarka - savicAra-vivekajanya prItisukhAtmaka prathama dhyaan| 2) vitarka vicAra - rahita - samAdhija prItisukhAtmaka dvitIya dhyaan| 3) prIti aura virAga se upekSaka ho smRti aura samprajanya se yukta upekSA smRti sukhavihArI tRtIya dhyaan| 4) sukha-duHkha evaM saumanasya-daurmanasya se rahita asukha-aduHkhAtmaka upekSA evaM parizuddhi se yukta caturtha dhyaan| isa prakAra cAroM zukla dhyAna bauddha paramparA meM bhI thor3e zAbdika antara ke sAtha upasthita haiN| yoga paramparA meM bhI samApatti ke cAra prakAra batalAye haiM, jo ki jaina paramparA ke zukladhyAna ke cAroM prakAroM ke samAna hI lagate haiN| samApatti ke ve cAra prakAra nimnAnusAra haiM - 1. savitarkA, 2. nirvitarkA, 3. savicArA aura 4. nirvicaaraa| zukladhyAna ke svAmI ke sambandha meM tattvArthasUtra ke zvetAmbara mUlapATha aura digambara mUlapATha meM to antara nahIM hai kiMtu 'ca' zabda se kyA artha grahaNa karanA ise lekara matabheda hai| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra upazAnta kaSAya evaM kSINakaSAya pUrvadharoM meM cAra zukladhyAnoM meM prathama do zukladhyAna sambhava haiN| bAda ke do kevalI (sayogI kevalI aura ayogI kevalI) meM sambhava haiN| digambara paramparA ke anusAra AThaveM guNasthAna se codahaveM guNasthAna taka zukladhyAna sambhava hai| pUrva ke do zukladhyAna sambhava AThaveM se bArahaveM guNasthAnavartI pUrvadharoM ke hote haiM aura zeSa do terahaveM aura caudahaveM guNasthAnavartI kevalI ke| jainadharma meM dhyAna sAdhanA kA itihAsa jaina dharma meM dhyAna sAdhanA kI paramparA prAcInakAla se hI upalabdha hotI hai| sarvaprathama hameM AcArAMga meM mahAvIra ke dhyAna sAdhanA saMbaMdhI aneka sandarbha upalabdha haiN| AcArAMga ke anusAra mahAvIra apane sAdhanAtmaka jIvana meM adhikAMza samaya dhyAna sAdhanA meM hI lIna rahate the| AcArAMga se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki mahAvIra ne na kevala 1) tattvArtha sUtra 9639-40, 2) AcArAMga 109 / 1 / 6, 1 / 9 / 2 / 4, 1 / 9 / 2 / 12

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74 cittavRttiyoM ke sthirIkaraNa kA abhyAsa kiyA thaa| apitu unhoMne dRSTi ke sthirIkaraNa kA bhI abhyAsa kiyA thaa| isa sAdhanA meM ve apalaka hokara dIvAra Adi para kisI eka bindu para dhyAna kendrita karate the| isa sAdhanA meM unakI AMkheM lAla ho jAtI thiiN| aura bAhara kI ora nikala AtI thIM jinheM dekhakara dUsare loga bhayabhIta bhI hote the| AcArAMga ke ye ullekha isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai ki mahAvIra ne dhyAna sAdhanA kI bAhya aura Abhyantara aneka vidhiyoM kA prayoga kiyA thaa| ve apramatta (jAgrata) hokara samAdhipUrvaka dhyAna karate the| aise bhI ullekha upalabdha hote haiM ki mahAvIra ke ziSya praziSyoM meM bhI yaha dhyAna sAdhanA kI pravRtti nirantara banI rhii| uttarAdhyayana meM munijIvana kI dinacaryA kA vivecana karate hue spaSTa rUpa se nirdeza diyA gayA hai ki muni dina aura rAtri ke dvitIya prahara meM dhyAna sAdhanA kreN|2 mahAvIra kAlIna sAdhakoM ko dhyAna kI koSThopagata vizeSatA AgamoM meM upalabdha hotI hai| yaha isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki usa yuga meM dhyAna sAdhanA muni jIvana kA eka Avazka aMga thii| bhadrabAhu dvArA nepAla meM jAkara mahAprANa dhyAna kI sAdhanA karane kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| isI prakAra durbalikApuSyamitra ko dhyAna sAdhanA kA ullekha AvazyakacUrNi meM hai| yadyapi AgamoM meM dhyAna saMbaMdhI nirdeza to haiM,kintu mahAvIra aura unake anuyAyiyoM ko dhyAna prakriyA kA vistRta vivaraNa unameM upalabdha nhiiN| mahAvIra ke yuga meM zramaNa paramparA meM aise aneka zramaNa the, jinakI apanI apanI dhyAna sAdhanA kI viziSTa paddhatiyAM thiiN| inameM buddha aura mahAvIra ke samakAlIna kintu unase jyeSTha rAmaputta kA hama prArambha meM hI ullekha kara cuke haiN| AcArAMga meM sAdhakoM ke sambandha meM vipassI aura pAsaga jaise vizeSaNa milate haiN| isase aisA lagatA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirgrantha paramparA meM bhI jJAta-dRSTA bhAva meM cetanA ko sthira rakhane ke lie vipazyanA jaisI koI dhyAna sAdhanA kI paddhatI rahI hogii| yadyapi vistRta vivaraNoM ke abhAva meM Aja usa paddhati kI sampUrNa prakriyA kI carcA to nahIM kara sakate, paraMtu AcArAMga jaise prAcIna Agama meM ina zabdoM kI upasthiti isa tathya kI sUcaka avazya hai ki usa yuga meM dhyAna sAdhanA kI jaina paramparA kI apanI koI viziSTa paddhati thii| yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki sAdhakoM kI prakRti ke anurUpa dhyAna sAdhanA kI ekAdhika paddhatiyAM bhI pracalita rahI hoM, kintu AgamoM ke racanAkAla taka ve vilupta hone lagI thiiN| jisa rAmaputta kA nirdeza bhagavAna buddha ke dhyAna ke zikSaka ke rUpa meM milatA hai unakA ullekha jaina paraMparA ke prAcIna AgamoM meM jaise sUtrakRtAMga, aMtakRtdazA, aupapAtika dazA, RSibhASita Adi meM honA isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki nigraMtha paramparA rAmaputta ko dhyAna sAdhanA kI paddhati se prabhAvita thii| bauddha paramparA kI vipazyanA aura nigraMtha paramparA kI AcArAMga kI dhyAna 1) AcArAMga 1 / 9 / 15, 2) uttarAdhyayana 2618, 3) Avazyaka cUrNi bhAga 2 pR. 187, 4) vahI, bhAga 1 pR. 410 5) AcArAMga 125 / 125 (AcArya tulasI), 6) vahI 1 / 2 / 3 / 73, 1 / 2 / 6 / 185 7) dekheM - Prakrut Proper Names Vol II Page 626

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75 sAdhanA meM jo kucha nikaTatA parilakSita hotI hai, vaha yaha sUcita karatI hai ki sambhavataH donoM kA mUla srota rAmaputta kI dhyAna paddhati rahI hogii| isa saMbaMdha meM tulanAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana kiyA jAnA apekSita hai| SaTAvazyakoM meM kAyotsarga ko bhI eka Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| kAyotsarga dhyAna sAdhanA pUrvaka hI hotA hai, isameM koI saMdeha nahIM hai| pratikramaNa meM aneka bAra kAyotsarga (dhyAna) kiyA jAtA hai| vartamAna kAla meM bhI yaha paramparA avicchinna rUpa se jIvita hai| Aja bhI dhyAna kI isa paramparA meM tatsaMbaMdhI doSoM ke cintana ke atirikta namaskAra maMtra, caturviMzatistava ke mAdhyama se paMcaparameSTI athavA tIrthaMkaroM kA dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai| mAtra huA yaha hai ki dhyAna kI isa samagra kriyA meM, jo sajagatA apekSita thI, vaha samApta ho gaI hai aura ye saba dhyAna saMbaMdhI prakriyAeM rUDhi mAtra banakara raha gaI haiN| yadyapi ina prakriyAoM kI upasthiti se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki dhyAna kI ina prakriyAoM meM cetanA ko satata rUpa se jAgrata yA jJAtA dRSTA bhAva meM sthira rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA rahA hai| Agama yuga taka jaina dharma meM dhyAna kA uddezya mukhya rUpa se Atmazuddhi yA caritrazuddhi hI thA athavA yoM kaheM ki vaha citta ko samabhAva meM sthira rakhane kA prayAsa thaa| madhyayuga meM jaba bhArata meM taMtra aura haThayoga saMbaMdhI sAdhanAeM pramukha banIM to dhyAna kI prakriyA meM parivartana aayaa| Agamika kAla meM dhyAna sAdhanA meM zarIra, indriya, mana aura citta vRttiyoM ke prati sajaga hokara cetanA ko dRSTA bhAva yA sAkSIbhAva meM sthira kiyA jAtA thA, jisase zarIra aura mana ke udvega aura AkulatAeM zAnta ho jAtI thiiN| dUsare zabdoM meM vaha caittasika samatva arthAt sAmAyika kI sAdhanA thI, jisakA kucha rUpa Aja bhI vipazyanA meM upalabdha hai| kintu jaise-jaise bhAratIya samAja meM taMtra aura haThayoga kA prabhAva bar3hA vaise-vaise jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM bhI parivartana aayaa| jaina dhyAna paddhati meM padastha, piNDastha, rUpastha Adi dhyAna kI vidhiyA~ aura pArthiva, AgneyI, vAyavI aura vAruNI jaisI dhAraNAeM sammilita huii| bIjAkSaroM aura maMtroM kA dhyAna karane kI paramparA vikasita huI aura SaTcakroM ke bhedana kA prayAsa bhI huA / yadi hama jaina paramparA meM dhyAna kI prakriyA kA itihAsa dekhate haiM to yaha spaSTa lagatA hai ki usa para anya bhAratIya dhyAna evaM yoga kI paramparAoM kA prabhAva AyA hai, jo haribhadra ke pUrva se hI prAraMbha ho gayA thaa| haribhadra ne unakI dhyAna vidhi ko lekara bhI usameM apanI paramparA ke anurUpa bahuta kucha parivartana kiye the / madhyayuga kI jaina dhyAna sAdhanA vidhi usa yuga kI yoga-sAdhanA vidhi se paryApta rUpa se prabhAvita huI thI / madhyayuga meM dhyAna sAdhanA kA prayojana bhI bdlaa| jahAM prAcIna kAla meM dhyAna sAdhanA kA prayojana mAtra Atma-vizuddhi yA caittasika samatva thA, vahAM madhya yuga meM usake sAtha vibhinna RddhiyoM

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76 aura labdhiyoM kI carcA bhI jur3I aura yaha mAnA jAne lagA ki dhyAna sAdhanA se vidhi alaukika zaktiyA~ prApta kI jA sakatI haiN| dhyAna kI prabhAvazIlatA ko banAe rakhane ke lie yaha Avazyaka to thA, kintu isake anya pariNAma bhI sAmane aaye| jaba aneka sAdhaka ina haThayogI sAdhanAoM ke mAdhyama se Rddhi yA labdhi prApta karane meM asamartha rahe to unhoMne yaha mAna liyA ki vartamAna yuga meM dhyAna sAdhanA saMbhava hI nahIM hai| dhyAna sAdhanA kI siddhi kevala uttama saMhanana ke dhAraka muniyoM athavA pUrvadharoM ko hI saMbhava thii| aise bhI aneka ullekha upalabdha hote haiM, jinameM kahA gayA hai ki paMcamakAla meM uccakoTi kA dharmadhyAna yA zukladhyAna saMbhava nahIM hai| madhyayuga meM dhyAna prakriyA meM kaise-kaise parivartana hue, yaha bAta prAcIna AgamoM aura tattvArtha ke ullekhoM kI tattvArthasUtra kI TIkAoM, digambara jaina purANoM, zrAvakAcAroM evaM haribhadra, zubhacandra, hemacandra Adi ke graMthoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se spaSTa ho jAtI hai| madhyakAla meM dhyAna kI niSedhaka aura samarthaka donoM dhArAeM sAtha-sAtha cliiN| kucha AcAryoM ne kahA ki paMcamakAla meM cAhe zukladhyAna kI sAdhanA saMbhava na ho, kintu dharma- dhyAna kI sAdhanA to saMbhava hai| mAtra yaha hI nahIM madhyayuga meM dharma dhyAna ke svarUpa meM kAphI kucha parivartana kiyA gayA aura usameM anya paramparAoM kI aneka dhAraNAeM sammilita ho gyiiN| isa yuga meM dhyAna saMbaMdhI svataMtra sAhitya kA bhI paryApta vikAsa huaa| jhANajjhayaNa (dhyAnazataka) se lekara jJAnArNava, dhyAnastava Adi aneka svataMtra graMtha bhI dhyAna para likhe gaye / madhyayuga haThayoga aura dhyAna ke samanvaya kA yuga kahA jA sakatA hai| isa kAla meM jaina dhyAna paddhati yoga paramparA se, vizeSa rUpa se haThayoga kI paramparA se paryApta rUpa se prabhAvita aura samanvita huii| Adhunika yuga taka yahI sthiti calatI rhii| Adhunika yuga meM jaina dhyAna sAdhanA kI paddhati meM punaH eka krAntikArI parivartana AyA hai| isa krAnti kA mUlabhUta kAraNa to zrI satyanArAyaNajI goyanakA ke dvArA bauddhoM kI prAcIna vipazyanA sAdhanA paddhati ko barmA se lekara bhArata meM punarsthApita karanA thaa| bhagavAn buddha kI dhyAna sAdhanA kI vipazyanA paddhati kI jo eka jIvita paramparA kisI prakAra se varmA meM bacI rahI thI, vaha satyanArAyaNajI goyanakA ke mAdhyama se punaH bhArata meM apane jIvaMta rUpa meM lauttii| usa dhyAna kI jIvaMta paramparA ke AdhAra para bhagavAn mahAvIra kI dhyAna sAdhanA kI paddhati kyA rahI hogI isakA AbhAsa huaa| jaina samAja kA yaha bhI sadbhAgya hai ki kucha jaina muni evaM sAdhviyAM unakI vipazyanA sAdhanA-paddhati se judd'e| saMyoga se muni zrI nathamalajI (yuvAcArya mahAprajJa) jaise prAjJa sAdhaka vipazyanA sAdhanA se jur3e aura unhoMne vipazyanA dhyAna paddhati aura haThayoga kI prAcIna dhyAna paddhati ko Adhunika manovijJAna evaM zarIra-vijJAna ke AdhAroM para parakhA aura unheM jaina sAdhanA paramparA se ApUrita karake prekSAdhyAna kI jaina dhArA ko punarjIvita

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77 kiyA hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki Aja prekSAdhyAna prakriyA jaina dhyAna kI eka vaijJAnika paddhati ke rUpa meM apanA astitva banA cukI hai| usakI vaijJAnikatA aura upayogitA para bhI koI praznacinha nahIM lagAyA jA sakatA hai, kintu usake vikAsa meM satyanArAyaNajI goyanakA dvArA bhArata lAyI gayI vipazyanA dhyAna kI sAdhanA paddhati ke yogadAna ko vismRta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| Aja prekSAdhyAna paddhati nizcita rUpa se vipazyanA kI RNI hai| isake goyanakAjI kA RNa svIkAra kie binA hama apanI prAmANikatA ko siddha nahIM kara skeNge| sAtha hI isa navIna paddhati ke vikAsa meM yuvAcArya mahAprajJajI kA jo mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai, use bhI nahIM bhulAyA jA sakatA hai| unhoMne vipazyanA se bahuta kucha lekara bhI use prAcIna haThayoga kI SaTcakra bhedana Adi kI avadhAraNA se tathA Adhunika manovijJAna aura zarIra vijJAna se jisa prakAra samanvita aura paripaSTa kiyA hai, vaha unakI apanI pratibhA kA camatkAra hai| isa Alekha meM vistAra se na to vipazyanA ke sandarbha meM aura na prekSAdhyAna ke sandarbha meM kucha kaha pAnA saMbhava hai, kintu yaha satya hai ki dhyAna sAdhanA kI ina paddhatiyoM ko apanA kara jaina sAdhaka na kevala jaina dhyAna paddhati ke prAcIna svarUpa kA kucha AsvAda kareMge, apitu tanAvoM se paripUrNa jIvana meM AdhyAtmika zAnti aura samatA kA AsvAda bhI le skeNge| samyak jIvana meM jIne ke lie Aja vipazyanA aura prekSAdhyAna paddhatiyoM kA abhyAsa aura adhyayana Avazyaka hai| hama yuvAcArya mahAprajJa ke isalie bhI RNI hai ki unhoMne na kevala prekSAdhyAna paddhati kA vikAsa kiyA hai, apitu usake abhyAsa kendroM kI sthApanA bhI kii| sAtha hI jIvana vijJAna graMthamAlA ke mAdhyama se prekSAdhyAna se saMbaMdhi lagabhaga 48 laghupustikAeM likhakara jaina dhyAna sAhitya ko mahatvapUrNa avadAna bhI diyA yaha bhI prasannatA kA viSaya hai ki vipazyanA aura prekSA ko dhyAna paddhatiyoM se preraNA pAkara AcArya nAnAlAlajI ne samIkSaNa dhyAna vidhi ko prastuta kiyA hai| isa saMbaMdha meM eka-do prAraMbhika pustikAeM bhI nikalI haiM, kintu prekSAdhyAna vidhi kI tulanA meM unameM na to pratipAdya viSaya kI spaSTatA hai aura na vaijJAnika prastutikaraNa hii| krodha samIkSaNa Adi eka-do pustakeM aura bhI prakAza meM AyI haiM kintu isa paddhati ko vaijJAnika aura prAyogika banAne ke lie abhI unheM bahuta kucha karanA zeSa rahatA hai| vartamAna yuga aura dhyAna vartamAna yuga meM jahAM eka ora yoga aura dhyAna saMbaMdhI sAdhanAoM ke prati AkarSaNa bar3hatA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora yoga aura dhyAna ke adhyayana aura zodha meM bhI vidvAnoM kI ruci jAgRta huI hai| Aja bhArata kI apekSA bhI pAzcAtya dezoM meM yoga aura dhyAna ke prati vizeSa

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78 AkarSaNa dekhA jAtA hai| kyoMki ve bhautika AkAMkSAoM ke kAraNa jIvana meM jo tanAva A gaye haiM, usase mukti cAhate haiN| Aja bhAratIya yoga aura dhyAna kI sAdhanA paddhatiyoM ko apane-apane DhaMga se pazcima ke logoM kI ruci ke anukUla banAkara videzoM meM niryAta kiyA jA rahA hai| yoga aura dhyAna kI sAdhanA meM zArIrika vikRtiyoM aura mAnasika tanAvoM ko samApta karane kI jo zakti rahI huI hai usake kAraNa bhogavAdI aura mAnasika tanAvoM se saMtrasta pazcimI dezoM ke loga caittasika zAnti kA anubhava karate haiM aura yahI kAraNa hai ki unakA yoga aura dhyAna ke prati AkarSaNa bar3ha rahA hai| ina sAdhanA paddhatiyoM kA abhyAsa karAne ke lie bhArata se paripakva evaM aparipakva donoM hI prakAra ke guru videzoM kI yAtrA kara rahe haiN| yadyapi aparipakva, bhogAkAMkSI tathAkathita guruoM ke dvArA dhyAna aura yoga sAdhanA kA pazcima meM pahuMcanA bhAratIya dhyAna aura yoga paramparA kI mUlyavattA evaM pratiSThA donoM hI dRSTi se khatare se khAlI nahIM hai| Aja pazcima meM bhAvAtIta dhyAna, sAdhanA bhakti vedAnta, rAmakRSNa mizana Adi ke kAraNa bhAratIya dhyAna evaM yoga sAdhanA ke prati lokapriyatA bar3hI, vahI rajanIza Adi ke kAraNa use eka jhaTakA bhI lagA hai| Aja zrI cittamunijI, AcArya suzIlakumArajI, DaoN. hukamacanda bhArilla Adi ne jaina dhyAna aura sAdhanAvidhi se pAzcAtya dezoM meM base hue jainoM ko paricita karAyA hai| terApaMtha kI kucha jaina samaNiyoM ne bhI videzoM meM jAkara prekSAdhyAna vidhi se unheM paricita karAyA hai| yadyapi inameM kauna kahAM taka saphala huA hai yaha eka alaga prazna hai| kyoMki sabhI ke apane apane dAve haiN| phira bhI itanA to nizcita hai ki Aja pUrva aura pazcima donoM meM hI dhyAna aura yoga sAdhanA ke prati ruci jAgRta huI hai| ataH AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki yoga aura dhyAna kI jaina vidhi suyogya sAdhakoM aura anubhavI logoM ke mAdhyama se hI pUrva-pazcima meM vikasita ho, anyathA jisa prakAra madhyayuga meM haThayoga aura taMtrasAdhanA se prabhAvita hokara bhAratIya yoga aura dhyAna paramparA vikRta huI thI usI prakAra Aja bhI usake vikRta hone kA khatarA banA rahegA aura logoM kI usase AsthA uTha jaavegii| dhyAna evaM yoga saMbaMdhI zodha kArya isa yuga meM gaveSaNAtmaka dRSTi se yoga aura dhyAna saMbaMdhI sAhitya ko lekara paryApta zodhakArya huA hai| jahAM bhAratIya yoga sAdhanA aura pataJjali ke yogasUtra para paryApta kArya hue haiM, vahIM jainayoga kI ora bhI vidvAnoM kA dhyAna AkarSita huA hai| dhyAnazataka, dhyAnastava, jJAnArNava Adi dhyAna aura yoga saMbaMdhI graMthoM kI samAlocanAtmaka bhUmikA aura hindI anuvAda ke sAtha prakAzana isa dizA meM mahatvapUrNa prayatna kahA jA sakatA hai| punaH haribhadra ke yoga saMbaMdhI graMthoM kA svataMtra rUpa se tathA catuSTaya ke rUpa meM prakAzana isa kar3I kA eka agalA caraNa hai| paM. sukhalAlajI kA 'samadarzI haribhadra', ahaMtadAsa baMDabodha

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79 dige kA pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna se prakAzita 'jaina yoga kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana', maMgalA sAMDa kA bhAratIya yoga Adi gaveSaNAtmaka dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa prakAzana kahe jA sakate haiN| aMgrejI bhASA meM viliyama jemsa kA 'jaina yoga', TATiyA kI 'sTaDIja ina jaina philAsaphI', padmanAbha jainI kA 'jaina pAtha Apha pyUriphikezana' Adi bhI isa kSetra kI mahattvapUrNa kRtiyAM haiN| jaina dhyAna aura yoga ko lekara likhI gaI munizrI nathamalajI ( yuvAcArya mahAprajJa) kI 'jaina yoga' 'cetanA kA UrdhvArohaNa', 'kisane kahA mana caMcala hai', 'AbhAmaNDala' Adi tathA AcArya tulasI kI prekSA- anuprekSA Adi kRtiyAM isa dRSTi se atyaMta hI mahatvapUrNa hai| unameM pAzcAtya manovijJAna aura zarIra vijJAna kA tathA bhAratIya haThayoga Adi kI paddhatiyoM kA eka suvyavasthita samanvaya huA hai| unhoMne haThayoga kI SaTcakra kI avadhAraNA ko bhI apane DhaMga se samanvita kiyA hai| unakI ye kRtiyAM jaina yoga aura dhyAna sAdhanA ke lie mIla ke patthara ke samAna hai| isa prakAra jaina paramparA meM dhyAna aura yoga ke adhyayana evaM tatsaMbaMdhI graMthoM ke prakAzana kA jo krama cala rahA hai usI zrRMkhalA kI eka kar3I sAdhvIzrI priyadarzanAjI kA yaha graMtha - "jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM dhyAna yoga" hai| sAdhvIzrIjI ne isa graMtha meM atyaMta parizrama pUrvaka na kevala jaina dhyAnayoga kI paramparA kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai apitu eka dRSTi se saMpUrNa jaina dharma aura sAdhanA paddhati ko hI prastuta kara diyA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki yaha graMtha AkAra meM bahuta bar3A ho gayA hai| unake isa adhyayana kI vyApakatA aura sarvAMgINatA sarAhanIya hai, phira bhI isake bRhad AkAra meM AnuSaMgika viSayoM ke vistRta vivaraNa ke kAraNa kahIM-kahIM pratipAdya viSaya gauNa hotA sA pratIta hotA hai|

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ardhamAgadhI AgamasAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA - pro. sAgaramala jaina ardhamAgadhI AgamasAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA kA ati vistRta vivecana upalabdha hai| paurvAtya evaM pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne ardhamAgadhI AgamasAhitya ke granthoM kA jo kAlakrama nirdhArita kiyA hai, usake AdhAra para samAdhimaraNa se sambandhita AgamoM ko hama nimna krama meM rakha sakate haiN| ati prAcIna stara ke Agama granthoM meM AcArAMga evaM uttarAdhyayana ye do aise grantha haiM jinameM samAdhimaraNa ke sambandha meM vistRta vivaraNa milatA hai| AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskaMdha kA 'vimokSa nAmaka aSTama adhyayana vistAra se samAdhimaraNa ke tIna prakAroM-- bhakta pratyAkhyAna, iMginimaraNa evaM prAyopagamana kI vistRta carcA karatA hai| isI prakAra uttarAdhyayanasUtra kA paMcama "akAma-maraNIya" adhyayana bhI akAmamaraNa aura sakAma maraNa (samAdhimaraNa) kI carcA se sambandhita hai| isake sAtha hI kiMcita paravartI mAne gaye uttarAdhyayana ke 36veM adhyayana meM bhI samAdhimaraNa kI vistRta carcA hai| isameM samayAvadhi kI dRSTi se utkRSTa, madhyama evaM jaghanya aise tIna prakAra ke samAdhimaraNoM kA ullekha hai| prAcIna stara ke ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM dazavaikAlika kA bhI mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| isake AThaveM 'AcAra-praNidhI nAmaka adhyayana meM samAdhimaraNa ke pUrva kI sAdhanA kA ullekha huA hai| isameM kaSAyoM ko alpa karane yA una para vijaya prApta karane kA nirdeza hai| isake atirikta kAlakrama kI dRSTi se kiMcita paravartI mAne gaye ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM tRtIya aMga Agama sthAnAMgasUtra ke dvitIya adhyayana ke caturtha uddezaka meM maraNa ke vividha prakAroM kI carcA ke prasaMga meM samAdhimaraNa ke vividha rUpoM ke ullekha upalabdha hote haiN| catartha aMga Agama samavAyAMga meM maraNa ke satraha bhedoM kI carcA hai| jJAtavya hai ki nAma evaM krama ke kucha aMtaroM ko chor3akara maraNa ke ina satraha bhedoM kI carcA bhagavatIArAdhanA meM bhI milatI hai| isameM bAlamaraNa, bAla-paNDitamaraNa, paNDitamaraNa, bhakta-pratyAkhyAna, iMginimaraNa, prAyopagamana Adi kI carcA hai| isI prakAra pAcaveM aMga-Agama bhagavatIsUtra meM ambaDa saMnyAsI evaM usake ziSyoM ke dvArA gaMgA kI bAlU para adatta jala kA sevana nahIM karate hue samAdhimaraNa karane kA ullekha pAyA jAtA haiN| sAtaveM aMga upAsakadazAsUtra meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 10 gRhastha upAsakoM ke dvArA liye gae samAdhimaraNa aura usameM upasthita vighnoM kI vistRta carcA milatI hai| AThaveM aMga Agama antagar3adazA evaM naveM aMga Agama anuttaraupapAtika dazA meM bhI aneka zramaNoM evaM zramaNiyoM ke dvArA lie gaye samAdhimaraNa kA ullekha milatA hai| antakRdazA kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki usameM samAdhimaraNa lene vAloM kI samAdhimaraNa ke pUrva kI zArIrika sthiti kaisI ho gaI thI, isakA sundara vivaraNa upalabdha hai|

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81 ardhamAgadhI AgamasAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa upAMga- sAhitya meM mAtra aupapAtikasUtra aura rAyapasenIya meM samAdhimaraNa grahaNa karane vAle kucha sAdhakoM kA ullekha hai, kintu inameM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA ke sambandha meM koI vivecana upalabdha nahIM hai| isa sambandha meM jo svatantra grantha upalabdha hote haiM, unheM ardhamAgadhI AgamasAhitya meM prakIrNaka varga ke arntagata rakhA gayA hai| prakIrNakoM meM AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, bhaktaparijJA, saMstAraka, ArAdhanA - patAkA, maraNavibhakti, maraNasamAdhi evaM maraNavizuddhi pramukha haiN| vartamAna meM jo maraNavibhakti ke nAma se prakIrNaka upalabdha ho rahA hai usameM maraNavibhakti ke atirikta maraNavizuddhi, maraNasamAdhi, saMlekhanAsUtra, bhaktaparijJA, AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, ArAdhanA prakIrNaka ina ATha granthoM ko samAhita kara liyA gayA hai / yadyapi bhaktaparijJA, AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, saMlekhanA zruta, saMstAraka, ArAdhanApatAkA Adi grantha svatantra rUpa se bhI upalabdha haiN| isake atirikta tandulavaicArika nAmaka prakIrNaka ke anta meM bhI samAdhimaraNa kA vistRta vivaraNa pAyA jAtA hai| yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA meM samAdhimaraNa kA vistRta vivaraNa evaM upadeza dene vAle saMskRta evaM prAkRta ke paravartI AcAryoM ke aneka grantha haiM, kintu prastuta vivecana meM hama apane ko mAtra ardhamAgadhI AgamasAhitya taka hI sImita rkheNge| zaurasenI AgamasAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kA vivaraNa prastuta karane vAle Agama tulya jo grantha haiM, unameM mUlAcAra evaM bhagavatI ArAdhanA nAmaka yApanIya paramparA ke do grantha prasiddha haiN| isameM mUlAcAra samAdhimaraNa kA vivaraNa prastuta karane ke sAtha hI muni AcAra ke anya pakSoM para bhI prakAza DAlatA hai| yadyapi isake saMkSipta pratyAkhyAna evaM bRhat pratyAkhyAna nAmaka adhyAyoM meM AturamahApratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna nAmaka prakIrNakoM kI zatAdhika gAthAe~ yathAvata apane zaurasenI rUpAntara meM milatI haiN| isI prakAra isameM Avazyaka niyukti kI bhI zatAdhika gAthAe~ Avazyaka niryukti ke nAma se hI milatI haiN| jahA~ taka bhagavatI ArAdhanA kA prazna hai usameM bhI ardhamAgadhI AgamasAhitya kI vizeSa rUpa se samAdhimaraNa se sambandhita prakIrNakoM kI zatAdhika gAthAe~ upalabdha hotI haiM / jJAtavya hai ki bhagavatI ArAdhanA kA mUla pratipAdya samAdhimaraNa hai aura yaha grantha aneka dRSTiyoM se maraNasamAdhi, aparanAma maraNavibhakti aura ArAdhanA patAkA se tulanIya hai| kucha vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki ArAdhanApatAkA nAmaka grantha zvetAmbara AcArya vIrabhadra ke dvArA bhagavatI ArAdhanA kA anukaraNa karake likhA gayA hai / yadyapi yaha abhI zodha kA viSaya hai| isameM bhaktaparijJA, piNDaniryukti aura Avazyaka niyukti kI bhI saikar3oM gAthAe~ uddhRta kI gayI haiN| isameM kula 1110 gAthAee~ haiM / isa prakAra maraNavibhakti aura saMstAraka meM samAdhimaraNa grahaNa karane vAloM ke jo viziSTa ullekha upalabdha hote haiM ve hI ullekha bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI bahuta kucha samAna rUpa se milate haiN| Aja maraNavibhakti Adi prakIrNakoM kA bhagavatI ArAdhanA se tulanAtmaka adhyayana bahuta hI apekSita hai kyoMki yaha grantha yApanIya paramparA meM nirmita huA hai aura yApanIya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ko mAnya karate the| ataH donoM paramparAoM meM kAphI kucha AdAna-pradAna huA hai| isI prakAra yApanIya paramparA ke grantha bRhat - kathAkoza meM bhI maraNavibhakti bhaktaparijJA, saMstAraka Adi kI

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DaoN. sAgaramala jaina aneka kathAe~ saMkalita haiM / merI dRSTi meM bRhat - kathAkoza kI kathAoM kA mUla srota cAhe ye prakaNaka grantha rahe hoM, kintu granthakAra ne bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI kathAoM kA anukaraNa karake hI yaha grantha likhA haiM, vaha prakIrNakoM se paricita nahIM rahA hai| Aja AvazyakatA hai ki donoM paramparAoM ke samAdhimaraNa sambandhI ina granthoM evaM unakI kathAoM kA tulanAtmaka vivaraNa prastuta kiyA jAya / 82 yadyapi maiM isa Alekha meM isa tulanAtmaka adhyayana ko prastuta karanA cAhatA thA, kintu samaya sImA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara vartamAna meM yaha sambhava nahIM ho sakA hai| samAdhimaraNa kI yaha avadhAraNA ati prAcIna hai / bhAratIya saMskRti kI zramaNa aura brAhmaNa-- ina donoM paramparAoM meM isake ullekha milate haiM, jisakI vistRta carcA hamane 'samAdhimaraNa (mRtyuvaraNa): eka tulanAtmaka tathA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana' nAmaka lekha meM, jo sambodhi, varSa (1977-78 ) aMka 6 naM. 3-4 meM pR. 39-49 para prakAzita hai, kI hai| vastutaH yahA~ hamArA vivecya mAtra ardhamAgadhI Agama hai| inameM AcArAMga prAcIna evaM prathama aMga Agama hai| AcArAMga ke anusAra samatva yA vItarAgatA kI sAdhanA hI dharma kA mUlabhUta prayojana hai| AcArAMgakAra kI dRSTi meM samatva yA vItarAgatA kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka tattva mamatva hai aura isa mamatva kA ghanIbhUta kendra vyakti kA apanA zarIra hotA hai| ataH AcArAMgakAra nirmamatva kI sAdhanA hetu deha ke prati nirmamatva kI sAdhanA ko Avazyaka mAnatA hai / samAdhimaraNa deha ke prati nirmamatva kI sAdhanA kA hI prayAsa hai| yaha na to AtmahatyA hai aura na to jIvana se bhAgane kA prytn| apitu jIvana ke dvAra para dastaka de rahI aparihArya banI mRtyu kA svAgata hai / vaha deha ke poSaNa ke prayatnoM kA tyAga karake dehAtIta hokara jIne kI eka kalA hai 1 AcArAMgasUtra aura samAdhimaraNa AcArAMgasUtra meM jina paristhitayoM meM samAdhimaraNa kI anuzaMsA kI gayI hai ve vizeSa rUpa se vicAraNIya haiN| sarvaprathama to AcArAMga meM samAdhimaraNa kA ullekha usake prathama zrutaskandha ke vimokSa nAmaka aSTam adhyayana meM huA hai / yaha adhyayana vizeSa rUpa se zarIra, AhAra, vastra Adi ke prati nirmamatva evaM unake visarjana kI carcA karatA hai| isameM vastra evaM AhAra ke visarjana kI prakriyA ko samajhAte hue hI anta meM deha - visarjana kI sAdhanA kA ullekha huA hai| AcArAMgasUtra samAdhimaraNa kina sthitiyoM meM liyA jA sakatA hai isakI saMkSipta kintu mahattvapUrNa vivecanA prastuta karatA hai| isameM samAdhimaraNa svIkAra karane kI tIna sthitiyoM kA ullekha hai -- 1. jaba zarIra itanA azakta va glAna ho gayA ho ki vyakti saMyama ke niyamoM kA pAlana karane meM asamartha ho aura muni ke AcAra niyamoM ko bhaMga karake hI jIvana bacAnA sambhava ho, to aisI sthiti meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki AcAra niyamoM ke ullaMghana kI apekSA deha kA visarjana hIM naitika hai / AcAra maryAdA kA ullaMghana karake jIvana kA rakSaNa vareNya nahIM hai / usameM kahA gayA hai ki jaba sAdhaka yaha jAne ki vaha nirbala aura maraNAntika roga se AkrAnta ho gayA hai aura

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83 ardhamAgadhI AgamasAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa niyama yA maryAdA pUrvaka AhAra Adi prApta karane meM asamartha hai, to vaha AhArAdi kA parityAga kara zarIra ke poSaNa ke prayatnoM ko banda kara de| isase deha ke prati nirmamatva kI sAdhanA pUrNa hotI hai| 2. jaba vyakti ko lage ki apanI vRddhAvasthA athavA asAdhya roga ke kAraNa usakA jIvana pUrNataH dUsaroM para nirbhara ho gayA hai aura vaha saMgha ke lie bhAra svarUpa bana gayA hai tathA apanI sAdhanA karane meM bhI asamartha ho gayA hai to aisI sthiti meM vaha AhArAdi kA tyAga karake deha ke prati nirmamatva kI sAdhanA karate hue deha kA visarjana kara sakatA hai| 3. isI prakAra sAdhaka ko jaba yaha lage ki sadAcAra yA brahmacarya kA khaNDana kie banA jIvana jInA sambhava nahIM hai arthAt caritra-nAza aura jIvita rahane meM eka hI vikalpa saMbhava hai to vaha tatkAla bhI zvAsa nirodha Adi karake apanA dehapAta kara sakatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ mUla-pATha meM zIta-sparza hai, jisakA TIkAkAroM ne brahmacarya ke bhaMga kA avasara aisA artha kiyA hai, kintu mUla-pATha aura pUrvaprasaMga ko dekhate isakA yaha artha bhI ho sakatA hai ki jisa muni ne acelatA ko svIkAra kara liyA hai vaha zIta sahana na kara pAne kI sthiti meM cAhe deha tyAga kara de, kintu niyama bhaMga nahIM kre| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki AcArAMgakAra na to jIvana ko asvIkAra hI karatA aura na vaha jIvana se bhAgane kI bAta kahatA hai| vaha to mAtra yaha pratipAdita karatA hai ki jaba mRtyu jIvana ke dvAra para dastaka de rahI ho aura AcAra-niyama arthAt lI gaI pratijJA bhaMga kie binA jIvana jInA sambhava nahIM hai, to aisI sthiti meM mRtyu kA varaNa karanA hI ucita hai| isI prakAra dUsaroM para bhAra banakara jInA athavA jaba zarIra vyaktigata sAdhanA athavA samAja sevA donoM ke lie sArthaka nahIM raha gayA ho, aisI sthiti meM bhI yenakena prakAreNa zarIra ko bacAne ke prayatna kI apekSA mRtyu kA varaNa hI ucita hai| jaba sAdhaka ko yaha lage ki sadAcAra aura muni AcAra ke niyamoM kA bhaMga karake AhAra evaM auSadhi ke dvArA tathA zItanivAraNa ke lie vastra athavA agni Adi ke upayoga dvArA hI zarIra ko bacAyA jA sakatA hai athavA brahmacarya ko bhaMga karake hI jIvita rahA jA sakatA hai to usake lie mRtyu kA varaNa hI ucita hai| AcArAMgakAra ne naitika mUlyoM ke saMrakSaNa aura jIvana ke saMrakSaNa meM upasthita vikalpa kI sthiti meM mRtyu ke varaNa ko hI vareNya mAnA hai| aisI sthiti meM vaha spaSTa nirdeza detA hai ki aisA vyakti mRtyu kA varaNa kara le| yaha usake lie kAlamRtyu hI hai kyoMki isake dvArA vaha saMsAra kA anta karane vAlA hotA hai| vaha spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki yaha maraNa vimoha Ayatana, hitakara, sukhakara, kAlocita, niHzreyaskara aura bhaviSya ke lie kalyANakArI hotA hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM samAdhi maraNa ke tIna rUpoM kA ullekha huA :-- bhakta pratyAkhyAna, iMganimaraNa, praayopgmn| usameM samAdhimaraNa ke lie do tathya Avazyaka mAne gae haiM -- kaSAyoM kA kRzIkaraNa aura dUsarA zarIra kA kRshiikrnn| isameM bhI mukhya uddezya to kaSAyoM kA kRzIkaraNa hai| bhakta parikSA meM prathama to muni ke lie kalpa kA vicAra kiyA gayA hai aura usake anta meM

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DaoN. sAgaramala jaina 84 yaha batAyA gayA hai ki akalpa kA sevana karane kI apekSA zarIra kA visarjana kara denA hI ucita hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki jaba bhikSu ko yaha anubhava ho ki merA zarIra aba itanA durbala athavA roga se akrAnta ho gayA hai ki gRhasthoM ke ghara bhikSA hetu paribhramaNa karanA mere lie sambhava nahIM hai, sAtha hI mujhe gRhastha ke dvArA mere sammukha lAyA gayA AhAra Adi grahaNa karanA yogya nahIM hai / aisI sthiti meM ekAkI sAdhanA karane vAle jinakalpI muni ke lie AhAra kA tyAga karake saMthArA grahaNa karane kA vidhAna hai| yadyapi AcArAMga ke anusAra saMghastha muni bImArI athavA vRddhAvasthA janya zArIrika durbalatA kI sthiti meM AhArAdi se eka dUsare kA upakAra arthAt sevA kara sakate haiM, kintu isa sambandha meM bhI usameM cAra vikalpoM kA ullekha huA hai- 1. koI bhikSu yaha pratijJA karatA hai ki maiM [ sAdharmika bhikSuoM ke lie ] AhAra Adi lAUMgA aura [ unake dvArA ] lAyA huA svIkAra bhI karUMgA / athavA 2. koI yaha pratijJA karatA hai ki maiM [dUsaroM ke lie ] AhAra Adi nahIM lAUgAM, kintu [unake dvArA] lAyA huA svIkAra karU~gA / athavA 3. koI bhikSu yaha pratijJA karatA hai ki maiM dUsaroM ke lie AhAra Adi lAUMgA kintu unake dvArA lAyA svIkAra nahIM karUMgA / athavA 4. koI bhikSu yaha pratijJA karatA hai ki maiM na to ( dUsaroM ke lie) AhAra Adi lAU~gA aura na (unake dvArA) lAyA huA svIkAra karUMgA / uparokta cAra vikalpoM meM se jo bhikSu prathama do vikalpa svIkAra karatA hai, vaha AhArAdi ke lie saMghasya muniyoM kI sevA le sakatA hai, kintu jo aMtima do vikalpa svIkAra karatA hai, usake lie AhArAdi ke liye dUsaroM kI sevA lene meM pratijJA bhaMga kA doSa AtA hai| aisI sthiti AcArAMgakAra kA mantavya yahI hai ki pratijJA bhaMga nahIM karanA cAhiye bhale hI bhaktapratyAkhyAna kara deha tyAga karanA par3e / AcArAMgakAra ke anusAra aisI sthiti meM jaba bhikSu ko yaha saMkalpa utpanna ho ki maiM isa samaya saMyama sAdhanA ke lie isa zarIra ko vahana karane meM glAna (asamartha ) ho rahA hU~, taba vaha kramazaH AhAra kA saMvartana (saMkSepa) kare / AhAra kA saMkSepa kara kaSAyoM (krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ) ko kRza kreN| kaSAyoM ko kRza kara samAdhipUrNa bhAva vAlA zarIra aura kaSAya donoM ora se kRza banA huA vaha bhikSu phala kA vasthita ho samAdhi maraNa ke lie utthita (prayatnazIla ) hokara zarIra kA utsarga kre| saMthArA grahaNa karane kA nizcaya kara lene ke pazcAt vaha kisa prakAra samAdhimaraNa grahaNa

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85 ardhamAgadhI AgamasAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kare isakA ullekha karate hue AcArAMgakAra kahatA hai ki aisA bhikSu grAma, nagara, karvaTa, Azrama Adi meM jAkara ghAsa kI yAcanA kare aura use prApta kara gAMva ke bAhara ekAMta meM jAkara jIva-jantu, bIja, harita Adi se rahita sthAna ko dekhakara ghAsa kA bistara taiyAra kare aura usa para sthita hokara itvarika anazana athavA prAyopagamanaM svIkAra kare / jJAtavya hai ki AcArAMgakAra bhakta pratyAkhyAna, iMginimaraNa aura prAyopagamana aise tIna prakAra ke samAdhimaraNa kA ullekha karatA hai / isameM bhakta pratyAkhyAna meM mAtra AhArAdi kA tyAga kiyA jAtA hai, kintu zArIrika halana calana aura gamanAgamana kI koI maryAdA nizcita nahIM kI jAtI hai / iMgitamaraNa meM AhAra tyAga ke sAtha hI sAtha zArIrika halana calana aura gamanAgamana kA eka kSetra nizcita kara liyA jAtA hai aura usake bAhara gamanAgamana kA tyAga kara diyA jAtA hai / prAyopagamana yA pAdopagamana meM AhAra Adi ke tyAga ke sAtha-sAtha zArIrika kriyAoM kA nirodha karate hue mRtyuparyanta nizcala rUpa se lakar3I ke takhte ke samAna sthira par3e rahanA par3atA hai / isIlie AcArAMgakAra ne prAyopagamana saMthAre ke pratyAkhyAna meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha likhA hai ki kAya, yoga evaM IrSyA kA pratyAkhyAna kare / vastutaH yaha tInoM saMthAre kI kramika avasthAe~ haiM / AcArAMga meM samAdhimaraNa kA vivaraNa krama se nirmamatva kI sthiti ko prApta dhairyavAna, AtmanigrahI aura gatimAna sAdhaka advitIya isa samAdhimaraNa kI sAdhanA hetu tatpara ho / ve dharma ke pAragAmI jJAna pUrvaka anukrama se donoM hI prakAra ke Arambha kA (hiMsA kA ) parityAga kara deN| ve kaSAyoM ko kRza karate hue AhAra kI mAtrA ko bhI alpa kareM aura pariSahoM ko sahana kareM aura isa prakAra karate hue jaba ati glAna ho jAya to AhAra kA bhI tyAga kara deM / aisI sthiti meM na to jIvana kI AkAMkSA rakheM aura na maraNa kI, apitu jIvana evaM maraNa donoM meM hI Asakta na ho| ve nirjarApekSI madhyastha samAdhi bhAva kA anupAlana kare tathA rAga-dveSa Adi Antarika parigraha tathA zarIra Adi bAhya parigraha kA tyAga kara zuddha adhyAtma kA anveSaNa kare / yadi unheM apane sAdhanAkAla meM kisI bhI rUpa meM AyuSya ke vinAza kA koI kAraNa jAna par3e to vaha zIghra hI samAdhi maraNa kA prayatna kreN| grAma athavA araNya meM jahA~ harita evaM prANiyoM Adi kA abhAva (alpatA ) ho, usa sthaNDila bhUmi para tRNa kA bichaunA taiyAra kare aura vahA~ nirAhAra hokara zAnta bhAva se leTa jAya / manuSya kRta athavA anya kisI prakAra ke parISaha se AkrAnta hone para bhI maryAdA kA ullaghaMna na kare tathA parISahoM ko samabhAva pUrvaka sahana kare / AkAza meM vicaraNa karane vAle pakSI evaM reMgane vAle prANI yadi usake zarIra kA mAMsa noceM, rakta pIye to bhI na unheM mAre aura na unakA nivAraNa kareM aura na usa sthAna se uThakara anyatra jAya, apitu yaha vicAra kare ki ye prANI mere zarIra kA hI nAza kara rahe haiM, mere jJAnAdi guNoM kA nhiiN| vaha AzravoM se rahita evaM Atma tuSTa ho usa pIr3A ko samabhAva se sahana kare / granthiyoM arthAt antara - bAhya parigraha se rahita mRtyu ke avasara ke pAraMgata bhikSu ke

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DaoN. sAgaramala jaina isa samAdhimaraNa ko saMyamI jIvana ke lie adhika zreSTha mAnA gayA hai 1 86 bhaktapratyAkhyAna ke atirikta samAdhimaraNa kA eka rUpa iMginimaraNa batAyA hai| isameM sAdhaka dUsaroM se sevA lene kA trividha rUpa se parityAga kara detA hai, aisA bhikSu hariyAlI para nahIM soe apitu jIvoM se rahita sthaNDila bhUmi para hI soe| vaha anAhAra bhikSu deha Adi ke prati mamatva kA visarjana karake parISahoM se AkrAnta hone para unheM samabhAva se sahana kare / indriyoM ke glAna ho jAne para vaha muni samitipUrvaka hI apane hAtha-paira Adi kA saMkoca - vistAra kare, kyoMki jo acala evaM samabhAva se yukta hotA hai vahI nindita nahIM hotaa| vaha jaba leTe-leTe yA baiThe-baiThe thaka jAya to zarIra ke saMdhAraNa ke lie thor3A gamanAgamana kare yA hAtha-pairoM ko hilAe~, kintu yadi sambhava ho to acetanavat nizceSTa ho jAye / isa advitIya maraNa para AsIna vyakti una kASTha-stambhoM yA phalaka Adi kA sahArA na le, jo dImaka Adi se yukta ho athavA varjita ho / jo sAdhaka iMginimaraNa se bhI uccatara prAyopagamana yA pAdopagamana saMthAre ko grahaNa karatA hai vaha sabhI aMgoM kA nirodha karake apane sthAna se calita nahIM hotA hai -- yaha prAyopagamana, bhakta pratyAkhyAna aura iMginimaraNa kI apekSA uttama sthAna hai| aisA bhikSu jIva-jantu se rahita bhUmi ko dekhakara vahA~ nizceSTa hokara rahe aura vahA~ apane zarIra ko sthApita kara yaha vicAra kare ki jaba zarIra hI merA nahIM hai to phira mujhe parISaha yA pIr3A kaisI? vaha saMsAra ke sabhI bhogoM ko nazvara jAnakara, unameM Asakta na ho| devoM dvArA nimaMtrita hone para vaha deva mAyA para zraddhA na kre| sabhI bhogoM meM amUrcchita hokara mRtyu ke avasara kA pAragAmI vaha titikSA ko hI parama hitakara jAnakara nirmamatvabhAva ko hI anyatama sAdhya mAne / uttarAdhyayana aura samAdhimaraNa isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki AcArAMga meM samAdhimaraNa ke prakAra, usakI prakriyA tathA use kina sthitiyoM meM grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai, isakI vistRta carcA hai| AcArAMga ke pazcAt prAcIna stara ke ardhamAgadhI Agama uttarAdhyayana meM bhI samAdhimaraNa kA vivaraNa usake 5veM evaM 36veM adhyAya meM upalabdha hotA hai| usake pA~caveM adhyAya meM sarvaprathama mRtyu ke do rUpoM kI carcA hai 1. akAma maraNa aura 2. skaammrnn| usameM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki akAmamaraNa bAra-bAra hotA hai jabaki sakAmamaraNa eka hI bAra hotA hai| jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ akAmamaraNa kA tAtparya kAmanA se rahita maraNa na hokara Atma puruSArtha se rahitai niruddezya yA niSprayojana pUrvaka maraNa se hai| isI prakAra sakAmamaraNa kA tAtparya puruSArtha yA sAdhanA se yukta soddezyamaraNa yA mukti ke prayojana pUrvaka maraNa se hai| uttarAdhyayana ke anusAra akAmamaraNa karane vAlA vyakti saMsAra meM Asakta hokara AnAcAra kA sevana karatA hai aura kAma-bhogoM ke pIche bhAgatA hai, aisA vyakti mRtyu ke samaya bhaya se saMtrasta hotA hai aura hArane vAle dhUrta juArI kI taraha zoka karatA akAmamaraNa ko arthAt nizprayojana maraNa ko prApta hotA hai, jabaki sakAmamaraNa paNDitoM ko prApta hotA hai| saMyata jitendriya puNyAtmAoM ko hI / ati prasanna arthAt nirAkula evaM AghAta rahita yaha maraNa prApta hotA hai| aisA maraNa na to sabhI bhikSuoM ko milatA hai, na sabhI gRhasthoM ko / jo bhikSu hiMsA Adi se nivRtta hokara saMyama kA abhyAsa karatA hai, unheM hI aisA 1 --

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87 ardhamAgadhI AgamasAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa sakAmamaraNa prApta hotA hai| uttarAdhyayana yaha spaSTa nirdeza detA hai ki medhAvI sAdhaka bAlamaraNa va paNDitamaraNa kI tulanA karake sakAma maraNa ko svIkAra kare aura maraNa kAla meM kSamA aura dayA dharma se yukta ho, tathAbhUta AtmabhAva meM maraNa kre| jaba maraNa kAla upasthita ho to jisa zraddhA se pravrajyA svIkAra kI thI, usI zraddhA va zAnta bhAva se zarIra ke bheda arthAt dehapAta kI pratikSA kre| mRtyu kA samaya Ane para tIna prakAra ke eka se eka zreSTha samAdhimaraNoM se zarIra kA parityAga kre| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki uttarAdhyayana ke isa paMcama adhyAya meM bhI unhIM tInoM prakAra ke samAdhimaraNoM kA ullekha hai jisakI carcA hama AcArAMga ke sambandha meM kara cuke haiN| phira bhI jJAtavya hai ki uttarAdhyayana kA yaha vivaraNa samAdhimaraNa ke hetu preraNA pradAna karane kI hI dRSTi se hai| dUsare zabdoM meM yaha mAtra upadezAtmaka vivaraNa hai| isameM kina paristhitiyoM meM samAdhimaraNa grahaNa kiyA jAya isakI carcA nahIM hai| mAtra yatra-tatra samAdhimaraNa ke kucha saMketa hI haiN| uttarAdhyayana meM samAdhi maraNa yA saMlekhanA ke kAla Adi ke sambandha meM aura usakI prakriyA ke sambandha meM jo ullekha hai vaha usake 36veM adhyAya meM isa prakAra se varNita hai -- aneka varSoM taka zrAmaNya kA pAlana karake muni isa anukrama se AtmA kI saMlekhanA -- vikAroM ko kSINa kreN| utkRSTa saMlekhanA bAraha varSa kI hotI hai| madhyama eka varSa kI aura jaghanya chaha mAsa kI hai| prathama cAra varSoM meM dugdha Adi vikRtiyoM kA ni!haNa -- tyAga kareM, dUsare cAra varSoM meM vividha prakAra kA tapa kareM, phira do varSoM taka ekAntara tapa (eka dina upavAsa aura phira eka dina bhojana) kreN| bhojana ke dina AcAmla kreN| usake bAda gyArahaveM varSa meM pahale chaha mahinoM taka koI bhI ativikRSTa (telA, caulA Adi) tapa na kreN| usake bAda chaha mahIne taka vikRSTa tapa kre| isa pUre varSa meM parimita (pAraNo ke dina) AcAmla kre| bArahaveM varSa meM eka varSa taka koTi sahita arthAta nirantara, AcAmla karake phira muni pakSa yA eka mAsa kA AhAra se tapa arthAt anazana kre| kAdI, abhiyogI, kilbiSikI, mohI aura AsurI bhAvanAe~ durgati dene vAlI haiN| ye mRtyu ke samaya meM saMyama kI virAdhanA karatI haiN| jo marate samaya mithyA-darzana meM anurakta haiM, nidAna se yukta haiM aura hiMsaka haiM, unheM bodhi bahuta durlabha hai| jo samyag darzana meM anurakta haiM, nidAna se rahita hai, zukla lezyA meM avagAr3ha- praviSTa haiM, unheM bodhi sulabha hai| jo jina vacana meM anurakta hai, jina vacanoM kA bhAva pUrvaka AcaraNa karate haiM, ve nirmala aura rAgAdi se asaMkliSTa hokara parIta saMsArI (parimita saMsAra vAle) hote haiN| anya aMgaAgama aura samAdhimaraNa AcArAMga va uttarAdhyayana ke pazcAt ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga meM samAdhimaraNa se sambandhita mAtra kucha saMketa haiN| sthAnAMgasUtra (214) meM do-do ke vargoM meM vibhAjita karate hue zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA anumodita aura ananumodita maraNoM kA ullekha

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DaoN. sAgaramala jaina hai| mahAvIra ne zramaNa nirgranthoM ke lie do prakAra maraNa kabhI bhI varNita, kIrtita, ukta, prazaMsita aura ananumodita nahIM kiye haiM valanmaraNa aura vshaartmrnn| isI prakAra nidAnamaraNa aura tadbhavamaraNa, giripatana aura taspatanamaraNa, jala - pravezamaraNa aura agnipravezamaraNa, viSabhakSaNamaraNa aura zAstrAvapAtana maraNa / ye do-do prakAra ke maraNa bhramaNa nirgranthoM ke lie zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kabhI bhI varNita, kIrtita, ukta, prazaMsita aura anumodita nahIM kiye haiM / kintu kAraNa - vizeSa hone para vaihAyasa (vaikhAnasa ) aura giddhaSTha ye do maraNa anumodita haiM / zramaNa mahAvIra ne zramaNa nirgranthoM ke lie do prakAra ke maraNa sadA varNita, kIrtita, ukta, prazaMsita aura anumodita kiye haiM prAyopagamanamaraNa aura bhakta pratyAkhyAnamaraNa / prAyopagamanamaraNa do prakAra kA kahA gayA hai nirdhArima aura anirdhArima / prAyopagamana maraNa niyamataH apratikarma hotA hai / bhaktapratyAkhyAnamaraNa do prakAra kA kahA gayA hai-- nirdhArima aura anirhArima / bhakta pratyAkhyAnamaraNa niyamataH sapratikarma hotA hai| 88 ---- samavAyAMga (samavAya 17 ) meM maraNa ke nimna sagraha prakAroM kA ullekha huA hai - ---- 1. AvIcimaraNa, 2. avadhimaraNa, 3. AtyAntikamaraNa, 4. valanmaraNa, 5. vazArtamaraNa, 6. antaH zalyamaraNa, 7. tadbhava maraNa, 8. bAlamaraNa, 9. paNDita maraNa, 10. bAlapaNDita maraNa, 11. chadmasthamaraNa, 12. kevalimaraNa, 13. vaikhAnasamaraNa, 14. gRddhapRSTamaraNa, 15. bhakta pratyAkhyAnamaraNa, 16. iMginimaraNa evaM 17. pAdopagamanamaraNa / inameM se bAlapaNDitamaraNa, paNDitamaraNa, chadmasthamaraNa, kevalImaraNa, bhakta pratyAkhyAna, iMginimaraNa va prAyopagamana kA saMbandha samAdhimaraNa se hai / kinhIM sthitiyoM meM vaikhAnasamaraNa, gRddhaspRSTamaraNa ko jaina paramparA meM bhI ucita mAnA gayA hai / kintu ye donoM apavAdika sthiti meM hI ucita mAne gaye haiM jaise jaba brahmacarya ke pAlana aura jIvana ke saMrakSaNa meM eka hI vikalpa ho, to aisI sthiti meM vaikhAnasamaraNa dvArA zarIra tyAga ko ucita mAnA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI samavAyAMga ke samAna hI maraNa ke uparyukta satraha prakAroM kA ullekha hai| yadyapi kahIM-kahIM unake nAma evaM krama meM antara dikhAyI detA hai / udAharaNArtha samavAyAMga meM chadmasthamaraNa kA ullekha hai jabaki bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM isakA ullekha nahIM hai| isake sthAna para usameM osannamaraNa kA ullekha hai| samavAyAMga ke pazcAt jJAtAdharmakathA, upAsakadazA, antakRtadazA anuttaraupapAtikadazA tathA vipAkadazA Adi aMga AgamoM meM jIvana ke aMtima kAla meM saMlekhanA dvArA zarIra tyAgane vAle sAdhakoM kI kathAe~ haiN| isameM bhagavatIsUtra meM ambar3a saMnyAsI aura usake 500 ziSyoM ke dvArA adatta jala kA sevana nahIM karate hue gaMgA kI bAlU para samAdhimaraNa lene kA ullekha hai / upAsakadazA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke Ananda, kAmadeva, sakaDAlaputra, culinIpitA Adi daza gRhastha upAsakoM dvArA samAdhimaraNa grahaNa karane aura unameM vighnoM ke upasthita hone tathA Ananda ko isa avasthA meM vistRta avadhijJAna utpanna hone, gautama ke dvArA Ananda se kSamA-yAcanA karane Adi ke ullekha haiN| isI prakAra antakRtadazA meM kucha zramaNoM aura AryikAoM dvArA samAdhimaraNa svIkAra karane aura usa dazA meM kaivalya evaM mokSa prApta karane ke nirdeza haiM / kintu vistAra bhaya se ina sabakI carcA meM jAnA hama yahA~ Avazyaka

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nahIM smjhte| itanA avazya jJAtavya hai ki inameM se kucha kathAoM ke nirdeza zvetAmbara paramparA meM maraNa vibhakti meM tathA acela paramparA meM bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| yahA~ hama kevala antakRtadazA ( varga 8. adhyAya 1 ) kA vaha ullekha karanA cAheMge jisameM sAdhaka kisa sthiti meM samAdhimaraNa grahaNa karatA thA, isakA sundara citraNa nimna hai -1 89 ardhamAgadhI AgamasAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa " tatpazcAt kAlI AryA, usa urAla - pradhAna, ( vipula, dIrghakAlIna, vistIrNa, sazrIka- zobhAsampanna, guru dvArA pradatta athavA prayatnasAdhya, bahumAnapUrvaka gRhIta, kalyANakArI, nirogatA - janaka, ziva-mukti ke kAraNa-bhUta, dhanya, mAMgalya, pApavinAzaka, udagra- tIvra, udAra - niSkAma hone ke kAraNa audArya vAle, uttama, ajJAna andhakAra se rahita aura mahAn prabhAva vAle, tapaH karma se zuSka- nIrasa zarIra vAlI, rukSa, mAMsa rahita aura nasoM se vyApta ho gayI thii| jaise koI koyaloM se bharI gAr3I ho, sUkhI lakar3iyoM se bharI gAr3I ho, pattoM se bharI gAr3I ho, dhUpa meM DAlakara sukhAI ho arthAt koyalA, lakar3I patte Adi khUba sukhA liye gaye hoM aura phira gAr3I meM bhare gaye hoM, to vaha gAr3I khar3a-khar3a AvAja karatI huI calatI hai aura ThaharatI hai, usI prakAra kAlI AryA hAr3oM kI khar3akhar3AhaTa ke sAtha calatI thI aura khar3akhar3AhaTa ke sAtha khar3I rahatI thI / vaha tapasyA se to upacita-vRddhi ko prApta thI, magara mAMsa aura rUdhira se apacita-hAsa ko prApta ho gayI thI / bhasma ke samUha se AcchAdita agni kI taraha tapasyA ke teja se dedIpyamAna vaha tapasteja kI lakSmI se atIva zobhAyamAna ho rahI thIM / eka dina rAtri ke pichale prahara meM kAlI AryA ke hRdaya meM skandamuni ke samAna yaha vicAra utpanna huA "isa kaThora tapa sAdhanA ke kAraNa merA zarIra atyanta kRza ho gayA hai| tathApi jaba taka mere isa zarIra meM utthAna, karma, bala, vIrya aura puruSakAra - parAkrama hai, mana meM zraddhA, dhairya evaM vairAgya hai taba taka mere liye ucita hai ki kala sUryodaya hone ke pazcAt AryA caMdanA se pUchakara, unakI AjJA prApta hone para, saMlekhanA jhUSaNA kA sevana karatI huI bhaktapAna kA tyAga karake, mRtyu ke prati niSkAma hokara vicaraNa kruuN|" aisA socakara vaha agale dina sUryodaya hote hI jahA~ AryA caMdanA thI vahA~ AI aura vaMdanA - namaskAra kara isa prakAra bolI-"he Arye ! ApakI AjJA ho to maiM saMlekhanA jhUSaNA karatI huI vicaranA cAhatI hU~ / " AryA candanA ne kahA "he devAnupriye ! jaise tumheM sukha ho, vaisA kro| satkArya meM vilamba na kro|" taba AryA candanA kI AjJA pAkara kAlI AryA saMlekhanA jhUSaNA grahaNa karake yAvat vicarane lagI / kAlI AryA ne AryA candanA ke pAsa sAmAyika se lekara gyAraha aMgoM kA adhyayana kiyA aura pUre ATha varSa taka cAritradharma kA pAlana karake eka mAsa kI saMlekhanA se AtmA ko jhoSita kara sATha bhakta kA anazana pUrNa kara, jisa hetu se saMyama grahaNa kiyA thA yAvat usako antima zvAsocchvAsa taka pUrNa kiyA aura siddha, buddha aura mukta ho gii| -- isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki antakRtadazA meM jaba zarIra pUrNatayA glAna ho jAya, aisI sthiti meM hI samAdhimaraNa lene kA ullekha hai| prakIrNaka aura samAdhimaraNa zvetAmbara paramparA meM samAdhimaraNa se sambandhita jo grantha likhe gaye haiM, unameM candravedhyaka,

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DaoN. sAgaramala jaina OU AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, saMstAraka, bhakta parijJA aura maraNa vibhakti pramukha haiN| candravedhyaka prakIrNaka kA antima lakSya to samAdhimaraNa kA nirUpaNa hI hai, kintu usakI pUrva bhUmikA ke rUpa meM vinaya guNa, AcArya guNa, vinaya nigraha guNa, jJAna guNa aura caraNa guNa dvAra nAmaka prathama pAMca dvAroM meM samAdhimaraNa kI pUrva bhUmikA ke rUpa meM sambandhita viSayoM kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai aura anta meM chaThAM samAdhimaraNa dvAra hai| isa prakIrNaka meM 175 gAthAe~ haiM, kintu kucha pratiyoM meM 75 gAthAe~ aura bhI milatI haiM kintu unameM se adhikAMza gAthAyeM AturapratyAkhyAna meM yathAvata upalabdha hotI haiN| grantha ke anta meM maraNa gaNa dvAra nAmaka saptama dvAra meM sabase adhika 58 gAthAe~ hai| isameM akRtayoga aura kRtayoga ke mAdhyama se yaha batAyA gayA hai ki jo vyakti viSaya-vAsanAoM ke vazIbhUta hokara jIvana jItA hai, vaha akRta yoga hai tathA jo isake viparIta vAsanAoM evaM kaSAyoM para niyantraNa kara jIvana jItA hai vaha kRtayogI hai aura jo kRtayogI hai, usI kA maraNa sArthaka hai yA samAdhimaraNa hai| isameM kisa prakAra kI jIvana dRSTi va AcAra-vicAra kA pAlana karate hue vyakti samAdhimaraNa ko prApta kara sakatA hai, isakA vistRta vivecana hai| isameM kahA gayA hai ki jo samyaktva se yukta labdhabuddhi sAdhaka AlocanA karake maraNa ko prApta hotA hai usakA maraNa zuddha hotA hai isake viparIta jo indriya sukhoM kI ora daur3atA hai vaha akRta parikrama jIva ArAdhanA kAla meM vicalita ho jAtA hai| jisa prakAra lakSya bheda kA sAdhaka apanA dhyAna bAhya viSayoM kI ora na lagAkara kevala lakSya kI ora rakhatA hai, usI prakAra jo vyakti rAga-dveSa kA nigraha karatA hai tathA tridaNDa aura cAra kaSAyoM se apanI AtmA ko lipta nahIM hone detaa| pAMcoM indriyoM para niyantraNa rakhatA hai| chaha jIva nikAya kI hiMsA evaM sAta bhayoM se rahita mArdava bhAva se yukta hotA hai| ATha madoM se rahita hokara nava prakAra se brahmacarya kA pAlana karatA hai tathA dasa dharma kA pAlana karate hue zukla dhyAna ke abhimukha hotA hai vahI vyakti maraNa kAla meM kRta yogI hotA hai| jo vyakti jina upadRSTa samAdhimaraNa kI ArAdhanA karatA hai vaha dhUta kleza hokara bhAvazalyoM kA nivAraNa karake zuddha avasthA ko prApta hotA hai| jisa prakAra sukuzala vaidya bhI apanI vyAdhi ko anya se kahakara usakI cikitsA karavAtA hai, usI prakAra sAdhu bhI gurU ke samIpa apane doSoM kI AlocanA karake mRtyu ke samaya zuddha avasthA ko prApta hotA hai| jo sAdhu maraNakAla meM Asakta nahIM hotA, vahI ArAdhaka hai| isa prakAra candravedhyaka mukhya rUpa se samAdhimaraNa karane vAle sAdhaka kI jIvana dRSTi kaisI honA cAhie, isakI carcA karatA hai| candravedhyaka ke pazcAt jo prakIrNaka grantha pUrNataH samAdhi samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA ko hI apanA viSaya banAte haiM, unameM AturapratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna pramukha haiN| jJAtavya hai ki AturapratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna kI lagabhaga eka sau gAthAe~ mUlAcAra ke saMkSipta pratyAkhyAna aura bRhat pratyAkhyAna nAmaka adhyAyoM meM upalabdha hotI haiN| 'AturapratyAkhyAna ke nAma se tIna prakIrNaka grantha upalabdha hote haiN| eka AturapratyAkhyAna meM tIsa gAthAe~ aura kucha gadya bhAga haiM, jabaki dUsare meM 34 gAthAe~ haiM aura tIsare meM 71 gAthAe~ haiN| vaise ina sabhI AturapratyAkhyAna nAmaka prakIrNakoM kA viSaya samAdhimaraNa hI hai| prathama

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91 ardhamAgadhI AgamasAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa AturapratyAkhyAna meM paMca maMgala ke pazcAt arihaMta Adi se kSamA yAcanA aura uttama artha arthAt samAdhimaraNa kI ArAdhanA ke lie 18 pApa sthAnoM kA aura zarIra ke saMrakSaNa kA parityAga tathA anta meM sAgAra evaM nirAgAra samAdhi maraNa ke pratyAkhyAna kI carcA hai| isake anta meM saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM se kSamA yAcanA ke sandarbha meM 13 gAthAe~ haiM aura anta meM ekatva bhAvanA kA ullekha hai| jisameM kahA gayA hai ki "jJAna-darzana se yukta eka merA AtmA hI zAzvata hai, zeSa sabhI bAhya padArtha sAMyogika haiN| sAMyogika padArthoM ke prati mamatva hI duHkha paramparA kA kAraNa hai| ataH trividha rUpa se saMyoga kA parityAga kara denA cAhie" / jJAtavya hai ki ye gAthAe~ bhagavatIArAdhanA evaM mUlAcAra ke sAtha-sAtha kuMda-kuMda ke granthoM meM bhI yathAvata rUpa meM upalabdha hotI hai| AturapratyAkhyAna nAmaka dUsare grantha meM avirati kA pratyAkhyAna, mamatva tyAga, deva ke prati upAlambha, zubha bhAvanA, arahaMta Adi kA smaraNa Adi samAdhimaraNa ke aMgoM kI carcA hai| isI nAma ke tRtIya prakIrNaka 71 gAthAe~ haiN| isameM mukhya rUpa se bAla-paNDita maraNa aura paNDita maraNa aise do prakAra ke samAdhimaraNoM kI carcA karatA hai| isameM prathama 4 gAthAoM meM dezavratI zrAvaka ke liye bAla-paNDita maraNa kA vidhAna hai jabaki muni ke lie paNDita maraNa kA vidhAna hai| isameM uttama artha samAdhi maraNa kI prApti ke lie kisa prakAra ke dhyAnoM (vicAroM) kI AvazyakatA hai, isakI carcAyeM hai| isake pazcAt saba pApoM ke pratyAkhyAna ke sAtha AtmA kI ekatva kI anubhUti kI carcA bhI hai| anta meM AlocanAdAyaka aura AlocanA grAhaka ke guNoM kI carcA karate hue tIna prakAra ke maraNoM kI carcA kI gaI hai -- bAla-maraNa, bAla-paNDitamaraNa, pnndditmrnn| isake pazcAt asamAdhimaraNa ke phala kI carcA kI gayI hai aura phira yaha batAyA gayA hai ki bAlamaraNa aura paNDita maraNa kyA hai ? zastra grahaNa, viSa-bhakSaNa, jala-praveza, agni-praveza Adi dvArA mRtyu ko prApta karanA bAlamaraNa hai tathA isake viparIta anazana dvArA dehAsakti kA tyAga kara kaSAyoM ko kSINa karanA paNDita maraNa hai| anta meM paNDitamaraNa kI bhAvanAe~ aura usakI vidhi kI carcA hai| mahApratyAkhyAna nAmaka prakIrNaka meM 142 gAthAe~ haiN| isameM bAhya evaM abhyAntara parigraha kA parityAga, sarvajIvoM se kSamA yAcanA, AtmAlocana, mamatva kA chedana, AtmasvarUpa kA dhyAna, mUla evaM uttara guNoM kI ArAdhanA, ekatva bhAvanA, saMyoga sambandhoM ke parityAga Adi kI carcA karate hue Alocaka ke svarUpa kA bhI vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| isI prasaMga meM pA~ca mahAvratoM evaM samiti-gupti ke svarUpa kI carcA bhI hai| sAtha hI tapa ke mahattva ko batAyA gayA hai| phira akRta-yoga evaM kRtayoga kI carcA karake paNDita-maraNa kI prarUpaNA kI gayI hai| isI prasaMga meM jJAna kI pradhAnatA kA bhI citraNa huA hai| anta meM saMsArataraNa evaM karmoM se vistAra pAne kA upadeza dete hue ArAdhanA rUpI patAkA ko phaharAne kA nirdeza hai| sAtha hI pA~ca prakAra kI ArAdhanA va unake phaloM kI carcA karate hue dhIramaraNa (samAdhimaraNa) kI prazaMsA kI gayI hai| saMstAraka prakIrNaka kA viSaya bhI samAdhimaraNa hI hai| isa prakIrNaka meM 122 gAthAe~ haiN| prArambha meM maMgala ke sAtha-sAtha kucha zreSTha vastuoM aura sadguNoM kI carcA hai| isameM kahA gayA hai ki samAdhimaraNa paramArtha, parama-Ayatana, paramakalpa aura paramagati kA sAdhaka hai| jisa

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DaoN. sAgaramala jaina prakAra parvatoM meM merUparvata evaM tArAgaNoM meM candra zreSTha hai, usI prakAra suvihita janoM ke lie saMthArA zreSTha / isI meM Age 12 gAthAoM meM saMstAraka ke svarUpa kA vivecana hai / isa prasaMga meM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki kauna vyakti samAdhimaraNa ko grahaNa kara sakatA hai ? yaha grantha kSpaka ke lAbha evaM sukha kI carcA karatA hai| isameM saMthArA grahaNa karane vAle kucha vyaktiyoM ke ullekha haiM yathA sukozala RSi, avanti - sukumAla, kArtikArya, pATalIputra ke caMdaka - putra ( sambhavataH candragupta ) tathA cANakya Adi / -- 92 jJAtavya hai ki isakI adhikAMza kathAe~ yApanIya grantha bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI upalabdha hotI haiN| vidvAnoM se anurodha hai ki saMstAraka evaM maraNa-vibhakti meM varNita ina kathAoM kI bRhatkathA koza tathA ArAdhanA koza se tulanA kareM / anta meM saMstAraka kI bhAvanAoM kA citraNa hai / isakI aneka gAthAe~ AturapratyAkhyAna evaM candravedhyaka prakIrNaka meM bhI milatI haiM / zvetAmbara AgamasAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa ke sambandha meM sabase vistRta grantha maraNavibhakti hai / vastutaH maraNa vibhakti eka grantha na hokara samAdhimaraNa se sambandhita prAcIna ATha granthoM ke AdhAra para nirmita huA eka saMkalana grantha hai / yadyapi isameM ina ATha granthoM kI gAthAe~ kahIM zabda rUpa se to kahIM bhAva rUpa se hI gRhIta haiM / phira bhI samAdhi maraNa sambandhita sabhI viSayoM ko eka sthAna para prastuta karane kI dRSTi se yaha grantha ati mahattvapUrNa hai| isameM 663 gAthAe~ haiN| yaha grantha saMkSipta hote hue bhI bhagavatI ArAdhanA ke samAna hI apane viSaya ko samagra rUpa se prastuta karatA hai / vistAra bhaya se yahAM isakI samasta viSaya-vastu kA pratipAdana kara pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| isameM 14 dvAra arthAt adhyayana haiM / isa grantha meM bhI saMstAraka ke samAna hI paNDita maraNapUrvaka mukti prApta karane vAle sAdhakoM ke dRSTAnta haiN| jinameM se adhikAMza bhagavatI ArAdhanA evaM saMstAraka meM milate haiM / isI grantha meM anitya Adi bAraha bhAvanAoM kA bhI vivecana hai / isake atirikta ArAdhanApatAkA nAmaka eka grantha aura hai| yaha grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA aisA kahanA hai ki yaha grantha yApanIya grantha bhagavatI ArAdhanA ke AdhAra para AcArya vIrabhadra dvArA nirmita huA hai, kintu isa grantha meM bhakta - parijJA, piNDaniryukti aura Avazyaka- niryukti kI anekoM gAthAe~ bhI haiN| ataH yaha kisa grantha ke AdhAra para nirmita huA hai, yaha zodha kA viSaya hai / isI prakAra zvetAmbara paramparA meM samAdhimaraNa se sambandhita aneka grantha paravartI zvetAmbarAcAryoM dvArA bhI likhe gaye haiM, jinameM pUrNa vistAra ke sAtha samAdhimaraNa sambandhI vivaraNa hai kintu ye grantha paravartIkAla ke haiM, aura hama apane viSaya ko ardhamAgadhI AgamasAhitya taka hI sImita rakhane ke kAraNa inakI vizeSa carcA yahAM nahIM karanA caaheNge| yaha samasta carcA bhI hamane saMketa rUpa meM hI kI hai| vidvAnoM se anurodha hai ki ve isa tulanAtmaka adhyayana ko Age bddh'aayeN| isa sambandha meM aneka Agamika vyAkhyA grantha jaise AcArAMga niyukti, sUtrakRtAMga niryukti, Avazyaka niyukti, nizIthabhASya, bRhatkalpa bhASya, vyavahAra bhASya, nizIthacUrNi Adi

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93 ardhamAgadhI AgamasAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa bhI unake upajIvya ho sakate haiN| isI prakAra AgamoM kI zIlAMka aura abhayadeva kI vRttiyAM bhI bahuta kucha sUcanAyeM pradAna kara sakatI haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM kSapaka arthAt saMlekhanA lene vAle zramaNa ke maraNoparAnta deha ko kisa prakAra visarjita kiyA jAye, isakI carcA bhagavatI ArAdhanA aura nizItha cUrNi meM samAna rUpa se milatI hai / AzA hai vidvAnoM kI AgAmI pIr3hI isa tulanAtmaka carcA ko pUrNatA pradAna kregii| - pro. sAgaramala jaina, pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI - 5

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jaina karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa - pro. sAgaramala jaina karmasiddhAnta kA udbhava evaM vikAsa karmasiddhAnta kA udbhava sRSTi-vaicitrya, vaiyaktika-bhinnatAoM, vyakti kI sukha-duHkhAtmaka anubhUtiyoM evaM zubhAzubha manovRttiyoM ke kAraNa kI vyAkhyA ke prayAsoM meM hI huA hai| sRSTi-vaicitrya evaM vaiyaktika, bhinnatAoM ke kAraNa kI khoja ke ina prayAsoM meM vibhinna vicAradhArAyeM astitva meM aayiiN| zvetAzvataropaniSad, aMguttaranikAya aura sUtrakRtAMga meM hameM ina vibhinna vicAradhArAoM kI upasthiti ke saMketa milate haiN| mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM ina vicAradhArAoM kI samIkSA bhI kI gaI hai| isa sambandha meM pramukha mAnyatAe~ nimna haiM -- 1. kAlavAda -- yaha siddhAnta sRSTi-vaividhya aura vaiyaktika-vibhinnatAoM kA kAraNa kAla ko svIkAra karatA hai| jisakA jo samaya yA kAla hotA hai tabhI vaha ghaTita hotA hai, jaise -- apanI Rtu (samaya) Ane para hI vRkSa meM phala lagate haiN| 2. svabhAvavAda -- saMsAra meM jo bhI ghaTita hogA yA hotA hai, usakA AdhAra vastuoM kA apanA-apanA svabhAva hai| saMsAra meM koI bhI svabhAva kA ullaMghana nahIM kara sakatA hai| 3. niyativAda -- saMsAra kA samagra ghaTanA-krama pUrva niyata hai, jo jisa rUpa meM honA hotA hai vaisA hI hotA hai, use koI anyathA nahIM kara sktaa| 4. yadRcchAvAda -- kisI bhI ghaTanA kA koI niyata hetu yA kAraNa nahIM hotA hai| samasta ghaTanAe~ mAtra saMyoga kA pariNAma hai| yadRcchAvAda hetu ke sthAna para saMyoga (Chance ) ko pramukha banA detA hai| 5. mahAbhUtavAda -- samagra astitva ke mUla meM paMcamahAbhUtoM kI sattA rahI hai| saMsAra unake vaividhyamaya vibhinna saMyogoM kA hI pariNAma hai| 6. prakRtivAda -- vizva-vaividhya triguNAtmaka prakRti kA hI khela hai| mAnavIya sukha-duHkha bhI prakRti ke hI adhIna hai| 7. IzvaravAda -- Izvara hI isa jagat kA racayitA evaM niyAmaka hai, jo kucha bhI hotA hai, vaha saba usakI icchA yA kriyAzakti kA pariNAma hai| 8. puruSavAda -- vaiyaktika vibhinnatA aura sAMsArika ghaTanA-krama ke mUla meM puruSa kA puruSArtha hI pramukha hai|

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95 jaina karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa vastutaH jagat-vaividhya aura vaiyaktika bhinnatAoM kI tArkika vyAkhyA ke inhIM prayatnoM meM karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsa huA hai| jisameM puruSavAda kI pramukha bhUmikA rahI hai / karmasiddhAnta uparyukta siddhAntoM kA puruSavAda ke sAtha samanvaya kA prayatna hai| zvetAzvataropaniSad ke prArambha meM hI yaha prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki hama kisake dvArA prerita hokara saMsAra - yAtrA kA anuvartana kara rahe haiN| Age RSi yaha jijJAsA prakaTa karatA hai ki kyA kAla, svabhAva, niyati, yadRcchA, bhUta-yoni athavA puruSa yA ina sabakA saMyoga hI isakA kAraNa hai'| vastutaH ina sabhI vicAradhArAoM meM puruSavAda ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI vizva- vaicitrya aura vaiyaktika - vaividhya kI vyAkhyA ke lie kisI na kisI bAhya-tathya para hI bala de rahI thii| hama inameM se kisI bhI siddhAnta ko mAneM, vaividhya kA kAraNa vyakti se bhinna hI mAnanA hogA, kintu aisI sthiti meM vyakti para naitika dAyitva kA AropaNa sambhava nahIM ho pAtA hai / yadi hama jo kucha bhI karate haiM aura jo kucha bhI pAte haiM, usakA kAraNa bAhya tathya hI haiM, to phira hama kisI bhI kArya ke lie naitika dRSTi se uttaradAyI ThaharAye nahIM jA skte| yadi vyakti kAla, svabhAva, niyati athavA Izvara kI icchAoM kA eka sAdhana mAtra hai, to vaha usa kaThaputalI ke samAna hai, jo dUsare ke izAroM para hI kArya karatI hai| kintu aisI sthiti meM puruSa meM icchA - svAtantrya kA abhAva mAnane para naitika uttaradAyitva kI samasyA uThatI hai / sAmAnya manuSya ko naitikatA ke prati AsthAvAna banAne ke lie Avazyaka hai ki vyakti ko usake zubhAzubha karmoM ke prati uttaradAyI banAyA jA sake aura yaha tabhI sambhava hai jaba usake mana meM vizvAsa ho ki use usakI svatantra icchA se kiye gaye apane hI karmoM kA pariNAma prApta hotA hai / yahI karmasiddhAnta hai| jJAtavya hai ki karmasiddhAnta IzvarIya kRpA yA anugraha ke virodha meM jAtA hai, vaha to yaha mAnatA hai ki Izvara bhI karmaphala- vyavasthA ko anyathA nahIM kara sakatA hai| karma kA niyama hI sarvopari hai| 1 karmasiddhAnta aura kAryakAraNa kA niyama AcAra ke kSetra meM isa karmasiddhAnta kI utanI hI AvazyakatA hai jitanI vijJAna ke kSetra meM kArya-kAraNa- siddhAnta kii| jisa prakAra kAryakAraNa- siddhAnta ke abhAva meM vaijJAnika vyAkhyAyeM asambhava hotI haiM, usI prakAra karma- siddhAnta ke abhAva meM nItizAstra bhI artha - zUnya ho jAtA hai / pro. veMkaTaramaNa ke zabdoM meM karmasiddhAnta kAryakAraNa- siddhAnta ke niyamoM evaM mAnyatAoM kA mAnavIya AcAra ke kSetra meM prayoga hai, jisakI upakalpanA yaha hai ki jagat meM sabhI kucha kisI niyama ke adhIna hai| maiksamUlara likhate haiM ki yaha vizvAsa ki koI bhI acchA burA karma binA phala die samApta nahIM hotA, naitika jagat kA vaisA hI vizvAsa hai, jaisA bhautika jagat meM UrjA kI avinAzitA kA niyama hai / yadyapi karmasiddhAnta evaM vaijJAnika kAryakAraNa- siddhAnta meM sAmAnya rUpa se samAnatA pratIta hotI hai, kintu unameM eka maulika antara bhI hai| yaha ki jahA~ kArya-: rya-kAraNa siddhAnta kA vivecya jar3a tattva ke kriyA-kalApa haiM vahIM karma siddhAnta kA vivecya

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 96 cetanA sattA ke kriyA-kalApa haiN| ataH karmasiddhAnta meM vaisI pUrNa niyatatA nahIM hotI, jaisI kAryakAraNa siddhAnta meM hotI hai| yaha niyatatA evaM svataMtratA kA samucita saMyoga hai| karmasiddhAnta kI maulika svIkRti yahI hai ki pratyeka zubhAzubha kriyA kA koI prabhAva yA pariNAma avazya hotA hai| sAtha hI usa karma-vipAka yA pariNAma kA bhoktA vahI hotA hai, jo kriyA kA kartA hotA hai aura karma evaM vipAka kI yaha paramparA anAdi kAla se cala rahI hai| karmasiddhAnta kI upayogitA karmasiddhAnta kI vyAvahArika upayogitA yaha hai ki vaha na kevala hameM naitikatA ke prati AsthAvAna banAtA hai, apitu vaha hamAre sukha-duHkha Adi kA srota hamAre vyaktitva meM hI khojakara Izvara evaM prativezI arthAt anya vyaktiyoM ke prati kaTutA kA nivAraNa karatA hai| karmasidAnta kI sthApanA kA prayojana yahI hai ki naitika kRtyoM ke anivArya phala ke AdhAra para unake preraka kAraNoM evaM anuvartI pariNAmoM kI vyAkhyA kI jA sake, tathA vyaktiyoM ko azubha yA duSkarmoM se vimukha kiyA jA ske| jaina karmasiddhAnta aura anya darzana aitihAsika dRSTi se vedoM meM upasthita Rta kA siddhAnta karma-niyama kA Adi srota hai| yadyapi upaniSadoM ke pUrva ke vaidika sAhitya meM karma siddhAnta kA koI suspaSTa vivecana nahIM milatA, phira bhI usameM upasthita Rta ke niyama kI vyAkhyA isa rUpa meM kI jA sakatI hai| pro. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA ke zabdoM meM karma (jagat vaicitrya kA) kAraNa hai, aisA vAda upaniSadoM kA sarva-sammatavAda ho, nahIM kahA jA sktaa| bhAratIya cintana meM karma siddhAnta kA vikAsa jaina, bauddha aura vaidika tInoM paramparAoM meM huA hai| yadyapi yaha eka bhinna bAta hai ki jainoM ne karmasiddhAnta kA jo gaMbhIra vivecana prastuta kiyA vaha anya paramparAoM meM upalabdha nahIM hai| vaidikoM ke lie jo mahattva Rta kA, mImAsaMko ke lie apUrva kA, naiyAyikoM ke lie adRSTa kA, vedAntiyoM ke lie mAyA kA aura sAMkhyoM ke lie prakRti kA hai, vahI jainoM ke lie karma kA hai| yadyapi sAmAnya dRSTi se dekhane para vedoM kA Rta, mImAMsako kA apUrva, naiyAyikoM kA adRSTa, advaitiyoM kI mAyA, sAMkhyoM kI prakRti evaM bauddhoM kI avidyA yA saMskAra paryAyavAcI se lagate haiM, kyoMki vyakti ke bandhana evaM usake sukha-duHkha kI sthitiyoM meM inakI mukhya bhUmikA hai, phira bhI inake svarUpa meM dArzanika dRSTi se antara bhI hai, yaha bAta hameM dRSTigata rakhanI hogii| IsAIdharma aura islAmadharma meM bhI karma-niyama ko sthAna milA hai| phira bhI IzvarIya anugraha para adhika bala dene ke kAraNa unameM karma-niyama ke prati AsthA ke sthAna para Izvara ke prati vizvAsa hI pramukha rahA hai| Izvara kI avadhAraNA ke abhAva ke kAraNa bhArata kI zramaNa paramparA karmasiddhAnta ke prati adhika AsthAvAna rahI hI, bauddha-darzana meM bhI jainoM ke samAna hI karma-niyama ko sarvopari mAnA gyaa| hindUdharma meM bhI IzvarIya vyavasthA ko karma-niyama ke adhIna lAyA gayA, usameM Izvara karma-niyama kA vyavasthApaka hokara bhI usake adhIna hI kArya karatA hai|

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97 jaina karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa jaina karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsa krama jaina karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsa kisa krama meM huA, isa prazna kA samAdhAna utanA sarala nahIM hai, jitanA ki hama samajhate haiM / sAmAnya vizvAsa to yaha hai ki jaina dharma kI taraha yaha bhI anAdi hai, kintu vidvat-varga ise svIkAra nahIM karatA hai / yadi jaina kArmasiddhAnta ke vikAsa kA koI samAdhAna denA ho to, vaha jaina Agama evaM karmasiddhAnta siddhAnta sambandhI granthoM ke kAlakrama ke AdhAra para hI diyA jA sakatA hai, usake atirikta anya vikalpa nahIM hai| jaina AgamasAhitya meM AcArAMga prAcInatama hai| usa grantha meM jaina karmasiddhAnta kA cAhe vikasita svarUpa upalabdha na ho, kintu usakI mUlabhUta avadhAraNAe~ avazya upasthita hai / karma se upAdhi yA bandhana hotA hai, karma raja hai, karma kA Asrava hotA hai, sAdhaka ko karmazarIra ko dhuna DAlanA cAhie Adi vicAra usameM parilakSita hote haiN| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki AcArAMga ke kAla meM karma ko spaSTa rUpa se bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA jAtA thA aura karma ke bhautika pakSa kI svIkRti ke sAtha yaha bhI mAnA jAtA thA ki karma kI nirjarA kI jA sakatI hai| sAtha hI AcArAMga meM zubhAzubha karmoM kA zubhAzubha vipAka hotA hai, yaha avadhAraNA bhI upasthita hai| usake anusAra bandhana kA mUla kAraNa mamatva hai / bandhana se mukti kA upAya mamatva kA visarjana aura samatva kA sarjana hai 6 1 sUtrakRtAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha bhI AcArAMga se kiMcita hI paravartI mAnA jAtA hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke kAla meM yaha prazna bahucarcita thA, ki karma kA phala saMvibhAga sambhava hai yA nahIM ? isameM spaSTa rUpa se yaha pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai ki vyakti apane svakRta karmoM kA hI vipAka anubhava karatA hai| bandhana ke sambandha meM sUtrakRtAMga spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki kucha vyakti karma aura akarma ko vIrya (puruSArtha ) kahate haiN| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki karma ke sandarbha meM yaha vicAra logoM ke mana meM utpanna ho gayA thA, ki yadi karma hI bandhana hai to phira akarma arthAt niSkriyatA hI bandhana se bacane kA upAya hogA, kintu sUtrakRtAMga ke anusAra akarma kA artha niSkriSyatA nahIM hai| isameM pratipAdita hai ki pramAda karma hai aura apramAda akarma hai| vastutaH kisI kriyA kI bandhakatA usake kriyA rUpa hone para nahIM, apitu usake pIche rahI pramattatA yA apramattatA para nirbhara hai| yahAM pramAda kA artha hai AtmacetanA (Self-awareness ) kA abhaav| jisa AtmA kA viveka jAgRta nahIM haiM aura jo kaSAyayukta haiM, vahI parisupta yA pramatta hai aura jisakA viveka jAgRta hai aura jo vAsanA - mukta hai vahI apramatta hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM hI hameM kriyAoM ke do rUpoM kI carcA bhI milatI hai 1. sAmparAyika aura 2. IryApathika 7 / rAga, dveSa, krodha Adi kaSAyoM se yukta kriyAyeM sAmparAyika kahI jAtI hai, jabaki inase rahita kriyAyeM IryApathika kahI jAtI haiN| sAmparAyika kriyAyeM bandhaka hotI hai, jabaki IryApathika bandhanakAraka, nahIM hotii| isase isa niSkarSa para pahucate haiM ki sUtrakRtAMga meM kauna sA karma bandhana kA kAraNa hogA aura kauna sA karma bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM hogA, isakI eka kasauTI prastuta kara dI gaI hai| AcArAMga meM pratipAdita mamatva kI apekSA isameM pramattatA aura kaSAya ko bandhanakA pramukha kAraNa mAnA gayA hai|

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 98 yadi hama bandhana ke kAraNoM kA aitihAsika dRSTi se vizleSaNa kareM, to yaha pAte haiM ki prArambha meM mamatva (merepana ) ko bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA gayA, phira AtmavismRti yA pramAda ko / jaba pramAda kI vyAkhyA kA prazna AyA, to spaSTa kiyA gayA ki rAga-dveSa kI upasthiti hI pramAda hai / ataH rAga-dveSa ko bandhana kA kAraNa batAyA gyaa| rAga-dveSa kA kAraNa moha mAnA gayA, ataH uttarAdhyayana meM rAga-dveSa evaM moha ko bandhana kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai / inameM moha mithyAtva aura kaSAya kA saMyukta rUpa hai| pramAda ke sAtha inameM avirati evaM yoga ke jur3ane para jaina paramparA meM bandhana ke 5 kAraNa mAne jAne lage / samayasAra Adi meM pramAda ko kaSAya kA hI eka rUpa mAnakara bandhana ke cAra kAraNoM kA ullekha milatA hai| inameM yoga bandhanakAraka hote bhI vastutaH jaba taka kaSAya ke sAtha yukta nahIM hotA hai, bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM banatA hai / ataH prAcIna granthoM meM bandhana ke kAraNoM kI carcA meM mukhya rUpa se rAga-dveSa (kaSAya) evaM moha ( mithyAdRSTi ) kI hI carcA huI hai| jaina karmasiddhAnta ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se karmaprakRtiyoM kA vivecana bhI mahattvapUrNa mAnA jAtA hai| karma kI aSTa mUlaprakRtiyoM kA sarva prathama nirdeza hameM RSibhASita ke pArzva nAmaka adhyayana meM upalabdha hotA hai 11 / isameM 8 prakAra kI karmagranthiyoM kA ullekha hai / yadyapi vahA~ inake nAmoM kI koI carcA upalabdha nahIM hotI hai| 8 prakAra kI karmaprakRtiyoM ke nAmoM kA spaSTa ullekha hameM uttarAdhyayana ke 33veM adhyAya meM aura sthAnAMga meM milatA hai| 12 sthAnAMga kI apekSA bhI uttarAdhyayana meM yaha varNana vistRta hai, kyoMki isameM avAntara karma prakRtiyoM kI carcA bhI huI hai| isameM jJAnAvaraNa karma kI 5, darzanAvaraNa kI 9, vedanIya kI 2, mohanIya kI 2 evaM 28, nAmakarma kI 2 evaM aneka, AyuSyakarma kI 4, gotrakarma kI 2 aura antarAya karma kI 5 avAntara prakRtiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai 1 3 / Age jo karmasAhitya sambandhI grantha nirmita hue unameM nAmakarma kI prakRtiyoM kI saMkhyA meM aura bhI vRddhi huI, sAtha hI unameM AtmA meM kisa avasthA meM kitanI karmaprakRtiyoM kA udaya, sattA, bandha Adi hote haiM, isakI bhI carcA huii| vastutaH jaina karmasiddhAnta I.pU. AThavIM zatI se lekara IsvI san kI sAtavIM zatIM taka lagabhaga pandraha sau varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM vyavasthita hotA rahA hai / yaha eka sunizcita satya hai ki karmasiddhAnta kA jitanA gahana vizleSaNa jaina paramparA ke karmasiddhAnta sambandhI sAhitya meM huA, utanA anyatra kisI bhI paramparA meM nahIM huA hai| karma zabda kA artha jaba hama jaina karmasiddhAnta kI bAta karate haiM, to hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki usameM karma zabda eka vizeSa artha meM prayukta huA hai| vaha artha karma ke usa sAmAnya artha kI apekSA adhika vyApaka hai| sAmAnyatayA koI bhI kriyA karma kahalAtI hai, pratyeka halacala cAhe vaha mAnasika ho, vAcika ho yA zArIrika ho, karma hai| kintu jaina paramparA meM jaba hama karma zabda kA prayoga karate haiM, to vahA~ ye kriyAyeM tabhI karma banatI haiM, jaba ye bandhana kA kAraNa hoM / mImAMsAdarzana meM karma kA tAtparya yajJa-yAga Adi kriyAoM se liyA jAtA hai| gItA Adi meM karma

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99 va karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa kA artha apane varNAzrama ke anusAra kiye jAne vAla karmoM se liyA gayA hai| yadyapi gItA eka vyApaka artha meM bhI karma zabda kA prayoga karatI hai| usake anusAra manuSya jo bhI karatA hai yA karane kA Agraha rakhatA hai, ve sabhI pravRttiyA~ karma kI zreNI meM AtI haiN| bauddhadarzana meM cetanA ko hI karma kahA gayA hai| buddha kahate haiM ki -- "bhikSuoM zarma, cetanA hI hai", aisA maiM isalie kahatA hUM ki cetanA ke dvArA hI vyakti karma ko karatA hai, kAyA se mana se yA vANI se14| isa prakAra bauddhadarzana meM karma ke samutthAna yA kAraka ko hI karma kahA gayA hai| bauddhadarzana meM Age calakara cetanA karma aura cetayitvA karma kI carcA huI hai| cetanA karma mAnasika karma hai, cetayitvA karma vAcika evaM kAyika karma haiN15| kintu hameM dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki jaina karmasiddhAnta meM karma zabda adhika vyApaka artha meM gRhIta huA hai| usameM mAtra kriyA ko hI karma nahIM kahA gayA, apitu usake hetu (kAraNa) ko bhI karma kahA gayA hai| AcArya devendrasUri likhate haiM -- jIva kI kriyA kA hetu hI karma hai| kintu hama mAtra hetu ko bhI karma nahIM kaha sakate haiN| hetu, usase niSpanna kriyA aura usa kriyA kA pariNAma, sabhI milakara jaina darzana meM karma kI paribhASA ko spaSTa karate haiN| paM. sukhalAla jI saMghavI likhate haiM ki -- mithyAtva, kaSAya Adi kAraNoM se jIva dvArA jo kiyA jAtA hai karma kahalAtA hai| merI dRSTi se isake sAtha hI sAtha karma meM usa kriyA ke vipAka ko bhI sammilita karanA hogaa| isa prakAra karma ke hetu, kriyA aura kriyA-vipAka, sabhI milakara karma kahalAte haiN| jaina dArzanikoM ne karma ke do pakSa mAne haiM -- 1. rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya -- ye sabhI manobhAva, bhAva karma kahe jAte haiN| 2. karma-pudgala dravyakarma kahe jAte haiN| ye bhAvakarma ke pariNAma hote haiM, sAtha hI manojanyakarma kI utpatti kA nimitta kAraNa bhI hote haiN| yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki ye karma hetu (bhAvakarma) aura karmapariNAma (dravyakarma ) bhI paraspara kArya-kAraNa bhAva rakhate haiN| sabhI Astika darzanoM ne eka aisI sattA ko svIkAra kiyA hai, jo AtmA yA cetanA kI zuddhatA ko prabhAvita karatI hai| use vedAnta meM mAyA, sAMkhya meM prakRti, nyAyadarzana meM adRSTa evaM mImAMsA meM apUrva kahA gayA hai| bauddhadarzana meM use hI avidyA aura saMskAra (vAsanA ) ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| yogadarzana meM ise Azaya kahA jAtA hai, to zaivadarzana meM yaha pAza kahalAtI hai| jainadarzana isI AtmA kI vizuddhatA ko prabhAvita karane vAlI zakti ko 'karma kahatA hai| jaina darzana meM karma ke nimitta kAraNoM ke rUpa meM karma pudgala ko bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jabaki isake upAdAna ke rUpa meM AtmA ko hI mAnA gayA hai| AtmA ke bandhana meM karma pudgala nimitta kAraNa hai aura svayaM AtmA upAdAna kAraNa hotA hai| karma kA bhautika svarUpa jainadarzana meM karma cetanA se utpanna kriyA mAtra nahIM hai, apitu yaha svatantra tattva bhI hai| AtmA ke bandhana kA kAraNa kyA hai ? jaba yaha prazna jaina dArzanikoM ke samakSa AyA to unhoMne batAyA ki AtmA ke bandhana kA kAraNa kevala AtmA nahIM ho sktii| vastutaH kaSAya (rAga-dveSa) athavA moha (mithyAtva) Adi jo bandhaka manovRttiyA~ haiM, ve bhI svataH utpanna nahIM ho sakatIM, jaba taka ki ve pUrvabaddha karmavargaNAoM ke vipAka (saMskAra) ke rUpa meM cetanA ke

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 100 samakSa upasthita nahIM hotI hai| jisa prakAra manovaijJAnika dRSTi se zarIra-rasAyanoM ke parivartana se saMvega (manobhAva) utpanna hote haiM aura una saMvegoM ke kAraNa hI zarIra-rasAyanoM meM parivartana hotA hai| yahI sthiti AtmA kI bhI hai| pUrva karmoM ke kAraNa AtmA meM rAga-dveSa Adi manobhAva utpanna (udita) hote haiM aura ina udaya meM Aye manobhAvoM ke kriyArUpa pariNita hone para AtmA navIna karmoM kA saMcaya karatA hai| bandhana kI dRSTi se karmavargaNAoM ke kAraNa manobhAva utpanna hote haiM aura una manobhAvoM ke kAraNa jar3a karmavargaNAe~ karma kA svarUpa grahaNa kara AtmA ko bandhana meM DAlatI haiN| jaina vicArakoM ke anusAra ekAnta rUpa se na to AtmA svataH hI bandhana kA kAraNa hai, na karmavargaNA ke pudgala hii| donoM nimitta evaM upAdAna ke rUpa se eka dUsare se saMyukta hokara hI bandhana kI prakriyA ko janma dete haiN| dravyakarma aura bhAvakarma karmavargaNAe~ yA karma kA bhautika pakSa, dravyakarma kahalAtA hai| jabaki karma kI caitasika avasthAe~ arthAt manovRttiyA~, bhAvakarma hai| AtmA ke manobhAva yA cetanA kI vividha vikArita avasthAe~ bhAvakarma hai aura ye manobhAva jisa nimitta se utpanna hote haiM, vaha pudgala-dravya dravyakarma hai| AcArya nemicanda gommaTasAra meM likhate haiM ki pudgala dravyakarma hai aura usakI cetanA ko prabhAvita karane vAlI zakti bhAvakarma hai17 | AtmA meM jo mithyAtva aura kaSAya athavA rAga-dveSa Adi bhAva hai, ve hI bhAva karma haiM aura unakI upasthiti meM karmavargaNA ke jo pudgala paramANu jJAnAvaraNa Adi karmaprakRtiyoM ke rUpa meM pariNata hote haiM, ve hI dravyakarma haiN| dravyakarma kA kAraNa bhAvakarma hai aura bhAvakarma kA kAraNa dravya karma hai| AcArya vidyAnandi ne aSTasahastrI meM dravyakarma ko AvaraNa va bhAvakarma ko doSa kahA hai| cUMki dravyakarma Atmazakti ke prakaTana ko rokatA hai, isalie vaha AvaraNa hai aura bhAva karma svayaM AtmA kI vibhAva avasthA hai, ataH vaha doSa hai181 karmavargaNA ke pudgala taba taka karma rUpa meM pariNita nahIM hote haiM, jaba taka ye bhAvakoM dvArA prerita nahIM hote haiN| kintu sAtha hI yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki AtmA meM jo vibhAvadazAe~ haiM, unake nimitta kAraNa ke rUpa meM dravyakarma bhI apanA kArya karate haiN| yaha satya hai ki dUSita manovikAroM kA janma AtmA meM hI hotA hai, kintu usake nimitta (pariveza) ke rUpa meM karmavargaNAe~ apanI bhUmikA kA avazya nirvAha karatI haiN| jisa prakAra hamAre svabhAva meM parivartana kA kAraNa hamAre jaiva-rasAyanoM evaM rakta-rasAyanoM kA parivartana hai| usI prakAra karmavargaNAe~ hamAre manovikAroM ke sRjana meM nimitta kAraNa hotI hai| punaH jisa prakAra hamAre manobhAvoM ke AdhAra para hamAre jaiva-rasAyana evaM raktarasAyana meM parivartana hotA hai, vaise hI AtmA meM vikArI bhAvoM ke kAraNa jar3a karmavargaNA ke pudgala karma rUpa meM pariNita ho jAte haiN| ataH dravyakarma aura bhAvakarma bhI paraspara sApekSa hai| paM. sukhalAla jI likhate haiM bhAvakarma ke hone meM dravyakarma nimitta hai aura dravyakarma ke hone meM bhAvakarma nimitta hai19 | donoM Apasa meM bIjAMkura kI taraha sambaddha haiN| jisa prakAra bIja se vRkSa aura vRkSa se bIja utpanna hotA hai| unameM kisI ko pUrvApara nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai, vaise inameM bhI kisI kI pUrvAparatA kA nizcaya nahIM ho sakatA hai| pratyeka dravyakarma kI apekSA se bhAvakarma pUrva hogA tathA pratyeka bhAvakarma kI apekSA se

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101 jaina karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa dravyakarma pUrva hogaa| dravyakarma evaM bhAvakarma kI isa AvadhAraNA ke AdhAra para jaina-karmasiddhAnta adhika yuktisaMgata bana gayA hai| jaina karmasiddhAnta karma ke bhAvAtmaka pakSa para samucita bala dete hue bhI jar3a aura cetana ke madhya eka vAstavika sambandha banAne kA prayAsa karatA hai| karma jar3a-jagat evaM cetanA ke madhya eka yojaka kar3I hai| jahA~ eka ora sAMkhya-yoga darzana ke anusAra karma-pUrNataH jar3a prakRti se sambandhita hai| ataH unake anusAra vaha prakRti hI hai, jo bandhana meM AtI hai aura mukta hotI hai| vahIM dUsarI ora bauddha darzana ke anusAra karma saMskAra rUpa hai ataH ve caittasika haiN| isalie unheM mAnanA par3A ki cetanA hI bandhana evaM mukti kA kAraNa hai| kintu jaina vicAraka ina ekAMgI dRSTikoNoM se santuSTa nahIM ho paaye| unake anusAra saMsAra kA artha hai-- jar3a aura cetana kA pArasparika bandhana yA unakI pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA tathA mukti kA artha hai-- jar3a evaM cetana kI eka dUsare ko prabhAvita karane kI sAmarthya kA samApta ho jaanaa| bhautika evaM abhautika pakSoM kI pArasparika prabhAvakatA jina dArzanikoM ne carama-satya ke sambandha meM advaita kI dhAraNA ke sthAna para dvaita kI dhAraNA svIkAra kI, unake lie yaha prazna banA rahA ki ve donoM tattva eka dUsare ko kisa prakAra prabhAvita karate haiN| aneka vicArakoM ne dvaita ko svIkArate hue bhI unake pArasparika sambandha ko asvIkAra kiyaa| kintu jagat kI vyAkhyA inake pArasparika sambandha ke abhAva meM sambhava nahIM hai| pazcima meM yaha samasyA dekArta ke sAmane prastuta huI thii| dekArta ne isakA hala pArasparika pratikriyAvAda ke AdhAra para kiyA bhI, kintu spInojA usase santuSTa nahIM hue, unhoMne prazna uThAyA ki do svatantra sattAoM meM paraspara pratikriyA sambhava kaise hai ? ataH spInojA ne pratikriyAvAda ke sthAna para samAnAntaravAda kI sthApanA kii| lAIbinIja ne pUrvasthApita sAmaMjasya kI avadhAraNA prastuta kI20 / bhAratIya cintana meM bhI prAcIna kAla se isa sambandha meM prayatna hue haiN| usameM yaha prazna uThAyA gayA ki liMgazarIra yA karmazarIra AtmA ko kaise prabhAvita kara sakatA hai ? sAMkhya darzana puruSa aura prakRti ke dvaita ko svIkAra kara ke bhI inako pArasparika sambandha ko nahIM samajhA pAyA, kyoMki usane puruSa ko kUTastha nitya mAna liyA thA, kintu jaina darzana ne apane vastuvAdI aura pariNAmavAdI vicAroM ke AdhAra para inakI saphala vyAkhyA kI hai| vaha batAtA hai ki jisa prakAra jar3a mAdaka padArtha cetanA ko prabhAvita karate haiM, usI prakAra jar3a karmavargaNAoM kA prabhAva cetana AtmA para par3atA hai, ise svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| saMsAra kA artha hai -- jar3a aura cetana kA vAstavika smbndh| isa sambandha kI vAstavikatA ko svIkAra kiye binA jagat kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hai| mUrtakarma kA amUrta AtmA para prabhAva yaha bhI satya hai ki karma mUrta hai aura ve hamArI cetanA ko prabhAvita karate haiN| jaise mUrta bhautika viSayoM kA cetana vyakti se sambandha hone para sukha-duHkha Adi kA anubhava yA vedanA

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 102 hotI hai, vaise hI karma ke pariNAma svarUpa bhI vedanA hotI hai, ataH ve mUrta haiN| kintu dArzanika dRSTi se yaha prazna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki yadi karma mUrta hai to, vaha amUrta AtmA para prabhAva kaise DAlegA? jisa prakAra vAyu aura agni amUrta AkAza para kisI prakAra kA prabhAva nahIM DAla sakatI hai, usI prakAra karma kA amUrta AtmA para bhI koI prabhAva nahIM honA caahie| jainadArzanika yaha mAnate haiM ki jaise amUrta jJAnAdi guNoM para mUrta madirAdi kA prabhAva par3atA hai, vaise hI amUrta jIva para bhI mUrta karma kA prabhAva par3atA hai| ukta prazna kA dUsarA tarka-saMgata evaM nirdoSa samAdhAna yaha bhI hai ki karma ke sambandha se AtmA kathaMcit mUrta bhI hai| kyoMki saMsArIAtmA anAdikAla se karmadravya se sambaddha hai, isa apekSA se AtmA sarvathA amUrta nahIM hai, apitu karma se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa svarUpataH amUrtaH hote hue bhI vastutaH kathaMcit mUrta hai| isa dRSTi se bhI AtmA para mUrtakarma kA upaghAta, anugraha aura prabhAva par3atA hai| vastutaH jisa para karmasiddhAnta kA niyama lAgU hotA hai, vaha vyaktitva amUrta nahIM hai| hamArA vartamAna vyaktitva zarIra (bhautika) aura AtmA (abhautika) kA eka viziSTa saMyoga hai| zarIrI AtmA bhautika bAhya tathyoM se aprabhAvita nahIM raha sktaa| jaba taka AtmA-zarIra (karma-zarIra ) ke bandhana se mukta nahIM ho jAtI, taba taka vaha apane ko bhautika prabhAvoM se pUrNatayA aprabhAvita nahIM rakha sktii| mUrta zarIra ke mAdhyama se hI usa para mUrtakarma kA prabhAva par3atA hai| AtmA aura karmavargaNAoM meM vAstavika sambandha svIkAra karane para yaha prazna uThatA hai ki mukta avasthA meM bhI jar3a karmavargaNAe~ AtmA ko prabhAvita kie binA nahIM raheMgI, kyoMki mukti-kSetra meM bhI karmavargaNAoM kA astitva to hai hii| isa sandarbha meM jaina AcAryoM kA uttara yaha hai ki jisa prakAra kIcar3a meM rahA lohA jaMga khAtA hai, parantu svarNa nahIM, usI prakAra jar3akarma pudgala usI AtmA ko vikArI banA sakate haiM, jo rAga-dveSa se azuddha hai| vastutaH jaba taka AtmA bhautika zarIra se yukta hotA hai, tabhI taka karmavargaNA ke pudgala use prabhAvita kara sakate haiN| AtmA meM pUrva se upasthita karmavargaNA ke pudgala hI bAhya-jagat ke karmavargaNAoM ko AkarSita kara sakate haiN| mukta avasthA meM AtmA azarIrI hotA hai ataH use karmavargaNA ke pudgala prabhAvita karane meM samartha nahIM hote haiN| karma evaM unake vipAka kI paramparA karma evaM unake vipAka kI paramparA se hI yaha saMsAra-cakra pravartita hotA hai| dArzanika dRSTi se yaha prazna mahattvapUrNa hai ki karma aura AtmA kA sambandha kaba se huA yadi hama yaha sambandha sAdi arthAt kAla vizeSa meM huA, aisA mAnate haiM, to yaha mAnanA hogA ki usake pahale AtmA mukta thA aura yadi mukta AtmA ko bandhana meM Ane kI sambhAvanA ho to phira mukti kA koI mUlya hI nahIM raha jAtA hai| yadi yaha mAnA jAya ki AtmA anAdikAla se bandhana meM hai, to phira yaha mAnanA hogA ki yadi bandhana anAdi hai to vaha ananta bhI hogA, aisI sthiti meM mukti kI sambhAvanA hI samApta ho jaayegii| jaina dArzanikoM ne isa samasyA kA samAdhAna isa rUpa meM kiyA ki karma aura vipAka kI yaha paramparA karma vizeSa kI apekSA se to sAdi aura sAnta hai, kintu pravAha kI apekSA se

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103 jaina karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa anAdi aura ananta hai / punaH karma aura vipAka kI paramparA kA yaha pravAha bhI vyakti vizeSa kI dRSTi se anAdi to hai, ananta nhiiN| kyoMki pratyeka karma apane bandhana kI dRSTi se sAdi haiN| yadi vyakti navIna karmoM kA Agamana roka sake to yaha paramparA svataH hI samApta ho jAyegI, kyoMki karma-vizeSa to sAdi hai hI aura jo sAdi hai, vaha kabhI samApta hogA hI / jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra rAga-dveSa rUpI karmabIja ke bhUna jAne para karma pravAha kI paramparA samApta ho jAtI hai| karma aura vipAka kI paramparA ke sambandha meM yahI eka aisA dRSTikoNa hai jisake AdhAra para bandhana kA anAditva va mukti se anAvRtti kI samucita vyAkhyA sambhava hai / karmaphalasaMvibhAga kA prazna kyA eka vyakti apane zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala dUsare ko de sakatA hai yA nahIM athavA dUsare ke karmoM kA phala use prApta hotA hai yA nahIM, yaha dArzanika dRSTi se eka mahattvapUrNa prazna hai| bhAratIya cintana meM hindUparamparA mAnatI hai ki vyakti ke zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala usake pUrvajoM va santAnoM ko mila sakatA hai| isa prakAra vaha isa siddhAnta ko mAnatI hai ki karmaphala kA saMvibhAga sambhava hai| 21 isake viparIta bauddha paramparA kahatI hai ki vyakti ke puNyakarma kA hI saMvibhAga ho sakatA hai, pApakarma kA nhiiN| kyoMki pApakarma meM usakI anumati nahIM hotI haiM / punaH unake anusAra pApa sImita hotA hai ataH isakA saMvibhAga nahIM ho sakatA, kintu puNya ke aparimita hone se usakA hI saMvibhAga sambhava hai| 22 kintu isa sambandha meM jainoM kA dRSTikoNa bhinna hai, unake anusAra vyakti apane karmoM kA phala vipAka na to dUsaroM ko de sakatA hai aura na dUsare ke zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala use mila sakatA hai| jaina dArzanika spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahate haiM ki karma aura usakA vipAka vyakti kA apanA svakRta hotA hai| 23 jaina karmasiddhAnta meM karmaphalasaMvibhAga kA artha samajhane ke lie hameM nimitta kAraNa aura upAdAna kAraNa ke bheda ko samajhanA hogaa| dUsarA vyakti hamAre sukha-duHkha meM aura hama dUsare ke sukha-duHkha meM nimitta ho sakate haiM, kintu bhoktA aura kartA to vahI hotA hai / ataH upAdAna kI dRSTi se to karma aura usakA vipAka arthAt sukha-duHkha kA anubhava svakRta hai / nimitta kI dRSTi se unheM parakRta kahA jA sakatA hai, kintu nimitta apane Apa meM mahattvapUrNa nahIM haiM; kyoMki karma saMkalpa to hamArA apanA hI hotA hai evaM karma ke vipAka kI anubhUti bhI hamArI hI hotI hai| ataH upAdAna kAraNa kI dRSTi se to karma evaM usake vipAka meM saMvibhAga sambhava nahIM hai| na to dUsarA vyakti hameM sukhI yA duHkhI kara sakatA hai aura na hama dUsare ko sukhI yA duHkhI kara sakate haiN| hama adhika se adhika dUsare ke sukha-duHkha ke nimitta ho sakate haiN| lekina aisI nimittatA to bhautika padArthoM ke sandarbha meM bhI hotI hai / satya to yaha hai ki karma aura usakA vipAka donoM hI vyakti ke apane hote haiN| karmavipAka kI niyatatA va aniyatatA

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* pro. sAgaramala jaina 104 karmasiddhAnta kI dRSTi se yaha prazna bhI mahattvapUrNa hai ki kyA jina karmoM kA bandha kiyA gayA hai, unakA vipAka vyakti ko bhoganA hI hotA hai| jaina karmasiddhAnta meM karmoM ko do bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai -- 1. niyatavipAkI aura 2. aniytvipaakii| kucha karma aise hote haiM, jinakA jisa phalavipAka ko lekara bandha kiyA gayA hai, usI rUpa meM unake phala ke vipAka kA vedana karanA hotA hai, kintu isake atirikta kucha karma aise bhI hote haiM, jinake vipAka kA vedana usI rUpa meM nahIM karanA hotA, jisa rUpa meM unakA bandha hotA hai| jaina karmasiddhAnta mAnatA hai ki jo karma tIvra kaSAyoM se udbhUta hote haiM unakA bandha bhI pragAr3ha hotA hai aura vipAka bhI niyata hotA hai| pAramparika zabdAvalI meM unheM nikAcita kahate haiN| isake viparIta jina karmoM ke sampAdana ke pIche kaSAyabhAva alpa hotA hai, unakA bandhana zithila hotA hai aura unake vipAka kA saMvedana Avazyaka nahIM hotA hai| ve tapa evaM pazcAtApa ke dvArA apanA phala vipAka diye binA hI samApta ho jAte haiN| vaiyaktika dRSTi se sabhI AtmAoM meM karmavipAka parivartana karane kI kSamatA nahIM hotI hai| kevala ve hI vyakti jo AdhyAtmika UMcAI para sthita haiM, karmavipAka meM parivartana kara sakate haiN| punaH ve bhI unhIM karmoM ke vipAka ko anyathA kara sakate haiM, jinakA bandha aniyatavipAkI karma ke rUpa meM huA hai| niyatavipAkI karmoM kA bhoga to anivArya hai| isa prakAra jaina karmasiddhAnta apane ko niyativAda aura yadRcchAvAda donoM kI ekAMgikatA se bacAtA hai| vastutaH karmasiddhAnta meM karmavipAka kI niyatatA aura aniyatatA kI virodhI dhAraNAoM ke samanvaya ke abhAva meM naitika jIvana kI yathArtha vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hAtI hai| yadi ekAnta rUpa se karmavipAka kI niyatatA ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, to naitika AcaraNa kA cAhe niSedhAtmaka rUpa meM kucha sAmAjika mUlya banA rahe, lekina usakA vidhAyaka mUlya to pUrNatayA samApta ho jAtA hai, kyoMki niyata bhaviSya ke badalane kI sAmarthya naitika jIvana meM nahIM raha pAtI hai| dUsare, yadi karmoM ko pUrNataH aniyatavipAkI mAnA jAye, to naitika vyavasthA kA hI koI artha nahIM raha jAtA hai| vipAka kI pUrNaniyatatA mAnane para nirdhAraNavAda aura vipAka kI pUrNa aniyatatA mAnane para anirdhAraNavAda kI sambhAvanA hogI, lekina donoM hI dhAraNAe~ aikAntika rUpa meM naitika jIvana kI samucita vyAkhyA kara pAne meM asamartha haiN| ataH karmavipAka kI AMzika niyatatA hI eka tarkasaMgata dRSTikoNa hai, jo naitika darzana kI samyak vyAkhyA prastuta karatA hai| karma kI vibhinna avasthAe~24 jaina darzana meM karmoM kI vibhinna avasthAoM para cintana huA hai aura batAyA gayA hai ki karma ke bandha aura vipAka (udaya) ke bIca kauna-kauna sI avasthAyeM ghaTita ho sakatI hai, punaH ve kisa sImA taka AtmasvAtantrya ko kuNThita karatI haiM athavA kisI sImA taka AtmasvAtantrya ko abhivyakta karatI hai, isakI carcA bhI kI gayI hai| ye avasthAe~ nimna haiM -- 1. bandha -- kaSAya evaM yoga ke phalasvarUpa karmavargaNA ke pudgaloM kA AtmapradezoM se jo

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105 jaina karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa sambandha sthApita hotA hai, use bandha kahate haiN| 2. saMkramaNa -- eka karma ke aneka avAntara bheda hote haiN| jaina karmasiddhAnta ke anusAra karma kA eka bheda apane sajAtIya dUsare bheda meM badala sakatA hai| avAntara karma-prakRtiyoM kA yaha adala-badala saMkramaNa kahalAtA hai| saMkramaNa meM AtmA pUrvabaddha karma prakRti kA navIna karmaprakRti kA bandha karate samaya rUpAntaraNa karatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM pUrva baddha du:khada saMvedana rUpa asAtAvedanIya karma kA navIna sAtAvedanIya karma kA bandha karate samaya sAtAvedanIya karma ke rUpa meM saMkramaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| saMkramaNa kI yaha kSamatA AtmA kI pavitratA ke sAtha hI bar3hatI jAtI hai| jo AtmA jitanI pavitra hotI hai, usameM saMkramaNa kI kSamatA bhI utanI hI adhika hotI hai| AtmA meM karmaprakRtiyoM ke saMkramaNa kI sAmarthya honA yaha batAtA hai, jahA~ apavitra AtmAe~ paristhitiyoM kI dAsa hotI haiM, vahIM pavitra AtmA paristhitiyoM kI svAmI hotI haiN| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki prathama to mUla karmaprakRtiyoM kA eka dUsare meM kabhI bhI saMkramaNa nahIM hotA hai jaise jJAnAvaraNa darzanAvaraNa meM nahIM badalatA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, darzanamoha karma, cAritramoha karma aura AyuSya karma kI AvAntara prakRtiyoM kA bhI paraspara saMkramaNa nahIM hotA hai| 3. udavartanA -- navIna bandha karate samaya AtmA pUrvabaddha karmoM kI kAla-maryAdA (sthiti) aura tIvratA (anubhAga) ko bar3hA bhI sakatA hai| kAla-maryAdA aura tIvratA ko bar3hAne kI yaha prakriyA udvartanA kahalAtI hai| 4. apavartanA -- navIna bandha karate samaya pUrva baddha karmoM kI kAla-maryAdA (sthiti) tIvratA ( anubhAga) ko kama bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai, ise aparvatanA kahate haiN| 5. sattA -- karma ke baddha hone ke pazcAt tathA usake vipAka se pUrva bIca kI avasthA sattA kahalAtI hai| sattA kAla meM karma astitva meM to rahatA hai, kintu vaha sakriya nahIM hotaa| 6. udaya -- jaba karma apanA phala denA prArambha karate haiM to vaha avasthA udaya kahalAtI hai| udaya do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai -- 1. vipAkodaya aura 2. pradezodaya / karma kA apanA apane phala kI cetana anubhUti karAye binA hI nirjarita honA pradezodaya kahalAtA hai| jaise acetana avasthA meM zalya kriyA kI vedanA kI anubhUti nahIM hotI, yadyapi vedanA kI ghaTanA ghaTita hotI hai| isI prakAra binA apanI phalAnubhUti karavAye jo karma paramANu AtmA se nirjarita hote haiM, unakA udaya pradezodaya hotA hai| isake viparIta jina karmoM kI apane vipAka ke samaya phalAnubhUti hotI hai unakA udaya vipAkodaya kahalAtA hai| jJAtavya hai ki vipAkodaya meM pradezodaya anivArya rUpa se hotA hai, lekina pradezodaya meM vipAkodaya ho, yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| 7. udIraNA -- apane niyatakAla se pUrva hI pUrvabaddha karmoM ko prayAsapUrvaka udaya meM lAkara unake phaloM ko bhoganA, udIraNA hai| jJAtavya hai ki jisa karmaprakRti kA udaya yA bhoga cala rahA ho, usakI sajAtIya karmaprakRti kI hI udIraNA sambhava hotI hai| 8. upazamana -- udaya meM A rahe karmoM ke phala dene kI zakti ko kucha samaya ke lie dabA denA . athavA kAla-vizeSa ke lie unheM phala dene se akSama banA denA upazamana hai| upazamana meM karma kI

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pro. sAgaramala jaina sattA samApta nahIM hotI, mAtra use kAla vizeSa ke lie phala dene meM akSama banA diyA jAtA hai / isameM karma rAkha se dabI agni ke samAna niSkriya hokara sattA meM bane rahate haiM / 9. nidhatti karma kI vaha avasthA nidhatti hai, jisameM karma na to apane avAntara bhedoM meM rUpAntarita yA saMkramita ho sakate haiM aura na apanA phala pradAna kara sakate haiM, lekina karmoM kI samaya - maryAdA aura vipAka - tIvratA (parimANa) ko kama adhika kiyA jA sakatA hai arthAt isa avasthA meM utkarSaNa aura apakarSaNa sambhava hai, saMkramaNa nahIM / -- 10. nikAcanA karmoM ke bandhana kA itanA pragAr3ha honA ki unakI kAla maryAdA evaM tIvratA meM koI bhI parivartana na kiyA jA sake, na samaya se pUrva unakA bhoga hI kiyA jA sake, nikAcanA kahalAtA hai / isa dazA meM karma kA jisa rUpa meM bandhana huA hotA hai, usako usI rUpa meM anivAryatayA bhoganA par3atA hai| karma 1. zuddha 2. zubha 3. azubha 106 ---- isa prakAra jaina karmasiddhAnta meM karma ke phala vipAka kI niyatatA aura aniyatatA ko samyak prakAra se samanvita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai tathA yaha batAyA gayA hai ki jaise-jaise AtmA kaSAyoM se mukta hokara AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dizA meM bar3hatA hai, vaha karma ke phala vipAka kI niyatatA ko samApta karane meM sakSama hotA jAtA hai| karma kitanA balavAna hogA yaha bAta mAtra karma ke bala para nirbhara nahIM hai, apitu AtmA kI pavitratA para bhI nirbhara hai| ina avasthAoM kA citraNa yaha bhI batAtA hai ki karmoM kA vipAka yA udaya eka alaga sthiti hai tathA unase navIna karmoM kA bandha honA yA na honA yaha eka alaga sthiti hai / kaSAya- yukta pramatta AtmA karmoM ke udaya meM navIna karmoM kA bandha karatA hai, isake viparIta kaSAya-mukta apramatta AtmA karmoM ke vipAka meM navIna karmoM kA bandha nahIM karatA hai, mAtra pUrvabaddha karmoM ko nirjarita karatA hai| karma kA zubhatva aura azubhatva 25 karmoM ko sAmAnyatayA zuddha ( akarma ), zubha aura azubha, aise tIna vargo meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai / tulanAtmaka dRSTi se inheM nimna tAlikA se sapaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai -- jaina IryApathika puNyakarma pApa karma bauddha avyaktakarma kuzala (zukla) karma akuzala (kRSNa) karma gItA akarma karma vikarma jaina darzana meM karma ke bandhaka hone ke AdhAra para mukhya rUpa se do vibhAga kiye gaye haiM 1. IryApathika aura 2 sAmparAyika / inameM sAmparAyika karma ko punaH do vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai. (a) azubha (pApa) aura (ba) zubha (punny)| Age hama isI sandarbha meM carcA kreNge| azubha yA pApa karma pAzcAtya anaitika karma naitika karma anaitika karma --

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107 jaina karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa jaina AcAryoM ne pApa kI yaha paribhASA dI hai ki -- vaiyaktika sandarbha meM jo AtmA ko bandhana meM DAleM jisake kAraNa AtmA kA patana ho, jo AtmA ke Ananda kA zoSaNa kare aura AtmazaktiyoM kA kSaya kare, vaha pApa hai26 | sAmAjika sandarbha meM jo parapIr3A yA dUsaroM ke duHkha kA kAraNa hai, vaha pApa hai (pApAya parapIDanaM ) / vastutaH jisa vicAra evaM AcAra se apanA aura para kA ahita ho aura jisase aniSTa phala kI prApti ho vaha pApa hai| naitika jIvana kI dRSTi se ve sabhI karma jo svArtha, ghRNA yA ajJAna ke kAraNa dUsare kA ahita karane kI dRSTi se kiye jAte haiM, pApa karma haiN| itanA hI nahIM, sabhI prakAra ke durvicAra aura durbhAvanAe~ bhI pApa karma haiN| pApa yA akuzala karmoM kA vargIkaraNa jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra pApa karma 18 prakAra ke haiM -- 1. prANAtipAta (hiMsA), 2. mRSAvAda ( asatya bhASaNa) 3. adattAdAna ( caurya karma), 4. maithuna (kAma-vikAra), 5. parigraha (mamatva, mUrchA, tRSNA yA saMcayavRtti), 6. krodha (gussA), 7. mAna (ahaMkAra), 8. mAyA (kapaTa, chala, SaDyantra aura kUTanIti), 9. lobha (saMcaya yA saMgraha kI vRtti), 10. rAga (Asakti), dveSa (ghRNA, tiraskAra, IrSyA Adi), 11. kleza (saMgharSa, kalaha, lar3AI, jhagar3A Adi), 12. abhyAkhyAna (doSAropaNa), 13. pizunatA (cugalI), 14. paraparivAda (paranindA), 15. rati-arati (harSa aura zoka), 16. mAyA-mRSA (kapaTa sahita asatya bhASaNa ), 17. mithyAdarzanazalya ( ayathArtha jiivndRsstti)|27 puNya (kuzala karma) puNya vaha hai jisake kAraNa sAmAjika evaM bhautika stara para samatva kI sthApanA hotI hai| mana, zarIra aura bAhya pariveza meM santulana banAnA yaha puNya kA kArya hai| puNya kyA hai isakI vyAkhyA meM tattvArthasUtrakAra kahate haiM -- zubhAsava puNya haiM, lekina puNya mAtra Asava nahIM hai, vaha bandha aura vipAka bhI hai| vaha heya hI nahIM hai, upAdeya bhI hai| ataH aneka AcAryoM ne usakI vyAkhyA dUsare prakAra se kI hai| AcArya hemacandra puNya kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahate haiM ki-- puNya (azubha) karmoM kA lAghava hai aura zubha karmoM kA udaya hai| isa prakAra AcArya hemacandra kI dRSTi meM puNya azubha (pApa) karmoM kI alpatA aura zubha karmoM ke udaya ke phalasvarUpa prApta prazasta avasthA kA dyotaka hai| puNya ke nivaNi kI upalabdhi meM sahAyaka svarUpa kI vyAkhyA AcArya abhayadeva kI sthAnAMgasUtra kI TIkA meM milatI hai| AcArya abhayadeva kahate haiM ki puNya vaha hai jo AtmA ko pavitra karatA hai athavA pavitratA kI ora le jAtA hai| AcArya kI dRSTi meM puNya AdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM sahAyaka tattva hai| muni suzIla kumAra likhate haiM ki-- "puNya mokSArthiyoM kI naukA ke lie anukUla vAyu hai, jo naukA ko bhavasAgara se zIghra pAra karA detI hai| jaina kavi banArasIdAsa jI samayasAra nATaka meM kahate haiM ki -- "jisase bhAvoM kI vizuddhi ho, jisase AtmA AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI ora bar3hatA hai aura jisase isa

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 108 saMsAra meM bhautika samRddhi aura sukha milatA hai, vahI puNya hai|"32 jaina tattvajJAna ke anusAra, puNya-karma ve zubha pudgala-paramANu haiM, jo zubhavRttiyoM evaM kriyAoM ke kAraNa AtmA kI ora AkarSita ho bandha karate haiM aura apane vipAka ke avasara para zubha adhyavasAyoM, zubha vicAroM evaM kriyAoM kI ora prerita karate haiM tathA AdhyAtmika, mAnasika evaM bhautika anukUlatAoM ke saMyoga prastuta kara dete haiN| AtmA kI ve manodazAe~ evaM kriyAe~ bhI puNya kahalAtI haiM jo zubha pudgala paramANu ko AkarSita karatI haiN| sAtha hI dUsarI ora ve pudgala-paramANu jo una zubha vRttiyoM evaM kriyAoM ko prerita karate haiM aura apane prabhAva se Arogya, sampatti evaM samyaka zraddhA, jJAna evaM saMyama ke avasara upasthita karate haiM, puNya kahe jAte haiN| zubha manovRttiyA~ bhAvapuNya haiM aura zubha pudgala-paramANu dravyapuNya haiN| puNya yA kuzala karmoM kA vargIkaraNa ___ bhagavatIsUtra meM anukampA, sevA, paropakAra Adi zubha-pravRttiyoM ko puNyopArjana kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai|33 sthAnAMgasUtra meM nau prakAra ke puNya nirupita hai34 -- 1. annapuNya -- bhojanAdi dekara kSudhArta kI kSudhA-nivRtti krnaa| 2. pAnapuNya -- tRSA (pyAsa) se pIr3ita vyakti ko pAnI pilAnA / 3. layanapuNya -- nivAsa ke lie sthAna denA jaise dharmazAlAe~ Adi bnvaanaa| 4. zayanapuNya -- zayyA, bichaunA Adi denaa| 5. vastrapuNya -- vastra kA dAna denaa| 6. manapuNya -- mana se zubha vicAra karanA / jagat ke maMgala kI zubhakAmanA krnaa| 7. vacanapuNya-- prazasta evaM saMtoSa denevAlI vANI kA prayoga krnaa| 8. kAyapuNya --rogI, duHkhita evaM pUjya janoM kI sevA krnaa| 9. namaskArapuNya -- gurujanoM ke prati Adara prakaTa karane ke lie unakA abhivAdana krnaa| puNya aura pApa (zubha aura azubha) kI kasauTI zubhAzubhatA yA puNya-pApa ke nirNaya ke do AdhAra ho sakate haiM -- (1) karma kA bAhya-svarUpa arthAt samAja para usakA prabhAva aura (2) kartA kA abhipraay| ina donoM meM kauna-sA AdhAra yathArtha hai, yaha vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| gItA aura bauddha-darzana meM kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI kRtyoM kI zubhAzubhatA kA saccA AdhAra mAnA gyaa| gItA spaSTa rUpa se kahatI hai ki -- jisameM kartRtva bhAva nahIM hai, jisakI buddhi nirlipta hai, vaha ina saba logoM ko mAra DAleM to bhI yaha samajhanA cAhie ki usane na to kisI ko mArA hai aura na vaha usa karma se bandhana ko prApta hotA hai| dhammapada meM buddha-vacana bhI aisA hI hai (naiSkarmyasthiti ko prApta) brAhmaNa mAtA-pitA ko, do kSatriya rAjAoM ko evaM prajAsahita rASTra ko mArakara bhI niSpApa hokara jAtA hai|36 bauddha darzana meM kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI puNya-pApa kA AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| isakA pramANa sUtrakRtAMgasUtra ke Adraka samvAda meM bhI milatA hai|37 jahA~ taka jaina mAnyatA kA prazna hai, vidvAnoM ke anusAra usameM bhI kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI karma kI zubhAzubhatA kA

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109 AdhAra mAnA gayA hai| muni suzIlakumArajI jainadharma pR. 160 para likhate haiM, "zubha-azubha karma ke bandha kA mukhya AdhAra manovRttiyAM hI haiN| eka DaoNkTara kisI ko pIr3A pahuMcAne ke lie usakA vraNa cIratA hai| usase cAhe rogI ko lAbha hI ho jAye parantu DaoNkTara to pApa-karma ke bandha kA hI bhAgI hogaa| isake viparIta vahI DaoNkTara karuNA apanI zubha- bhAvanA ke kAraNa puNya kA bandha karatA hai / " paMDita sukhalAlajI bhI yahI kahate haiM, puNya-bandha aura pApa - bandha kI kasauTI kevala . UparI kriyA nahIM hai, kintu usakI yathArtha kasauTI karttA kA Azaya hI hai ( darzana aura cintana khaNDa 2. pR. 226 ) / -- jaina karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa -9 isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki jaina dharma meM bhI karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA ke nirNaya kA AdhAra manovRttiyAM hI haiM, phira bhI usameM karma kA bAhya svarUpa upekSita nahIM hai / nizcayadRSTi se to manovRttiyAM hI karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA kI nirNayaka haiM, phira bhI vyavahAradRSTi se karma kA bAhya-svarUpa bhI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatA hai / sUtrakRtAMga ( 2 / 6) meM AdrakakumAra bauddhoM kI ekAMgI dhAraNA kA nirasana karate hue kahate haiM ki jo mAMsa khAtA ho cAhe na jAnate hue bhI khAtA ho to bhI usako pApa lagatA hI hai| hama jAnakara nahIM khAte, isalie doSa (pApa) nahIM lagatA, aisA kahanA asatya nahIM to kyA hai ? isase spaSTa hai ki jaina dRSTi meM manovRtti ke sAtha hI karmoM kA bAhya svarUpa bhI zubhAzubhatA kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| vAstava meM sAmAjika dRSTi yA loka-vyavahAra meM to yahI pramukha nirNAyaka hotA hai / sAmAjika nyAya meM to karma kA bAhya svarUpa hI usakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatA hai, kyoMki Antarika vRtti ko vyakti svayaM jAna sakatA hai, dUsarA nahIM / jaina dRSTi ekAMgI nahIM hai, vaha samanvayavAdI aura sApekSavAdI hai| vaha vyakti - sApekSa hokara manovRtti ko karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA kA nirNAyaka mAnatI hai aura samAja - sApekSa hokara karmoM ke bAhya svarUpa para unakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatI hai / usameM dravya ( bAhya) aura bhAva ( Antarika ) donoM kA mUlya hai| yoga (bAhya kriyA) aura bhAva (manovRtti) donoM hI bandhana ke kAraNa mAne gaye haiM, yadyapi usameM manovRtti zubha ho aura kriyA azubha ho, yaha sambhava nhiiN| mana meM zubha bhAva ho to pApAcaraNa sambhava nahIM hai| vaha eka samAlocaka dRSTi se kahatI hai ki mana meM zubha bhAva ho to pApAcaraNa sambhava nahIM hai| vaha eka samAlocaka dRSTi se kahatI hai ki mana meM satya ko samajhate hue bhI bAhara se dUsarI bAteM (azubhAcaraNa) karanA kyA saMyamI puruSoM kA lakSaNa hai ? usakI dRSTi meM siddhAnta aura vyavahAra meM antara AtmapravaMcanA hai| mAnasika hetu para hI jora dene vAlI dhAraNA kA nirasana karate hue sUtrakRtAMga (1/1/24 - 26 ) meM kahA gayA hai, karma - bandhana kA satya jJAna nahIM batAne vAle isa vAda ko mAnane vAle kitane hI loga saMsAra meM phaMsate rahate haiM ki pApa lagane ke tIna sthAna haiM-svayaM karane se, dUsare se karAne se, dUsaroM ke kArya kA anumodana karane se / parantu yadi hRdaya pApa - mukta ho to ina tInoM ke karane para bhI nirvANa avazya mile| yaha vAda ajJAna hai, mana se pApa ko pApa samajhate hue jo doSa karatA hai, use nirdoSa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki vaha saMyama (vAsanA-nigraha ) meM zithila hai / parantu bhogAsakta loga ukta bAteM mAnakara pApa meM par3e haiN|

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 110 pAzcAtya AcAradarzana meM bhI sukhavAdI dArzanika karma kI phalazruti ke AdhAra para unakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karate haiM, jaba ki mArTinyU karmapreraka para unakI zubhAzubhatA kA nizcaya karatA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra ina donoM pAzcAtya vicAraNAoM meM apUrNa satya hai -- eka kA AdhAra lokadRSTi hai tathA dUsarI kA AdhAra paramArtha-dRSTi yA zuddha-dRSTi hai| eka vyAvahArika / satya hai aura dUsarA pAramArthika sty| naitikatA vyavahAra se paramArtha kI ora prayANa hai, ataH usameM donoM kA hI mUlya hai| kartA ke abhiprAya ko zubhAzubhatA ke nirNaya kA AdhAra mAne, yA karma ke samAja para hone vo pariNAma ko, donoM sthitiyoM meM kisa prakAra kA karma puNya-karma yA ucita karma kahA jAyegA, isa prazna para vicAra karanA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai| sAmAnyatayA bhAratIya cintana meM puNya-pApa kI vicAraNA ke sandarbha meM sAmAjika dRSTi hI pramukha hai| jahAM karma-akarma kA vicAra vyakti-sApekSa hai, to vaiyaktika karma-preraka yA vaiyaktika cetanA kI vizuddhatA (vItarAgatA) hI hamAre nirNaya kA AdhAra banatI hai| lekina jaba hama puNya-pApa kA vicAra karate haiM to samAjakalyANa yA lokahita hI hamAre nirNaya kA AdhAra hotA hai| vastutaH bhAratIya cintana meM jIvanAdarza to zubhAzubhatva kI sImA se Upara uThanA hai| usa sandarbha meM vItarAga yA anAsakta jIvanadRSTi kA nirmANa hI vyakti kA parama sAdhya mAnA gayA hai aura vahI karma ke bandhana yA abandhana kA AdhAra hai, lekina zubha aura azubha donoM meM hI rAga to hotA hI hai, rAga ke abhAva meM to karma zubhAzubha se Upara uThakara atinaitika (zuddha) hogaa| zubhAzubha karmoM meM pramukhatA rAga kI upasthiti yA anupasthiti kI nahIM, varan usakI prazastatA yA aprazastatA kI hai| prazasta-rAga zubha yA puNyabandha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai aura aprazasta-rAga azubha yA pApabandha kA kAraNa hai| rAga kI prazastatA usameM dveSa kI kamI ke AdhAra para nirbhara karatI hai| yadyapi rAga aura dveSa sAtha-sAtha rahate haiM, tathApi jisa rAga ke sAtha deSa kI mAtrA jitanI alpa aura manda hogI vaha rAga utanA prazasta hogA aura jisa rAga ke sAtha deSa kI mAtrA aura tIvratA jitanI adhika hogI, rAga utanA hI aprazasta hogaa| dveSavihInarAga yA prazastarAga hI niSkAma prema kahA jAtA hai| usa prema se parArtha yA paropakAravRtti kA udaya hotA hai jo zubha kA sRjana karatI hai| usI se loka-maMgalakArI pravRttiyoM ke rUpa meM puNya-karma nissRta hote haiM, jabaki dveSayukta aprazasta rAga hI ghRNA ko janma dekara svArtha-vRtti kA vikAsa karatA hai| usase azubha, amaMgalakArI pApakarma nissRta hote haiN| saMkSepa meM jisa karma ke pIche prema aura parArtha hotA hai, vaha puNya karma hai aura jisa karma ke pIche ghRNA aura svArtha hotA hai, vaha pApa karma hai| . jaina AcAradarzana puNya karmoM ke vargIkaraNa meM jina tathyoM para adhika jora detA hai ve sabhI samAja-sApekSa haiN| vastutaH zubha-azubha ke vargIkaraNa meM sAmAjika dRSTi hI pradhAna hai| bhAratIya cintakoM kI dRSTi meM puNya aura pApa kI samagra cintana kA sAra nimna kathana meM samAyA huA hai ki 'paropakAra puNya hai aura parapIr3ana pApa hai| jaina vicArakoM ne puNya-bandha ke dAna, sevA Adi jina kAraNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai unakA pramukha sambandha sAmAjika kalyANa yA loka

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111 jaina karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa maMgala se hai| isI prakAra pApa ke rUpa meM jina tathyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, ve sabhI loka amaMgalakArI tattva haiN|38 isa prakAra jahA~ taka zubha-azubha yA puNya-pApa ke vargIkaraNa kA prazna hai, hameM sAmAjika sandarbha meM use dekhanA hogA, yadyapi bandhana kI dRSTi se vicAra karate samaya kartA ke Azaya ko bhulAyA nahIM jA sktaa| sAmAjika jIvana meM AcaraNa ke zubhatva kA AdhAra yaha satya hai ki karma ke zubhatva aura azubhatva kA nirNaya anya prANiyoM yA samAja ke prati kiye gaye vyavahAra athavA dRSTikoNa ke sandarbha meM hotA hai, lekina anya prANiyoM ke prati hamArA kauna-sA vyavahAra yA dRSTikoNa zubha hogA aura kauna-sA azubha hogA isakA nirNaya kisa AdhAra para kiyA jAye? bhAratIya cintana ne isa sandarbha meM jo kasauTI pradAna kI hai, vaha yahI hai ki jaisA vyavahAra hama apane lie pratikUla samajhate haiM vaisA AcaraNa dUsare ke prati nahIM karanA aura jaisA vyavahAra hameM anukUla hai vaisA vyavahAra dUsare ke prati karanA yahI zubhAcaraNa hai| isake viparIta jo vyavahAra hameM apane lie pratikUla lagatA hai vaisA vyavahAra dUsare ke prati karanA aura jaisA vyavahAra hameM apane lie anukUla lagatA hai vaisA vyavahAra dUsaroM ke prati nahIM karanA azubhAcaraNa hai| bhAratIya RSiyoM kA yahI saMdeza hai| saMkSepa meM sabhI prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat dRSTi hI vyavahAra ke zubhatva kA pramANa hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra jisa vyakti meM saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke prati Atmavat dRSTi hai, vahI naitika karmoM kA sraSTA hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki samasta prANiyoM ko jo apane samAna samajhatA hai aura jisakA sabhI ke prati samabhAva hai, vaha pApa-karma kA bandha nahIM krtaa|39 sUtrakRtAMga ke anusAra bhI dharma-adharma ( zubhAzubhatva) ke nirNaya meM apane samAna dUsare ko samajhanA caahie|40 zubha aura azubha se zuddha kI ora jaina dRSTikoNa -- jaina vicAraNA meM zubha-azubha athavA maMgala-amaMgala kI vAstavikatA svIkAra kI gayI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra tattva nau haiM jinameM puNya aura pApa svatantra tattva haiN|1 tattvArthasUtrakAra umAsvAti ne jIva, ajIva, Asava, saMvara, nirjarA, bandha aura mokSa ye sAta tattva ginAye haiM, inameM puNya aura pApa ko nahIM ginAyA hai|42 lekina yaha vivAda mahattvapUrNa nahIM kyoMki jo paramparA unheM svataMtra tattva nahIM mAnatI hai vaha bhI unako Asava tattva ke antargata mAna letI hai| yadyapi puNya aura pApa mAtra Asava nahIM haiM, varan unakA bandha bhI hotA hai aura vipAka bhI hotA hai| ataH Asava ke zubhAsava aura azubhAsrava ye do vibhAga karane se kAma nahIM banatA, balki bandha aura vipAka meM bhI do-do bheda karane hoNge| isa kaThinAI se bacane ke lie hI pApa evaM puNya ko svataMtra tattvoM ke rUpa meM gina liyA gayA hai| phira bhI jaina vicAraNA nirvANa-mArga ke sAdhaka ke lie donoM ko heya aura tyAjya mAnatI haiM, kyoMki donoM hI bandhana ke kAraNa haiN| vastutaH naitika jIvana kI pUrNatA zubhAzubha yA puNya-pApa se Upara uTha jAne meM hai| zubha (puNya ) aura azubha (pApa) kA bheda jaba taka banA

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 112 rahatA hai, naitika pUrNatA nahIM aatii| azubha para pUrNa vijaya ke sAtha hI vyakti zubha (puNya ) se bhI Upara uThakara zuddha dazA meM sthita ho jAtA hai| RSibhASita sUtra meM RSi kahatA hai ki pUrvakRta puNya aura pApa saMsAra saMtati ke mUla hai / AcArya kundakunda puNya-pApa donoM ko bandhana kA kAraNa kahakara donoM ke bandhakatva kA antara bhI spaSTa kara dete haiN| samayasAra meM ve kahate haiM ki-- azubha karma pApa (kuzIla) aura zubha karma puNya (suzIla) kahe jAte haiM, phira bhI puNya karma evaM pApa karma donoM hI saMsAra (bandhana) kA kAraNa hai jisa prakAra svarNa kI ber3I bhI lauha-ber3I ke samAna hI vyakti ko bandhana meM rakhatI hai, usI prakAra jIvakRta sabhI zubhAzubha karma bhI bandhana ke kAraNa haiN|44 phira bhI AcArya puNya ko svarNa-ber3I kahakara usakI pApa se kiMcita zreSThatA siddha kara dete haiN| AcArya amRtacandra kA kahanA hai ki pAramArthika dRSTi se puNya aura pApa donoM meM bheda nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki antatogattvA donoM hI bandhana haiN|45 yahI bAta paM. jayacandrajI bhI kahate haiM -- puNya pApa doU karama, bandharUpa duI maani| zuddha AtmA jina layo, namUM carana hita jAni / / 10 jainAcAryoM ne puNya ko nirvANa kI dRSTi se heya mAnate hue bhI use nirvANa kA sahAyaka tattva svIkAra kiyA hai| nirvANa prApta karane ke lie antatogattvA puNya ko tyAganA hI hotA hai, phira bhI vaha nirvANa meM ThIka usI prakAra sahAyaka haiM jaise sAbuna vastra ke maila ko sApha karane meM sahAyaka hai phira bhI use alaga karanA hotA hai, vaise hI nirvANa yA zuddhAtma-dazA meM puNya kA honA bhI anAvazyaka hai, use bhI chor3anA hotA hai| jisa prakAra sAbuna mala ko dUra karatA hai aura maila chUTane para svayaM alaga ho jAtA hai, vaise hI puNya bhI pAparUpa mala ko alaga karane meM sahAyaka hotA hai| ataH vyakti jaba azubha (pApa) karma se Upara uTha jAtA hai, taba usakA zubha karma bhI zuddha karma bana jAtA hai| deza para pUrNa vijaya pA jAne para rAga bhI nahIM rahatA hai, ataH rAga-dveSa ke abhAva meM usase jo karma nissRta hote haiM, ve zuddha (IryApathika) hote haiN| jainAcAradarzana meM rAga-dveSa se rahita hokara kiyA gayA zuddha kArya hI mokSa yA nirvANa kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai aura AsaktipUrvaka kiyA gayA zubha kArya bhI bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| yahA~ para gItA kA anAsakta karma-yoga jaina darzana ke atyanta samIpa A jAtA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmA kA lakSya azubha karma se zubha karma kI ora aura zubhakarma se zuddhakarma (vItarAga dazA) kI prApti hai| AtmA kA zuddhopayoga hI jaina dharma kA antima sAdhya hai| zuddha karma (akarma) zuddha karma vaha jIvana-vyavahAra hai, jisameM kriyAe~ rAga-dveSa se rahita mAtra kartavyabuddhi se sampAdita hotI haiM tathA jo AtmA ko bandhana meM nahIM ddaaltiiN| abandhaka karma hI zuddhakarma haiN| jaina AcAradarzana isa prazna para gaharAI se vicAra karatI haiM ki AcaraNa (kriyA) evaM bandhana meM kyA sambandha hai ? kyA 'karmaNA badhyate jantuH' kI ukti sarvAzataH satya hai ? eka to karma yA kriyA ke sabhI rUpa bandhana kI dRSTi se samAna nahIM hai phira yaha bhI sambhava hai ki AcaraNa evaM kriyA ke

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113. jaina karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa hote hue bhI koI bandhana nahIM ho| lekina yaha nirNaya kara pAnA ki bandhaka karma kyA hai aura abandhaka karma kyA hai, atyanta kaThina hai| gItA kahatI hai ki karma (bandhaka karma) kyA hai aura akarma ( abandhaka karma ) kyA hai, isake viSaya meM vidvAna bhI mohita ho jAte haiN|47 karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ke jJAna kA viSaya atyanta gahana hai| yaha karma-samIkSA kA viSaya atyanta gahana aura duSkara kyoM hai, isa prazna kA uttara hameM jainAgama sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI milatA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki karma, kriyA yA AcaraNa samAna hone para bhI bandhana kI dRSTi se ve bhinna-bhinna prakRti ke ho sakate haiN| mAtra AcaraNa, karma yA puruSArtha ko dekhakara yaha nirNaya denA sambhava nahIM ki vaha naitika dRSTi se kisa prakAra kA hai| jJAnI aura ajJAnI donoM hI samAna vIratA ko dikhAte hue ( arthAt samAnarUpa se karma karate hue) bhI adhUre jJAnI aura sarvathA ajJAnI kA, cAhe jitanA parAkrama ( puruSArtha) ho, para vaha azuddha hai aura karma-bandha kA kAraNa hai, parantu jJAna evaM bodha sahita manuSya kA parAkrama zuddha hai aura use usakA kucha phala nahIM bhoganA pdd'taa| yogya rIti se kiyA huA tapa bhI yadi kIrti kI icchA se kiyA gayA ho to zuddha nahIM hotaa|48 bandhana kI daSTi se karma kA vicAra usake bAhya-svarUpa ke AdhAra para hI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, usameM kartA kA prayojana, kartA kA viveka evaM dezakAlagata paristhitiyA~ bhI mahattvapUrNa haiM aura karmoM kA aisA sarvAMgapUrNa vicAra karane meM vidvat varga bhI kaThinAI meM par3a jAtA hai| karma meM kartA ke prayojana ko, jo ki eka Antarika tathya hai, jAna pAnA sahaja nahIM hotaa| lekina, kartA ke lie jo ki apanI manodazA kA jJAtA bhI hai, yaha Avazyaka hai ki karma aura akarma kA yathArtha svarUpa samajheM, kyoMki usake abhAva meM mukti sambhava nahIM hai| kRSNa arjuna se kahate haiM ki -- maiM tujhe karma ke usa rahasya ko batAU~gA jise jAnakara tU mukta ho jaayegaa|49 naitika vikAsa ke lie bandhaka aura abandhaka karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnanA Avazyaka hai| bandhana kI dRSTi se karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ke sambandha meM jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA dRSTikoNa nimnAnusAra hai -- jaina darzana meM karma-akarma vicAra karma ke yathArtha svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie usa para do dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| (1) usakI bandhanAtmaka zakti ke AdhAra para aura (2) usakI zubhAzubhatA ke AdhAra pr| bandhanAtmaka zakti ke AdhAra para vicAra karane para hama pAte haiM ki kucha karma bandhana meM DAlate haiM, aura kucha karma bandhana meM nahIM DAlate haiN| bandhaka karmoM ko karma aura abandhaka karmoM ko akarma kahA jAtA hai| jaina darzana meM karma aura akarma ke yathArtha svarUpa kA vivecana hameM sarvaprathama AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM milatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki kucha karma aura akarma ko vIrya ( puruSArtha) kahate haiN|50 isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki kucha vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM sakriyatA hI puruSArtha yA naitikatA hai, jabaki dUsare vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM niSkriyatA hI puruSArtha yA naitikatA hai| isa sambandha meM mahAvIra apane dRSTikoNa ko prastuta karate hue yaha spaSTa karane kA prayAsa karate haiM ki 'karma kA artha zarIrAdi kI ceSTA evaM akarma kA artha zarIrAdi kI ceSTA kA abhAva aisA nahIM mAnanA caahie| ve atyanta sImita zabdoM meM kahate haiM ki pramAda karma hai,

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< pro. sAgaramala jaina apramAda akarma hai| 51 aisA kahakara mahAvIra yaha spaSTa kara dete haiM ki akarma niSkrayatA nahIM, vaha to satat jAgarukatA hai / apramatta avasthA yA Atma- jAgRti kI dazA meM kriyAzIlatA bhI akarma ho jAtI hai, jabaki pramatta dazA yA Atma- jAgRti ke abhAva meM niSkriyatA bhI karma (bandhana) bana jAtI hai| vastutaH kisI kriyA kA bandhakatva mAtra kriyA ke ghaTita hone meM nahIM, varan usake pIche rahe hue kaSAya-bhAvoM evaM rAga-dveSa kI sthiti para nirbhara hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra, rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAya (jo ki AtmA kI pramatta dazA haiM ) hI kisI kriyA ko karma banA dete haiM, jabaki kaSAya evaM Asakti se rahita hokara kiyA huA karma akarma bana jAtA hai| mahAvIra ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki jo Asava yA bandhana kAraka kriyAe~ haiM, ve hI anAsakti evaM viveka se samanvita hokara mukti kA sAdhana bana jAtI hai| 52 isa prakAra jaina vicAraNA meM karma aura akarma apane bAhya svarUpa kI apekSA kartA ke viveka aura manovRtti para nirbhara hote haiM / IyApathika karma aura sAmparAyika karma53 114 (1) jaina darzana meM bandhana kI dRSTi se kriyAoM ko do bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai IryApathika kriyAe~ (akarma) aura (2) sAmprarAyika kriyAe~ (karma) / IryApathika kriyAe~ niSkAma vItarAgadRSTisampanna vyakti kI kriyAe~ haiM, jo bandhanakAraka nahIM haiM aura sAmparAyika kriyAe~ Asakta vyakti kI kriyAe~ haiM, jo bandhanakAraka haiN| saMkSepa meM ve samasta kriyAe~ jo Asrava evaM bandha kI kAraNa haiM, karma haiM aura ve samasta kriyAe~ jo saMvara evaM nirjarA kI hetu haiM, akarma haiN| jaina dRSTi meM akarma yA IryApathika karma kA artha hai rAga-dveSa evaM moha rahita hokara mAtra karttavya athavA zarIra - nirvAha ke lie kiyA jAne vAlA karma / karma kA artha hai rAga-dveSa aura moha se yukta karma, vaha bandhana meM DAlatA hai, isalie vaha karma hai| jo kriyA vyApAra rAga-dveSa aura moha se rahita hokara karttavya yA zarIranirvAha ke lie kiyA jAtA hai, vaha bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM hai, ataH akarma hai| jinheM jaina darzana meM IryApathika kriyAe~ yA akarma kahA gayA hai, unheM bauddha paramparA anupacita, avyakta yA akRSNa- azukla karma kahatI haiM aura jinheM jaina - paramparA sAmparAyika kriyAe~ yA karma kahatI haiM, unheM bauddha paramparA upacita karma yA kRSNa - zukla karma kahatI haiM / isa sambandha meM vistAra se vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| bandhana ke kAraNoM meM mithyAtva aura kaSAya kI pramukhatA kA prazna 54 -- jaina karmasiddhAnta ke udbhava va vikAsa kI carcA karate hue hamaneM bandhana ke pA~ca sAmAnya kAraNoM kA ullekha kiyA thaa| vaise jaina grantho meM bhinna-bhinna karmoM ke bandhana ke bhinna-bhinna kAraNoM kI vistRta carcA bhI upalabdha hotI haiM / kintu sAmAnya rUpa se bandhana ke 5 kAraNa mAneM gae haiM 1. mithyAtva 2. avirati 3. pramAda aura 4 kaSAya aura 5. yoga / -- ina pA~ca kAraNoM meM yoga ko arthAt mAnasika, vAcika va zArIrika kriyAoM ko bandhana kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai, kintu hameM smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki yadi pUrva ke cAra kA abhAva ho, to mAtra yoga se karmavargaNAoM kA asrAva hokara, jo bandha hogA, vaha IryApathika bandha kahalAtA hai|

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115 usake sandarbha meM kahA gayA hai usakA prathama samaya meM bandha hotA hai aura dUsare samaya meM nirjarA ho jAtI hai| IryApathika bandha ThIka vaisA hI hai, jaise calate samaya zubhra AdratA se rahita kapar3e para gire hue bAlU ke kaNa, jo gati kI prakriyA meM hI Ate haiM aura phira alaga bhI ho jAte haiM / vastutaH yaha bandha vAstavika bandha nahIM hai| ataH hama samajhate haiM ki ina 5 kAraNoM meM yoga mahattvapUrNa kAraNa nahIM hai / yadyapi avirati, pramAda evaM kaSAya ko alaga-alaga kAraNa kahA gayA hai, kintu inameM bhI bahuta antara nahIM hai| jaba hama pramAda ko vyApaka artha meM lete haiM taba kaSAyoM kA arntabhAva pramAda meM ho jAtA hai| dUsare kaSAyoM kI upasthiti meM hI pramAda sambhava hotA hai| unakI anupasthiti meM pramAda sAmAnyatayA to rahatA hI nahIM hai aura yadi rahe bhI to ati nirbala hotA hai| isI prakAra avirati ke mUla meM bhI kaSAya hI hote haiN| yadi hama kaSAya ko vyApaka artha meM leM to avirati aura pramAda donoM usI meM antarbhAvita ho jAte haiM / ataH bandhana ke do hI pramukha kAraNa zeSa rahate haiM mithyAtva aura kaSAya / -- jaina karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa mithyAtva evaM kaSAya meM kauna pramukha kAraNa hai, yaha vartamAna yuga meM eka bahucarcita viSaya hai / isa sandarbha meM pakSa va pratipakSa meM paryApta lekha likhe gaye haiM / AcArya vidyAsAgarajI evaM unake samarthaka vidvat varga kA kahanA hai ki mithyAtva akiMcitakara hai aura kaSAya hI bandhana kA pramukha kAraNa hai, kyoMki kaSAya kI upasthiti ke kAraNa hI mithyAtva hotA hai / kAnajIsvAmI samarthaka dUsare varga kA kahanA hai ki mithyAtva hI bandhana kA pramukha kAraNa hai| vastutaH yaha vivAda apane-apane ekAMgI dRSTikoNoM ke kAraNa hai / kaSAya aura mithyAtva ye donoM hI anyonyAzrita haiN| kaSAya ke abhAva meM mithyAtva kI sattA nahIM rahatI aura na mithyAtva ke abhAva meM kaSAya hI rahate haiN| mithyAtva tabhI samApta hotA hai, jaba anantAnubandhI kaSAyeM samApta hote haiM aura kaSAyeM bhI tabhI samApta hone lagate haiM, jaba mithyAtva kA prahANa hotA hai / ve tApa aura prakAza ke samAna sahajIvI haiN| inameM eka ke abhAva meM dUsare kI sattA kSINa hone lagatI hai| vaise mithyAtva, ajJAna evaM moha kA paryAyavAcI hai| AvegoM arthAt kaSAyoM kI upasthiti meM hI moha yA mithyAtva sambhava hotA hai / vAstavikatA yaha hai ki moha ( mithyAtva) se kaSAya utpanna hote haiM aura kaSAyoM ke kAraNa hI moha (mithyAtva ) hotA hai| ataH kaSAya aura mithyAtva anyonyAzrita haiM aura bIja evaM vRkSa kI bhA~ti inameM se kisI kI pUrva koTi nirdhArita nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| yadi hama isI prazna para bauddha dRSTi se vicAra kareM to usameM sAmAnyatayA lobha (rAga), dveSa evaM moha ko bandhana kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| bauddha paramparA meM bhI inako paraspara sApekSa hI mAnA gayA hai| moha ko bauddha paramparA meM avidyA bhI kahA gayA hai| bauddha vicAraNA yaha mAnatI hai ki avidyA ( moha ) ke kAraNa tRSNA (rAga) hotI hai aura tRSNA ke kAraNa moha hotA hai / AcArya narendradeva likhate haiM lobha evaM dveSa kA hetu moha hai, kintu paryAya se lobha va moha bhI dveSa ke hetu haiM / bauddha darzana meM bhI jaina darzana ke samAna hI avidyA aura tRSNA ko anyonyAzrita mAnA gayA hai aura kahA gayA hai ki inameM se kisI kI bhI pUrva koTi nirdhArita karanA sambhava nahIM hai / sAMkhya evaM yoga darzana meM kleza yA bandhana ke 5 kAraNa haiM --avidyA, asmitA (ahaMkAra), rAga, dveSa, abhinivesh| inameM bhI avidyA pramukha hai| zeSa cAroM usI para AdhArita hai| nyAya darzana bhI jaina aura bauddhoM ke samAna hI rAga-dveSa evaM moha ko bandhana kA kAraNa mAnatA hai| isa prakAra

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 116 lagabhaga sabhI darzana prakArAntara se rAga-dveSa evaM moha (mithyAtva) ko bandhana kA kAraNa mAnate bandhana ke cAra prakAroM se bandhanoM ke kAraNa kA sambandha jaina karma siddhAnta meM bandhana ke cAra prArUpa kahe gae haiM :- 1. prakRti bandha, 2. pradeza bandha, 3. sthiti bandha evaM 4. anubhAga bndh| 1. prakRtibandha -- bandhana ke svabhAva kA nirdhAraNa prakRti bandha karatA hai| yaha, yaha nizcaya karatA hai ki karmavargaNA ke pudgala AtmA kI jJAna, darzana Adi kisa zakti ko AvRta kregeN| 2. pradeza bandha -- yaha karmaparamANuoM kI AtmA ke sAtha saMyojita hone vAlI mAtrA kA nirdhAraNa karatA hai| ataH yaha mAtrAtmaka hotA hai| 3. sthitibandha -- karmaparamANu kitane samaya taka AtmA se saMyojita rahegeM aura kaba nirjarita hogeM, isa kAla-maryAdA kA nizcaya sthiti-bandha karatA hai| ataH yaha bandhana kI samaya-maryAdA kA sUcaka hai| 4. anubhAgabandha -- karmoM ke bandhana aura vipAka kI tIvratA evaM mandatA kA nizcaya karanA, yaha anubhAga bandha kA kArya hai| dUsare zabdoM meM yaha bandhana kI tIvratA yA gahanatA kA sUcaka hai| uparokta cAra prakAra ke bandhanoM meM prakRti bandha evaM pradeza bandha kA sambandha mukhyatayA yoga arthAt kAyika, vAcika evaM mAnasika kriyAoM se hai, jabaki bandhana kI tIvratA (anubhAga) evaM samayAvadhi (sthiti) kA nizcaya karma ke pIche rahI huI kaSAya-vRtti aura mithyAtva para AdhArita hotA hai| saMkSepa meM yoga kA sambandha pradeza evaM prakRti bandha se hai, jabaki kaSAya kA sambandha sthiti evaM anubhAga bandha se hai| ATha prakAra ke karma aura unake bandhana ke kAraNa jisa rUpa meM karmaparamANu AtmA kI vibhinna zaktiyoM ke prakaTana kA avarodha karate haiM aura AtmA kA zarIra se sambandha sthApita karate haiM -- unake anusAra unake vibhAga kiye jAte haiN| jainadarzana ke anusAra karma ATha prakAra ke haiM -- 1. jJAnAvaraNIya 2. darzanAvaraNIya 3. vedanIya 4. mohanIya 5. AyuSya 6. nAma 7. gotra aura 8. antraay| 1. jJAnAvaraNIya karma -- jisa prakAra bAdala sUrya ke prakAza ko DhaMka dete haiM, usI prakAra jo karmavargaNAe~ AtmA kI jJAnazakti ko DhaMka detI haiM aura jJAna kI prApti meM bAdhaka banatI haiM, ve jJAnAvaraNIya karma kahI jAtI haiN| jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke bandhana ke kAraNa -- jina kAraNoM se jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke paramANu AtmA se saMyojita hokara jJAna-zakti ko kuMThita karate haiM, ve chaH haiM -- 1. pradoSa -- jJAnI kA avarNavAda (nindA) karanA evaM usake avaguNa nikaalnaa|

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117 jaina karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa 2. nihanava -- jJAnI kA upakAra svIkAra na karanA athavA kisI viSaya ko jAnate hue bhI usakA apalApa krnaa| antarAya -- jJAna kI prApti meM bAdhaka bananA, jJAnI evaM jJAna ke sAdhana pustakAdi ko naSTa krnaa| mAtsarya -- vidvAnoM ke prati dveSa-buddhi rakhanA, jJAna ke sAdhana pustaka Adi meM aruci rkhnaa| 5. asAdanA -- jJAna evaM jJAnI puruSoM ke kathanoM ko svIkAra nahIM karanA, unakA samucita vinaya nahIM krnaa| upaghAta -- vidvAnoM ke sAtha mithyAgraha yukta visaMvAda karanA athavA svArthavaza satya ko asatya siddha karane kA prayatna krnaa| uparyukta chaH prakAra kA anaitika AcaraNa vyakti kI jJAnazakti ke kuMThita hone kA kAraNa hai| jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA vipAka -- vipAka kI dRSTi se jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke kAraNa pA~ca rUpoM meM AtmA kI jJAna-zakti kA AvaraNa hotA hai -- (1) matijJAnAvaraNa -- aindrika evaM mAnasika jJAna-kSamatA kA abhAva, (2) zrutajJAnAvaraNa -- bauddhika athavA AgamajJAna kI anupalabdhi, (3) avadhi jJAnAvaraNa -- atIndriya jJAna-kSamatA kA abhAva, (4) manaH paryAya jJAnAvaraNa -- dUsare kI mAnasika avasthAoM kA jJAna prApta kara lene kI zakti kA abhAva, (5) kevalajJAnAvaraNa -- pUrNajJAna prApta karane kI kSamatA kA abhaav| kahIM-kahIM vipAka kI dRSTi se isake 10 bheda bhI batAye gaye haiM-- 1. sunane kI zakti kA abhAva, 2. sunane se prApta hone vAle jJAna kI anupalabdhi, 3. dRSTi zakti kA abhAva, 4. dRzyajJAna kI anupalabdhi, 5. gaMdhagrahaNa karane kI zakti kA abhAva, 6. gandha sambandhI jJAna kI anupalabdhi, 7. svAda grahaNa karane kI zakti kA abhAva, 8. svAda sambandhI jJAna kI anupalabdhi, 9. sparza-kSamatA kA abhAva aura 10. sparza sambandhI jJAna kI anuplbdhi| 2. darzanAvaraNIya karma jisa prakAra dvArapAla rAjA ke darzana meM bAdhaka hotA hai, usI prakAra jo karmavargaNAe~ AtmA kI darzana-zakti meM bAdhaka hotI haiM, ve darzanAvaraNIya karma kahalAtI haiN| jJAna se pahale hone vAlA vastu-tattva kA nirvizeSa (nirvikalpa) bodha, jisameM sattA ke atirikta kisI vizeSa guNa dharma kI prApti nahIM hotI, darzana kahalAtA hai| darzanAvaraNIya karma AtmA ke darzana-guNa ko AvRtta karatA hai| darzanAvaraNIya karma ke bandha ke kAraNa -- jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke samAna hI chaH prakAra ke azubha AcaraNa ke dvArA darzanAvaraNIya karma kA bandha hotA hai -- (1) samyak dRSTi kI nindA (chidrAnveSaNa ) karanA athavA usake prati akRtajJa honA, (2) mithyAtva yA asat mAnyatAoM kA pratipAdana karanA, (3) zuddha dRSTikoNa kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka bananA, (4) samyakdRSTi kA

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 118 samucita vinaya evaM sammAna nahIM karanA, (5) samyakdRSTi para dveSa karanA (6) samyakdRSTi ke sAtha mithyAgraha sahita vivAda krnaa| darzanAvaraNIya karma kA vipAka -- uparyukta azubha AcaraNa ke kAraNa AtmA kA darzana guNa nau prakAra se kuMThita ho jAtA hai -- (1) cakSudarzanAvaraNa-- netrazakti kA avaruddha ho jaanaa| (2) acakSudarzanAvaraNa-- netra ke atirikta zeSa indriyoM kI sAmAnya anubhavazakti kA avaruddha ho jaanaa| (3) avadhidarzanAvaraNa-- sImita atIndriya darzana kI upalabdhi meM bAdhA upasthita honaa| (4) kevala darzanAvaraNa-- paripUrNa darzana kI upalabdhi kA nahIM honaa| (5) nidrA-- sAmAnya nidraa| (6) nidrAnidrA-- gaharI nidraa| (7) pracalA-- baiThe-baiThe A jAne vAlI nidraa| (8) pracalA-pracalA-- calate-phirate bhI A jAne vAlI nidraa| (9) styAnagRddhi-- jisa nidrA meM prANI bar3e-bar3e bala-sAdhya kArya kara DAlatA hai| antima do avasthAe~ Adhunika manovijJAna ke vividha vyaktitva ke samAna mAnI jA sakatI haiN| uparyukta pA~ca prakAra kI nidrAoM ke kAraNa vyakti kI sahaja anubhUti kI kSamatA meM avarodha utpanna ho jAtA hai| 3. vedanIya karma -- jisake kAraNa sAMsArika sukha-duHkha kI saMvedanA hotI hai, use vedanIya karma kahate haiN| isake do bheda haiM -- 1. sAtAvedanIya aura 2. asaataavedniiy| sukha rUpa saMvedanA kA kAraNa sAtAvedanIya aura duHkha rupa saMvedanA kA kAraNa asAtAvedanIya karma kahalAtA hai| sAtAvedanIya karma ke kAraNa -- dasa prakAra kA zubhAcaraNa karane vAlA vyakti sukhada-saMvedanA spa sAtAvedanIya karma kA bandha karatA hai -- (1) pRthvI, pAnI Adi ke jIvoM para anukampA krnaa| (2) vanaspati, vRkSa, latAdi para anukampA krnaa| (3) drIndriya Adi prANiyoM para dayA krnaa| (4) paMcendriya pazuoM evaM manuSyoM para anukampA krnaa| (5) kisI ko bhI kisI prakAra se duHkha na denaa| (6) kisI bhI prANI ko cintA evaM bhaya utpanna ho aisA kArya na krnaa| (7) kisI bhI prANI ko zokAkula nahIM bnaanaa| (8) kisI bhI prANI ko sdana nahIM kraanaa| (9) kisI bhI prANI ko nahIM mAranA aura (10) kisI bhI prANI ko pratAr3ita nahIM krnaa| karmagranthoM meM sAtAvedanIya karma ke bandhana kA kAraNa gurubhakti, kSamA, karuNA, vratapAlana, yoga-sAdhanA, kaSAyavijaya, dAna aura dRr3hazraddhA mAnA gayA hai| tattvArthasUtrakAra kA bhI yahI dRSTikoNa hai| sAtAvedanIya karma kA vipAka-- uparyukta zubhAcaraNa ke phalasvarUpa prANI nimna prakAra kI sukhada saMvedanA prApta karatA hai -- (1) manohara, karNapriya, sukhada svara zravaNa karane ko milate haiM, (2) susvAdu bhojana-pAnAdi upalabdha hotI hai, (3) vAMchita sukhoM kI prApti hotI hai, (4) zubha vacana, prazaMsAdi sunane kA avasara prApta hotA hai, (5) zArIrika sukha milatA hai| asAtAvedanIya karma ke kAraNa-- jina azubha AcaraNoM ke kAraNa prANI ko duHkhada saMvedanA prApta hotI hai| ve 12 prakAra ke haiM -- (1) kisI bhI prANI ko duHkha denA, (2) cintita banAnA, ( 3 ) zokAkula banAnA, ( 4 ) rulAnA, (5) mAranA aura (6) pratAr3ita karanA, ina chaH kriyAoM

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119 jaina karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa kI mandatA aura tIvratA ke AdhAra para inake bAraha prakAra ho jAte haiN| tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra-- (1) duHkha (2) zoka (3) tApa (4) Akrandana (5) vadha aura (6) paridevana ye chaH asAtAvedanIya karma ke bandha ke kAraNa haiM, jo sva' aura 'para' kI apekSA se 12 prakAra ke ho jAte haiN| sva evaM para kI apekSA para AdhArita tattvArthasUtra kA yaha dRSTikoNa adhika saMgata hai| karmagrantha meM sAtAvedanIya ke bandha ke kAraNoM ke viparIta gurU kA avinaya, akSamA, krUratA, avirati, yogAbhyAsa nahIM karanA, kaSAyayukta honA, tathA dAna evaM zraddhA kA abhAva asAtAvedanIya karma ke kAraNa mAne gaye haiN| ina kriyAoM ke vipAka ke rUpa meM ATha prakAra kI duHkhada saMvedanAe~ prApta hotI haiM -- (1) karNa-kaTu, karkaza svara sunane ko prApta hote haiM (2) amanojJa evaM saundaryavihIna rUpa dekhane ko prApta hotA hai, (3) amanojJa gandhoM kI upalabdhi hotI hai, (4) svAdavihIna bhojanAdi milatA hai, (5) amanojJa, kaThora evaM duHkhada saMvedanA utpanna karane vAle sparza kI prApti hotI hai, (6) amanojJa mAnasika anubhUtiyoM kA honA, (7) nindA apamAnajanaka vacana sunane ko milate haiM aura (8) zarIra meM vividha rogoM kI utpatti se zarIra ko duHkhada saMvedanAe~ prApta hotI hai| 4. mohanIya karma jaise madirA Adi nazIlI vastu ke sevana se viveka-zakti kuMThita ho jAtI hai, usI prakAra jina karma-paramANuoM se AtmA kI viveka-zakti kuMThita hotI hai aura anaitika AcaraNa meM pravRtti hotI hai, unheM mohanIya (vimohita karane vAle) karma kahate haiN| isake do bheda haiM-- darzanamoha aura caaritrmoh| mohanIya karma ke bandha ke kAraNa-- sAmAnyatayA mohanIya karma kA bandha chaH kAraNoM se hotA hai-- (1) krodha, (2) ahaMkAra, (3) kapaTa, (4) lobha, (5) azubhAcaraNa aura (6) vivekAbhAva (vimuuddhtaa)| prathama pA~ca se cAritramoha kA aura antima se darzanamoha kA bandha hotA hai| karmagrantha meM darzanamoha aura cAritramoha ke bandhana ke kAraNa alaga-alaga batAye gaye haiN| darzanamoha ke kAraNa haiM-- unmArga dezanA, sanmArga kA apalApa, dhArmika sampatti kA apaharaNa aura tIrthakara, muni, caitya (jina-pratimAe~) aura dharma-saMgha ke pratikUla aacrnn| cAritramoha karma ke bandhana ke kAraNoM meM kaSAya, hAsya Adi tathA viSayoM ke adhIna honA pramukha haiN| tattvArtha-sUtra meM sarvajJa, zruta, saMgha, dharma aura deva ke avarNavAda (nindA) ko darzanamoha kA tathA kaSAyajanita Atma-pariNAma ko cAritramoha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| samavAyAMgasUtra meM tIvratama mohakarma ke bandhana ke tIsa kAraNa batAye gaye haiM -- (1) jo kisI trasa prANI ko pAnI meM DubAkara mAratA hai| (2) jo kisI trasa prANI ko tIvra azubha adhyavasAya se mastaka ko gIlA camar3A bAMdhakara mAratA hai| (3) jo kisI trasa prANI ko mu~ha bA~dha kara mAratA hai| (4) jo kisI trasa prANI ko agni ke dhue~ se mAratA hai| (5) jo kisI trasa prANI ke mastaka kA chedana karake mAratA hai| (6) jo kisI trasa prANI ko chala se mArakara ha~satA hai| (7) jo mAyAcAra karake tathA asatya bolakara apanA anAcAra chipAtA hai| (8) jo apane durAcAra ko chipAkara dUsare para kalaMka lagAtA hai| (9) jo kalaha baDhAne ke lie jAnatA huA mizra bhASA

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 120 bolatA hai| (10) jo pati-patnI meM matabheda paidA karatA hai tathA unheM mArmika vacanoM se jheMpA detA hai| (11) jo strI meM Asakta vyakti apane-Apako kuMvArA kahatA hai| (12) jo atyanta kAmuka vyakti apane Apa ko brahmacArI kahatA hai| (13) jo cApalUsI karake apane svAmI ko ThagatA hai| (14) jo jinakI kRpA se samRddha banA hai, IrSyA se unake hI kAryoM meM vighna DAlatA hai| (15) jo pramukha puruSa kI hatyA karatA hai| (16) jo saMyamI ko pathabhraSTa karatA hai| (17) jo apane upakArI kI hatyA karatA hai| (18) jo prasiddha puruSa kI hatyA karatA hai| (19) jo mahAn puruSoM kI nindA karatA hai| (20) jo nyAyamArga kI nindA karatA hai| (21) jo AcArya, upAdhyAya evaM guru kI nindA karatA hai| (22) jo AcArya, upAdhyAya evaM guru kA avinaya karatA hai| (23 ) jo abahuzruta hote hue bhI apane-Apako bahuzruta kahatA hai| (24) jo tapasvI na hote hue bhI apane-Apako tapasvI kahatA hai| (25) jo asvastha AcArya Adi kI sevA nahIM krtaa| (26) jo AcArya Adi kuzAstra kA prarUpaNa karate haiN| (27) jo AcArya Adi apanI prazaMsA ke lie maMtrAdi kA prayoga karate haiN| (28) jo ihaloka aura paraloka meM bhogopabhoga pAne kI abhilASA karatA hai| (29) jo devatAoM kI nindA karatA hai yA karavAtA hai| ( 30 ) jo asarvajJa hote hue bhI apane Apako sarvajJa kahatA hai| (a) darzana-moha -- jaina-darzana meM darzana zabda tIna arthoM meM prayukta huA hai-- (1) pratyakSIkaraNa, (2) dRSTikoNa aura (3) shrddhaa| prathama artha kA sambandha darzanAvaraNIya karma se hai, jabaki dUsare aura tIsare artha kA sambandha mohanIya karma se hai| darzana-moha ke kAraNa prANI meM samyak dRSTikoNa kA abhAva hotA hai aura vaha mithyA dhAraNAoM evaM vicAroM kA zikAra rahatA hai, usakI vivekabuddhi asaMtulita hotI hai| darzanamoha tIna prakAra kA hai-- (1) mithyAtva moha-- jisake kAraNa prANI asatya ko satya tathA satya ko asatya samajhatA hai| zubha ko azubha aura azubha ko zubha mAnanA mithyAtva moha hai| (2) samyak-mithyAtva moha-- satya evaM asatya tathA zubha evaM azubha ke sambandha meM anizcayAtmakatA aura (3) samyaktva moha-- kSAyika samyaktva kI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka samyaktva moha hai arthAt dRSTikoNa kI AMzika vishuddhtaa| (ba) cAritra-moha -- cAritra-moha ke kAraNa prANI kA AcaraNa azubha hotA hai| cAritra-mohajanita azubhAcaraNa 25 prakAra kA hai -- (1) prabalatama krodha, (2) prabalatama mAna, (3) prabalatama mAyA (kapaTa), (4) prabalatama lobha, (5) ati krodha, (6) ati mAna, (7) ati mAyA (kapaTa), (8) ati lobha, (9) sAdhAraNa krodha, (10) sAdhAraNa mAna, (11) sAdhAraNa mAyA (kapaTa) (12) sAdhAraNa lobha, (13) alpa krodha, (14) alpa mAna, (15) alpa mAyA (kapaTa) aura (16) alpa lobha -- ye solaha kaSAya haiN| uparyukta kaSAyoM ko uttejita karane vAlI nau manovRttiyA~ (upakaSAya ) haiM -- (1) hAsya, (2) rati (sneha, rAga), (3) arati (deva) (4) zoka, (5) bhaya, (6) jugupsA (ghRNA), (7) strIveda (puruSa-sahavAsa kI icchA), (8) puruSaveda (strI-sahavAsa kI icchA), (9) napuMsakaveda (strI-puruSa donoM ke sahavAsa kI icchaa)| mohanIya karma vivekAbhAva hai aura usI vivekAbhAva ke kAraNa azubha kI ora pravRtti kI

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121 rUci hotI hai / anya paramparAoM meM jo sthAna avidyA kA hai, vahI sthAna jaina paramparA meM mohanIya karma kA hai| jisa prakAra anya paramparAoM meM bandhana kA mUla kAraNa avidyA hai, usI prakAra jaina paramparA meM bandhana kA mUla kAraNa mohanIya karma / mohanIya karma kA kSayopazama hI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA AdhAra hai / 5. AyuSya karma jisa prakAra ber3I svAdhInatA meM bAdhaka hai, usI prakAra jo karma paramANu AtmA ko vibhinna zarIroM meM niyata avadhi taka kaida rakhate haiM, unheM AyuSya karma kahate haiN| yaha karma nizcaya karatA hai ki AtmA ko kisa zarIra meM kitanI samayAvadhi taka rahanA hai| AyuSya karma cAra prakAra kA hai -- (1) naraka Ayu, ( 2 ) tiryaMca Ayu (vAnaspatika evaM pazu jIvana ) (3) manuSya Ayu aura ( 4 ) deva Ayu / AyuSya-karma ke bandha ke kAraNa sabhI prakAra ke AyuSya-karma ke bandha kA kAraNa zIla aura vrata se rahita honA mAnA gayA hai| phira bhI kisa prakAra ke AcaraNa se kisa prakAra kA jIvana milatA hai, usakA nirdeza bhI jaina AgamoM meM upalabdha hai / sthAnAMgasUtra meM pratyeka prakAra ke AyuSya-karma ke bandha ke cAra-cAra kAraNa mAneM gaye haiM / (a) nArakIya jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa (1) mahArambha ( bhayAnaka hiMsaka karma ), ( 2 ) mahAparigraha ( atyadhika saMcaya vRtti), (3) manuSya, pazu Adi kA vadha karanA, ( 4 ) mAMsAhAra aura zarAba Adi nazIle padArthoM kA sevana / jaina karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa ---- (ba) pAzavika jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa (1 ) kapaTa karanA (2) rahasyapUrNa kapaTa karanA (3) asatya bhASaNa (4) kama-jyAdA tola-mApa karanA / karma-grantha meM pratiSThA kama hone ke bhaya se pApa kA prakaTa na karanA bhI tiryaMca Ayu ke bandha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM mAyA ( kapaTa) ko hI pazuyoni kA kAraNa batAyA hai| -- -1 (1) alpa Arambha, (sa) mAnava jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa (1) saralatA, ( 2 ) vinayazIlatA, ( 3 ) karUNA aura (4) ahaMkAra evaM mAtsarya se rahita honA / tattvArthasUtra meM ( 2 ) alpa parigraha, ( 3 ) svabhAva kI saralatA aura (4) svabhAva kI mRdutA ko manuSya Ayu ke bandhakA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| 1 (da) daivIya jIvana kI prApti ke cAra kAraNa (1 ) sarAga (sakAma) saMyama kA pAlana, ( 2 ) saMyama kA AMzika pAlana, ( 3 ) sakAma - tapasyA (bAla-tapa ) ( 4 ) svAbhAvika rupa meM karmoM ke nirjarita hone se / tattvArthasUtra meM bhI yahI kAraNa mAne gaye haiN| karmagrantha ke anusAra avirata samyakdRSTi manuSya yA tiryaMca, dezavirata zrAvaka, sarAgI-sAdhu, bAla-tapasvI aura icchA nahIM hote hue bhI paristhitivaza bhUkha-pyAsa Adi ko sahana karate hue akAma - nirjarA karane vAle vyakti devAyu kA bandha karate haiN| Akasmika maraNa prANI apane jIvanakAla meM pratyeka kSaNa Ayu karma ko bhoga rahA hai aura --

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pro. sAgaramala jaina (1) pratyeka kSaNa meM Ayu karma ke paramANu bhoga ke pazcAt pRthak hote rahate haiN| jisa samaya vartamAna Ayukarma ke pUrvabaddha samasta paramANu AtmA se pRthak ho jAte haiM usa samaya prANI ko vartamAna zarIra chor3anA par3atA hai| vartamAna zarIra chor3ane ke pUrva hI navIna zarIra ke Ayukarma kA bandha ho jAtA hai| lekina yadi AyuSya kA bhoga isa prakAra niyata hai to AkasmikamaraNa kI vyAkhyA kyA ? isake pratyuttara meM jaina- vicArako ne Ayukarma kA bhoga do prakAra kA mAnA kramika, (2) aaksmik| kramika bhoga meM svAbhAvika rUpa se Ayu kA bhoga dhIre-dhIre hotA rahatA hai, jabaki Akasmika bhoga meM kisI kAraNa ke upasthita ho jAne para Ayu eka sAtha hI bhoga lI jAtI hai| ise hI AkasmikamaraNa yA akAla mRtyu kahate haiM / sthAnAMgasUtra meM isake sAta kAraNa batAye gaye haiM (1 ) harSa - zoka kA atireka, (2) viSa athavA zastra kA prayoga, ( 3 ) AhAra kI atyadhikatA athavA sarvathA abhAva ( 4 ) vyAdhijanita tIvra vedanA, ( 5 ) AghAta ( 6 ) sarpadaMzAdi aura ( 7 ) zvAsanirodha / 6. nAma karma jisa prakAra citrakAra vibhinna raMgoM se aneka prakAra ke citra banAtA hai, usI prakAra nAma-karma vibhinna karma paramANuoM se jagat ke prANiyoM ke zarIra kI racanA karatA hai| manovijJAna kI bhASA meM nAma-karma ko vyaktitva kA nirdhAraka tattva kaha sakate haiN| jaina-darzana meM vyaktitva ke nirdhAraka tattvoM ko nAmakarma kI prakRti ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai, jinakI saMkhyA 103 mAnI gaI hai lekina vistArabhaya se unakA varNana sambhava nahIM hai| uparyukta sAre vargIkaraNa kA saMkSipta rUpa hai 1. zubhanAmakarma ( acchA vyaktitva) aura 2 azubhanAmakarma (burA vyaktitva ) / prANI jagat meM, jo Azcaryajanaka vaicitrya dikhAI detA hai, usakA AdhAra nAmakarma hai / 122. -- -- 11 zubhanAma karma ke bandha ke kAraNa jainAgamoM meM acche vyaktitva kI upalabdhi ke cAra kAraNa mAne gaye haiN| 1. zarIra kI saralatA, 2. vANI kI saralatA, 3. mana yA vicAroM kI saralatA, 4. ahaMkAra evaM mAtsarya se rahita honA yA sAmaMjasyapUrNa jIvana / zubhanAmakarma kA vipAka uparyukta cAra prakAra ke zubhAcaraNa se prApta zubha vyaktitva kA vipAka 14 prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai (1) adhikArapUrNa prabhAvaka vANI (iSTa- zabda) (2) sundara sugaThita zarIra (iSTa-rUpa ) ( 3 ) zarIra se niHsRta hone vAle maloM meM bhI sugaMdhi ( iSTa- gaMdha) ( 4 ) jaivIya-rasoM kI samucitatA ( iSTa-rasa ) ( 5 ) tvacA kA sukomala honA (iSTa-sparza ) ( 6 ) acapala yogya gati (iSTa- gati) (7) aMgoM kA samucita sthAna para honA (iSTa-sthiti ) ( 8 ) lAvaNya ( 9 ) yazaH kIrti kA prasAra (iSTa-yazaH kIrti ) ( 10 ) yogya zArIrika zakti (iSTa-utthAna, karma, balavIrya, puruSArtha aura parAkrama ) ( 11 ) logoM ko rUcikara lage aisA svara

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 123 20 (12) kAnta svara ( 13 ) priya svara aura (14) manojJa svr| azubha nAma karma ke kAraNa -- nimna cAra prakAra ke azubhAcaraNa se vyakti ( prANI) ko azubha vyaktitva kI upalabdhi hotI hai -- (1) zarIra kI vakratA, (2) vacana kI vakratA (3) mana kI vakratA aura (4) ahaMkAra evaM mAtsarya vRtti yA asAmaMjasya pUrNa jiivn| azubhanAma karma kA vipAka -- 1. aprabhAvaka vANI (aniSTa-zabda), 2. asundara zarIra (aniSTa-sparza), 3. zArIrika maloM kA durgandhayukta honA (aniSTa-gaMdha), 4. jaivIyarasoM kI asamucitatA (aniSTarasa), 5. apriya sparza, 6. aniSTa gati, 7. aMgoM kA samucita sthAna para na honA ( aniSTa sthiti), 8. saundarya kA abhAva, 9. apayaza, 10. puruSArtha karane kI zakti kA abhAva, 11. hIna svara, 12. dIna svara, 13. apriya svara aura 14 akAnta svr| 7. gotra karma jisake kAraNa vyakti pratiSThita aura apratiSThita kuloM meM janma letA hai, vaha gotra karma hai| yaha do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai -- 1. ucca gotra (pratiSThita kula) aura 2. nIca gotra ( apratiSThita kul)| kisa prakAra ke AcaraNa ke kAraNa prANI kA apratiSThita kula meM janma hotA hai aura kisa prakAra ke AcaraNa se prANI kA pratiSThita kula meM janma hotA hai, isa para jainAcAra-darzana meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai| ahaMkAravRtti hI isakA pramukha kAraNa mAnI gaI hai| ucca-gotra evaM nIca-gotra ke karma-bandha ke kAraNa -- nimna ATha bAtoM kA ahaMkAra na karane vAlA vyakti bhaviSya meM pratiSThita kula meM janma letA hai -- 1. jAti, 2. kula, 3. bala (zArIrika zakti), 4. rUpa (saundarya), 5. tapasyA (sAdhanA), 6. jJAna (zruta), 7. lAbha ( upalabdhiyA~ ) aura 8. svAmitva ( adhikAra ) / isake viparIta jo vyakti uparyukta ATha prakAra kA ahaMkAra karatA hai, vaha nIca kula meM janma letA hai| karmagrantha ke anusAra bhI ahaMkAra rahita guNagrAhI dRSTi vAlA, adhyayana-adhyApana meM ruci rakhane vAlA tathA bhakta ucca-gotra ko prApta karatA hai| isake viparIta AcaraNa karane vAlA nIca-gotra ko prApta karatA hai| tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra para-nindA, AtmaprazaMsA, dUsaroM ke sadguNoM kA AcchAdana aura asadguNoM kA prakAzana ye nIca gotra ke bandha ke hetu haiN| isake viparIta para-prazaMsA, Atma-nindA, sadguNoM kA prakAzana, asadguNoM kA gopana aura namravRtti evaM nirabhimAnatA ye ucca-gotra ke bandha ke hetu haiN| gotra-karma kA vipAka -- vipAka (phala) dRSTi se vicAra karate hue yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki jo vyakti ahaMkAra nahIM karatA, vaha pratiSThita kula meM janma lekara nimnokta ATha kSamatAoM se yukta hotA hai -- 1. niSkalaMka mAtR-pakSa (jAti), 2. pratiSThita pitR-pakSa (kula), 3. sabala zarIra, 4. saundaryayukta zarIra, 5. ucca sAdhanA evaM tapa-zakti, 6. tIvra buddhi evaM vipulajJAna rAzi para adhikAra, 7. lAbha evaM vividha upalabdhiyA~ aura 8. adhikAra, svAmitva evaM aizvarya kI praapti| lekina ahaMkArI vyaktitva uparyukta samagra kSamatAoM se athavA inameM se kinhIM vizeSa kSamatAoM se vaMcita rahatA hai|

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 3. 8. antarAya karma abhISTa kI upalabdhi meM bAdhA pahu~cAne vAle kAraNa ko antarAya karma kahate haiN| yaha pA~ca prakAra kA hai- 1. dAnAntarAya dAna kI icchA hone para bhI dAna nahIM kiyA jA sake, 2. lAbhAntarAya koI prApti hone vAlI ho lekina kisI kAraNa se usameM bAdhA A 4. 5. jAnA, -- -- 124 bhogAntarAya bhoga meM bAdhA upasthita honA jaise vyakti sampanna ho, bhojanagRha meM acchA susvAdu bhojana bhI banA ho lekina asvasthatA ke kAraNa use mAtra khicar3I hI khAnI par3e, upabhogAntarAya ---- 31 upabhoga kI sAmagrI ke hone para bhI upabhoga karane meM asamarthatA, vIryAntarAya zakti ke hone para bhI puruSArtha meM usakA upayoga nahIM kiyA jA sakanA / (tattvArthasUtra, 8. 14 ) jaina nIti- darzana ke anusAra jo vyakti kisI bhI vyakti ke dAna, lAbha, bhoga, upabhogazakti ke upayoga meM bAdhaka banatA hai, vaha bhI apanI upalabdha sAmagrI evaM zaktiyoM kA samucita upayoga nahIM kara pAtA hai / jaise koI vyakti kisI dAna dene vAle vyakti ko dAna prApta karane vAlI saMsthA ke bAre meM galata sUcanA dekara yA anya prakAra se dAna dene se roka detA hai athavA kisI bhojana karate hue vyakti ko bhojana para se uThA detA hai, to usakI upalabdhiyoM meM bhI bAdhA upasthita hotI hai athavA bhoga-sAmagrI ke hone para bhI vaha usake bhoga se vaMcita rahatA hai| karmagrantha ke anusAra jina-pUjA Adi dharma - kAryoM meM vighna utpanna karane vAlA aura hiMsA meM tatpara vyakti bhI antarAya karma kA saMcaya karatA hai / tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra bhI vighna yA bAdhA DAlanA hI antarAya-karma ke bandha kA kAraNa hai| ghAtI aura aghAtI karma ina cAra karmoM ke isa vargIkaraNa meM jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya aura antarAya karmoM ko 'ghAtI' aura nAma, gotra, AyuSya aura vedanIya ina cAra karmoM ko 'aghAtI' mAnA jAtA hai / ghAtI karma AtmA ke jJAna, darzana, sukha aura zakti nAmaka guNoM kA AvaraNa karate haiN| ye karma AtmA kI svabhAvadazA ko vikRta karate haiM, ataH jIvana-mukti meM bAdhaka hote haiN| ina ghAtI karmoM meM avidyA rUpa mohanIya karma hI AtmasvarUpa kI AvaraNa- kSamatA, tIvratA aura sthitikAla kI dRSTi se pramukha haiN| vastutaH mohakarma hI eka aisA karma - saMskAra hai, jisake kAraNa karma-bandha kA pravAha satat banA rahatA hai| mohanIya karma usa bIja ke samAna hai, jisameM aMkuraNa kI zakti hai / jisa prakAra ugane yogya bIja havA, pAnI Adi ke sahayoga se apanI paramparA ko bar3hAtA rahatA hai, usI prakAra mohanIya rUpI karma-bIja, jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura antarAya rUpa havA, pAnI Adi ke sahayoga se karma - paramparA ko satat banAye rakhatA hai / mohanIya karma hI janma-maraNa, saMsAra yA bandhana kA mUla hai, zeSa ghAtI karma usake sahayogI mAtra haiN| ise www

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125 jaina karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa karmoM kA senApati kahA gayA hai| jisa prakAra senApati ke parAjita hone para sArI senA hataprabha ho zIghra hI parAjita ho jAtI hai, usI prakAra moha karma para vijaya prApta kara lene para zeSa sAre karmoM ko AsAnI se parAjita kara AtmazuddhatA kI upalabdhi kI jA sakatI hai| jaise hI moha naSTa ho jAtA hai, vaise hI jJAnAvaraNa aura darzanAvaraNa kA pardA haTa jAtA hai, antarAya yA bAdhakatA samApta ho jAtI hai aura vyakti (AtmA) jIvana - mukta bana jAtA hai| aghAtI karma ve haiM jo AtmA ke svabhAva dazA kI upalabdhi aura vikAsa meM bAdhaka nahIM hote / aghAtI karma bhune hue bIja ke samAna haiM, jinameM navIna karmoM kI utpAdana kSamatA nahIM hotI / ve karma-paramparA kA pravAha banAye rakhane meM asamartha hote haiM aura samaya kI paripakvatA ke sAtha hI apanA phala dekara sahaja hI alaga ho jAte haiN| sarvaghAtI aura dezaghAtI karma-prakRtiyA~ AtmA ke sva-lakSaNoM kA AvaraNa karane vAle ghAtI karmoM kI 45 karma - prakRtiyA~ bhI do prakAra kI haiM -- 1. sarvaghAtI aura 2. dezaghAtI / sarvaghAtI karma prakRti kisI AtmaguNa ko pUrNatayA Avarita karatI hai aura dezaghAtI karma - prakRti usake eka aMza ko Avarita karatI hai| AtmA ke svAbhAvika satyAnubhUti nAmaka guNa ko mithyAtva (azuddha dRSTikoNa ) sarvarUpeNa AcchAdita kara detA hai / anantajJAna ( kevalajJAna) aura anantadarzana (kevaladarzana) nAmaka AtmA ke guNoM kA AvaraNa bhI pUrNa rUpa se hotA hai / pA~coM prakAra kI nidrAe~ bhI AtmA kI sahaja anubhUti kI kSamatA ko pUrNatayA Avarita karatI haiN| isI prakAra cAroM kaSAyoM ke pahale tInoM prakAra, jo ki saMkhyA meM 12 hote haiM, bhI pUrNatayA bAdhaka banate haiN| anantAnubandhI kaSAya samyaktva kA, pratyAkhyAnI kaSAya dezavratI cAritra ( gRhastha dharma ) kA aura pratyAkhyAnI kaSAya sarvavratI cAritra ( munidharma) kA pUrNatayA bAdhaka banatA hai / ataH ye 20 prakAra kI karmaprakRtiyA~ sarvaghAtI kahI jAtI haiN| zeSa jJAnAvaraNIya karma kI 4, darzanAvaraNIya karma kI 3, mohanIya karma kI 13, antarAya karma kI 5, kula 25 karmaprakRtiyA~ dezaghAtI kahI jAtI haiM / sarvaghAta kA artha mAtra ina guNoM ke pUrNa prakaTana ko rokanA hai, na ki ina guNoM kA anastitva / kyoMki jJAnAdi guNoM ke pUrNa abhAva kI sthiti meM Atma-tattva aura jar3a-tattva meM antara hI nahIM rhegaa| karma to AtmaguNoM ke prakaTana meM bAdhaka tattva haiM, ve AtmaguNoM ko vinaSTa nahIM kara sakate / nandisUtra meM to kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra bAdala sUrya ke prakAza ko cAhe kitanA hI Avarita kyoM na kara leM, phira bhI vaha na to usakI prakAza-kSamatA ko naSTa kara sakatA hai aura na usake prakAza ke prakaTana ko pUrNatayA roka sakatA hai| usI prakAra cAhe karma jJAnAdi AtmaguNoM ko kitanA hI AvRta kyoM na kara le, phira bhI unakA eka aMza hamezA hI anAvRta rahatA hai| karma bandhana se mukti jaina karmasiddhAnta kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki pratyeka karma apanA vipAka yA phala dekara AtmA se alaga ho jAtA hai| isa vipAka kI avasthA meM yadi AtmA rAga-dveSa athavA moha se abhibhUta hotA hai, to vaha punaH naye karma kA saMcaya kara letA hai| isa prakAra yaha paramparA satat rUpa se

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 126 calatI rahatI hai| vyakti ke adhikAra kSetra meM yaha nahIM hai ki vaha karma ke vipAka ke pariNAma svarUpa hone vAlI anubhUti se iMkAra kara de| ataH yaha eka kaThina samasyA hai ki karma ke bandhana va vipAka kI isa prakriyA se mukti kaise ho, yadi karma ke vipAka ke phalasvarUpa hamAre andara krodhAdi kaSAya bhAva athavA kAmAdi bhoga bhAva utpanna honA hI hai to phira svAbhAvika rUpa se prazna uThatA hai ki hama vimukti, kI dizA meM Age kaise bar3heM ? isa hetu jaina AcAryoM ne do upAyoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai-- (1) saMvara aura (2) nirjraa| saMvara kA tAtparya hai ki vipAka kI sthiti meM pratikriyA se rahita rahakara navIna karmAsava evaM bandha ko nahIM hone denA aura nirjarA kA tAtparya hai pUrva karmoM ke vipAka kI samabhAva pUrvaka anubhUti karate hue unheM nirjarita kara denA yA phira tapa sAdhanA dvArA pUrvabaddha aniyata vipAkI karmoM ko samaya se pUrva unake vipAka ko pradezodaya ke mAdhyama se nirjarita krnaa| yaha satya hai ki pUrvabaddha karmoM ke vipAkodaya kI sthiti meM krodhAdi Avega apanI abhivyakti ke hetu cetanA ke stara para Ate haiM, kintu yadi AtmA usa samaya apane ko rAga-dveSa se Upara uThAkara sAkSIbhAva meM sthita rakheM aura una udaya meM A rahe krodhAdi bhAvoM ke prati mAtra draSTA bhAva rakheM, to vaha bhAvI bandhana se bacakara pUrvabaddha karmoM kI nirjarA kara detA hai aura isa prakAra vaha bandhana se vimukti kI ora apanI yAtrA prArambha kara detA hai| vastutaH viveka va apramattatA aise tathya haiM jo hameM navIna bandhana se bacAkara vimukti kI ora abhimukha karate haiN| vyakti meM jitanI apramattatA yA Atma cetanatA hogI, usakA viveka utanA jAgRta rhegaa| vaha bandhana se vimukti kI dizA meM Age bddh'egaa| jaina karma siddhAnta batAtA hai ki karmoM ke vipAka ke sambandha meM hama vivaza yA paratantra hote haiM, kintu usa vipAka kI dazA meM bhI hamameM itanI svatantratA avazya hotI hai ki hama navIna karma paramparA kA saMcaya kareM yA na kareM, aisA nizcaya kara sakate haiN| vastutaH karma vipAka ke sandarbha meM hama paratantra hote haiM, kintu navIna karma bandha ke sandarbha meM hama AMzika rUpa meM svatantra hai| isI AMzika svatantratA dvArA hama mukti arthAt pUrNa svatantratA prApta kara sakate haiN| jo sAdhaka vipAkodaya ke samaya sAkSI bhAva yA jJAtA-draSTA bhAva meM jIvana jInA jAnatA hai, vaha nizcaya hI karma-vimukti ko prApta kara letA hai| sandarbha-sUcI 1. 2. 3. jaina, DaoN. sAgaramala - jainakarma siddhAnta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura, 1982, pR.4 zveta zvataropaniSad (gItA presa, gorakhapura ) 111-2 The Philosophical Quarterly, April 1932, p. 72. Maxmullar - Three Leacturers on Vedanta Philosophy, p. 165. Ma

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127 . jaina karmasiddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa 5. mAlavaNiyA, paM. dalasukhabhAI - AtmamImAMsA (jaina saMskRti saMzodhana maNDala) 6. mizrA, ravindranAtha, jaina karma siddhAnta kA udbhava evaM vikAsa (pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI-5, 1985 ), pR.8 7. vahI, pR. 9-10 8. rAgo ya dosro vi ya kammabIya, uttarAdhyayanasUtra 32/7 9. (a) samavAyAMga 514 (ba) isibhAsiyAI 9/5 (sa) talvArthasUtra 8/1 10. kundakunda, samayasAra 171 11. (a) aTThavihaM kammagaMthi-- isibhAsiyAiM 31 (ba) aTThavihakaMmmarayamalaM -- isibhAsiyAiM 23 12. uttarAdhyayanasUtra (saM. madhukaramuni), 33/2-3 13. vahI, 33/4-15 14. aguttara nikAyauddhRta upAdhyAya bharata siMha, bauddha darzanava anya bhAratIya darzana, pR. 463 15. dekheM - AcArya narendradeva, bauddha dharma darzana, pR.250 16. devendra sUri, karmagrantha prathama, karma vipAka 17. saMghavI paM. sukhalAla, darzana va cintana, pR. 225 18. AcArya nemicanda, gommaTasAra, karmakANDa - 6 19. AcArya vidyAnandI, aSTasahastrI, pR.51, uddhRta-- Tatia N.M., Studies in Jaina Philosophy (P.V. Research Institute, Varanasi-5), p.227 karmagrantha - prathama, karma vipAka - bhUmikA paM. sukhalAla saMghavI, pR.24 21. jaina sAgaramala - jaina karma siddhAnta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana pR.17-18 22. (a) mahAbhArata : zAntiparva (gItA presa, gorakhapura ) pR.129 (ba) tilaka, lokamAnya bAlagaMgAdhara, gItArahasya, pR.268 23. AcArya narendra deva, bauddha dharma darzana, pR.277 24. (a) dekheM-- uttarAdhyayanasUtra-- sampAdaka madhukaramuni 4 14 113, 23 11 130 (ba) bhagavatIsUtra 1 12 164 25. dekheM-- (a) Tatia, N.M., Studies in Jaina Philosophy (P.V.R.I. ), p.254. (ba) jaina sAgaramala-- jaina karmasiddhAnta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 24-27 26. jaina sAgaramala -- jaina karmasiddhAnta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 35-36 27. vahI, pR. 36-40 28. jJAtavya hai ki prastuta vivaraNa tatvArthasUtra adhyAya 6 evaM 8, karma grantha prathama karmavipAka, pR. 54-61, samavAyAMga 30/1 tathA sthAnAMga 1/4/4/373 para AdhArita hai| 29. yogazAstra (hemacandra), 4/107. 30. sthAnAMga, TIkA (abhayadeva), 1/11-12 31. jainadharma, munisuzIlakumAra, pR. 84

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128 32. samayasAranATaka, banArasIdAsa, utthAnikA 28 33. bhagavatIsUtra, 7/10/121 34. sthAnAMgasUtra sthAna, 9 35. bhagavadgItA, 18/17 36. dhammapada, 249 37. sUtrakRtAMga, dvitIya zrutaskandha, AdrakasaMvAda 2/6 38. jainakarmasiddhAnta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, sAgaramala jaina, pR. 39. dazavaukalikasUtra, 4/9 40. sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, 2/2/4 41. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 28/14 42. tattvArthasUtra, 1/4 43. isibhAsiyAiM (RSibhASita), 9/2 44. samayasAra (kundakunda), 145-146 45. pravacanasAra TIkA (amRtacandra), 1/72 kI TIkA 46. samayasAra vacanikA, jayacanda chAbaDA, gAthA 145-146 kI vacanikA pR.207 47. bhagavadgItA, 4/16 48. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/8/22-24 49. bhagavadgItA, 4/16 50. sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, 1/8/1-2 51. vahI, 1/8/3 52. AcArAMgasUtra, 1/4/2/1 53. jaina karmasiddhAnta kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR. 52-55 54. vahI, pR. 61-67 55. vahI, pR. 57 56. (a) vahI, pR. 67-79 (ba) prastuta vivaraNa tattvArthasUtra adhyAya 6 evaM 8, karmagrantha prathama, (karmavipAka) pR. 54-62, samavAyAMga 30/1 tathA sthAnAMga 1/4/4/373 para AdhArita hai|

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bhAratIya saMskRti kA samanvita svarUpa - pro. sAgaramala jaina bhAratIya saMskRti eka saMzliSTa saMskRti hai| use hama vibhinna cahAradIvAriyoM meM avaruddha kara kabhI bhI samyak prakAra se nahIM samajha sakate haiM, usako khaNDa-khaNDa meM vibhAjita karake dekhane meM usakI AtmA hI mara jAtI hai| jaise zarIra ko khaNDa-khaNDa kara dekhane se zarIra kI kriyA-zakti ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai, vaise hI bhAratIya saMskRti ko khaNDa-khaNDa karake usakI mUla AtmA ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ko hama tabhI sampUrNa rUpa se samajha sakate haiM, jaba usake vibhinna ghaTakoM arthAt jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma-darzana kA samanvita evaM samyak adhyayana na kara liyA jaay| binA usake saMyojita ghaTakoM ke jJAna ke usakA sampUrNatA meM jJAna sambhava hI nahIM hai| eka iMjana kI prakriyA ko bhI samyak prakAra se samajhane ke lie na kevala usake vibhinna ghaTakoM arthAt kala-puoM kA jJAna Avazyaka hotA hai, apitu unake paraspara saMyojita rUpa ko bhI dekhanA hotA hai| ataH hameM spaSTa rUpa se isa tathya ko samajha lenA cAhie ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke adhyayana evaM zodha ke kSetra meM anya sahavartI paramparAoM aura unake pArasparika sambandhoM ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI zodha paripUrNa nahIM ho sakatI hai| dharma aura saMskRti zUnya meM vikasita nahIM hote, ve apane dezakAla aura sahavartI paramparAoM se prabhAvita hokara hI apanA svarUpa grahaNa karate haiN| yadi hameM jaina, bauddha, vaidika yA anya kisI bhI bhAratIya sAMskRtika dhArA kA adhyayana karanA hai, use samyak prakAra se samajhanA hai, to usake deza, kAla evaM parivezagata pakSoM ko bhI prAmANikatA pUrvaka taTastha buddhi se samajhanA hogaa| cAhe jaina vidyA ke zodha evaM adhyayana kA prazna ho yA anya kisI bhAratIya vidyA kA, hameM usakI dUsarI sahavartI paramparAoM ko avazya hI jAnanA hogA aura yaha dekhanA hogA ki vaha una dUsarI sahavartI paramparAoM se kisa prakAra prabhAvita huyI hai aura usane unheM kisa prakAra prabhAvita kiyA hai| pArasparika prabhAvakatA ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI adhyayana pUrNa nahIM hotA hai| yaha satya hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa ke AdikAla se hI hama usameM zramaNa aura vaidika saMskRti kA astitva sAtha-sAtha pAte haiN| kintu hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM ina donoM svatantra dhArAoM kA saMgama ho gayA hai aura aba inheM eka dUsare se pUrNatayA alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| bhAratIya itihAsa ke prArambhika kAla se hI ye donoM dhArAyeM paraspara eka dUsare se prabhAvita hotI rahI haiN| apanI-apanI vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para vicAra ke kSetra meM hama cAhe unheM alaga-alaga dekha leM, kintu vyAvahArika stara para unheM eka dUsare se pRthak nahIM kara skte| bhAratIya vAGmaya meM Rgveda prAcInatama mAnA jAtA hai| usameM

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130 bhAratIya saMskRti kA samanvita svarUpa jahA~ eka ora vaidika samAja evaM vaidika kriyA-kANDoM kA ullekha hai, vahIM dUsarI ora usameM na kevala vrAtyoM, zramaNoM evaM arhatoM kI upasthiti ke ullekha upalabdha haiM, apitu RSabha, ariSTanemi Adi, jo jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM mAnya haiM, ke prati samAdara bhAva bhI vyakta kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki aitihAsika yuga ke prArambha se hI bhArata meM ye donoM saMskRtiyA~ sAtha-sAtha pravAhita hotI rahI haiN| mohanajodar3o aura har3appA ke utkhanana se jisa prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kI jAnakArI hameM upalabdha hotI hai; usase siddha hotA hai, ki vaidika saMskRti ke pUrva bhI bhArata meM eka ucca saMskRti astitva rakhatI thii| jisameM dhyAna, sAdhanA Adi para bala diyA jAtA thaa| usa utkhanana meM dhyAnastha yogiyoM kI sIleM Adi milanA tathA yajJazAlA Adi kA na milanA yahI siddha karanA hai ki vaha saMskRti tapa, yoga evaM dhyAna pradhAna vrAtya saMskRti kA pratinidhitva karatI thii| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki AryoM ke Agamana ke sAtha prArambha hue vaidika yuga se donoM hI dhArAe~ sAtha-sAtha pravAhita ho rahI haiM aura unhoMne eka dUsare ko paryApta rUpa se prabhAvita bhI kiyA hai| Rgveda meM vrAtyoM ke prati jo tiraskAra bhAva thA, vaha atharvaveda meM samAdara bhAva meM badala jAtA hai, jo donoM dhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pratIka hai| tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa, dhyAna, samAdhi, mukti aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNAyeM, jo prArambhika vaidika RcAoM aura karmakANDIya brAhmaNa granthoM meM anupalabdha thI, ve AraNyaka Adi paravartI vaidika sAhitya meM aura vizeSa rUpa se upaniSadoM meM astitva meM A gayI hai| isase lagatA hai ki ye avadhAraNAe~ saMnyAsamArgIya zramaNadhArA ke prabhAva se hI vaidika dhArA meM praviSTa huyI haiN| upaniSadoM, mahAbhArata aura gItA meM eka ora vaidika karmakANDa kI samAlocanA aura unheM AdhyAtmikatA se samanvita kara naye rUpa meM paribhASita karane kA prayatna tathA dUsarI ora tapa, saMnyAsa aura mukti Adi kI spaSTa rUpa se svIkRti, yahI siddha karatI hai ki ye grantha zramaNa aura vaidika dhArA ke bIca hue samanvaya yA saMgama ke hI paricAyaka haiN| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki upaniSad aura mahAbhArata, jisakA eka aMga gItA hai, zaddha rUpa se vaidika karmakANDAtmaka dharma ke pratinidhi nahIM hai| ve nivRtti pradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRttimArgI vaidika dhArA ke samanvaya kA pariNAma hai| upaniSadoM meM aura mahAbhArata, gItA Adi meM jahAM eka ora zramaNadhArA ke AdhyAtmika aura nivRtti pradhAna tattvoM ko sthAna diyA gayA, vahIM dUsarI ora yajJa Adi vaidika karmakANDoM kI zramaNa paramparA ke samAna AdhyAtmika dRSTi se navIna paribhASAe~ bhI prastuta kI gaI, unameM yajJa kA artha pazubali na hokara svahitoM kI bali yA samAjasevA ho gyaa| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki hamArA hindU dharma vaidika aura zramaNa dhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pariNAma hai| vaidika karmakANDa ke virodha meM, jo AvAja aupaniSadika yuga ke RSi muniyoM ne uThAI thI, jaina, bauddha aura anya zramaNa paramparAoM ne mAtra use mukhara hI kiyA hai| hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki vaidika karmakANDa ke prati yadi kisI ne pahalI AvAja uThAI to ve aupaniSadika RSi hI the| unhoMne hI sabase pahale kahA thA ki ye yajJarUpI naukAye adRr3ha haiM, ye AtmA ke vikAsa meM sakSama nahIM hai| yajJa Adi karmakANDoM kI nayI AdhyAtmika vyAkhyAyeM dene aura unheM zramaNadhArA kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi ke anurUpa banAne kA kArya aupaniSadika RSiyoM aura gItA ke pravaktA kA hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAyeM to

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 131 aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke dvArA prazasta kiye gaye patha para gatizIla huyI haiN| ve vaidika karmakANDa, janmanA jAtivAda aura mithyA vizvAsoM ke virodha meM uThe hue aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke svara kA hI mukharita rUpa hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI arhat RSi ke rUpa meM svIkRti isakA spaSTa pramANa hai| yaha satya hai ki zramaNoM ne yajJoM meM pazubali, janmanA varNavyavasthA aura vedoM kI prAmANyatA se inkAra kiyA aura isa prakAra se ve bhAratIya saMskRti ke samuddhAraka ke rUpa meM hI sAmane Aye kintu hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki bhAratIya saMskRti kI isa vikRti kA parimArjana karane kI prakriyA meM ve svayaM hI kahIM na kahIM una vikRtiyoM se prabhAvita ho gye| vaidika karmakANDa aba tantrasAdhanA ke naye rUpa meM bauddha, jaina aura anya zramaNa paramparAoM meM praviSTa ho gayA aura unakI sAdhanA paddhati kA eka aMga bana gyaa| AdhyAtmika vizuddhi ke liye kiyA jAne vAlA dhyAna aba bhautika siddhiyoM ke nimitta kiyA jAne lgaa| jahAM eka ora bhAratIya zramaNa paramparA ne vaidika paramparA ko AdhyAtmika jIvana dRSTi ke sAtha-sAtha tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa aura mokSa kI avadhAraNAyeM pradAna kI vahIM dUsarI ora vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se tAntrika sAdhanAyeM jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM bhI praviSTa ho gyii| aneka hinda deva-deviyAM prakArAntara se jainadharma evaM bauddhadharma meM svIkAra kara lI gii| jainadharma meM yakSa-yakSiyoM evaM zAsanadevatA kI avadhAraNAe~ hindU devatAoM kA jainIkaraNa mAtra haiN| aneka hindU deviyAM jaise-- kAlI, mahAkAlI, jvAlAmAlinI, ambikA, cakrezvarI, padmAvatI, siddhAyikA tIrthakaroM kI zAsana rakSaka deviyoM ke rUpa meM jainadharma meM svIkAra kara lI gyii| zruta-devatA ke rUpa meM sarasvatI aura sampatti pradAtA ke rUpa meM lakSmI kI upAsanA jaina jIvana paddhati kA aMga bana gii| hindU paramparA kA gaNeza pArzva-yakSa ke rUpa meM lokamaMgala kA devatA bana gyaa| vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se jaina mandiroM meM bhI aba yajJa hone lage aura pUjA meM hindU devatAoM kI taraha tIrthaMkaroM kA bhI AvAhna evaM visarjana kiyA jAne lgaa| hinduoM kI pUjAvidhi ko bhI mantroM meM kucha zAbdika parivartanoM ke sAtha jainoM ne svIkAra kara liyaa| isa prakAra jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM tapa, dhyAna aura samAdhi kI sAdhanA gauNa hokara karmakANDa pramukha ho gyaa| isa pArasparika prabhAva kA eka pariNAma yaha bhI huA ki jahAM hindU paramparAoM meM RSabha aura buddha ko Izvara ke avatAra ke spa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA, vahIM jaina paramparA meM rAma aura kRSNa ko zalAkA puruSa ke rUpa meM mAnyatA milii| isa prakAra donoM dhArAyeM eka dUsare se samanvita huyii| Aja jaba rAmakRSNa saMskRti saMsthAna jaisI saMsthAe~ jaina vidyA ke zodha-kArya ko apane hAthoM meM le rahI haiM to maiM kahanA cAhUMgA ki unheM isa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ko taTastha dRSTi se spaSTa karane kA prayAsa karanA cAhie, tAki dharmoM ke bIca jo dUriyAM paidA kara dI gayI haiM, unheM samApta kiyA jA sake aura unakI nikaTatA ko samyak rUpa se samajhA jA ske| yaha kArya vaise bhI isa saMsthA kA vizeSa dAyitva banatA hai, kyoMki isakI sthApanA svAmI rAmakRSNa aura vivekAnanda ke svapna ko sAkAra karane hetu huI haiN| Aja hameM taTastha buddhi se dharmoM kI isa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA evaM nikaTatA ko samajhanA hogaa|

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132 bhAratIya saMskRti kA samanvita svarUpa durbhAgya se isa deza meM videzI tattvoM ke dvArA na kevala hindU aura musalamAnoM ke bIca apitu jaina, bauddha, hindU aura sikkhoM -- jo ki bRhad hindU paramparA ke hI aMga hai, ke bIca bhI khAIyAM khodane kA kArya kiyA jAtA rahA hai aura sAmAnya rUpa se yaha prasArita kiyA jAtA rahA hai ki jaina aura bauddha dharma na kevala svatantra dharma haiM, apitu ve vaidika hindU paramparA ke virodhI bhI haiN| sAmAnyatayA jaina aura bauddha dharma ko vaidika dharma ke prati eka vidroha (Revolt) ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA jAtA rahA hai| yaha satya hai ki vaidika aura zramaNa paramparAoM meM kucha mUla-bhUta praznoM ko lekara matabheda hai, yaha bhI satya he ki jaina aura bauddha paramparA ne vaidika paramparA kI una vikRtiyoM ko jo karmakANDa, purohitavAda, jAtivAda aura brAhmaNa varga ke dvArA nimna vargo ke dhArmika zoSaNa ke rUpa meM ubhara rahI thI, khulakara virodha kiyA thA, kintu hameM use vidroha ke rUpa meM nahIM, apitu bhAratIya saMskRti ke pariSkAra ke rUpa meM hI samajhanA hogaa| jaina aura bauddha dharmoM ne bhAratIya saMskRti meM A rahI vikRtiyoM kA parizAdhana kara use svastha banAne hetu eka cikitsaka kA kArya kiyA aura cikitsaka kabhI bhI zatru nahIM, mitra hI hotA hai| durbhAgya se pAzcAtya ciMtakoM ke prabhAva se bhAratIya cintaka aura kisI sImA taka kucha jaina evaM bauddha cintaka bhI yaha mAnane lage haiM ki jaina dharma aura vaidika (hindU) dharma paraspara virodhI dharma hai kintu yaha eka bhrAMta avadhAraNA hai cAhe apane mUla rUpa meM vaidika evaM zramaNa saMskRti-pravartaka aura nivartaka dharma paramparAoM ke rUpa meM bhinna-bhinna rahI ho kintu Aja na to hindU paramparA hI usa artha meM pUrNataH vaidika hai aura na hI jaina va bauddha paramparA pUrNataH shrmnn| Aja cAhe hindU dharma ho, athavA jaina aura bauddha dharma hoM, ye sabhI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM vaidika aura zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvita rUpa haiN| yaha bAta alaga hai ki unameM pravRtti aura nivRtti meM se koI eka pakSa abhI bhI pramukha ho, udAharaNa ke rUpa meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki jahAM jaina dharma Aja bhI nivRtti pradhAna hai vahAM hindU dharma pravRtti prdhaan| phira bhI yaha mAnanA ucita nahIM hai ki jaina dharma meM pravRtti evaM hindU dharma meM nivRtti ke tattva nahIM haiN| vastutaH sampUrNa bhAratIya saMskRti pravRtti aura nivRtti ke samanvaya meM hI nirmita huI hai| isa samanvaya kA prathama prayatna hameM IzAvAsyopaniSad meM spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigocara hotA hai| Aja jahAM upaniSadoM ko prAcIna zramaNa paramparA ke pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai, vahIM jaina aura bauddha paramparA ko bhI aupaniSadika paramparA ke pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| jisa prakAra vAsanA aura viveka, zreya aura preya, paraspara bhinna-bhinna hokara bhI mAnava vyaktitva ke hI aMga haiM usI prakAra nivRtti pradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRtti pradhAna vaidika dhArA donoM bhAratIya saMskRti ke hI aMga haiN| vastutaH koI bhI saMskRti ekAnta nivRtti yA ekAnta pravRtti ke AdhAra para pratiSThita nahIM ho sakatI hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAyeM bhAratIya saMskRti kA vaise hI abhinna aMga hai, jaise hindU prmpraa| yadi aupaniSadika dhArA ko vaidika dhArA se bhinna hote hue bhI vaidika yA hindU paramparA kA abhinna aMga mAnA jAtA hai, to phira jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ko usakA abhinna aMga kyoM nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| yadi sAMkhya aura mImAMsaka anIzvaravAdI hote hue bhI Astika hindU dharma darzana ke aMga mAne jAte haiM, to phira jaina va bauddha dharma ko anIzvaravAdI

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 133 kahakara usase kaise bhinna kiyA jA sakatA hai ? hindU dharma aura darzana eka vyApaka paramparA hai yA kaheM ki vaha vibhinna vicAra paramparAoM kA samUha hai usameM IzvaravAda, anIzvaravAda, dvaitavAda-advaitavAda, pravRtti-nivRtti, jJAna-karma sabhI kucha to samAhita haiN| usameM prakRti pUjA jaise dharma ke prArambhika lakSaNoM se lekara advaita kI ucca gaharAiyA~ taka sabhI kucha sanniviSTa __ataH jaina aura bauddha dharma ko hindU paramparA se bhinna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jaina va bauddha bhI usI adhyAtma-patha ke anuyAyI hai, jisakA pravartana aupaniSadika RSiyoM ne kiyA thaa| unakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne bhAratIya samAja ke dalita varga ke utthAna tathA janmanAjAtivAda, karmakANDa va purohitavAda se mukti kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| unhoMne usa dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA jo janasAmAnya kA dharma thA aura jise karmakANDoM kI apekSA naitika sadguNoM para adhiSThita kiyA gayA thaa| cAhe unhoMne bhAratIya samaja ko purohita varga ke dhArmika zoSaNa se mukta kiyA ho, phira bhI ve videzI nahIM hai, isI mATI kI saMtAna hai, ve zata-pratizata bhAratIya haiN| unakI bhUmikA eka zalya-cikitsaka kI bhUmikA hai jo mitra kI bhUmikA hai, zatru kI nhiiN| jaina aura bauddha dharma aupaniSadika dhArA kA hI eka vikAsa hai aura Aja unheM usI pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| bhAratIya dharmoM, vizeSarUpa se aupaniSadika, bauddha aura jaina dharmoM kI jisa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ke adhyayana kI Aja vizeSa AvazyakatA hai, use samajhane meM prAcIna stara ke jaina Agama yathA -- AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita aura uttarAdhyayana Adi hamAre dizA nirdezaka siddha ho sakate haiN| mujhe vizvAsa hai ki ina granthoM ke adhyayana se bhAratIya vidyA ke adhyetAoM ko eka naI dizA milegI aura yaha mithyA vizvAsa dUra ho jAyegA ki jaina dharma, bauddha dharma aura hindU dharma paraspara virodhI dharma haiN| AcArAMga meM hameM aise aneka sUtra upalabdha hote haiM jo apane bhAva, zabdayojanA aura bhASAzailI kI dRSTi se aupaniSadika sUtroM ke nikaTa haiN| AcArAMga meM AtmA ke svarUpa ke sandarbha meM jo vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai vaha mANDUkyopaniSad se yathAvat milatA hai| AcArAMga meM zramaNa aura brAhmaNa kA ullekha paraspara pratispardhiyoM ke rUpa meM nahIM, apitu sahagAmiyoM ke rUpa meM hI milatA hai| cAhe AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana Adi jainAgama hiMsaka yajJIya karmakANDa kA niSedha karate haiM, kintu ve brAhmaNoM ko bhI usI naitika evaM AdhyAtmika patha kA anugAmI mAnate haiM jisa patha para zramaNa cala rahe the| unakI dRSTi meM brAhamaNa vaha hai jo sadAcAra kA jIvanta pratIka hai| usameM aneka sthaloM para zramaNoM aura brAhmaNoM ( samaNA-mAhaNA) kA sAtha-sAtha ullekha huA hai| isI prakAra sUtrakRtAMga meM yadyapi tatkAlIna dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA hai kintu usake sAtha hI usameM aupaniSadika yuga ke aneka RSiyoM yathA -- videhanami bAhuka, asitadevala, dvaipAyana, pArAzara Adi kA samAdara pUrvaka ullekha huA hai| sUtrakRtAMga spaSTa rUpa se yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki yadyapi ina RSiyoM ke AcAra-niyama usakI AcAra paramparA se bhinna the, phira bhI vaha unheM apanI arhat paramparA kA hI pUjya puruSa mAnatA hai| vaha unheM mahApuruSa aura

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134 bhAratIya saMskRti kA samanvita svarUpa nazedhanA ke rUpa meM ullekhita karatA hai aura yaha mAnatA hai ki unhoMne siddhi arthAt jIvana ke caram sAdhya mokSa ko prApta kara liyA thaa| sUtrakRtAMgakAra kI dRSTi meM ye RSigaNa bhinna AcAramArga kA pAlana karate hue bhI usakI apanI hI paramparA ke RSi the| sUtrakRtAMga meM ina RSiyoM ko siddhi prApta kahanA tathA uttarAdhyayana meM anya liMga siddhoM kA astitva mAnanA yahI sUcita karatA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM jaina paramparA atyanta udAra thI aura yaha mAnatI thI ki mukti kA adhikAra kevala usake AcAra niyamoM kA pAlana karane vAle ko hI nahIM hai, apitu bhinna AcAra mArga kA pAlana karane vAlA bhI mukti kA adhikArI ho sakatA hai| isI saMdarbha meM yahA RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAiM) kA ullekha karanA bhI Avazyaka hai, jo jaina Agama sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha (I.pU. cauthI zatI) hai| jaina paramparA meM isa grantha kA nirmANa usa samaya huA hogA jaba jaina dharma eka sampradAya ke rUpa meM vikasita nahIM huA thaa| isa grantha meM nArada, asitadevala, aMgIrasa, pArAzara, aruNa nArAyaNa, yAjJavalkya, uddAlaka, vidura, sAriputta, mahAkazyapa, maMkhaligosAla, saMjaya (velaThThiputta) Adi paitAlisa RSiyoM kA ullekha hai aura ina sabhI ko arhataRSi, buddha-RSi evaM brAhmaNaRSi kahA gayA hai| RSibhASita meM inake adhyAtmika aura naitika upadezoM kA saMkalana hai| jaina paramparA meM isa grantha kI racanA isa tathya kA spaSTa saMketa hai ki aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI paramparA aura jaina paramparA kA udgama srota eka hI hai| yaha grantha na kevala jaina dharma kI dhArmika udAratA kA sUcaka hai, apitu yaha bhI batAtA hai ki sabhI bhAratIya AdhyAtmika paramparAoM kA mUla srota eka hI hai| aupaniSadika, bauddha, jaina, AjIvaka, sAMkhya, yoga Adi sabhI usI mUla srota se nikalI huI dhArAyeM haiN| jisa prakAra jaina dharma meM RSibhASita meM vibhinna paramparAoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM, usI prakAra bauddha paramparA kI theragAthA meM bhI vibhinna paramparAoM ke jina-sthaviroM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM, unameM bhI aneka aupaniSadika evaM anya zramaNa paramparA ke AcAryoM ke ullekha hai| jinameM eka vardhamAna (mahAvIra) bhI haiN| yaha saba isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki bhAratIya paramparA prAcInakAla se hI udAra aura sahiSNu rahI hai aura usakI pratyeka dhArA meM yahI udAratA aura sahiSNutA pravAhita hotI rahI hai| Aja jaba hama sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se jakar3a kara paraspara saMgharSoM meM ulajha gaye haiM ina granthoM kA adhyayana hameM eka nayI dRSTi pradAna kara sakatA hai| yadi bhAratIya sAMskRtika ciMtana kI ina dhArAoM ko eka dUsare se alaga kara dekhane kA prayatna kiyA jAyegA to hama unheM samyak rUpa se samajhane meM saphala nahIM ho skegeN| uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita aura AcArAMga ko samajhane ke lie aupaniSadika sAhitya kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| isI prakAra upaniSadoM aura bauddha sAhitya ko bhI jaina paramparA ke adhyayana ke abhAva meM samyak prakAra se nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| Aja sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se Upara uThakara taTastha evaM tulanAtmaka rUpa se satya kA anveSaNa hI eka aisA vikalpa hai jo sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se grasta mAnava ko mukti dilA sakatA hai|

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paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa kI samasyA aura jainadharma * tIvratA se bar3hatI huI janasaMkhyA aura upabhoktAvAdI saMskRti ke kAraNa pradUSita hote paryAvaraNa kI rakSA kA prazna Aja mAnava samAja kI eka jvalanta samasyA hai, kyoMki pradUpila hote hue paryAvaraNa ke kAraNa na kevala mAnavajAti apitu pRthvI para svayaM jIvana ke astitva ko bhI khatarA utpanna ho gayA hai| upabhoktAvAdI saMskRti ke kAraNa jIvana ke liye Avazyaka srotoM kA itanI tIvratA se aura itanI adhika mAtrA meM dohana ho rahA hai ki prAkRtika tela evaM gaisa kI bAta to dUra rahI, agalI zatAbdI meM peyajala aura siMcAI hetu pAnI milanA bhI duSkara hogA / yahI nahIM, zaharoM meM zuddha prANavAyu ke thaile lagAkara calanA hogaa| ataH mAnavajAti ke bhAvI astitva ke liye yaha Avazyaka ho gayA hai ki paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta karane ke prayatna avilamba prArambha ho / yaha zubha lakSaNa hai ki paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta karane kI cetanA Aja samAja ke sabhI vargoM meM jAgI hai aura isI krama meM yaha vicAra bhI ubhara kara sAmane AyA hai ki vibhinna dhArmika paramparAoM meM paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane ke aise kauna se nirdeza haiM jinako ujAgara karake paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane ke sandarbha meM mAnava samAja ke vibhinna vargoM kI cetanA ko jAgRta kiyA jA ske| isa sandarbha meM yahA~ maiM jainadharma kI dRSTi se Apa logoM ke samakSa apane vicAra rakhU~gA / - pro. sAgaramala jaina yaha eka nirvivAda tathya hai ki jainadharma meM bhogavRtti ke prati saMyama, ahiMsA aura asaMgraha (aparigraha ) para sarvAdhika bala diyA gayA hai| usake inhI mUlabhUta siddhAntoM ke AdhAra para jainadharma meM aise aneka AcAra niyamoM kA nirdeza huA hai, jinakA paripAlana Aja paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane ke liye Avazyaka hai| jainadharma ke pravartaka AcAryoM ne Aja se DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva yaha udghoSaNA kI thI ki na kevala prANIya jagat evaM vanaspati jagat meM jIvana kI upasthiti hai, apitu unhoMne yaha bhI kahA thA ki pRthvI, pAnI, vAyu aura agni meM bhI jIvana haiN|' eka ora to ve yaha mAnate the ki pRthvI, pAnI evaM vanaspati ke Azrita hokara anekAneka prANI apanA jIvana jIte haiM, ataH inake durupayoga, vinAza yA hiMsA se unakA bhI vinAza hotA hai| 2 dUsare ye svayaM bhI jIvana hai, kyoMki inake abhAva meM jIvana kI kalpanA bhI sambhava nahIM hai| kyA hama jala, vAyu, pRthvItattva evaM UrjA ( agnitattva ) ke abhAva meM jIvana kI koI kalpanA bhI kara sakate haiM ? ye to svayaM jIvana ke adhiSThAna hai| ataH inakA durUpayoga yA vinAza svayaM jIvana kA hI vinAza hai| isIliye jainadharma meM use hiMsA yA pApa kahA gayA hai / * AkAzavANI vArANasI se prasArita vArtA, navambara 1993

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136 paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa kI samasyA aura jainadharma hindU dharma meM pRthvI, jala, agni aura vAyu ko jo deva rUpa mAnA gayA hai, usakA AdhAra bhI inakA jIvana ke adhiSThAna rUpa honA hI hai| jaina paramparA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUrva bhagavAna pArzva ke kAla meM bhI pRthvI, jala, vAyu, agni aura vanaspati meM jIvana hone kI yaha avadhAraNA upasthita thii| pRthvIkAyika, jalakAyika, vAyukAyika, agnikAyika, vanaspatikAyika aura trasakAyika -- aise SaTjIvanikAyoM kI carcA prAcIna jaina AgamoM kA pramukha viSaya rahA hai| AcArAMgasUtra (I.pU. pA~cavI zatI) kA to prArambha hI ina SaTjIvanikAyoM ke nirupaNa se tathA unakI hiMsA ke kAraNoM evaM unakI hiMsA se bacane ke nirdezoM kI carcA se hI hotA hai| ina SaTjIvanikAyoM kI hiMsA nahIM karane ke sandarbha meM jaina AcAryoM ke jo nirdeza haiM, ve paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane kI dRSTi se Aja sarvAdhika mUlyavAna bana gaye haiN| Age hama unhIM kI carcA kregeN| ___ yaha eka anubhUta prAkRtika tathya hai eka jIvana kI abhivyakti aura avasthiti dUsare zabdoM meM usakA janma, vikAsa aura astitva dUsare jIvanoM ke Azrita hai -- isase hama iMkAra bhI nahIM kara sakate haiN| kintu isa satya ko samajhane kI jIvana- dRSTiyA~ bhinna-bhinna rahI haiN| eka dRSTikoNa yaha rahA hai ki yadi eka jIvana dUsare jIvana para Azrita hai to hameM yaha adhikAra hai ki hama jIvana ke dUsare spoM kA vinAza karake bhI hamAre astitva ko banAye rkheN| pUrva meM 'jIvojIvasya bhojanam' aura pazcima meM astittva ke liye saMgharSa' (Struggle for existence) ke siddhAnta isI dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa astittva meM aaye| inakI jIvana-dRSTi hiMsaka rhii| inhoMne vinAza se vikAsa kA mArga cunaa| Aja pUrva se pazcima taka isI jIvana-dRSTi kA bola-bAlA hai| jIvana ke dUsare spoM kA vinAza karake mAnava ke astittva ko bacAne ke prayatna hote rahe haiN| kintu aba vijJAna kI sahAyatA se isa jIvana-dRSTi kA khokhalApana siddha ho cukA hai aba vijJAna yaha batAtA hai ki jIvana ke dUsare rUpoM kA anavarata vinAza karake hama mAnava kA astittva bhI nahIM bacA sakate haiN| isa sambandha meM dUsarI jIvana dRSTi yaha rahI ki eka jIvana, jIvana ke dUsare rUpoM ke sahayoga para AdhArita hai-- jainAcAryoM ne isI jIvana-dRSTi kA udghoSa kiyA thaa| Aja se lagabhaga aThAraha sau varSa pUrva AcArya umAsvAti ne eka sUtra prastuta kiyA -- 'parasparopagraho jIvAnAm arthAt jIvana eka dUsare ke sahayoga para AdhArita hai| vikAsa kA mArga hiMsA yA vinAza nahIM paraspara sahakAra hai| eka-dUsare ke pArasparika sahakAra yA sahayoga para hI jIvana-yAtrA calatI hai| jIvana ke dUsare rUpoM ke sahakArI banakara hI hama apanA jIvana jI sakate haiN| prANI-jagat pArasparika sahayoga para Azrita hai| hameM apanA jIvana jIne ke liye dUsare prANiyoM ke sahayoga kI aura dUsare prANiyoM ko apanA jIvana jIne ke liye hamAre sahayoga kI AvazyakatA hai| hameM jIvana jIne (bhojana, prANavAyu Adi) ke liye vanaspati jagat kI AvazyakatA hai to vanaspati ko apanA jIvana jIne ke liye jala, vAyu, khAda Adi kI AvazyakatA hai| vanaspati se nigRta AvasIjana, phala, anna Adi se hamArA jIvana calatA hai to hamAre dvArA nisRta kArbanaDAIAksAIDa evaM mala-mUtra Adi se unakA jIvana calatA hai| ataH jIvana jIne ke liye jIvana ke dUsare rUpoM kA sahayoga to hama le sakate haiM, kintu unake vinAza kA hameM adhikAra nahIM hai, kyoMki unake vinAza

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 137 meM hamArA bhI vinAza nihita hai| dUsare kI hiMsA vastutaH hamArI hI hiMsA hai, isaliye AcArAMga meM kahA gayA thA * jise tU mAranA cAhatA hai, vaha to tU hI hai -- kyoMki yaha to tere astittva kA AdhAra hai| 5 sahayoga lenA aura dUsaroM ko sahayoga karanA yahI prANI jagat kI Adarza sthiti hai| jIvana kabhI bhI dUsaroM ke sahayoga ke binA nahIM calatA hai / jise hama dUsaroM ke sandarbha meM apanA adhikAra mAnate haiM, vahIM dUsaroM ke prati hamArA karttavya bhI hai| ise hameM nahIM bhUlanA hai| sarvatra jIvana kI upasthiti kI kalpanA, usake prati ahiMsaka dRSTi kA pariNAma yaha huA ki jaina AcAryoM ne jIvana ke vividha rUpoM kI hiMsA aura unake durUpayoga ko rokane hutu AcAra ke aneka vidhi - niSedhoM kA pratipAdana kiyaa| Age hama jala pradUSaNa, vAyupradUSaNa, khAdya-sAmagrI ke pradUSaNa se bacane ke liye jainAcAryoM ne kina AcAra niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, isakI carcA karegeM / jala pradUSaNa aura jala - saMrakSaNa jala ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane ke liye evaM usake sImita upayoga ke liye jaina granthoM meM aneka nirdeza upalabdha haiN| yadyapi, prAcIna kAla meM aise bar3e udyoga nahIM the, jinase bar3I mAtrA meM jala pradUSaNa ho, phira bhI jala meM alpa mAtrA meM bhI pradUSaNa na ho isakA dhyAna jaina paramparA meM rakhA gayA hai| jaina paramparA meM prAcIna kAla se avadhAraNA rahI hai ki nadI, tAlAba, kue~ Adi meM praveza karake snAna, dAtauna tathA malamUtra Adi kA visarjana nahIM karanA cAhiye, kyoMki jala meM zArIrika-maloM ke utsarga ke pariNAmasvarUpa jo vijAtIya tattva jala meM milate haiM, unase bahutAyata se jalIya jIvoM kI hiMsA hotI hai aura jala pradUSita hotA hai| jaina paramparA meM Aja bhI yaha lokokti hai ki pAnI kA upayoga ghI se bhI adhika sAvadhAnI se karanA caahiye| mujhe svayaM ve dina yAda haiM, jaba ghI ke girane para utanI pratAr3anA nahIM milatI thI, jitanI eka gilAsa pAnI ke gira jAne pr| Aja se 20-25 varSa pUrva taka jaina muni yaha niyama yA pratijJA dilAte the ki nadI, kue~ Adi meM praveza karake snAna nahIM karanA, snAna meM eka ghar3e se adhika jala kA vyaya nahIM karanA aadi| unake ye upadeza hamArI Aja kI upabhoktA saMskRti ko hAsyAspada lagate hoM, kintu bhaviSya meM jo pIne yogya pAnI kA saMkaTa Ane vAlA hai use dekhate hue, ye niyama kitane upayogI evaM mahattvapUrNa haiM, ise koI bhI vyakti saralatA se samajha sakatA hai| jaina paramparA meM muniyoM ke liye to sacittajala (jIvana yukta jala ) ke prayoga kA hI niSedha hai| jaina muni kevala ubalA huA garma pAnI yA anya kinhIM sAdhanoM se jIvANu rahita huA jala hI grahaNa kara sakatA hai| sAmAnya upayoga ke liye vaha aisA jala bhI le letA hai, jisakA upayoga gRhastha kara cukA ho aura use bekAra mAnakara pheMka rahA ho| gRhastha upAsaka ke liye bhI jala ke upayoga se pUrva usakA chAnanA aura sImita mAtrA meM hI usakA upayoga karanA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| binA chanA pAnI pInA jainoM ke lie pApAcaraNa mAnA gayA hai| jala ko chAnanA apane ko pradUSita jala grahaNa se bacAnA hai aura isa prakAra vaha svAstha ke saMrakSaNa kA bhI anupama sAdhana hai| jala ke apavyaya kA mukhya kAraNa Aja hamArI upabhoktA saMskRti hai / jala kA mUlya hameM isa liye patA nahIM lagatA hai, ki prathama to vaha prakRti kA niHzulka upahAra hai dUsare Aja

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138 paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa kI samasyA aura jainadharma nala kI ToTI kholakara hama use binA parizrama ke pA lete haiN| yadi kuoM se svayaM jala nikAla kara aura use dUrI se ghara para lAkara isakA upayoga karanA ho to jala kA mUlya kyA hai, isakA hameM patA lge| cAhe isa yuga meM jIvanopayogI saba vastuoM ke mUlya bar3he hoM, kintu jala to sastA hI huA hai| jala kA apavyaya na ho isaliye prathama AvazyakatA yaha hai ki hama upabhoktA saMskRti se vimukha ho| jahA~ pUrva kAla meM jaMgala meM jAkara mala visarjana, dAtauna, snAna Adi kiyA jAtA, vahA~ jala kA kitanA kama upayoga hotA yaha kisI se chipA nahIM hai| punaH vaha mala evaM jala bhI jaMgala ke choTe paudhoM ke liye khAda va pAnI ke rUpa meM upayogI hotA thaa| Aja kI pA~ca sitArA hoTaloM kI saMskRti meM pratyeka vyakti pahale se pacAsa gunA adhika jala kA upayoga karatA hai| jo loga jaMgala meM mala-mUtra visarjana evaM nadI kinAre snAna karate the unakA jala kA vAstavika vyaya do liTara se adhika nahIM thA aura upayoga kiyA gayA jala bhI yA to paudhoM ke upayoga meM AtA thA phira miTTI aura reta se chanakara nadI meM milatA, kintu Aja pA~ca sitArA hoTala meM eka vyakti kama se kama pA~ca sau liTara jala kA apavyaya kara detA hai| yaha apavyaya hameM kahA~ le jAyegA, yaha vicAraNIya hai| vAyupradUSaNa kA prazna vAyupradUpaNa ke prazna para bhI jaina-AcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa spaSTa thaa| yadyapi prAcIna kAla meM ve aneka sAdhana, jo Aja vAyupradUSaNa ke kAraNa bane haiM, nahIM the mAtra adhika mAtrA meM dhUmra utpanna karane vAle vyavasAya hI the| dhUmra kI adhika mAtrA na kevala phaladAra per3a-paudhoM ke liye apitu anya prANiyoM aura manuSyoM ke lie kisa prakAra hAnikAraka hai, yaha bAta vaijJAnika gaveSaNAoM aura anubhavoM se siddha ho gayI hai| jaina AcAryoM ne upAsakadazAsUtra meM jaina gRhasthoM ke liye spaSTataH una vyavasAyoM kA niSedha kiyA hai, jinameM adhika mAtrA meM dhUma utpanna hokara vAtAvaraNa ko pradUSita karatA ho| vAyupradUSaNa kA eka kAraNa phaloM Adi ko sar3Akara unase zarAba Adi mAdaka padArtha banAne kA vyavasAya bhI hai| jisakA jaina gRhastha ke lie niSedha hai| vAyupradUSaNa ko rokane aura pradUSita vAyu, sUkSma kITANuoM evaM rajakaNa se bacane ke liye jainoM meM mukha vastrikA bA~dhane yA rakhane kI jo paramparA hai, vaha isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki jaina AcArya isa sambandha meM kitane sajaga the ki pradUSita vAyu aura kITANu zarIra meM mukha evaM nAsikA ke mAdhyama se praveza na kareM aura hamArA dUSita zvAsa vAyupradUSaNa na kreN| paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa meM Aja dhUmra chor3ane vAle vAhanoM kA prayoga bhI eka pramukha kAraNa hai| yadyapi vaijJAnika pragati ke isa yuga meM yaha bAta hAsyAspada lagegI, ki hama punaH bailagAr3I kI dizA meM lauTa jAye, kintu yadi vAtAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhanA hai to hameM hamAre nagaroM aura sar3akoM ko isa dhUmra pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane kA prayAsa karanA hogaa| jaina muni ke liye Aja bhI jo padayAtrA karane aura koI bhI vAhana prayoga nahIM karane kA niyama hai vaha cAhe hAsyAspada lage, kintu paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se bacAne aura mAnava svAstha kI dRSTi se vaha kitanA upayogI hai, ise jhuThalAyA nahIM jA sktaa| Aja kI hamArI upabhoktA saMskRti meM hama eka ora eka phalAMga bhI jAnA ho to vAhana kI apekSA rakhate haiM to dUsarI ora DAkTaroM ke

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 139 nirdeza para pratidina pA~ca-sAta ki.mI. Tahalate bhI haiN| yaha kaisI AtmapravaMcanA hai, eka ora samaya kI bacata ke nAma para vAhanoM kA prayoga karanA to dUsarI ora prAtaHkAlIna evaM sAyaMkAlIna bhramaNoM meM apane samaya kA apavyaya krnaa| yadi manuSya madhyama AkAra ke zaharoM taka apane dainAndina kAryoM meM vAhana kA prayoga na kareM to usase doharA lAbha ho| eka ora IMdhana evaM tatsambandhI kharca bace, to dUsarI ora paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa se bce| sAtha hI usakA svAstha bhI anukUla rhegaa| prakRti kI ora lauTane kI bAta Aja cAhe paramparAvAdI lagatI ho, kintu eka dina aisA AyegA jaba yaha mAnava astitva kI eka anivAryatA hogii| Aja bhI yU.esa.e. jaise vikasita dezoM meM yaha pravRtti prArambha ho gayI hai| vanaspati jagata aura paryAvaraNa AcArAMgasUtra meM vAnaspatika jIvana kI prANIya jIvana se tulanA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra hama jIvana yukta haiM aura anukUla-pratikUla, sukha-duHkhAdi vividha saMvedanAoM kI anubhUti karate hai, usI prakAra se vanaspati jagat Adi ko bhI anubhUti hotI hai| kintu jisa prakAra eka aMdhA, paMgu, mUka evaM badhira vyakti pIDA kA anubhava karate hue bhI use abhivyakta nahIM kara pAtA hai, usI prakAra vanaspati Adi anya jIva-nikAya bhI pIr3A kA anubhava to karate hai kintu use vyakta karane meM samartha nahIM hote| ataH vyakti kA prathama kartavya yahI hai ki vaha unakI hiMsA evaM unake anAvazyaka durupayoga se bce| jisa prakAra hameM apanA jIvana-jIne kA adhikAra hai usI prakAra unheM bhI apanA jIvana jIne kA adhikAra hai| ataH jIvana jahA~ kahIM bhI aura jisa kisI bhI rUpa meM ho unakA sammAna karanA hamArA kartavya hai| prakRti kI dRSTi meM eka paudhe kA jIvana bhI utanA hI mUlyavAna hai, jitanA eka manuSya kaa| per3a-paudhe paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta karane meM jitane sahAyaka hai, utanA manuSya nahIM hai, vaha to paryAvaraNa ko pradUSita hI karatA hai| vRkSoM evaM vanoM ke saMrakSaNa tathA vanaspati ke durupayoga se bacane ke sambandha meM bhI prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM aneka nirdeza hai| jaina paramparA meM muni ke lie to harita-vanaspati ko tor3ane va kATane kI bAta to dUra use sparza karane kA bhI niSedha thaa| gRhastha upAsaka ke liye bhI harita vanaspati ke upayoga ko yathA zakti sImita karane kA nirdeza hai| Aja bhI parva-tithiyoM meM harita-vanaspati nahIM khAne ke niyama kA pAlana aneka jaina gRhastha karate hai| kaMda aura mUla kA bhakSaNa jaina-gRhastha ke lie niSiddha hI hai| isake pIche yaha tathya rahA ki yadi manuSya jar3o kA hI bhakSaNa karegA to paudhoM kA astittva hI khatare meM ho jAyegA aura unakA jIvana samApta ho jaayegaa| isI prakAra se usa per3a ko jisakA tanA manuSya kI bAhoM meM na A sakatA ho, kATanA manuSya kI hatyA ke barAbara doSa mAnA gayA hai| gRhastha upAsaka ke lie jina pandraha niSiddha vyavasAyoM kA ullekha hai usameM vanoM ko kATanA bhI niSiddha hai| AcArAMga meM vanaspati ke zarIra kI mAnava zarIra se tulanA karake yahI batalAyA gayA hai ki vanaspati kI hiMsA bhI prANI hiMsA ke samAna hai| isI prakAra vanoM meM Aga lagAnA, vanoM ko kATanA Adi ko gRhastha ke lie sabase bar3A pApa ( mahArambha ) mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki usameM na kevala vanaspati kI hiMsA hotI hai, apitu anya vanya jIvoM kI bhI hiMsA hotI hai aura paryAvaraNa pradUSita hotA hai| kyoMki vana varSA aura

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140 paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa kI samasyA aura jainadharma paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa se mukta rakhane ke anupama sAdhana hai| kITanAzakoM kA prayoga Aja khetI meM jo rAsAyanika urvarakoM aura kITanAzaka davAoM kA upayoga bar3hatA jA rahA hai vaha bhI hamAre bhojana meM hone vAle pradUSaNa kA kAraNa hai| jaina paramparA meM gRhastha-upAsaka ke lie khetI kI anumati to hai, kintu kisI bhI sthiti meM kITanAzaka davAoM kA upayoga karane kI anumati nahIM hai, kyoMki usase choTe-choTe jIvoM kI uddezya pUrNa hiMsA hotI hai, jo usake lie niSiddha hai| isI prakAra gRhastha ke lie niSiddha pandraha vyavasAyoM meM vizaile padArtha kA vyavasAya mI varjita hai| ataH vaha na to kITanAzaka davAoM kA prayoga kara sakatA hai aura na hI unakA kraya-vikraya kara sakatA hai| mahArASTra ke eka jaina kisAna ne prAkRtika pattoM, gobara Adi kI khAda se tathA kITanAzakoM ke upayoga binA hI apane khetoM meM rikArDa utpAdana karake siddha kara diyA hai ki rAsAyanika urvarakoM ke upayoga na to Avazyaka hai aura na hI vAMchanIya, kyoMki isase na kevala paryAvaraNa kA saMtulana bhaMga hotA hai aura vaha pradUpita hotA hai, apitu hamAre khAdyAnna bhI vipayukta banate haiM jo hamAre svAsthya ke liye hAnikara hote haiN| rAtribhojana niSedha aura pradUSaNamuktatA isI prakAra jaina paramparA meM jo rAtribhojana niSedha kI mAnyatA hai , vaha bhI pradUSaNa muktatA kI dRSTi se eka vaijJAnika mAnyatA hai, jisase pradUSita AhAra zarIra meM nahIM pahuMcatA aura svAsthya kI rakSA hotI hai| sUrya ke prakAza meM jo bhojana pakAyA aura khAyA jAtA hai vaha jitanA pradUSaNa mukta evaM svAsthya-varddhaka hotA hai, utanA rAtri ke aMdhakAra yA kRtrima prakAza meM pakAyA gayA bhojana nahIM hotA hai| yaha tathya na kevala mano-kalpanA hai, balki eka vaijJAnika satya hai| jainoM ne rAtribhojana-niSedha ke mAdhyama se paryAvaraNa aura mAnavIya svAsthya donoM ke saMrakSaNa kA prayatna kiyA hai| dina meM bhojana pakAnA aura khAnA use pradUSaNa se mukta rakhanA hai, kyoMki rAtri meM evaM kRtrima prakAza meM bhojana meM viSAkta sUkSma prANiyoM ke girane kI sambhAvanA prabala hotI hai, punaH dera rAta meM kiye gaye bhojana kA paripAka bhI samyak rUpeNa nahIM hotA hai| zikAra aura mAMsAhAra Aja jo paryAvaraNa kA saMkaTa bar3hatA jA rahA hai usameM vanya-jIvoM aura jalIya- jIvoM kA zikAra bhI eka kAraNa hai| Aja jalIya jIvoM kI hiMsA ke kAraNa jala meM pradUSaNa bar3hatA hai| yaha tathya suspaSTa hai ki machaliyA~ Adi jalIya-jIvoM kA zikAra jala-pradUSaNa kA kAraNa banatA jA rahA hai| isI prakAra kITa-pataMga evaM vanya-jIva bhI paryAvaraNa ke santulana kA bahuta bar3A AdhAra hai| Aja eka ora vanoM ke kaTa jAne se unake saMrakSaNa ke kSetra samApta hote jA rahe haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora phara, camar3e, mAMsa Adi ke lie vanya-jIvoM kA zikAra bar3hatA jA rahA hai| jaina paramparA meM koI vyakti tabhI praveza pA sakatA hai jabaki vaha zikAra va mAMsAhAra nahIM karane kA vrata letA hai| zikAra va mAMsAhAra nahIM karanA jaina gRhastha dharma meM praveza kI prathama zarta hai| matsya, mAsa, aNDe evaM zahada kA niSedha kara jaina AcAryoM ne jIvoM ke saMrakSaNa ke lie bhI

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 141 prAcIna kAla se hI mahattvapUrNa prayatna kiye haiN| rAsAyanika zastroM kA prayoga Aja vizva meM ANavika evaM rAsAyanika zastroM meM vRddhi ho rahI hai aura unake parIkSaNoM tathA yuddha meM unake prayogoM ke mAdhyama se bhI paryAvaraNa meM asaMtulana utpanna hotA hai tathA vaha pradUpita hotA hai| inakA prayoga na kevala mAnavajAti ke lie, apitu samasta prANi-jAti ke astitva ke lie khatarA hai| Aja zastroM kI isa aMdhI daur3a meM hama na kevala mAnavatA kI, apitu isa pRthvI para prANI-jagat kI antyeSThi hetu citA taiyAra kara rahe haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne isa satya ko pahale hI samajha liyA thA ki yaha daur3a mAnavatA kI sarva vinAzaka hogii| AcArAMga meM unhoMne kahA -- 'atthi satthaM pareNaparaM-natthi asatthaM pareNaparaM 10 arthAt zastroM meM eka se bar3hakara eka ho sakate haiM, kintu azastra (ahiMsA) se bar3hakara kucha nahIM hai| niHzastrIkaraNa kA yaha Adeza Aja kitanA sArthaka hai yaha batalAnA Avazyaka nahIM hai| yadi hameM mAnavatA ke astittva kI cintA hai to paryAvaraNa ke santulana kA dhyAna rakhanA hogA evaM ANavika tathA rAsAyanika zastroM ke prayoga para pratibandha lagAnA hogaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jainadharma meM paryAvaraNa ke saMrakSaNa ke lie paryApta rUpa se nirdeza upalabdha hai| usakI dRSTi meM prAkRtika sAdhanoM, asIma dohana jinameM bar3I mAtrA meM bhU-khanana, jala-avazopaNa, vAyupradUSaNa, vanoM ke kATane Adi ke kArya hote haiM, ve mahArambha kI koTi meM Ate haiM, jisako jainadharma meM naraka-gati kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai| jainadharma kA saMdeza hai prakRti evaM prANiyoM kA vinAza karake nahIM, apitu unakA sahayogI banakara jIvana-jInA hI manuSya kA kartavya hai| prakRti vijaya ke nAma para hamane jo prakRti ke sAtha anyAya kiyA hai, usakA daNDa hamArI santAnoM ko na bhugatanA par3e isalie Avazyaka hai ki hama na kevala vanya prANiyoM, per3a-paudhoM, apitu jala, prANavAyu, jIvana-UrjA (agni) aura jIvana adhiSThAna (pRthvI) ke sAtha bhI sahayogI banakara jIvana jInA sIkhe, unake saMhAraka banakara nahIM, kyoMki unakA saMhAra prakArAntara se apanA hI saMhAra hai| jaina AcAryoM kI paryAvaraNa ke prati vizeSa rUpa se vanaspati jagata ke prati kitanI sajagatA rahI hai, isakA patA isa tathya se calatA hai ki unhoMne apane pratyeka tIrthaMkara ke sAtha eka caitya-vRkSa ko jor3a diyA aura isa prakAra ve caitya-vRkSa bhI jainoM ke lie pratIka rUpa pUjya bana gye| samavAyAMgasUtra ke anusAra tIrthaMkaroM ke caityavRkSoM kI sUcI isa prakAra hai|| -- 1. RSabha -- nyagrodha ( vaTa) 7. supArzva -- zirISa 2. ajita -- saptaparNa 8. candraprabha -- nAgavRkSa 3. saMbhava -- zAla 9. puNpadanta -- sAlI 4. abhinandana -- priyAla 10. zItala -- pilaMkhuvRkSa 5. sumati -- priyaMgu 11. zreyAnsa -- tinduka 6. padmaprabha -- chatrAha 12. vAsupUjya -- pATala

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142 paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa kI samasyA aura jainadharma 13. vimala-- jambu 14. ananta -- azvattha (pIpala) 15. dharma -- dadhiparNa 16. zAnti -- nandIvRkSa 17. kunthu -- tilaka 18. ara -- AmavRkSa .19. mallI -- azoka 20. munisuvrata -- campaka 21. nami -- bakula 22. nemi -- vetrasavRkSa 23. pArzva -- dhAtakIvRkSa 24. mahAvIra (vardhamAna) -- zAlavRkSa isa prakAra hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA ke anusAra pratyeka tIrthakara jJAna prApti ke pazcAt azoka vRkSa kI chAyA meM baiThakara hI apanA upadeza dete haiM isase bhI unakI prakRti aura paryAvaraNa ke prati sajagatA pragaTa hotI hai| prAcInakAla meM jaina muniyoM ko vanoM meM hI rahane kA nirdeza thA, phalataH ve prakRti ke ati nikaTa hote the| kAlAntara jaba kucha jaina muni caityoM yA bastiyoM meM rahane lage to unake do vibhAga ho gaye -- __ 1. caityavAsI 2. vanavAsI kintu isameM bhI caityavAsI kI apekSA vanavAsI muni hI adhika AdaraNIya bne| jaina paramparA meM vanavAsa ko sadaiva hI Adara kI dRSTi se dekhA gyaa| isIprakAra hama yaha bhI hai ki jaina tIrthakara pratimAoM ko eka-dUsare se pRthak karane ke lie jina pratIka cinhoM (lAMchanoM) ko prayoga kiyA gayA hai unameM bhI vanya jIvoM yA jala-jIvoM ko hI prAthamikatA milI hai| yathA -- tIrthakara -- lAMchana vimala -- varAha RSabha -- baila ananta -- zyenapakSI ajita -- gaja ananta -- rIcha sambhava -- azva zAntinAtha -- mRga abhinandana -- kapi kuMthu -- chAga sumatinAtha -- krauMca sudrata -- kUrma puSpadaMta -- makara pArzvanAtha -- sarpa vAsupUjya -- mahiSa mahAvIra -- siMha ina sabhI tathyoM se yaha phalita hai ki jaina AcArya prakRti aura paryAvaraNa ke prati sajaga rahe hai tathA unake dvArA pratipAdita AcAra sambandhI vidhiniSedha paryAvaraNa ko pradUSaNa mukta rakhane meM paryApta rUpa se sahAyaka hai|

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sandarbha 1. 6. taM pariNNAya mehAvI va saMya chajjIva-NikAya-satthaM samAraMbhejjA, NevaNNehiM chajjIva-NikAya-satyaM samArabhAvejjA, NevaNNe chajjIva-NikAya-satthaM samAraMbhate smnnujaannejjaa| - AyAro, AcArya tulasI, 1/176 se bemi -- saMti pANA udaya-nissiyA jIvA annegaa| - AyAro, AcArya tulasI, 1/54 dekhiye -- AyAro, dvitIya uddezaka se saptama uddezaka taka parasparopagraho jIvAnAm, tattvArthasUtra, umAsvAti, 5/21 tumaMsi nAma sacceva jaM 'haMtatvaM ti mannasi, tumaMsi nAma sacceva jaM ajjAveyavvaM ti mannasi, tumaMsi nAma sacceva jaM paritAveyavvaM ti mannasi, tamaMsi nAma sacceva ja parighetavvaM ti mannasi, tumaMsi nAma sacceva ja 'uddaveyavvaM ti mannasi / - AyAro, 5/10 vaNassaijIvANaM mANusseNa tulaNA padaM / se bemi-- imaMpi jAidhammayaM, eyapi jAidhammayaM / imaMpi buThThidhammayaM, eyapi buThThidhammayaM / imaMpi cittamaMtayaM, eyaMpi cittamaMtayaM / imaMpi chinnaM milAti, eyapi chinnaM milaati| imaMpi AhAragaM, eyaMpi aahaargN| imaMpi aNiccayaM, eyapi aNiccayaM / imaMpi asAsayaM, eyapi asaasyN| imaMpi cayAvacaiyaM, eyapi cayAvacaiyaM / imaMpi vipariNAmadhammayaM, eyaMpi vipariNAmadhammayaM / - AyAro, saM. AcArya tulasI, 1/32 taM jahA -- iMgAlakamme, vaNakamme, sADIkamme, bhADIkamme, phoDIkamme, daMtavANijje, lakkhAvANijje, rasavANijje, visavANijje, kesavANijje, jaMtapIlaNakamme, nillaMchaNakamme, davaggidAvaNayA, saradahatalAyasosaNayA, asiijnnposnnyaa| - upAsakadazAsUtra, saM. madhukara muni, 1/5 vahI, 1/5 se vAriyA itthi sarAyabhattaM 1 - sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, madhukaramuni, 1/6/379 samavAyAMgasUtra, madhukaramuni, pariziSTa 646 . 7. 8. 9. 10.

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jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA (varNa evaM jAti vyavasthA ke vizeSa sandarbha meM) mAnava samAja meM strI-puruSa, sundara - asundara, buddhimAna - mUrkha, Arya-anArya, kulIna - akulIna, sparzya-asparzya, dhanI-nirdhana Adi ke bheda prAcInakAla se hI pAye jAte haiM / inameM kucha bheda to naisargika haiM aura kucha mAnava sRjit| ye mAnava sRjita bheda hI sAmAjika viSamatA ke kAraNa haiM / yaha satya hai ki sabhI manuSya, sabhI bAtoM meM eka dUsare se samAna nahIM hote, unameM rUpa-saundarya, dhana-sampadA, bauddhika vikAsa, kArya-kSamatA, vyavasAyika yogyatA Adi ke dRSTi se viSamatA yA taratamatA hotI hai| kintu ina viSamatAoM yA taratamatAoM ke AdhAra para athavA mAnava samAja ke kisI vyakti vizeSa ko varga-vizeSa meM janma lene ke AdhAra para nimna, patita, dalita yA asparzya mAna lenA ucita nahIM hai| yaha satya hai ki manuSyoM meM vividha dRSTiyoM se vibhinnatA yA taratamatA pAyI jAtI hai aura vaha sadaiva banI bhI rahegI, kintu ise mAnava samAja meM varga- bheTa yA varNa-bheda kA AdhAra nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki eka hI pitA ke do putroM meM aisI bhinnatA yA taratamatA dekhane meM AtI hai| hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki jo vyakti garIba hotA hai, vahI kAlakrama meM dhanavAna yA sampattizAlI ho jAtA hai| eka mUrkha pitA kA putra bhI buddhimAna athavA prAjJa ho sakatA hai| eka pitA ke do putroM meM eka buddhimAna to dUsarA mUrkha athavA eka sundara to dUsarA kurupa ho sakatA hai| ataH isa prakAra kI taratamatAoM ke AdhAra para manuSyoM ko sadaiva ke lie mAtra janmanA AdhAra para vibhinna vargoM yA varNoM meM bA~Ta kara nahIM rakhA jA sakatA hai| cAhe vaha dhanopArjana hetu cayanita vibhinna vyAvasAyika kSetra ho, cAhe kalA, vidyA athavA sAdhanA ke kSetra ho, hama mAnava samAja ke kisI eka varga vizeSa ko janmanA AdhAra para usakA ThekedAra nahIM mAna sakate haiM / yaha satya hai ki naisargika yogyatAoM evaM kAryoM ke AdhAra para mAnava samAja meM sadaiva hI vargabheda yA varNabheda bane rahegeM, phira bhI unakA AdhAra varga yA jAti vizeSa meM janma na hokara vyakti kI apanI svAbhAvika yogyatA ke AdhAra para apanAye gaye vyavasAya yA kArya hogeM / vyavasAya yA karma ke sabhI kSetra sabhI vyaktiyoM ke lie samAna rUpa se khule hone cAhie aura kisI bhI varga vizeSa meM janme vyakti ko bhI kisI bhI kSetra vizeSa meM praveza pAne ke adhikAra se vaMcita nahIM kiyA jAnA cAhiye yahI sAmAjika samatA kA AdhAra hai| yaha satya hai mAnava samAja meM sadaiva hI kucha zAsaka yA adhikArI aura kucha zAsita yA karmacArI hogeM, kintu yaha adhikAra kabhI mAnya nahIM ho sakatA ki adhikArI kA ayogya putra zAsaka aura karmacArI yA zAsita kA yogya putra zAsita hI banA rahe / sAmAjika samatA kA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki mAnava samAja meM koI bhinnatA yA taratamatA hI nahIM ho| usakA tAtparya hai -- - pro. sAgaramala jaina

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145 jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA mAnava samAja ke sabhI sadasyoM ko vikAsa ke samAna avasara upalabdha ho tathA pratyeka vyakti apanI kSamatA aura yogyatA ke AdhAra para apanA kArya kSetra nirdhArita kara ske| isa sAmAjika samatA ke sandarbha meM jahA~ taka jaina AcAryoM ke cintana kA prazna hai, unhoMne mAnava meM svAbhAvikayogyatA janya athavA pUrva karma-saMskAra janya taratamatA ko svIkArate hue bhI yaha mAnA hai ki cAhe vidyA kA kSetra ho, cAhe vyavasAya yA sAdhanA kA usameM praveza kA dvAra sabhI ke lie binA bheda-bhAva ke khule rahanA caahie| jaina dharma spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta ko mAnatA hai ki kisI jAti yA varNa-vizeSa meM janma lene se koI vyakti zreSTha yA hIna nahIM hotaa| use jo hIna yA zreSTha banAtA hai, vaha hai usakA apanA puruSArtha, usakI apanI sAdhanA, sadAcAra aura krm| hama jainoM ke isI dRSTikoNa ko agrima pRSThoM meM sapramANa prastuta karane kA prayatna kregeN| janmanA varNa-vyavasthA eka asamIcIna avadhAraNA __ jaina AcArya zruti ke isa kathana ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiM ki brAhmaNoM kI utpatti brahmA ke mukha se, kSatriya kI bAhu se, vaizyoM kI jaMghA se aura zUdra kI pairoM se huI hai| cU~ki mukha zreSTha aMga hai,ataH ina sabameM brAhmaNa hI zreSTha hai| brahmA ke zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM se janma ke AdhAra para brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya evaM zUdra aisI varNa-vyavasthA jaina cintakoM ko svIkAra nahIM hai| unakA kahanA hai ki sabhI manuSya strI-yoni se hI utpanna hote haiN| ataH sabhI samAna hai| punaH ina aMgoM meM se kisI ko zreSTha evaM uttama aura kisImenikRSTa yA hIna mAnakara varNa-vyavasthA meM zreSThatA evaM hInatA kA vidhAna nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki zarIra ke sabhI aMga samAna mahattva ke haiN| isI prakAra zArIrika varNoM kI bhinnatA ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA brAhmaNa Adi jAtiyoM kA vargIkaraNa bhI jainoM ko mAnya nahIM hai| AcArya jaTAsiMha nandi ne apane varAMga-carita meM isa bAta kA vistAra se vivecana kiyA hai ki zArIrika vibhinnatAoM yA varNoM ke AdhAra para kiyA jAne vAlA jAti sambandhI vargIkaraNa mAtra pazu-pakSI Adi ke viSaya meM hI satya ho sakatA hai, manuSyoM ke sandarbha meM nhiiN| vanaspati evaM pazu-pakSI Adi meM jAti kA vicAra sambhava hai, kintu manuSya ke viSaya meM yaha vicAra saMbhava nahIM hai, kyoMki sabhI manuSya samAna hai| manuSyoM kI eka hI jAti hai| na to sabhI brAhmaNa zubhra varNa ke hote haiM, na sabhI kSatriya rakta varNa, na sabhI vaizya pIta varNa ke aura na sabhI zUdra kRSNa varNa ke hote haiN| ataH janma ke AdhAra para jAti va varNa kA nizcaya sambhava nahIM hai|' samAja meM U~ca-nIca kA AdhAra kisI varNa vizepa yA jAti vizeSa meM janma lenA nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| na kevala jaina paramparA,apitu hindU paramparA meM bhI aneka udAharaNa hai jahA~ nimna varNoM se utpanna vyakti bhI apanI pratibhA aura AcAra ke AdhAra para zreSTha khlaaye| brAhmaNoM kI zreSThatA para prazna cinha lagAte hue vaMrAga-carita' meM jaTAsiMha nandi kahate haiM ki "jo brAhmaNa svayaM rAjA kI kRpA ke AkAMkSI haiM aura unake dvArA anuzAsita hokara unake anugraha kI apekSA rakhate haiM, aise dIna brAhmaNa nRpoM ( kSatriyoM) se kaise zreSTha kahe jA sakate haiN| dvija brahmA ke mukha se nirgata hue ataH zreSTha haiM -- yaha vacana kevala apane svArthoM kI pUrti ke lie

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 146 kahA gayA hai / brAhmaNa pratidina rAjAoM kI stuti karate haiM aura unake lie svasti pATha evaM zAnti pATha karate haiM, lekina vaha saba bhI dhana kI AzA se hI kiyA jAtA hai, ataH aise brAhmaNa AptakAma nahIM mAne jA sakate haiM / phalataH inakA apanI zreSThatA kA dAvA mithyA hai| jisa prakAra naTa raMgazAlA meM kArya sthiti ke anurUpa vicitra vezabhUSA ko dhAraNa karatA hai usI prakAra yaha jIva bhI saMsAra rUpI raMgamaMca para karmoM ke anusAra bhinna-bhinna rUpoM ko prApta hotA hai / tattvataH AtmA na brAhmaNa hai, na kSatriya, na vaizya aura na zUdra hI / vaha to apane hI pUrva karmoM ke vaza meM hokara saMsAra meM vibhinna rUpoM meM janma grahaNa karatA hai| yadi zarIra ke AdhAra para hI kisI ko brAhmaNa, kSatriya kahA jAya, to yaha bhI ucita nahIM hai / vijJa - jana deha ko nahIM, jJAna ( yogyatA ) ko hI brahma kahate haiM / ataH nikRSTa kahA jAne vAlA zUdra bhI jJAna yA prajJA-kSamatA ke AdhAra para vedAdhyayana karane kA pAtra ho sakatA hai| vidyA, AcaraNa evaM sadguNa se rahita vyakti jAti vizeSa meM janma lene mAtra se brAhmaNa nahIM ho jAtA, apitu apane jJAna, sadguNa Adi se yukta hokara hI brAhmaNa hotA hai / vyAsa, vaziSTha, kamaTha, kaMTha, droNa, pArAzara Adi apane janma ke AdhAra para nahIM, apitu apane sadAcaraNa evaM tapasyA se hI brAhmaNatva ko prApta hue the / ataH brAhmaNatva Adi sadAcAra aura karttavyazIlatA para AdhArita hai| janma para nahIM / saccA brAhmaNa kauna ? jaina paramparA ne sadAcaraNa ko hI mAnavIya jIvana meM uccatA aura nimnatA kA pratimAna mAnA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke paccIsaveM adhyAya evaM dhammapada ke brAhmaNa varga nAmaka adhyAya meM saccA brAhmaNa kauna hai, isakA vistAra se vivecana upalabdha hai / vistAra bhaya se usakI samagra carcA meM na jAkara kevala kucha gAthAoM ko prastuta kara hI virAma legeN| usameM kahA gayA hai ki " jise loka meM kuzala puruSoM ne brAhmaNa kahA hai, jo agni ke samAna sadA pUjyanIya hai aura jo priyajanoM ke Ane para Asakta nahIM hotA aura na unake jAne para zoka karatA hai| jo sadA Arya-vacana meM ramaNa karatA hai, use brAhmaNa kahate haiN|" " kasauTI para kase hue aura agni ke dvArA dagdhamala hue, zuddha kiye gae jAta rUpa sone kI taraha jo vizuddha hai, jo rAga dveSa aura bhaya se mukta hai, tathA jo tapasvI haiM, kRza hai, dAnta hai, jisakA mAMsa aura rakta apacita ( kama ) ho gayA hai, jo suvrata hai, zAMta hai, use hI brAhmaNa kahA jAtA hai| " "jo basa aura sthAvara jIvoM ko samyak prakAra se jAnakara unakI mana, vacana aura kAyA se hiMsA nahIM karatA hai, jo krodha, hAsya, lobha athavA bhaya se jhUTha nahIM bolatA, jo sacitta yA acitta, thor3A yA adhika adatta nahIM letA hai, jo deva, manuSya aura tiryaMca sambandhI maithuna kA mana, vacana aura zarIra se sevana nahIM karatA hai, jisa prakAra jala meM utpanna huA kamala jala se lipta nahIM hotA, usI prakAra jo kAmabhogoM se alipta rahatA hai, use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiM / " isI prakAra jo rasAdi meM lolupa nahIM hai, jo nirdoSa bhikSA se jIvana kA nirvAha karatA hai,

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147 jo gRha tyAgI hai, jo aMkicana hai, pUrvajJAtijanoM evaM bandhu bAndhavoM meM Asakta nahIM rahatA hai, use hI brAhmaNa kahate hai|"5 dhammapada meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki "jaise kamala patra para pAnI hotA hai, jaise Are kI noMka para sarasoM kA dAnA hotA hai, vaise hI jo kAmoM meM lipta nahIM hotA, jisane apane duHkhoM ke kSaya ko yahIM para dekha liyA hai, jisane janma-maraNa ke bhAra ko utAra diyA hai, jo sarvathA anAsakta hai, jo medhAvI hai, sthitaprajJa hai, jo sanmArga tathA kumArga ko jAnane meM kuzala haiM aura jo nirvANa kI uttama sthiti ko pahu~ca cukA hai use hI maiM brAhmaNa kahatA hU~ / " isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina evaM bauddha donoM paramparAoM ne hI sadAcAra ke AdhAra para brAhmaNatva kI zreSThatA kA svIkAra karate hue, brAhmaNa kI eka naI paribhASA prastuta kI, jo sadAcAra aura sAmAjika samatA kI pratiSThApaka thI / na kevala jaina paramparA evaM bauddha paramparA meM, varan mahAbhArata meM bhI brAhmaNatva kI yahI paribhASA hai| jaina paramparA ke uttarAdhyayana sUtra bauddha paramparA ke dhammapada aura mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM sacce brAhmaNa ke svarUpa kA jo vivaraNa milatA hai, vaha na kevala vaicArika sAmyatA rakhatA hai, varan usameM zAbdika sAmyatA bhI adhika hai, jo ki tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai / - -- jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA saccA brAhmaNa kauna hai ? isa viSaya meM 'kumArapAla prabodha prabandha meM manusmRti evaM mahAbhArata se kucha zloka uddhRta karake yaha batAyA gayA hai "zIla sampanna zUdra bhI brAhmaNatva ko prApta ho jAtA hai aura sadAcAra rahita brAhmaNa bhI zUdra ke samAna ho jAtA hai / ataH sabhI jAtiyoM meM cANDAla aura sabhI jAtiyoM meM brAhmaNa hote haiM / he arjuna ! jo brAhmaNa kRSi, vANijya, gorakSA evaM rAjya kI sevA karate haiM, ve vastutaH brAhmaNa nahIM haiN| jo bhI dvija hiMsaka, asatyavAdI, cauryakarma meM lipta, paradAra sevI haiM / ve sabhI patita ( zUdra ) haiM / isake viparIta brahmacarya aura tapa se yukta lauha va svarNa meM samAna bhAva rakhane vAle, prANiyoM ke pratidayAvAna sabhI jAti ke vyakti brAhmaNa hI haiN|" yaha sacce brAhmaNa ke lakSaNa batAte hue kahA gayA hai "jo vyakti kSamAzIla Adi guNoM se yukta ho, jisane sabhI daNDoM ( parapIDana) kA parityAga kara diyA hai, jo nirAmiSa bhojI hai aura kisI bhI prANi kI hiMsA nahIM karatA yaha kisI vyakti ke brAhmaNa hone kA prathama lakSaNa hai| isI prakAra jo kabhI asatya nahIM bolatA, mithyAvacanoM se dUra rahatA hai brAhmaNa kA dvitIya lakSaNa hai / punaH jisane paradravyaM kA tyAga kara diyA hai tathA jo adatta ko grahaNa nahIM karatA, yaha usake brAhmaNa hone kA tRtIya lakSaNa hai| jo deva, asura, manuSya tathA pazuoM ke prati maithuna kA sevana nahIM karatA vaha usake brAhmaNa hone kA caturtha lakSaNa hai I jisane kuTumba kA vAsa arthAt gRhasthAzrama kA tyAga kara diyA ho, jo parigraha aura Asakti se rahita hai, yaha brAhmaNa hone kA paMcama lakSaNa hai| jo ina pA~ca lakSaNoM se yukta hai vahIM brAhmaNa hai, dviz2a hai aura mahAna hai, zeSa to zUdravat hai / kevaTa kI putrI ke garbha se utpanna vyAsa nAmaka mahAmuni hue haiN| isI prakara hariNI ke garbha se utpanna zrRMga RSi, zunakI ke garbha se zuka, mANDUkI ke garbha se mAMDavya tathA urvazI ke garbha se utpanna vaziSTha mahAmuni hue| na to ina sabhI ---- 11 --

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 148 RSiyoM kI mAtA brAhmaNI haiM, na ye saMskAra se brAhmaNa hue the; apitu ye sabhI tapa sAdhanA yA sadAcAra se brAhmaNa hue haiN| isalie brAhmaNa hone meM jAti vizeSa meM janma kAraNa nahIM hai, apitu tapa yA sadAcAra hI kAraNa haiN|" karmaNA varNa-vyavasthA jainoM ko bhI svIkArya jaina paramparA meM varNa kA AdhAra janma nahIM, apitu karma mAnA gayA hai| jaina vicAraNA janmanA jAtivAda kI virodhI hai, kintu karmaNA varNavyavasthA se usakA koI saiddhAntika virodha nahIM hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki -- "manuSya karma se brAhmaNa, karma se kSatriya evaM karma se hI vaizya evaM zUdra hotA hai| mahApurANa meM kahA gayA hai ki jAtinAma karma ke udaya se to manuSya jAti eka hI hai| phira bhI AjIvikA bheda se vaha cAra prakAra kI kahI gaI hai| vratoM ke saMskAra se brAhmaNa, zastroM ko dhAraNa karane se kSatriya, nyAyapUrvaka artha kA upArjana karane se vaizya aura nimna zreNI kI AjIvikA kA Azraya lene se zUdra kahe jAte haiN| dhana-dhAnya Adi sampatti evaM makAna mila jAne para guru kI AjJA se alaga se AjIvikA arjana karane se varNa kI prApti yA varNa lAbha hotA hai [38/45-46,137] / isa kA tAtparya yahI hai ki varNa yA jAti sambandhI bheda janma para nahIM, AjIvikA yA vRtti para AdhArita hai| bhAratIya varNa vyavasthA ke pIche eka manovaijJAnika AdhAra rahA hai ki vaha vaiyaktika- yogyatA arthAt svabhAva ke AdhAra para hI vyakti ke sAmAjika dAyitvoM (karmoM) kA nirdhAraNa karatI hai| jisase iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| apanI svAbhAvika yogyatA ke AdhAra para sAmAjika dAyitvoM kA nirvAha karane kA samarthana DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan aura pAzcAtya vicAraka zrI gairalDa harDa ne bhI kiyA hai|10 mAnavIya svabhAva meM jJAnAtmakatA yA jijJAsA- vRtti, sAhasa yA netRtva-vRtti, saMgrahAtmakatA aura zAsita hone kI pravRtti yA sevA bhAvanA pAyI jAtI hai| sAmAnyataH manuSyoM meM ina vRttiyoM kA samAna rUpa se vikAsa nahIM hotA hai| pratyeka manuSya meM inameM se kisI eka kA pradhAnya hotA hai| dUsarI ora sAmAjika dRSTi se samAja-vyavasthA meM cAra-pramukha kArya haiM -- 1. zikSaNa 2. rakSaNa 3. upArjana aura 4. sevaa| ataH yaha Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai ki vyakti apane svabhAva meM jisa vRtti kA pradhAnya ho, usake anusAra sAmAjika vyavasthA meM apanA kArya cuneN| jisameM buddhi nairmalya aura jijJAsAvRtti ho, vaha zikSaNa kA kArya kare, jisameM sAhasa aura netRtva vRtti ho vaha rakSaNa kA kArya kare, jisameM viniyoga tathA saMgraha-vRtti ho vaha upArjana kA kArya kareM aura jisameM dainyavRtti yA sevAvRtti ho vaha sevA kArya kre| isa prakAra jijJAsA, netRtva, viniyoga aura dainya kI svAbhAvika vRttiyoM ke AdhAra para zikSaNa, rakSaNa upArjana aura sevA ke sAmAjika kAryoM kA vibhAjana kiyA gayA aura isI AdhAra para kramazaH brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra ye varNa bne| ataH varNa vyavasthA janma para nahIM, apitu svabhAva (guNa) evaM tadanusAra karma para AdhArita hai| vAstava meM hindU AcAra-darzana meM bhI varNa-vyavasthA janma para nahIM, varana karma para hI

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149 jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA AdhArita hai| gItA meM zrI kRSNa spaSTa kahate haiM ki cAturvarNya-vyavasthA kA nirmANa guNa aura karma ke AdhAra para hI kiyA gayA hai|11"ddoN. rAdhAkRSNana, isakI vyAkhyA meM likhate haiM, yahA~ jora guNa aura karma para diyA gayA hai, jAti (janma) para nhiiN| hama kisa varNa ke haiM, yaha bAta liMga yA janma para nirbhara nahIM hai apitu svabhAva aura vyavasAya dvArA nirdhArita hotI hai|12* yudhiSThira kahate haiM, "tattvajJAniyoM kI dRSTi meM kevala AcAraNa (sadAcAra) hI jAti kA nirdhAraka tattva hai| brAhmaNa na janma se hotA hai, na saMskAra se, na kula se aura na veda ke adhyayana se, brAhmaNa kevala vrata (AcaraNa) se hotA hai|"13 prAcInakAla meM varNa-vyavasthA kaThora nahIM thI, apitu lacIlI thii| varNa parivartana kA adhikAra vyakti ke apane hAtha meM thA, kyoMki AcaraNa yA karma ke cayana dvArA parivartita ho jAtA thaa| upaniSadoM meM varNita satyakAma jAbAla kI kathA isakA udAharaNa hai| satyakAma jAbAla kI satyavAditA ke AdhAra para hI use brAhmaNa mAna liyA gayA thaa|14 manusmRti meM bhI varNa parivartana kA vidhAna hai, usameM likhA hai ki sadAcAra ke kAraNa zUdra brAhmaNa ho jAtA hai aura durAcAra ke kAraNa brAhmaNa zUdra ho jAtA hai| yahI bAta kSatriya aura vaizya ke sambandha me bhI hai| AdhyAtmika dRSTi se koI eka varNa dUsare varNa se zreSTha nahIM hai, kyoMki AdhyAtmika vikAsa varNa para nirbhara nahIM hotA hai| vyakti svabhAvAnukUla kisI bhI varNa ke niyata karmoM kA sampAdana karate hue AdhyAtmika pUrNatA yA siddhi ko prApta kara sakatA hai| koI bhI kartavya karma-hIna nahIM hai - . samAja vyavasthA meM apane kartavya ke nirvAha hetu aura AjIvikA ke upArjana hetu vyakti ko kauna sA vyavasAya yA karma cunanA cAhie, yaha bAta usakI yogyatA athavA svabhAva para hI nirbhara karatI hai| yadi vyakti apane guNoM yA yogyatAoM ke pratikUla vyavasAya yA sAmAjika kartavya ko cunatA hai, to usake isa cayana se jahA~ usake jIvana kI saphalatA dhUmila hotI hai vahIM samAja-vyavasthA bhI asta-vyasta hotI hai| AdhyAtmika zreSThatA isa bAta para nirbhara nahIM hai ki vyakti kyA kara rahA hai yA kina sAmAjika kartavyoM kA pAlana kara rahA hai, varana isa bAta para nirbhara hai ki vaha unakA pAlana kisa niSThA aura yogyatA ke sAtha kara rahA hai| yadi eka zUdra apane kartavyoM kA pAlana pUrNa niSThA aura kuzalatA se karatA hai,to vaha anaiSThika aura akuzala brAhmaNa kI apekSA AdhyAtmika dRSTi se zreSTha hai| gItA bhI spaSTatayA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki vyakti sAmAjika dRSTi se svasthAna ke nimnastarIya karmoM kA sampAdana karate hue bhI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dRSTi se U~cAiyoM para pahu~ca sakatA hai| viziSTa sAmAjika kartavyoM ke paripAlana se vyakti zreSTha yA hIna nahIM bana jAtA hai, usakI zreSThatA aura hInatA kA sambandha to usake sadAcaraNa evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa se hai| digambara jaina AcArya samantabhadra ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra meM likhate haiM -- samyak- darzana se yukta cANDAla zarIra meM utpanna vyakti bhI tIrthaMkaroM ke dvArA brAhamaNa hI kahA gayA hai| isI prakAra AcArya ravipeNa bhI padmacarita meM likhate haiM ki -- koI bhI jAti garhita nahIM

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 150 hai vastutaH guNa hI kalyANa kAraka hote haiN| jAti se koI vyakti cAhe cANDAla kula meM hI utpanna kyoM na ho, vrata meM sthita hone para aise cANDAla ko bhI tIrthaMkaroM ne brAhmaNa hI kahA hai|17 ataH brAhmaNatva janma para nahIM karma/sadAcAra para AdhArita hai| jaina muni cauthamala jI nirgrantha pravacana bhASya17 meM likhate haiM ki " eka vyakti duHzIla, ajJAnI va prakRti se tamoguNI hone para bhI amuka varNa meM janma ke kAraNa samAja meM U~cA va AdaraNIya samajhA jAya va dUsarA vyakti suzIla, jJAnI va satoguNI hone para bhI kevala janma ke kAraNa nIca va tiraskRta samajhA jAya, yaha vyavasthA samAja ghAtaka hai aura manuSya kI garimA va vivekazIlatA para prazna cinha lagAtI hai| itanA hI nahIM aisA mAnane se na kevala samAja ke bahusaMkhyaka bhAga kA apamAna hotA hai, pratyuta sadAcAra va sadguNa kA bhI apamAna hotA hai| isa vyavasthA ko aMgIkAra karane se durAcArI, sadAcArI se Upara uTha jAtA hai| ajJAna-jJAna para vijayI hotA hai tathA tamoguNa satoguNa ke sAmane AdarAspada bana jAtA hai| yaha aisI sthati hai jo guNa grAhaka vivekIjanoM ko sahya nahIM ho sakatI hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki kisI jAti vizeSa meM janma grahaNa karane kA mahattva nahIM hai, mahattva hai vyakti ke naitika sadAcaraNa aura vAsanAoM para saMyama kaa| jaina vicAraNA yaha to svIkAra karatI haiM ki loka vyavahAra yA AjIvikA hetu pratyeka vyakti ko ruci va yogyatA ke AdhAra para kisI na kisI kArya kA cayana to karanA hogaa| yaha bhI ThIka hai ki vibhinna prakAra ke vyavasAyoM yA kAryoM ke AdhAra para sAmAjika vargIkaraNa bhI hogaa| isa vyavasAyika yA sAmAjika vyavasthA ke kSetra meM hone vAle vargIkaraNa meM na kisI ko zreSTha, na kisI ko hIna kahA jA sakatA hai| jainAcAryoM ke anusAra manuSya yA prANIvarga kI sevA kA koI bhI kArya hIna nahIM hai| yahA~ taka mala-mUtra kI saphAI karane vAlA kahIM adhika zreSTha hai| jaina paramparA meM nandiSeNamuni ke sevAbhAva kI gaurava gAthA lokavizruta hai| jaina paramparA meM kisI vyavasAya yA karma ko tabhI hIna mAnA gayA hai, jaba vaha vyavasAya yA karma-hiMsaka yA krUratApUrNa kAryoM se yukta ho| jainAcAryoM ne jina jAtiyoM yA vyavasAyoM ko hIna kahA hai ve haiM -- zikArI, badhika, cir3ImAra, macchImAra aadi| kisI vyakti kI zreSThatA kA AdhAra AjIvikA hetu cunA gayA vyavasAya na hokara usakA AdhyAtmika vikAsa yA sadguNoM kA vikAsa hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai ki sAkSAta tapa (sAdhanA) kA hI mahattva dikhAyI detA hai, jAti kA kucha bhI nhiiN| cANDAla- putra harakezI muni ko dekho jinakI prabhAvazAlI Rddhi hai| mAnavIya samatA jainadharma kA mukhya AdhAra hai| usameM harakezIbala jaise cANDAla, arjunamAlI jaise mAlAkAra, pUniyA jaise dhUniyA aura zakaDAla putra jaise kumbhakAra kA bhI vahI sthAna hai, jo sthAna usameM indrabhUti jaise vedapAThI brAhmaNa putra, dazArNabhadra evaM zreNika jaise kSatriya nareza, dhannA va zAlibhadra jaise samRddha zreSThI ratnoM kA hai| AtmadarzI sAdhaka jaise puNyavAna vyakti ko dharma upadeza karatA hai, vaise hI tuccha (vipanna daridra) ko bhI dharma upadeza karatA hai|20 sanmArga kI sAdhanA meM sabhI mAnavoM ko samAna adhikAra prApta hai / dhanI-nirdhana, rAjA-prajA aura brAhmaNa-zUdra kA bheda jaina dharma ko mAnya nahIM hai|

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151 jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA jainadharma meM varNa evaM jAti vyavasthA kA aitihAsika vikAsakrama -- mUlataH jainadharma varNavyavasthA evaM jAtivyavasthA ke viruddha khar3A huA thA, kintu kAlakrama meM bRhat hindU-samAja ke prabhAva se usameM bhI varNa evaM jAti sambandhI avadhAraNAyeM praviSTa ho gaI / jaina paramparA meM jAti aura varNa vyavasthA ke udbhava evaM aitihAsika vikAsa kA vivaraNa sarvaprathama AcArAMganiryukti ( lagabhaga IsvI san tIsarI zatI) meM prApta hotA hai usake anusAra prArambha meM manuSya jAti eka hI thiiN| RSabha ke dvArA rAjya-vyavasthA kA prArambha hone para usake do vibhAga ho gaye. 1. zAsaka (svAmI) aura 2. zAsita (sevaka ) / usake pazcAt zilpa aura vANijya ke vikAsa ke sAtha usake tIna vibhAga hue 1. kSatriya (zAsaka), 2. vaizya (kRSaka evaM vyavasAyI) aura 3. zUdra (sevaka ) / usake pazcAt zrAvaka dharma kI sthApanA hone para ahiMsaka, sadAcArI aura dharmaniSTha vyaktiyoM ko brAhmaNa (mAhaNa ) kahA gyaa| isaprakAra kramazaH cAra varNa astitva meM Aye / ina cAra varNoM ke strI-puruSoM ke samavarNIya tathA antarvarNIya anuloma evaM pratiloma saMyogo se solahavarNa bane, jinameM sAtavarNa aura nau antaravarNa kahalAe / sAta varNa meM samavarNIya strI-puruSa ke saMyoga se cAra mUla varNa tathA brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatriya strI ke saMyoga se utpanna, kSatriya puruSa aura vaizya strI ke saMyoga se utpanna aura vaizya puruSa aura zUdra strI ke saMyoga se utpanna aise anuloma saMyoga se utpanna tInavarNa AcArAgacUrNi (IsA kI 7vIM zatI) meM ise spaSTa karate hue batAyA gayA hai ki brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatrANI ke saMyoga se jo santAna hotI hai vaha uttama kSatriya, zuddha kSatriya yA saMkara kSatriya kahI jAtI hai, yaha pA~cavA varNa hai / isI prakAra kSatriya puruSa aura vaizya strI se utpanna santAna uttama vaizya, zuddha vaizya yA saMkara vaizya kahI jAtI hai, yaha chaThA varNa hai tathA vaizya puruSa evaM zUdra strI ke saMyoga se utpanna santAna zuddha zUdra yA saMkarazUdra kahI jAtI hai, yaha sAtavA~ varNa hai / punaH anuloma aura pratiloma sambandhoM ke AdhAra para nimna nau antara - varNa bane / brAhmaNa puruSa aura vaizya strI se 'ambaSTha' nAmaka AThavA~ varNa utpanna huA / kSatriya puruSa aura zUdrA strI se 'ugra' nAmaka navA~ varNa huA / brAhmaNa puruSa aura zUdrA strI se niSAda' nAmaka dasavA~ varNa utpanna huaa| zUdra puruSa aura vaizya strI se 'ayoga' nAmaka gyArahavA~ varNa utpann huA / kSatriya aura brAhmaNI se 'sUta' nAmaka terahavA~ varNa huA / zUdra puruSa aura kSatriya strI se 'kSatrA' (khattA) nAmaka caudahavA~ varNa utpanna huaa| vaizya puruSa aura brAhmaNa strI ke saMyoga se 'vaideha' nAmaka pandrahavA~ varNa utpanna huA aura zUdra puruSa tathA brAhmaNa strI ke se 'cANDAla' nAmaka solahavA~ varNa huA / isake pazcAt ina solaha varNoM meM paraspara anuloma evaM pratiloma saMyoga se aneka jAtiyA~ astitva meM aayiiN| 21" uparokta vivaraNa meM hama yaha dekhate haiM ki jaina dharma ke AcAryoM ne bhI kAla-krama meM jAti aura varNa kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM hindU paramparA kI vyavasthAoM ko apane DhaMga se saMzodhita kara svIkAra kara liyaa| lagabhaga sAtavIM sadI meM dakSiNa bhArata meM hue AcArya jinasena ne lokApavAda ke bhaya se tathA jaina dharma kA astitva aura sAmAjika sammAna banAye rakhane ke lie hindU varNa evaM jAtivyavasthA ko isa prakAra AtmasAta kara liyA ki isa sambandha meM jainoM kA jo vaiziSTya thA, vaha prAyaH samApta ho gyaa| jinasena ne sarvaprathama yaha batAyA ki Adi brahmA

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pro. sAMgaramala jaina 152 RSabhadeva ne SaTkarmoM kA upadeza dene ke pazcAt tIna varNoM (kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra) kI sRSTi kii| isI grantha meM Age yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jo kSatriya aura vaizya varNa kI sevA karate haiM ve zUdra haiM / inake do bheda haiM kAru aura akAru / punaH kAru ke bhI do bheda haiM spRzya aura aspRzya hai / dhobI, nApita Adi spRzya zudra haiM aura caNDAla Adi jo nagara ke bAhara rahate haiN| ve asparzya zUdra haiM (AdipurANa 16 / 184-186) / zUdroM ke kAru aura akAru tathA spRzya evaM aspRzya ye bheda sarvaprathama kevala purANakAra jinasena kiye haiN| 22 unake pUrvavartI anya kisI jaina AcArya ne isa prakAra ke bhedoM ko mAnya nahIM kiyA hai| kintu hindU samAja vyavasthA se prabhAvita ho bAda ke jaina AcAryoM ne ise prAyaH mAnya kiyA / SaTprAbhRta ke TIkAkAra zrutasAgara ne bhI isa spRzya-aspRzya kI carcA kI haiN| yadyapi purANakAra ne zUdroM ko ekazATakavrata arthAt kSullakadIkSA kA adhikAra mAnya kiyA thA, kintu bAda ke digambara jaina AcAryoM ne usameM bhI kamI kara dii| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAMgasUtra (3/202) ke mUlapATha meM to kevala rogI, bhayArta aura napuMsaka kI muni dIkSA kA niSedha thA, kintu paravartI TIkAkAroM, caNDAlAdi jAti juMgita aura vyAdhAdi karmajuMgita logoM ko dIkSA dene kA niSedha kara diyaa| 24 phira bhI yaha saba jaina dharma kI mUla paramparA ke to viruddha hI thA / jAtIya ahaMkAra mithyA hai jainadharma meM jAtIya mada aura kula mada ko nindita mAnA gayA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pUrva - jIvanoM kI kathA meM yaha carcA AtI hai ki mArIci ke bhava meM unhoMne apane kula kA ahaMkAra kiyA thA, phalataH unheM nimna bhikSuka kula arthAt brAhmaNI mAtA ke garbha meM AnA par3A hai| AcArAMga meM ve svayaM kahate haiM ki yaha AtmA aneka bAra uccagotra ko aura aneka bAra nIca gotra ko prApta ho cukA hai| isalie vastutaH na to koI hIna / nIca hai, aura na koI atirikta / vizeSa / ucca hai| sAdhaka isa tathya ko jAnakara uccagotra kI spRhA na kreN| ukta tathya ko jAna lene para bhalA kauna gotravAdI hogA ? kauna uccagotra kA ahaMkAra karegA ? aura kauna kisa gotra / jAti vizeSa meM Asakta citta hogA ? 25 11 isaliye vivekazIla manuSya uccagotra prApta hone para harSita na hoM aura na nIcagotra prApta hone para kupita / duHkhI ho / yadyapi jainadharma meM uccagotra evaM nimnagotra kI carcA upalabdha hai 1 kintu gotra kA sambandha pariveza ke acche yA bure hone se hai / gotra kA sambandha jAti athavA spRzyatA - aspRzyatA ke sAtha jor3anA bhrAnti hai| jaina karma siddhAnta ke anusAra devagati meM ucca gotra kA udaya hotA hai aura tiryaMca mAtra meM nIca gotra kA udaya hotA hai, kintu devayoni meM bhI kilviSaka deva nIca evaM aspRzyavat hote haiN| isake viparIta aneka nimna gotra meM utpanna pazu jaise gAya, ghor3A, hAthI bahuta kI sammAna kI dRSTi se dekhe jAte haiN| ve aspRzya nahIM mAne jAte / ataH uccagotra meM utpanna vyakti bhI hIna aura nIcagotra meM utpanna vyakti bhI ucca ho sakatA hai| ataH gotravAda kI dhAraNA ko pracalita jAtivAda tathA spRzyAspRzya kI dhAraNA ke sAtha nahIM jor3anA caahie| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne prastuta sUtra meM jAti-mada, gotra - mada Adi ko nirasta karate hue yaha spaSTa kaha diyA hai ki jaba AtmA aneka bAra ucca - nIca gotra kA "

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153 jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA sparza kara cukA hai, kara rahA hai taba phira kauna U~cA hai ? kauna nIcAM ? U~ca-nIca kI bhAvanA mAtra eka ahaMkAra hai, aura ahaMkAra 'mada hai| mada nIcagotra ke bandhana kA mukhya kAraNa hai| ataH isa gotravAda va mAnavAda kI bhAvanA se mukta hokara jo unameM taTastha rahatA hai, vahI samatvazIla hai, vahI paNDita hai| mathurA se prApta abhilekhoM kA jaba hama adhyayana karate haiM to hameM jJAta hotA hai ki na kevala prAcIna AgamoM se apitu ina abhilekhoM se bhI yahI phalita hotA hai ki jaina dharma ne sadaiva hI sAmAjika samatA para bala diyA hai aura jainadharma meM praveza kA dvAra sabhI jAtiyoM ke vyaktiyoM ke liye samAna rUpa se khulA hai| mathurA ke jaina abhilekha isa tathya ke spaSTa pramANa haiM ki jaina mandiroM ke nirmANa aura jina pratimAoM kI pratiSThA meM dhanI-nirdhana, brAhmaNa-zUdra sabhI vargoM, jAtiyoM evaM vargoM ke loga samAna rUpa se bhAga lete the| mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM hama yaha pAte haiM ki lohAra, sunAra, gandhI, kevaTa, lauhavaNika, nartaka aura yahAM taka ki gaNikAyeM bhI jina mandiroM kA nirmANa va jina pratimAoM kI pratiSThA karavAtI thiiN|26 jJAtavya hai ki mathurA ke ina abhilekhoM meM lagabhaga 602 dAnadAtA una jAtiyoM se haiM, jinheM sAmAnyatayA nimna mAnA jAtA hai| sthUlibhadra kI preyasI kozA vezyA dvArA jainadharma aMgIkAra karane kI kathA to loka-vizruta hai hii|27 mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM bhI gaNikA nAdA dvArA deva kulikA kI sthApanA bhI isI tathya ko sUcita karatI hai ki eka gaNikA bhI zrAvikA ke vratoM ko aMgIkAra karake utanI hI AdaraNIya bana jAtI thI, jitanI koI raaj-mhissii| AvazyakacUrNi aura titthogAlI prarkINaka meM varNita kozA vezyA kA kathAnaka aura mathurA meM nAdA nAmaka gaNikA dvArA sthApita deva kulikA, AyagapaTTa Adi isa tathya ke spaSTa pramANa hai| jaina dharma yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki koI duSkarmA va durAcArI vyakti bhI apane duSkarma kA parityAga karake sadAcAra pUrNa naitika-jIvana va vyavasAya ko apanA kara samAja meM pratiSThita bana sakatA hai| jaina sAdhanA kA rAjamArga to usakA hai jo usa para calatA hai; varNa, jAti yA varga vizeSa kA usa para ekAdhikAra nahI hai| jaina dharma sAdhanA kA upadeza to varSA Rtu ke jala ke samAna ho, jo U~ce parvatoM, nIce kheta-khalihAnoM para, sundara mahala va jhopar3I para samAna rUpa se barasatA hai| jisa prakAra bAdala binA bheda-bhAva ke sarvatra jala kI vRSTi karate haiM usI prakAra muni ko bhI U~ca-nIca, dhanI-nirdhana kA vicAra kiye vagaira sarvatra sanmArga kA upadeza karanA caahie|28 yaha bAta bhinna hai ki usameM se kauna kitanA grahaNa karatA hai| jaina dharma meM janma ke AdhAra para kisI ko nimna yA ucca nahIM kahA jA sakatA, hA~ vaha itanA avazya mAnatA hai ki anaitika AcaraNa karanA athavA krUra karma barA apanI AjIvikA arjana karanA yogya nahIM hai aise vyakti avazya hIna karmA kahe gaye haiM, kintu ve apane krUra evaM anaitika karmoM kA parityAga karake zreSTha bana sakate haiN| jJAtavya hai ki Aja bhI jaina dharma meM aura jaina zramaNoM meM vibhinna jAtiyoM ke vyakti praveza pAte haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM zramaNa jIvana ko aMgIkAra karane ke sAtha hI nimna vyakti bhI sabhI kA usI prakAra AdaraNIya bana jAtA hai, jisa prakAra uccakula yA jAti kA vykti| jainasaMgha meM unakA sthAna samAna hotA hai| yadyapi madhyakAla meM hindU paramparA ke prabhAva se vizeSa rUpa se

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 154 dakSiNa bhArata meM jAtivAda kA prabhAva jaina samAja para bhI AyA aura madhyakAla meM mAMtaga, Adi jAti- juMgita ( nimnajAti) evaM machuvAre, naTa Adi karma - juMgita vyaktiyoM ko zramaNa saMsthA meM praveza ke ayogya mAnA gyaa| jaina AcAryoM ne isakA koI Agamika pramANa na dekara mAtra lokApavAda kA pramANa diyA, jo spaSTa rUpa se isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki jaina paramparA ko jAtivAda bRhad hindU prabhAva ke kAraNa lokApavAda ke bhaya se svIkAranA pdd'aa| isI ke pariNAma svarUpa dakSiNa bhArata meM vikasita jaina dharma kI digambara paramparA meM jo zUdra kI dIkSA evaM mukti ke niSedha kI avadhAraNA AI, vaha saba brAhmaNa paramparA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hI thA / yadyapi hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki dakSiNa meM jo nimna jAti ke loga jainadharma kA pAlana karate the, ve isa sabake bAvajUda bhI jainadharma se jur3e rahe aura ve Aja bhI paMcama varNa ke nAma se jAne jAte haiM / yadyapi bRhad hindU samAja ke prabhAva ke kAraNa jainoM ne apane prAcIna mAnavIya samatA ke siddhAnta kA jo ullaMghana kiyA, usakA pariNAma bhI unheM bhugatanA par3A aura jainoM kI janasaMkhyA sImita ho gayI / vigata varSoM meM sadbhAgya se jainoM meM vizeSa rUpa se zvetAmbara paramparA meM yaha samatAvAdI dRSTi punaH vikasita huI hai| kucha jaina AcAryoM ke isa dizA meM prayatna ke phalasvarUpa kucha aisI jAtiyA jo nimna evaM krUrakarmA samajhI jAtI thI, na kevala jaina dharma meM dIkSita huI apitu unhoMne apane hiMsaka vyavasAya ko tyAga kara sadAcArI jIvana ko apanAyA hai| vizeSa rUpa se khaTika aura balAI jAtiyA~ jaina dharma se jur3I haiN| khaTikoM (hindU- kasAIyoM ) ke lagabhaga pA~ca hajAra parivAra samIra munijI kI vizeSa preraNA se apane hiMsaka vyavasAya aura madirA sevana Adi vyasanoM kA parityAga karake jaina dharma se jur3e aura ye parivAra Aja na kevala samRddha va sampanna hai, apitu jaina samAja meM bhI barAbarI kA sthAna pA cuke haiN| isI prakAra balAIyoM ( harijanoM ) kA bhI eka bar3A tabakA mAlavA meM AcArya nAnAlAla jI kI preraNA se madirA sevana, mAMsAhAra Adi tyAgakara jainadharma se jur3A aura eka sadAcAra pUrNa jIvana vyatIta karane ko prerita huA hai, ye isa dizA meM acchI upalabdhi hai / kucha anya zvetAmbara evaM digambara jaina AcAryoM evaM muniyoM ne bhI bihAra prAnta meM sarAka jAti evaM paramAra kSatriyoM ko jaina dharma se punaH jor3ane ke saphala prayatna kiye haiN| Aja bhI aneko jainamuni sAmAnyatayA nimna kahI jAne vAlI jAtiyoM se dIkSita haiM aura jaina saMgha meM samAna rUpa se AdaraNIya haiN| isase yaha pramANita hotA hai ki jainadharma sadaiva hI sAmAjika samatA kA samarthaka rahA hai / jainadharma meM varNavyavasthA aura jAtivyavasthA ke sandarbha meM jo cintana huA usake niSkarSa nimna haiM: ---- 1. sampUrNa mAnava jAti eka hI hai kyoMki usameM jAti bheda karane vAlA aisA koI bhI svAbhAvika lakSaNa nahIM pAyA jAtA jaisA ki eka jAti ke pazu se dUsare jAti ke pazu meM antara hotA hai| 2. prArambha meM manuSya jAti eka hI thii| varNa evaM jAtivyavasthA svAbhAvika yogyatA ke AdhAra

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155 jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA para sAmAjika karttavyoM ke kAraNa aura AjIvikA hetu vyavasAya ko apanAne ke kAraNa utpanna huii| jaise-jaise AjIvikA arjana ke vividha srota vikasita hote gaye vaise-vaise mAnava samAja meM vividha jAtiyAM astitva meM AtI gaIM, kintu ye jAtiyAM maulika nahIM hai / mAtra mAnava sRjita haiN| 3. jAti aura varNa kA nirdhAraNa janma ke AdhAra para na hokara vyakti ke zubhAzubha AcaraNa evaM usake dvArA apanAye gaye vyavasAya dvArA hotA hai ataH varNa aura jAti vyavasthA janmanA nahIM, apitu karmaNA hai / 4. yadi jAti aura varNavyavasthA vyavasAya athavA sAmAjika dAyitva para sthita hai to aisI sthiti meM sAmAjika karttavya aura vyavasAya ke parivartana ke AdhAra para jAti evaM varNa meM parivartana sambhava hai / 5. koI bhI vyakti kisI jAti yA parivAra meM utpanna hone ke kAraNa hIna yA zreSTha nahIM hotA, apitu vaha apane satkarmoM ke AdhAra para zreSTha hotA hai| 6. jAti evaM kula kI zreSThatA kA ahaMkAra mithyA hai| usake kAraNa sAmAjika samatA evaM zAnti bhaMga hotI hai / 7. jainadharma ke dvAra sabhI varNa aura jAtiyoM ke lie samAna rUpa se khule rahe haiN| prAcIna stara ke jaina granthoM se yaha saMketa milatA hai ki usameM cAro hI varNoM aura sabhI jAtiyoM ke vyakti jina - pUjA karane, Avaka dharma evaM munidharma kA pAlana karane aura sAdhanA ke sarvocya lakSya nirvANa ko prApta karane ke adhikArI mAne gaye the| sAtavIM-AThavIM sadI meM jinasena ne sarvaprathama zUdra ko muni dIkSA aura mokSa prApti ke ayogya mAnA / zvetAmbara AgamoM meM kahIM zUdra kI dIkSA kA niSedha nahIM hai, sthAnAMga meM mAtra rogI, bhayArta aura napuMsaka kI dIkSA kA niSedha hai kintu Age calakara unameM bhI jAti- juMgita jaise - cANDAla Adi aura karma juMgita jaise kasAI Adi kI dIkSA kA niSedha kara diyA gayA / kintu yaha bRhattara hindU paramparA kA prabhAva hI thA jo ki jainadharma ke mUla siddhAnta ke viruddha thA, jainoM ne ise kevala apanI sAmAjika pratiSThA ko banAye rakhane hetu mAnyakiyA, kyoMki AgamoM meM harakezI bala, maitArya, mAtaMgamuni Adi aneka cANDAloM ke muni hone aura mokSa prApta karane ke ullekha haiN| 8. prAcIna jainAgamoM meM muni ke lie uttama, madhyama aura nimna tInoM hI kuloM se bhikSA grahaNa karane kA nirdeza milatA hai isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki jainadharma varNa yA jAti kA koI bhI mahattva nahIM thA / ---- 9. jainadharma yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki manuSyoM meM kucha svabhAvagata bhinnatAeM sambhava haiM, jinake AdhAra para unake sAmAjika dAyitva evaM jIvikArjana ke sAdhana bhinna hote haiN| phira bhI vaha isa bAta kA samarthaka haiM ki sabhI manuSyoM ko apane sAmAjika dAyitvoM evaM AjIvikA arjana ke sAdhanoM ko cayana karane kI pUrNa svatantratA aura sAmAjika, naitika evaM AdhyAtmika kSetra meM vikAsa ke samAna avasara upalabdha hone cAhiye, kyoMki yahI sAmAjika samatA kA mUla AdhAra hai|

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1. 2 3. 4. 5. sandarbha brAhmaNo'sya mukhamAsIdvAhU rAjanyaH kRtaH / Uru tadasya yadvaizyaH padamyAM zUdro ajAyata / / Rgveda 10/90/12, saM. dAmodara sAtavalekara, bAlasADa, 1988 abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 4, pR. 1441 catvAra ekasya pituH sutAzcetteSAM sutAnAM khalu jAtirekA / evaM prajAnAM ca pitaika evaM pitraikabhAvAdya na jAtibhedaH / / phalAnyathodumbara vRkSajAteryathAgramadhyAnta bhavAni yAni / rUpAkSatisparzasamAni tAni tathaikato jAtirapi pracintyA / / na brAhmaNAzcandramarIcizubhrA na kSatriyAH kiMzukapuSpagaurAH / na ceha vaizyA haritAlatulyAH zUdrA na cAGgAra samAnavarNAH / / - varAMgacarita sarga 25, zloka 3, 4, 7 * jaTAsiMhanandi, saMpA. e. ena. upAdhye, bambaI, 1938 ye nigrahAnugrahayorazaktA dvijA varAkAH parapoSyajIvAH / mAyAvino dInatamA nRpebhyaH kathaM bhavantyuttamajAtayaste / / teSAM dvijAnAM mukha nirgatAni vacAMsyamoghAnyaghanAzakAni / ihApi kAmAnsvamanaH praklRptAna labhanta ityeva mRSAvacastat / / yathAnaTo raGGgamupetya citraM nRttAnurUpAnupayAti vessaan| jIvastathA saMsRtiraGgamadhye karmAnurUpAnupayAti bhAvAn / / na brahmajAtistviha kAcidasti na kSatriyo nApi ca vaizyazUdre / tatastu karmAnuvazA hitAtmA saMsAra cakre parivaMbhramIti / / ApAtakatvAcca zarIradAhe dehaM na hi brahma vadanti tajjJAH / jJAnaM ca na brahma yato nikRSTa zUdro'pi vedAdhyayanaM karoti / / vidyAkriyA cAra guNaiH prahINoM na jAtimAtreNa bhavetsa vipraH / jJAne zIlena guNena yukta taM brAhmaNaM brahmavido vadanti / / - vahI, sarga 25, zloka 33, 34, 40-43 no loe bambhaNo vRtta, aggIva mahio jahA / sayA kusalasaMdiThTaM, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / jo na sajja AgantuM pavvayanto na soyai / ramai ajjavayaNammi, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / jAyasvaM jahAmaTTha, niddhantamalapAvagaM / rAgadosabhayAIyaM, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / tavassiyaM kisaM dantaM avaciyamaMsasoNiyaM / suvvayaM pattanivvANaM, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / tasapANe viyANettA, saMgaheNa ya thaavre| jo na hiMsai tiviheNa, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / kohA vA jai vA hAsA, lohA vA jai vA bhayA / musaM na vayaI jo u, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / cittamantamacittaM vA, appaM vA jai vA bahuM / na giNhAi adattaM je, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / -

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157 jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA didyamANusatericchaM, jo na sevai mehuNaM / maNasA kAyavakkeNaM, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / jahA pomaM jale jAyaM, novalippar3a vAriNA / evaM alittaM kAmehi, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / aloluyaM muhAjIviM, aNagAraM akiNcnnN| asaMsattaM gihatthesu taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / / jahittA puvvasaMjogaM, nAisaMge ya bndhve| jo na sajjai bhogesuM, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / - uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpAdaka-- sAdhvI caMdanA 25/19-29 vAripokkharapatte va Araggeriva saaspo| yo na lippati kAmesu tamahaM brUmi brAhmaNaM / / yo dukkhassa pajAnAti idheva khymttno| pannabhAraM visaJjattaM tamahaM brUmi brAhmaNaM / / gambhIra paje medhAvi maggAmaggassa kovidaM / uttamatthaM anuppattaM tamahaM brUmi brAhmaNaM / / - dhammapada, brAhmaNavarga 401-403, sampAdaka bhikSudharmarakSita, 1983 7. zUdro'pi zIlasaMpanno guNavAn brAhmaNo bhvet| brAhamaNo'pi kriyAhInaH zUdrApatyasamo bhvet|| ata: sarvajAtiSu cANDAlAH sarvajAtiSu brAhmaNAH / brAhmaNeSvapi cANDAlAH cANDAleSvapi brAhmaNAH / / kRSi-vANijya-gorakSAM rAjasevAmakiMcanAH / ye ca viprAH prakurvanti na te kaunteya ! brAhmaNAH / / 3 / / hiMsako'nRtavAdI ca cauryayAbhiratazca yaH / paradAropasevI ca sarve te patitA dvijAH / / brahmacaryatapoyuktAH samAnaloSTakAMcanAH / sarvabhUtadayAvanto brAhmaNAH srvjaatissu|| kSAntyAdikaguNairyukto vyastadaNDo nirAmiSaH / na hanti sarvabhUtAni prathamaM brahmalakSaNam / / sadA sarvAnRtaM tyaktvA mithyAvAdAd vircyte| nAntaM ca vaded vAkyaM dvitIyaM brhmlkssnnm|| sadA sarva paradravyaM bahirvA yadi vA gRhe| adattaM naiva gRNhAti tRtIyaM brahmalakSaNam / / devAsuramanuSyeSu tiryagyonigateSu ca / na sevate maithunaM yazcaturthaM brhmlkssnnm|| tyaktvA kuTumbavAsaM tu nirmamo niH parigrahaH / yuktazcarati niHsaGgaH paMcamaM brahmalakSaNam / / paMcalakSaNasaMpUrNa Izo yo bhaved dvijaH / mahAntaM brAhmaNaM manye zeSAH zUdrA yudhiSThira! / / kaivartIgarbhasambhUto vyAso nAma mahAmuniH / tapasA brAhmaNo jAtastasmAjjAtirakAraNam / / hariNIgarbhasambhUto RSizrRMgo mahAmuniH / tp|| zunakIgarbhasambhUtaH zuko nAma munistthaa| tp|| maNDUkIgarbhasambhUto mANDavyazca mahAmuniH |tp|| urvazIgarbhasambhUto vaziSThastu mahAmuniH / tp|| na teSAM brAhamaNI mAtA saMskArazca na vidyte| tp|| yadatkASThamayo hastI yadazcarmamayo mRgaH / brAhmaNastu kiyAhInastrayaste nAmadhArakAH / /

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 8. kumArapAlacaritrasaMgraha ke arntagata kumArapAla prabodha prabandha, pR. 606, zloka jinavijayamuni, prakAzaka siMdhI jaina zAstra zikSApITha, 119-136, saMpAdaka bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI, vikrama saMvat 2013 kammuNA bambhaNo hoI kammuNA hoi khattio / vaisse kammuNAhoi suddo havai kammuNA / / uttarAdhyayana sUtra 25 9. manuSyajAtirekaiva jAtinAmodayodbhavA / 11 158 vRttibhedaahitbhedaaccaaturvidhymihaashnute|| 38-45 / / brAhmaNA vratasaMskArAt kSatriyAH zastradhAraNAt / / vaNijo'rthArjanAnnayAyAta zUdrA nyagvRttisaMzrayAt / / 38-46 / / guroranujJayA labdhadhanadhAnyAdisampadaH / pRthakkRtAlayasyAsya vRttirvarNAptiripyate / / 38-137 / / sRSTyantaramato dUraM apAsya nayatattvavit / anAdikSatriyaiH sRSTAM dharmasRSTi prabhAvayet / / 40-189 / / tIrthakRdibhriyaM sRSTA dharmasRSTiH sanAtanI / tAM saMzritAnnRpAneva sRSTihetUn prakAzayet / / 40-190 / / - mahApurANa, jinasena 38/45-46, 137 10. bhagavadgItA, DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana, pR. 353 11. cAturvarNyaM mayA sRSTaM guNakarmavibhAgazaH / - gItA, 4 / 13 12. bhagavadgItA - rAdhAkRSNana, pR. 163 13. rAjan kulena vRttena svAdhyAyena zrutena vA / ---- brAhmaNyaM kena bhavati prabrUhyetat sunizcitam / / 3/3/107 / / zrRNu yakSa kulaM tAt na svAdhyAyo na ca zrutam / kAraNaM hi dvijatve ca vRttameva na saMzayaH / / mahAbhArata, vanaparva 313/107, 108 gItA presa, gorakhapura 14. dekheM chAndogyopaniSad (gItA presa, gorakhapura ) 4/4 15. zUdro brAhmaNatAmeti brAhmaNazcaiti shuudrtaam| kSatriyAjjAtamevaM tu vidyAdvaizyAttathaiva ca / / - manusmRti 10/65, saM. satyabhUSaNa yogI, 1966 16. samyagdarzanasampannamapi mAtaGgadehajam / devA devaM vidurbhasmagUDhAgarAntaraujasama / / * ratnakaraNDakazrAvakAcAra, 28

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159 jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA 17. na jAtigarhitA kAcit guNAH kalyANakAraNam / vratasthamapi cANDAlaM taM devA brAhmaNaM viduH / / - padmacarita parva, 11/203 18. nirganthapravacanabhASya -- muni zrI cauthamala jI, pR. 289 19. sakkhaM khu dIsai tavo viseso, na dIsaI jAi visesa koi| sovAgaputte hariesa sAhU, jasse idiDa mhaannubhaagaa|| - uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 12/ 20. jahA puNNasa katthati tahA tucchassa ktthti| jahA tucchassa katthati tahA puNNassa ktthti| - AcArAMga -- saM. madhukara muni, 1/2/6/102 21a. ekkA maNussajAI rajjuppattIi do kayA usme| tiNNeva sippavaNie sAvagadhammammi cttaari|| saMjoge solasagaM satta ya vaNNA u nava ya aMtariNo ee dovi vigappA ThavaNA baMbhassa NAyavvA / / pagaI caukkagANaMtare ya te huMti satta vaNNA u| ANaMtaresu caramo vaNNo khalu hoi nnaayvco|| aMbaThugganisAyA ya ajogavaM mAgahA ya sUyA y| khattA( ya) videhAviya caMDAlA navamagA huNti|| egaMtarie iNamo aMbaTTho ceva hoi uggo y| biiyaMtaria nisAo parAsaraM taM ca puNa vege|| paDilome suddAI ajogavaM mAgaho ya sUo a| egaMtarie khattA vedehA ceva nAyavvA / / bitiyaMtare niyamA caNDAlo so'vi hoi nnaayvvo| aNulome paDilome evaM ee bhave bheyaa|| uggeNaM khattAe sovAgo veNavo videheNaM / aMbaTThIe suddIya bukkaso jo nisAeNaM / / sUeNa nisAIe kukkarao sovi hoi nnaayvvo| eso bIo bheo cauvviho hoi nnaayvvo|| - AcArAMganiyukti, 19-27 21ba. 'egA maNussajAI gAhA (19-8) ettha usabhasAmissa puvvabhavajammaNaahiserAcakkavaTTirAyAbhisegAti, tattha je rAyaassitA te ya khattiyA jAyA aNassitA gihavaiNo jAyA, jayA aggI uppaNNo tato ya bhagava'ssitA sippiyA vANiyagA jAyA, tehiM tehiM sippavANijjehiM vitti visaMtItI vaissA uppannA, bhagavae pavvaie bharahe abhisitte sAvagadhamme uppaNNe baMbhaNA jAyA, aNassitA baMbhaNA jAyA mAhaNatti, ujjugasabhAvA dhammapiyA jaM ca kiMci haNaMtaM picchaMti taM nivAraMti mA haNa bho mA

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 160 haNa, evaM te jaNeNaM sukammanivattitasannA baMbhaNA( mAhaNA) jAyA, je puNa aNassiyA asippiNo te vayakha(ka) lAsuibahikaA tesu tesu paoyaNesu soyamANA hiMsAcoriyAdisu sajjamANA sogadrohaNasIlA suddA saMvuttA, evaM tAvaM cattArivi vaNNA ThAvitA, sesAo saMjoeNaM, tattha 'saMjoe solasayaM' gAhA (20-8) etesiM ceva ca uNhaM vaNNANaM puvvANupuvIe aNaMtarasaMjoeNaM aNNe tiNNi vaNNA bhavaMti, tatya 'phyatI caukkayANaMtare gAhA (21-8) pagatI NAma baMbhakhattiyavaisasuddA cauro vnnnnaa| idANiM aMtareNa-baMbhaNeNaM khattiyANIe jAo so uttamakhattio vA suddhakhattio vA ahavA saMkarakhattio paMcamo vaNNo, jo puNa khattieNaM vaissIe jAo eso uttamavaisso vA suddhavaisso vA saMkaravaisso vA chaTTho vaNNo, jo vaisseNa suddIe jAto so uttamasuddo vA (suddhasuddo) vA saMkarasuddo vA sattamo vnnnno| idANiM vaNNeNaM vaNNehiM vA aMtarito aNulomao paDilomato. ya aMtarA satta vaNNaMtarayA bhavaMti, je aMtariyA te egaMtariyA duaMtariyA bhvNti| cattAri gAhAo paDhiyavvAo (22, 23,24,25-8) tattha tAva baMbhaNeNaM vaissIe jAo aMbaTThotti vuccai eso aTThamo vaNNo, khattieNaM suddIe jAto uggotti vuccai eso navamo vaNNo, baMbhaNeNa suddIe nisAtotti vuccai, kittipArAsavotti, tiNNi gayA, dasamo vnnnno| idANiM paDilomA bhaNNaMti-sudeNa vaissIe jAo augavutti bhaNNai, ekkArasamo vaNNo, vaisseNaM khattiyANIe jAo mAgahotti bhaNNai, duvAlasamo, khattieNaM baMbhaNIe jAo sUotti bhaNNati, teraso vaNNo sudeNa khattiyANIe jAo khattiotti bhaNNai, coddasamo, vaisseNa baMbhaNIe jAo vaidehotti bhaNNati, pannarasamo vaNNo, sudeNa baMbhaNIe jAo caMDAletti pavuccai, solasamo vaNNo, etavUtirittAjete bijAte te vuccaMti -- uggeNa khattiyANie sovAgetti vuccai, vaideheNaM khattIe jAo veNavutti vuccai, nisAeNaM aMbaTIe jAo bokkasotti vuccai, nisAraNa suddIe jAto sovi bokkaso, sudeNa nisAdIe kukkuDao, evaM scchNdmtivigppitN| kSatriyAH zastrajIvitvaM anubhUya tadAbhavan / vaizyAzca kRSivANijyapazupAlyopajIvitAH / / teSAM zuzrUSaNAcchUdrAste diyA kArvakAravaH / kAravo rajakAdyAH syustato'nye sthurakAravaH / / kAravo'pi matA yA spRzyAspRzyavikalpataH / tatrAspRzyAH prajAbAsyAH spRzyAH syu katakAdayaH / / - Adi purANa 16/184-186 23. tato No kappaMti pavvAvettae, taM.-paMDae vItte ( cAhiye) kIve ? 24. yadAha-- "ubAle buThe napuMse ya, jaDDe kIve ya vaahie| teNe rAyAvagArIya, ummatte ya aNdsnne|| 1 / / dAse duryo(ya), aNatta juMgie iy| obaddhae ya bhayae, sehanippheDiyA iy|| 2 / / 22

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161 jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA 25. sthAnAMgasUtram, abhayadevasUrivRtti, (prakAzaka-- seTha mANekalAla, cunnIlAla, ahamadAbAda, vikrama saMvat 1994) sUtra 3/202, vRtti, pR. 154 se asaiM uccAgoe asaI nniiyaagoe| No hINe No airite No piihe|| itisaMkhAya ke gothAvAdI, ke mANAvAdI kaMsi vA ege gijjhe? tamhApaMDie No harise No kujjhe - AcArAMga, (saM.madhukaramuni)1/2/3/75 26. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga-2, saMgrahakartA-vijayamUrti, lekha kramAMka 8,31,41,54,62, 67, 69 26a. AvazyakacUrNi, jinadAsagaNi, RSabhadeva ke sarImala saMsthA, ratalAma, bhAga 1, pR. 554 ba. bhaktaparijJA, 128 sa. titthogAlia, 777 27. AcArAMga, saM. madhukaramuni, 1/2/6/102 26a) sthAnAMga, saM. kanhaiyAlAlajI kamala, 3/202 (ba) sthAnAMga, abhayadevavRtti, pR. 154-155

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jaina AgamoM meM mUlyAtmaka zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha - pro. sAgaramala jaina vartamAna yuga jJAna-vijJAna kA yuga hai| mAtra bIsavIM sadI meM jJAna-vijJAna ke kSetra meM jitanA vikAsa huA hai, utanA vikAsa mAnavajAti ke astitva kI sahasroM zatAbdiyoM meM nahIM huA thA / Aja jJAna-vijJAna kI zikSA evaM zodhakArya meM saMlagna sahasroM vizvavidyAlaya, mahAvidyAlaya aura zodha-kendra haiM / yaha satya hai ki Aja manuSya ne bhautika jagata ke sambandha meM sUkSmatama jJAna prApta kara liyA hai| Aja usane paramANu ko vikhaNDita kara usameM nihita aparimita zakti ko pahacAna liyA hai, kintu yaha durbhAgya hI hai ki zikSA evaM zodha ke ina vividha upakramoM ke mAdhyama se hama eka sabhya, susaMskRta evaM zAntipriya mAnava samAja kI racanA nahIM kara sake / vastutaH Aja kI zikSA hameM bAhya jagata aura dUsaroM ke sambandha meM bahuta kucha jAnakArI pradAna kara detI hai, kintu una ucca jIvana mUlyoM ke sambandha meM vaha mauna hI hai, jo eka susabhya samAja ke liye Avazyaka hai| Aja zikSA ke mAdhyama se hama vidyArthiyoM ko sUcanAoM se to bhara dete haiM, kintu unheM jIvana ke uddezyoM aura jIvana mUlyoM ke sandarbha meM hama koI jAnakArI nahIM dete haiM / Aja samAja meM jo svArthaparatAjanya saMgharSa aura hiMsA panapa rahI hai, usakA kAraNa zikSA kI yahI galata dizA hI hai| hama zikSA ke mAdhyama se vyakti ko sUcanAoM se bhara dete haiM, kintu usake vyaktitva kA nirmANa nahIM karate haiN| vastutaH Aja zikSA kA uddezya hI upekSita hai| Aja zikSaka aura zikSArthI, zAsaka aura samAja koI bhI yaha nahIM jAnatA ki hama kyoM par3ha rahe haiM aura kyoM par3hA rahe haiM ? yadi vaha jAnatA bhI hai to yA to vaha udAsIna hai yA phira apane ko akarmaNyatA kI sthiti meM pAtA hai / Aja zikSA ke kSetra meM sarvatra ArAjakatA hai / isa arAjakatA yA dizAhInatA kI sthiti ke sambandha meM bhI jo kucha cintana huA hai, usameM zikSA ko AjIvikA se jor3ane ke atirikta kucha nahIM huaa| vartamAna meM rojagAronmukha zikSA kI bAta adhika jora se kahI jAtI hai| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki zikSA ke rojagAronmukha na hone se hI Aja samAja meM azAnti hai, kintu merI dRSTi meM vartamAna sAmAjika saMgharSa aura tanAva kA kAraNa vyakti kA jIvana ke uddezyoM yA mUlyoM ke sambandha meM ajJAna yA galata dRSTikoNa hI hai| svArthaparaka bhautikavAdI jIvana dRSTi hI samasta mAnavIya duHkhoM kA mUla hai| sabase pahale hameM yaha nizcaya karanA hogA ki hamArI zikSA kA prayojana kyA hai ? yadi yaha kahA jAya ki zikSA kA prayojana rojI-roTI kamAne yA mAtra udarapUrti ke yogya banA denA hai, to yaha eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hogii| kyoMki rojI-roTI kI vyavasthA to azikSita bhI kara letA hai|

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163 jaina AgamoM meM zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha pazu-pakSI bhI to apanA peTa bharate hI haiN| ataH zikSA ko rojI-roTI se jor3anA galata hai| yaha satya hai ki binA roTI ke manuSya kA kAma nahIM cala sktaa| daihika jIvana mUlyoM meM udarapUrti vyakti kI prAthamika AvazyakatA hai, isase iMkAra bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai kintu ise hI zikSA kA "atha aura iti" nahIM banAyA jA sakatA, kyoMki yaha kArya zikSA ke abhAva meM bhI sambhava hai| yadi udarapUrti/AjIvikA arjana hI jIvana kA eka mAtra lakSya ho to phira manuSya pazu se bhinna nahIM hogaa| kahA bhI hai -- "AhAra nidrA bhaya maithunaM ca sAmAnyametada pazubhiH nraannaam| jJAno hi teSAmadhiko vizeSo jJAnenahInA nara pazubhiH smaanaa|" punaH yadi yaha kahA jAya ki zikSA kA uddezya manuSya ko adhika sukha-suvidhA pUrNa jIvana-jIne yogya banAnA hai, to use bhI hama zikSA kA uddezya nahIM kaha skte| kyoMki manuSya ke duHkha aura pIDAe~ bhautika yA daihika stara kI hI nahIM haiM, ve mAnasika stara kI bhI haiN| satya to yaha hai ki svArthaparatA, bhogAkAMkSA aura tRSNAjanya mAnasika pIDAe~ hI adhika kaSTakara haiM, ve hI mAnavajAti meM bhaya evaM saMtrAsa kA kAraNa hai| yadi bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kA ambAra lagA dene meM hI sukha hotA to Aja amerikA (U.S.A. ) jaise vikasita dezoM kA vyakti adhika sukhI hotA, kintu hama dekhate haiM vaha saMtrAsa aura tanAva se adhika grasta hai| yaha satya hai ki manuSya ke liye roTI Avazyaka hai, lekina vahI usake jIvana kI iti nahIM hai| IsAmasIha ne ThIka hI kahA thA ki manuSya kevala roTI se nahIM jI sakatA hai| hama manuSya ko bhautika sukhoM kA ambAra khar3A karake bhI sukhI nahIM banA skte| saccI zikSA vahI hai jo manuSya ko mAnasika saMtrAsa aura tanAva se mukta kara ske| usameM sahiSNutA, samatA, anAsakti, kartavyaparAyaNatA ke guNoM ko vikasita kara, usakI svArthaparatA para aMkuza lagA ske| jo zikSA manuSya meM mAnavIya mUlyoM kA vikAsa na kara sake use kyA zikSA kahA jA sakatA hai ? yaha hamArA durbhAgya hI hai ki Aja zikSA kA sambandha "cAritra" se nahIM "roTI" se jor3A jA rahA hai| Aja zikSA kI sArthakatA ko caritra nirmANa meM nahIM, cAlAkI ( DiplomesI) meM khojA jA rahA hai| zAsana bhI isa mithyA dhAraNA se grasta hai| naitika zikSA yA caritra kI zikSA meM zAsana ko dharma kI "bU" AtI hai, use apanI dharmanirapekSatA dUSita hotI dikhAI detI hai, kintu kyA dharma nirapekSatA kA artha dharmahInatA yA nItihInatA hai ? maiM samajhatA hU~ dharma nirapekSatA kA matalaba kevala itanA hI hai ki zAsana kisI dharma vizeSa ke sAtha Abaddha nahIM rhegaa| Aja huA yaha hai ki dharma nirapekSatA ke nAma para isa deza meM zikSA ke kSetra se nIti aura caritra kI zikSA ko bhI bahiSkRta kara diyA gayA hai| cAhe hama apane monogrAmoM meM "sA vidyA yA vimuktaye" kI sUktiyA~ uddhRta karate hoM, kintu hamArI zikSA kA usase dUra kA bhI koI riztA nahIM raha gayA hai| Aja kI zikSA yojanA meM AdhyAtmika evaM naitika mUlyoM kI zikSA kA koI sthAna nahIM hai, jabaki ucca zikSA evaM mAdhyamika zikSA ke sambandha meM abhI taka biThAye gaye tInoM AyogoM ne apanI anuzaMsAoM meM AdhyAtmika evaM naitika mUlyoM kI zikSA kI mahatI AvazyakatA pratipAdita kI hai| Aja kA zikSaka aura zikSArthI donoM hI artha ke dAsa haiN| eka ora zikSaka isaliye nahIM par3hAtA hai ki

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 164 use vidyArthI ke caritra nirmANa yA vikAsa meM koI ruci hai, usakI dRSTi kevala vetana divasa para TikI hai| vaha par3hAne ke liye nahIM par3hAtA, apitu paise ke liye par3hAtA hai| dUsarI ora zAsana, seTha aura vidyArthI use guru nahIM "naukara" samajhate haiN| jaba guru naukara hai to phira saMskAra evaM caritra nirmANa kI apekSA karanA hI vyartha hai| Aja to guru ziSya ke bIca bhAva-mola hotA hai, saudA hotA hai| cAhe hamAre prAcIna granthoM meM "vidyAyA'mRtamaznute" kI bAta kahI gaI ho, kintu Aja to vidyA arthakarI ho gayI hai| zikSA ke mUla-bhUta uddezya ko hI hama bhUla rahe haiN| vartamAna sandarbha meM phirAka kA yaha kathana kitanA saTIka hai, jaba ve kahate haiM -- sabhI kucha ho rahA hai, isa tarakkI ke jamAne meM, magara kyA gajaba hai ki, AdamI inasAM nahIM hotaa| Aja kI zikSA cAhe vidyArthI ko vakIla, DAkTara, iMjIniyara Adi sabhI kucha banA rahI hai, kintu yaha nizcita hai ki vaha insAna nahIM banA pA rahI hai| jaba taka zikSA ko caritra nirmANa ke sAtha, naitika evaM AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ke sAtha nahIM jor3A jAtA hai taba taka vaha manuSya kA nirmANa nahIM kara skegii| hamArA prAthamika dAyitva manuSya ko manuSya banAnA hai| bAlaka ko mAnavatA ke saMskAra denA hai| amerikA ke prabuddha vicAraka TaphTsa zikSA ke uddezya, paddhati aura svarUpa ko spaSTa karate huye likhate haiM -- "zikSA caritra nirmANa ke liye, caritra ke dvArA, caritra kI zikSA hai|" isa prakAra unakI dRSTi meM zikSA kA atha aura iti donoM hI bAlakoM meM caritra nirmANa evaM susaMskAroM kA vapana hai| bhArata kI svatantratA ke pazcAt zikSA ke svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa karane hetu suprasiddha dArzanika DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana, suprasiddha vaijJAnika DaoN. daulatasiMha koThArI aura zikSA zAstrI DaoN, mudAliyara kI adhyakSatAoM meM jo vibhinna Ayoga gaThita huye the una sabakA niSkarSa yahI thA ki zikSA ko mAnavIya mUlyoM se jor3A jAya / jaba taka zikSA mAnavIya mUlyoM se nahIM jur3egI, usameM caritranirmANa aura susaMskAroM ke vapana kA prayAsa nahIM hogA, taba taka vidyAlayoM evaM mahAvidyAlayoM rupI zikSA ke ina kArakhAnoM se sAkSara nahIM rAkSasa hI paidA hoNge| bhAratIya cintana prAcInakAla se hI isa sambandha meM sajaga rhaa| aupaniSadika yuga meM hI zikSA ke uddezya ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA thA -- "yA vidyA sA vimuktaye" arthAt vidyA vahI jo vimukti pradAna kreN| prazna ho sakatA hai ki yahA~ vimukti se hamArA kyA tAtparya hai ? vimukti kA tAtparya mAnavIya saMtrAsa aura tanAvoM se mukti hai, apanatva aura mamatva ke zudra gheroM se vimukti hai| mukti kA tAtparya hai -- ahaMkAra, Asakti, rAga-dveSa aura tRSNA se mukti| yahI bAta jaina Agama isibhAsiyAiM (RSibhAsita ) meM kahI gaI hai-- imA vijjA mahAvijjA, savvavijjANa uttmaa| jaM vijjaM sAhaittANAM, savvadukkhANa mucctii|| jeNa bandhaM ca mokkhaM ca, jIvANaM gtiraagti| AyAbhAvaM ca jANAti, sA vijjayA dukkhmoynnii|| - itibhAsiyAI, 17/1-2

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165 jaina AgamoM meM zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha vahI vidyA mahAvidyA hai aura vahI vidyA samasta vidyAoM meM uttama hai, jisakI sAdhanA karane se samasta duHkhoM se mukti milatI hai| vidyA duHkha mocanI hai| jaina AcAryoM ne usI vidyA ko uttama mAnA hai jisake dvArA duHkhoM se mukti ho aura AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa kA sAkSAtkAra ho| aba prazna yaha upasthita hai ki duHkha kyA hai aura kisa duHkha se mukta honA hai ? yaha satya hai ki duHkha se hamArA tAtparya daihika duHkhoM se bhI hotA hai, kintu ye daihika duHkha prathama to kabhI bhI pUrNatayA samApta nahIM hote, kyoMki unakA kendra hamArI cetanA na hokara hamArA zarIra hotA hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra tIrthaMkara apanI vItarAga dazA meM bhI daihika duHkhoM se pUrNataH mukta nahIM ho sktaa| jaba taka deha hai kSudhA, pipAsA Adi duHkha to raheMge hii| ataH jina duHkha se vimukti prApta karanI hai, ve daihika nahIM mAnasika hai| vyakti kI rAgAtmakatA, Asakti yA tRSNA hI eka aisA tattva hai, jisakI upasthiti meM manuSya duHkhoM se mukti prApta nahIM kara pAtA hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM zikSA kA prayojana mAtra rojI-roTI prApta kara lenA nahIM rahA hai| jo zikSA vyakti meM AdhyAtmika Ananda yA AtmatoSa nahIM de sakatI, vaha zikSA vyartha hai| AtmatoSa hI zikSA kA samyak prayojana hai| zikSA-paddhati spaSTa karate hue "isibhAsiyAI" meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra eka yogya cikitsaka sarvaprathama roga ko jAnatA hai phira usa roga ke kAraNoM kA nizcaya karatA hai, phira roga kI auSadhi kA nirNaya karatA hai aura phira usa auSadhi dvArA roga kI cikitsA karatA hai| usI prakAra hameM sarvaprathama manuSyoM ke duHkha ke svarUpa ko samajhanA hotA hai, tatpazcAt duHkha ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa karake phira una kAraNoM ke nirAkaraNa kA upAya khojanA hotA hai aura anta meM ina upAyoM dvarA una kAraNoM kA nirAkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| yahI bAte jainadharma meM zikSA ke prayojana evaM paddhati ko spaSTa karatI hai| samyak zikSA vahI hai jo mAnavIya duHkhoM ke svarUpa ko samajheM, unake kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kareM phira unake nirAkaraNa ke upAya khojeM aura una upAyoM kA prayoga karake duHkhoM se mukta hoN| vastutaH Aja kI hamArI jo zikSA nIti hai, usameM hama isa paddhati ko nahIM apnaate| zikSA se hamArA tAtparya mAtra bAlaka ke mastiSka ko sUcanAoM se bhara denA hai| jaba taka usake sAmane jIvana-mUlyoM spaSTa nahIM karate, taba taka hama zikSA ke prayojana ko na to samyak prakAra se samajha hI pAte haiM na manuSya ke duHkhoM kA nirAkaraNa hI kara pAte haiN| jaina AgamoM meM RSibhASita evaM AcArAMga se lekara prakIrNakoM taka meM zikSA ke uddezya kI vibhinna dRSTiyoM se vivecanA kI gayI hai| yadi usa samagra vivecanA ko eka hI vAkya meM kahanA ho to jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM zikSA kA prayojana cittavRttiyoM evaM AcAra kI vizuddhi hai| cittavRttiyoM kA darzana jJAna-yAtrA prArambha hai| AcArAMga meM maiM kauna hU~ ? ise hI sAdhanA-yAtrA kA prArambha bindu kahA gayA hai| AcArAMga hI nahIM sampUrNa bhAratIya sAhitya meM Atma jijJAsA se hI jJAna sAdhanA kA prArambha mAnA gayA hai| upaniSad kA RSi kahatA hai "AtmAnaM viddhi", AtmA ko jaano| buddha ne "attaanN| kahakara isI tathya kI puSTi kii| jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ AtmAjJAna kA tAtparya amUrta Atma tattva kI khoja nahIM, apitu apane hI citta kI vikRtiyoM aura vAsanAoM kA darzana hai| cittavRtti aura AcAra kI vizuddhi kI prakriyA taba hI prArambha ho :

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pro. sAgaramala jaina sakatI hai, jaba hama apane vikAroM aura vAsanAoM ko dekheM, kyoMki jaba taka citta meM vikAroM, vAsanAoM aura unake kAraNoM ke prati sajagatA nahIM AtI taba taka caritra zuddhi kI prakriyA prArambha hI nahIM ho sktii| AcArAMga meM hI kahA gayA hai ki jo mana kA jJAtA hotA hai, vahI nirgrantha (vikAra-mukta ) hai| 166 jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM usa zikSA yA jJAna kA koI artha nahIM hai jo cAritra zuddhi yA AcAra zuddhi kI dizA meM gatizIla na karatA ho| isIlie sUtrakRtAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki "vijjAcaraNa pamokkhaM" 6 arthAt vidyA aura AcaraNa se hI vimukti kI prApti hotI hai / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM zikSA ke prayojana ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki zruta kI arAdhanA se jIva ajJAna kA kSaya karatA hai aura saMkleza ko prApta nahIM hotA hai| ise aura spaSTa karate hue isI grantha meM puna: kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra dhAge se yukta suI gira jAne para bhI vinaSTa nahIM hotI hai arthAt khojI jA sakatI hai, usI prakAra zruta sampanna jIva saMsAra meM vinaSTa nahIM hotaa|" isI grantha meM anyatra yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jJAna, ajJAna aura moha kA vinAza karake sarva viSayoM ko prakAzita karatA hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki jJAna sAdhanA kA prayojana ajJAna ke sAtha-sAtha moha ko bhI samApta karanA hai| jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM ajJAna aura moha meM antara hai| moha anAtma viSayoM ke prati Atma buddhi hai, vaha rAga yA Asakti kA udbhAvaka hai usI se krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ina cAroM kaSAyoM kA janma hotA hai / ataH uttarAdhyayana ke anusAra jo vyakti kI krodha, mAna, mAyA Adi kI dUSita citta vRttiyoM para aMkuza lagAye, vahI saccI zikSA hai / 10 kevala vastuoM ke sandarbha meM jAnakArI prApta kara lenA zikSA kA prayojana nahIM hai| usakA prayojana to vyakti ko vAsanAoM aura vikAroM se mukta karAnA hai| zikSA vyaktitva yA caritra kA udAttIkaraNa hai| jaba taka zikSA ko kevala jAnakAriyoM taka sImita rakhA jAyegA taba taka vaha vyaktitva kI nirmAtA nahIM bana skegii| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM zikSA ke cAra uddezyoM ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki - 1. 2. 3. 4. mujhe zruta jJAna (Agama jJAna ) prApta hogA, isalie adhyayana karanA cAhie / maiM ekAgracitta hoU~gA, isalie adhyayana karanA cAhie / maiM apane Apa ko dharma meM sthApita karU~gA, isalie adhyayana karanA cAhiye / maiM svayaM dharma meM sthita hokara dUsaroM ko dharma meM sthita karU~gA, isalie adhyayana karanA cAhiye / 11 isa prakAra dazavaikAlika ke anusAra adhyayana kA prayojana jJAna prApti ke sAtha-sAtha citta kI ekAgratA tathA dharma (sadAcAra) meM svayaM sthita honA tathA dUsaroM ko sthita karanA mAnA gayA hai| jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM jo zikSA caritra zuddhi meM sahAyaka nahIM hotI, usakA koI artha nahIM hai| caMdravedhyaka nAmaka prakIrNaka meM jJAna aura sadAcAra meM tadAtmya sthApita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo vinaya hai, vahI jJAna hai aura jo jJAna hai use hI vinaya kahA jAtA hai / 12 zrutajJAna meM kuzala hetu aura kAraNa kA jAnakAra vyakti bhI yadi avinIta aura ahaMkArI hai to vaha jJAniyoM dvArA prazaMsanIya nahIM hai| 13 jo alpazruta hokara bhI vinIta hai vahI karma kA kSaya kara

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mukti prApta karatA hai, jo bahuzruta hokara bhI avinIta, alpazraddhA aura saMvega yukta hai vaha caritra kI ArAdhanA nahIM kara pAtA hai| 14 jisa prakAra andhe vyakti ke liye karor3oM dIpaka bhI nirarthaka haiM usI prakAra avinIta (asadAcArI ) vyakti ke bahuta adhika zAstrajJAna kA bhI kyA prayojana ? jo vyakti jinendra dvArA upadRSTa ati vistuta jJAna ko jAnane meM cAhe samartha nahI ho, phira bhI jo sadAcAra se sampanna hai vastutaH vaha dhanya hai, aura vahI jJAnI hai| 15 jaina AcArya yaha mAnate haiM ki jJAna AcaraNa kA hetu hai, mAtra vaha jJAna jo vyakti kI AcAra zuddhi kA kAraNa nahIM hotA, nirarthaka hI mAnA gayA hai| jisa prakAra zastra se rahita yoddhA aura yoddhA se rahita zastra nirarthaka hotA hai, usI prakAra jJAna se rahita AcaraNa aura AcaraNa se rahita jJAna nirarthaka hotA hai ! jainAgama uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM zikSA prApti meM bAdhaka nimna pA~ca kAraNoM kA ullekha huA haiM ( 1 ) abhimAna, ( 2 ) krodha, (3) pramAda, (4) Alasya aura ( 5 ) roga / 16 isake viparIta usameM una ATha kAraNoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai jinheM hama zikSA prApta karane ke sAdhaka tattva kaha sakate haiM ( 1 ) jo adhika ha~sI-majAka nahIM karatA ho, (2) jo apanI vAsanAoM para niyantraNa rakhatA ho, ( 3 ) jo kisI kI gupta bAta ko prakaTa nahIM karatA ho, ( 4 ) jo azIla arthAt AcArahIna na ho, ( 5 ) jo dUSita AcAra vAlA na ho, (6) jo rasa lolupa na ho, ( 7 ) jo krodha na karatA ho aura (8) jo satya meM anurakta ho / 17 isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki jainadharma meM zikSA kA sambandha cAritrika mUlyoM se rahA hai| -- 167 jaina AgamoM meM zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha ---- vastutaH jaina AcAryoM ko jJAna aura AcaraNa kA dvaita mAnya nahI hai ve kahate haiM jo jJAna hai, vahI AcaraNa hai, jo AcaraNa hai, vahIM Agama-jJAna kA sAra hai / 18 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM usa zikSA ko nirarthaka hI mAnA gayA hai jo vyakti ke cAritrika - vikAsa yA vyaktitva - vikAsa karane meM samartha nahIM hai| jo zikSA manuSya ko pAzavika vAsanAoM se Upara nahIM uThA sake, vaha vAstavika zikSA nahIM hai| 11 jaina AcArya zikSA kA artha vyakti ko jIvana aura jagata ke sambandha meM jAnakAriyoM se bhara denA nahIM mAnate haiM, apitu ve isakA uddezya vyakti ke vyaktittva kA vikAsa yA sadguNoM kA vikAsa mAnate haiM, kintu isakA tAtparya yaha bhI nahIM hai ki ve zikSA ko AjIvikA yA kalAtmaka kuzalatA se alaga kara dete haiN| rAyapasenIyasutta meM tIna prakAra ke AcAryoM kA ullekha hai 1. kalAcArya, 2. zilpAcArya evaM 3. dharmAcArya / 16 usameM ina tInoM AcAryoM ke prati ziSya ke karttavyoM kA bhI nirdeza hai| isase yaha phalita hai ki jaina cintakoM kI dRSTi meM zikSA vyavasthA tIna prakAra kI thI / kalAcArya kA kArya jIvanopayogI kalAoM arthAt jJAna-vijJAna aura lalita kalAoM kI zikSA denA thA / bhASA, lipi, gaNita ke sAtha-sAtha khagola, bhUgola, jyotiSa Ayurveda saMgIta nRtya Adi kI bhI zikSA kalAcArya dete the / vastutaH Aja hamAre vizvavidyAlayoM meM kalA, sAmAjika vijJAna evaM vijJAna saMkAya jo kArya karate haiM, unhIM se milatA-julatA kArya kalAcArya kA dhA / jainAgamoM meM puruSa kI 64 evaM strI kI 72 kalAoM kA nirdeza upalabdha hai20, isase hama anumAna lagA sakate haiM ki jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM --

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pro. sA.ramala jaina 168 zikSA jIvana ke sabhI pahaluoM kA sparza karatI hai| kalAcArya ke bAda dUsarA sthAna zilpAcArya kA thaa| zilpAcArya vastutaH vaha vyakti hotA thA jo AjIvikA arjana se sambandhita vividha prakAra ke zilpoM kI zikSA detA thaa| Aja jisa prakAra vibhinna audyogika prazikSaNa saMsthAyeM prazikSaNa pradAna karatI haiM, usa kAla meM yahI kArya zilpAcArya krte| inake Upara dharmAcArya kA sthAna thaa| inakA dAyitva vastutaH vyakti ke cAritrika guNoM kA vikAsa karanA thaa| ve zIla aura sadAcAra kI zikSA dete the| isa prakAra-prAcIna kAla meM zikSA ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA thA aura ina tInoM vibhAgoM kA dAyitva tat-tat viSayoM ke AcArya nirvAha karate the| jaina paramparA meM kalAcArya, zilpAcArya aura dharmAcArya ke jo nirdeza upalabdha hote haiM unase aisA lagatA hai ki bhAratIya cintana meM jo dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa cAra puruSArtha yA jIvana-mUlya mAne gaye haiM, unameM mokSa to sAdhya puruSArtha hai, ataH zeSa tIna puruSArthoM kI zikSA kI vyavasthA alaga-alaga tIna AcAryoM ke lie niyata kI gaI thii| zilpAcArya kA kArya artha puruSArtha kI zikSA denA thA, to kalAcArya kA kAma bhASA lipi aura gaNita kI zikSA ke sAtha-sAtha kAma puruSArtha kI zikSA denA thaa| dharmAcArya kA kArya mAtra dharma aura mokSa puruSArtha se hI sambandhita thA isa prakAra vividha jIvana mUlyoM kI zikSA ke lie vividha AcAryoM kI vyavasthA thii| cU~ki jainadharma mUlataH eka nivRtti mUlaka aura saMnyAsaparaka dharma thA isalie dharmAcArya kA kArya dharma aura mokSa kI puruSArtha kI zikSA dene taka hI sImita rakhA gayA thaa| isa prakAra jIvana ke vividha mUlyoM ke AdhAra para zikSA kI vyavasthA bhI alaga-alaga thii| Aja hama sampUrNa jIvana mUlyoM ke lie jo eka hI prakAra kI zikSA vyavasthA kI bAta karate haiM, vaha mUla meM bhrAMti hai, jahA~ zilpAcArya aura kalAcArya vRttimUlaka zikSA pradAna karate the vahA~ dharmAcArya nivRtti mUlaka zilA pradAna karate the| punaH yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki jo AcArya jisa prakAra kI jIvana zailI jItA hai| vaha vaisI hI zikSA pradAna kara sakatA hai| ataH dharmAcArya se artha aura kAma kI zikSA aura zilpAcArya evaM kalAcArya se dharma evaM mokSa puruSArtha kI zikSA kI apekSA karanA ucita nahIM hai| vartamAna sandarbha meM yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama zikSA ke vividha kSetroM kA dAyitva vividha AcAryoM ko sauMpe aura isa bAta kA vizeSa dhyAna rakheM ki jo vyakti jisa prakAra kI zikSA ke dene ke lie yogya ho, vahI usakA dAyitva smbhaaleN| jaba taka aisA nahIM hogA taba taka zikSA ke kSetra meM mAnava ke sarvAMgINa vikAsa kI kalpanA sArthaka nahIM hogii| "rAyapasenIyasutta" meM jo kalAcArya, zilpAcArya aura dharmAcArya kI vyavasthA dI gayI hai isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki zikSA ke ye tInoM kSetra mAnava jIvana ke tIna mUlyoM se sambandhita the tathA eka-dUsare se pRthak the aura sAmAnya vyakti tInoM hI prakAra kI zikSAyeM prApta karatA thaa| phira bhI prAcInakAla meM yaha zikSA paddhati vyakti ke liye bhAra svarUpa nahIM thii| jahA~ taka AdhyAtmika aura naitika zikSA kA prazna thA yaha dharmAcArya ke sAnnidhya meM upadezoM ke zravaNa ke mAdhyama se prApta kI jAtI thii| isake liye vyakti ko kucha vyaya nahIM karanA hotA hai| sAmAnyatayA zramaNa paramparA meM dharmAcArya bhikSAcaryA se hI apanI udarapUrti karate

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169 jaina AgamoM meM zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha the aura unake koI sthAyI Azrama Adi bhI nahIM hote the, ataH ve vyakti aura samAja para bhAra svarUpa nahIM hote the| isake viparIta vaidika paramparA meM dharmAcArya saparivAra apane AzramoM meM rahate the tathA dharmAcArya aura kalAcArya kA kArya eka hI vyakti karatA thA kucha kalAcArya sampanna vyaktiyoM yA rAjAoM yA sAmantoM ke ghara jAkara bhI zikSA pradAna karate the, phira bhI sAmAnyatayA, ve zikSA apane AzramoM meM hI pradAna karate the| Azrama paddhati kI vizeSatA yaha thI ki vidyArthI aura zikSaka apanI AjIvikA yA to apane zrama se upArjita karate athavA bhikSAcaryA ke mAdhyama se usakI pUrti krte| isalie usa yuga meM zikSA na to vyakti para bhAra svarUpa thI aura na rAjya pr| samRddha vyakti athavA rAjA samaya-samaya para dAnAdi dekara zikSakoM ko sammAnita avazya karate the| vidyArthI bhI apanI zikSApUrNa karane ke pazcAt jaba svayaM AjIvikA arjana karane lagatA, to vaha bhI guru-dakSiNA dekara apane guru ko sammAnita karatA thaa| phira bhI yaha samagra vyavasthA mUlataH aicchika thii| zilpAcArya AjIvikA arjana se sambandhita vibhinna zilpoM kI zikSA dete the| vidyArthI zilpAcArya ke sAnnidhya meM rahakara hI zilpa sikhate the| isameM zikSaNa aura AjIvikA arjana kI prakriyA sAtha-sAtha hI calatI thii| sAmAnyatayA yaha zikSA pitA-putra kI paramparA se calatI thii| kintu kabhI-kabhI vyakti dUsaroM ke sAnnidhya meM bhI aisI zikSA prApta karatA thaa| "rAyapasenIya" ye spaSTa rUpa meM yaha ullikhita hai ki kisa prakAra ke zikSaka ko kisa prakAra se sammAnita karanA caahie|21 zilpAcArya aura kalAcArya ke sammAna kI paddhati dharmAcArya ke sammAna kI paddhati se bhinna thii| kalAcArya aura zilpAcArya kI ziSyagaNa telamAliza, snAna Adi ke dvArA na kevala zArIrika sevA karate the, apitu unheM vastra, AbhUSaNa Adi se alaMkRta kara sarasa bhojana karavAte the tathA unakI AjIvikA evaM unake putrAdi ke bharaNa-poSaNa kI yogya vyavasthA bhI karate the| dUsarI ora dharmAcArya ko vandana namaskAra karanA, usake upadezoM ko zraddhApUrvaka sunanA, bhikSArtha Ane para AhArAdi se usakA sammAna karanA -- yahI zikSArthI kA kartavya mAnA gayA thaa|22 jJAtavya hai ki jahA~ zilpAcArya aura kalAcArya apane ziSyoM se bhUmi, mudrA Adi ke dAna kI apekSA karate the, vahA~ dharmAcArya aparigrahI hone ke kAraNa apane prati zraddhAbhAva ko chor3akara anya koI apekSA nahIM rakhate the| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki zilpAcArya aura kalAcArya sAmAnyatayA gRhastha hote the aura isalie unheM apane pArivArika dAyitvoM ko sampanna karane ke lie ziSyoM se mudrA Adi kI apekSA hotI, kintu dharmAcArya kI sthiti isase bhinna thI, ve sAmAnya rUpa se saMnyAsI aura paparigrahI hote the, ataH unakI koI apekSA nahI hotI thii| vastutaH naitikatA aura sadAcAra kI zikSA dene kA adhikArI vahI vyakti ho sakatA thA jo svayaM apane jIvana meM naitikatA kA AcaraNa karatA ho aura yahI kAraNa thA ki usake upadezoM evaM AdezoM kA prabhAva hotA thaa| Aja hama naitika evaM AdhyAtmika zikSA dene kA prathama to koI prayatna hI nahIM karate dUsare usakI apekSA hama una zikSakoM se karate haiM jo svayaM usa prakAra kA jIvana nahIM jI rahe hote haiM, phalataH unakI zikSA ko koI prabhAva bhI nahIM hotaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja vidyArthiyoM meM caritra niSThA kA abhAva pAyA jAtA hai kyoMki yadi zikSaka svayaM caritravAna nahIM hogA to vaha apane vidyArthiyoM ko vaisI zikSA nahIM de pAyegA, kama se kama dharmAcArya ke sandarbha meM to yaha bAta

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170 jaina AgamoM meM zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha Avazyaka hai| jaba taka usake jIvana meM cAritrika aura naitika mUlya sAkAra nahIM hoMge, vaha apane ziSyoM para unakA prabhAva DAlane meM samartha nahIM hogaa| candravedhyaka prakIrNaka kahatA hai ki samyak zikSA ke pradAtA AcArya nizcaya hI sulabha nahIM hote| jaina AgamoM meM isa prazna para bhI gambhIratA se vicAra kiyA gayA hai ki zikSA prApta karane kA adhikArI kauna hai ? candravedhyaka prakIrNaka meM una vyaktiyoM ko zikSA ke ayogya mAnA gayA hai, jo avinIta hoM, jo AcArya kA aura vidyA kA tiraskAra karate hoM, mithyA dRSTikoNa se yukta hoM tathA mAtra sAMsArika bhogoM ke lie vidyA prApta karane kI AkAMkSA rakhate hoN|24 isI prakAra yogya AcArya kauna ho sakatA hai isakI carcA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo deza aura kAla kA jJAtA, avasara ko samajhane vAlA abhrAnta, dhairyavAna, anuvartaka aura abhAyAvI hotA hai, sAtha hI laukika, AdhyAtmika aura vaidika zAstroM kA jJAtA hotA hai vahI zikSA dene kA adhikArI hai| isa grantha meM AcArya kI upamA dIpaka se dI gayI hai| dIpaka ke samAna AcArya svayaM bhI prakAzita hote haiM aura dUsaroM ko bhI prakAzita karate haiN|26 / / zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAoM meM AcArya ke guNoM kI saMkhyA 36 svIkAra kI gayI haiM kintu ye 36 guNa kauna-kauna haiM isa sambandha meM vibhinna granthakAroM ke vibhinna dRSTikoNa haiN| bhagavatIArAdhanA meM AcAratva Adi 8 guNoM ke sAtha-sAtha, 10 sthita kalpa, 12 tapa aura 6 Avazyaka, aise 36 guNa mAne gaye haiN|27 isI ke TIkAkAra aparAjitasUri ne 8 jJAnAcAra, 8 darzanAcAra, 12 tapa, 5 samiti aura 3 gupti -- ye 36 guNa mAne haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAMga meM AcArya ko ATha prakAra kI nimna gaNi sampadAoM se yukta batalAyA gayA hai -- 1. AcAra sampadA, 2. zruta sampadA, 3. zarIra sampadA, 4. vacana sampadA, 5. vAcanA sampadA, 6. matisampadA, 7. prayoga sampadA (vAdakauzala) aura 8. saMgraha parijJA (saMgha vyavasthA meM nipunntaa)|26 pravacanasAroddhAra meM AcArya ke 36 guNoM kA tIna prakAra se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama uparokta 8 gaNi-sampadA ke dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI apekSA se 32 bheda hote haiM, inameM AcArya, zruta, vikSepaNA aura nirghATana -- ye vinaya meM cAra bheda sammalita karane para kula 36 bheda hote haiN| prakArAntara se jJAnAcAra, darzanAcAra Ara caritrAcAra ke ATha-ATha bheda karane para 24 bheda hote haiM, inameM 12 prakAra kA tapa milAne para 36 bheda hote haiN| kahIM-kahIM ATha gaNi sampadA, 10 sthitikalpa, 12 tapha aura 6 Avazyaka milAkara AcArya meM 36 guNa mAne gaye haiM pravacanasAroddhAra ke TIkAkAra ne AcArya ke nimna 36 guNoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai -- 1. dezayuta, 2. kulayuta, 3. jAtiyuta, 4. rUpayuta, 5. saMhananayuta, 6. ghRtiyuta, 7. anAzaMsI, 8. avikatthana, 9. ayAcI, 10. sthira paripATI, 11. gRhItavAkya, 12. jitaparSata, 13. jitanidrA, 14. madhyastha, 15. dezajJa, 16. kAlajJa, 17. bhAvajJa, 18. Asannalabdhapratima, 19. nAnAvidha deza bhASajJa, 20. jJAnAcAra, 21. darzanAcAra, 22. cAritrAcAra, 23. tapAcAra, 24. vIryAcAra, 25. sUtrapAta, 26. AharalanipuNa, 27. hetunipuNa, 28. upanayanipuNa, 29. nayanipuNa, 30. grAhaNAkuzala, 31. svasamayajJa, 32. parasamayajJa, 33. gambhIra, 34. dIptImAna, 35. kalyANa karane vAlA aura 36. saumya / 20

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171 jaina AgamoM meM zikSA aura vartamAna sandarbha ina guNoM kI carcA se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina AgamoM meM AcArya kaisA honA cAhie isa prazna para gambhIratA pUrvaka vicAra kiyA gayA thA aura mAtra caritravAna evaM ucca mUlyoM ke prati niSThAvAna vyakti ko hI AcAryatva ke yogya pAnA gayA thaa| isase yaha phalita bhI hotA hai ki jo sAdhaka ahiMsAdi mahAvratoM kA svayaM pAlana karatA hai tathA AjIvikA arjana hetu mAtra bhikSA para nirbhara rahatA hai jo svArtha se pare hai vahI vyakti AdhyAtmika evaM naitika mUlyoM kA zikSaka hone kA adhikArI hai| vidyArthI kaisA honA cAhiye, isakI carcA karate hue uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo bhikSAjIvI, vinIta, sajjana vyaktiyoM ke guNoM ko jAnane vAlA, AcArya kI manobhAvoM ke anurUpa AcaraNa karane vAlA, sardI-garmI, bhUkha-pyAsa Adi ko sahana karane vAlA, lAbha-alAbha meM vicalita nahIM hone vAlA, sevA tathA svAdhyAya hetu tatpara, ahaMkAra rahita aura AcArya ke kaThora vacanoM ko sahana karane meM samartha ziSya hI zikSA kA adhikArI hai|31 granthakAra yaha bhI kahatA hai ki zAstroM meM ziSya kI jo parIkSA vidhi kahI gayI hai usake mAdhyama se ziSya kI parIkSA karake hI use mokSa mArga meM pravRtta karanA caahiye|32 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM ziSya ke AcAra vyavahAra ke sandarbha meM nirdeza karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo ziSya guru ke sAnnidhya meM rahatA hai, guru ke saMketa va mAnobhAvoM ko samajhatA hai vahI vinIta kahalAtA hai isake viparIta AcaraNa vAlA avinIta / yogya ziSya sadaiva guru ke nikaTa rahe unase artha pUrNa bAta sIkhe aura nirarthaka bAtoM ko cher3a de, guru dvArA anuzAsita hone para krodha na kare, zUdra vyaktiyoM ke saMsarga se dUra rahe, yadi koI galatI ho gayI ho to use chipAye nahIM apitu yarthAtha rUpa meM prakaTa kara de| binA pUche guru kI bAtoM meM bIca meM na bole, adhyayana kAla meM sadaiva adhyayana kre| AcArya ke samakSa barAbarI se na baiThe, na unake Age, na pIche saTakara baitthe| guru ke samIpa unase apane zarIra ko saTAkara bhI nahIM baiThe, baiThe-baiThe hI na to kucha pUche aura na uttara de| guru ke samIpa ukuDU Asana se baiThakara hAtha jor3akara jo pUchanA ho use vinayapUrvaka puuche| ye sabhI tathya yaha sUcita karate haiM ki jaina zikSA vyavasthA meM ziSya ke lie anuzAsita jIvana jInA avazyaka thaa| yaha kaThora anuzAsana vastutaH bAhara se thopA huA nahIM thA, apitu mUlyAtmaka zikSA ke mAdhyama se isakA vikAsa andara se hI hotA thA, kyoMki jaina zikSA vyavasthA meM sAmAnyatayA ziSya meM tAr3ana-varjana kI koI vyavasthA nahIM thii| AcArya aura ziSya donoM ke lie hI Agama meM ullekhita anuzAsana kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka thaa| jaina zikSA vidhi meM anuzAsana AtmAnuzAsana thaa| vyakti ko dUsare ko anuzAsita karane kA adhikAra tabhI mAnA gayA thA, jaba vaha svayaM anuzAsita jIvana jItA ho| AcArya tulasI ne nija para zAsana phira anuzAsana kA jo sUtra diyA hai vaha vastutaH jaina zikSA vidhi kA sAra hai| zikSA ke sAtha jaba taka jIvana meM svasphUrta anuzAsana nahIM AyegA taba taka vaha sArthaka nahIM hogii|

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sandarbha Mis; 1. bAibila, uddhRta naye saMketa, AcAryarajanIza, pR. 57 2. isibhAsiyAiM, 17/3 3. AcArAMga, 1/1/1 4. kaThopaniSada, 3/3 AcArAMga, 2/3/15/1 sUtrakRtAMga, 1/12/11 uttarAdhyayana, 32/2 8. vahI, 26/60 6. vahI, 32/2 10. vahI, 32/102-106 11. dazavaikAlika, 6/4 12. candravedhyaka, 62 13. vahI, 56 14. vahI, 64 15. vahI, 68 16. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 11/3 17. vahI, 11/4-5 18. candravedhyaka, 77 16. rAyapasenIyasutta (ghAsIlAla jI ma.) sUtra 656, pR. 338-341 20. samavAyAMga-samavAya 72 (dekheM -- TIkA) 21. rAyasenIyasutta (ghAsIlAlajI ma. ) sUtra 656, pR. 338-341 22. vahI, pR. 338-341 23. candravedhyaka, 20 24. vahI, 51-53 25. vahI, 25,26 26. vahI, 30 27. bhagavatIArAdhanA, 528 28. vahI, TIkA 26. sthAnAMga-sthAna, 8/15 30. pravacana sAroddhAra, dara 64 31. dekheM -- uttarAdhyayanasUtra, adhyAya 1 evaM 11 32. candravedhyaka, 53 33. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 1/2-22

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khajurAho kI kalA aura jainAcAryoM kI samanvayAtmaka evaM sahiSNu dRSTi - DaoN. sAgaramala jaina khajurAho kI mandira evaM mUrtikalA ko jainoM kA pradeya kyA hai ? isa carcA ke pUrva hameM usa yuga kI paristhitiyoM kA Akalana kara lenA hogaa| khajurAho ke mandiroM kA nirmANakAla IsvI sana kI navIM zatI ke uttarArdha se bArahavIM zatI ke pUrvArdha ke madhya hai| yaha kAlAvadhi eka ora jaina sAhitya aura kalA ke vikAsa kA svarNayuga hai, kintu dUsarI ora yaha jainoM ke astitva ke lie saMkaTa kA kAla bhI hai| guptakAla ke prArambha se pravRttimArgI brAhmaNa paramparA kA punaH abhyudaya ho rahA thaa| jana-sAdhAraNa tapa-tyAga pradhAna nIrasa vairAgyavAdI paramparA se vimukha ho rahA thA, use eka aise dharma kI talAza thI jo usakI mano-daihika eSaNAoM kI pUrti ke sAtha mukti kA koI mArga prazasta kara ske| manuSya kI isI AkAMkSA kI pUrti ke lie hindUdharma meM vaiSNava, zaiva, zAkta aura kaula sampradAyoM kA tathA bauddha dharma meM vajrayAna sampradAya kA udaya huaa| inhoMne tapa- tyAga pradhAna vairAgyavAdI pravRttiyoM ko nakArA aura phalataH jana-sAdhAraNa ke AkarSaNa ke kendra bne| nivRttimArgI zramaNa paramparAoM ke lie aba astitva kA saMkaTa upasthita ho gayA thaa| unake lie do hI vikalpa zeSa the yA to ve tapa-tyAga ke kaThora nivRttimArgI AdarzoM se nIce utarakara yuga kI mAMga ke sAtha koI sAmaMjasya sthApita kareM yA phira unake virodha meM khar3e hokara apane astitva ko hI nAmazeSa hone deN| bauddhoM kA hInayAna sampradAya, jainoM kA yApanIya sampradAya, AjIvaka Adi dUsare kucha anya zramaNa sampradAya apane kaThora nivRttimArgI AdarzoM se samajhautA na karane ke kAraNa nAmazeSa ho gye| bauddhoM kA dUsarA varga jo mahAyAna ke rAste yAtrA karatA huA vajrayAna ke rUpa meM vikasita huA thA, yadyapi yugIna paristhitiyoM se samajhautA aura samanvaya kara rahA thA, kintu vaha yuga ke pravAha ke sAtha itanA baha gayA ki vAma mArga meM aura usameM upAsya bheda ke atirikta anya koI bheda nahIM raha gayA thaa| isa kAraNa eka ora usane apanI svatantra pahacAna kho dI tathA dUsarI ora vAsanA kI pUrti ke paMka meM AkaNTha DUba jAne se jana-sAdhAraNa kI zraddhA se bhI vaMcita ho gayA aura antataH apanA astitva nahIM bacA skaa| jainAcAryoM ne ina paristhitiyoM meM buddhimattA se kAma liyA, unhoMne yugIna paristhitiyoM se eka aisA sAmaMjasya sthApita kiyA, jisake kAraNa unakI svatantra pahacAna bhI banI rahI aura

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khajurAho kI kalA bhAratIya saMskRti kI usa yuga kI mukhya dhArA se unakA virodha bhI nahIM rhaa| unhoMne apane vItarAgatA evaM nivRtti ke Adarza ko surakSita rakhate hue bhI hindU deva maNDala ke aneka devI-devatAoM ko, unakI upAsanA paddhati aura karmakANDa ko, yahA~ taka ki tantra ko bhI apanI paramparA ke anurUpa rUpAntarita karake svIkRta kara liyaa| mAtra yahI nahIM hindU samAja vyavasthA ke varNAzrama siddhAnta aura unakI saMskAra paddhati kA bhI jainIkaraNa karake unheM AtmasAt kara liyaa| sAtha hI apanI ora se sahiSNutA aura sadbhAva kA paricaya dekara apane ko nAma zeSa hone se bacA liyaa| hama prastuta Alekha meM khajurAho ke mandira evaM mUrtikalA ke prakAza meM inhIM tathyoM ko spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kreNge| 174 khajurAho ke hindU aura jaina paramparA ke mandiroM kA nirmANa samakAlIna hai, yaha isa tathya kA dyotaka hai ki donoM paramparAoM meM kisI sImA taka sadbhAva aura saha-astitva kI bhAvanA thI / kintu jaina mandira samUha kA hindU mandira samUha se paryApta dUrI para honA, isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki jaina mandiroM ke lie sthala- cayana meM jainAcAryoM ne buddhimattA aura dUra- dRSTi kA paricaya diyA, tAki saMgharSa kI sthiti ko TAlA jA ske| jJAtavya hai ki khajurAho kA jaina mandira samUha hindU mandira samUha se lagabhaga 2 kilomITara kI dUrI para sthita hai| yaha satya hai ki mandira nirmANa meM donoM paramparAoM meM eka sAtvika pratispardhA kI bhAvanA bhI rahI tabhI to donoM paramparAoM meM kalA ke utkRSTa namUne sAkAra ho sake, kintu jainAcArya isa sambandha meM sajaga the ki saMgharSa kA koI avasara nahIM diyA jAye kyoMki jahA~ hindU mandiroM kA nirmANa rAjyAzraya se ho rahA thA, vahA~ jaina mandiroM kA nirmANa vaNik varga kara rahA thA / ataH itanI sajagatA Avazyaka thI ki rAjakIya koSa evaM bahujana samAja ke saMgharSa ke avasara alpatama hoM aura yaha tabhI sambhava thA jaba donoM ke nirmANasthala paryApta dUrI para sthita hoM / mandira evaM mUrtikalA kI dRSTi se donoM paramparAoM ke mandiroM meM paryApta samAnatA hai kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki jainoM ne apanI paramparA ke vaiziSTya kI pUrNa upekSA kI hai| samanvayazIlatA ke prayatnoM ke bAvajUda unhoMne apane vaiziSTya aura asmitA ko khoyA nahIM hai / khajurAho ke mandira jisa kAla meM nirmita hue taba vAmamArga aura tantra kA pUrA prabhAva thA / yahI kAraNa hai ki khajurAho ke mandiroM meM kAmuka aMkana pUrI svatantratA ke sAtha pradarzita kiye gaye, prAkRtika aura aprAkRtika maithuna ke aneka dRzya khajurAho ke mandiroM meM utkIrNa haiM / yadyapi jaina mandiroM kI bAhya bhittiyoM para bhI aise kucha aMkana haiM, kintu unakI mAtrA hindU mandiroM kI apekSA atyalpa hai| isakA artha hai ki jainadharmAnuyAyI isa sambandha meM paryApta sajaga rahe hoMge ki kAmavAsanA kA yaha uddAma aMkana unake nivRttimArgI dRSTikoNa ke sAtha saMgati nahIM rakhatA hai isalie unhoMne aise dRzyoM ke aMkana kI khulI chUTa nahIM dI / khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM meM kAmukatA ke azlIla aMkana ke jo do-cAra phalaka milate haiM unake sambandha meM do hI vikalpa ho sakate haiM yA to ve jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi se ojhala rahe yA phira unheM usa tAntrika mAnyatA ke AdhAra para svIkAra kara liyA gayA ki aise aMkanoM ke hone para mandira para bijalI nahIM giratI hai aura vaha surakSita rahatA hai| kyoMki khajurAho ke atirikta dakSiNa ke kucha digambara jaina 1

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DaoN. sAgaramala jaina mandiroM meM aura rAjasthAna ke tAraMgA aura rANakapura ke zve. jaina mandiroM meM aise aMkana pAye jAte haiM / jahA~ taka kAma sambandhI azlIla aMkanoM kA prazna hai isa sambandha meM jaina AcAryoM ne yuga kI mA~ga ke sAtha sAmaMjasya sthApita karake use svIkRti pradAna kara dI thii| jinamandira kI bAhya bhittiyoM para zAlabhaMjikAoM ( apsarAoM) ke aura vyAloM ke utkIrNa hone kI sUcanA jainAgama rAjapraznIya meM bhI upalabdha hai|' isakA tAtparya hai ki khajurAho meM utkIrNa apsarA mUrtiyA~ jaina Agama sammata haiN| AcArya jinasena ne isake eka zatAbdI pUrva hI rati aura kAmadeva kI mUrtiyoM ke aMkana evaM mandira kI bAhya bhittiyoM ko AkarSaka banAne kI svIkRti de dI thii| unhoMne kahA thA ki mandira kI bAhya bhittiyoM ko vezyA ke samAna honA caahie| jisa prakAra vezyA meM logoM ko AkarSita karane kI sAmarthya hotI hai, usI prakAra mandiroM kI bAhya bhittiyoM meM bhI jana-sAdhAraNa ko apanI ora AkarSita karane kI sAmarthya honA cAhiye / jana- sAdhAraNa ko apanI ora AkarSita karane ke lie aise aMkanoM kI svIkRti unake yugabodha aura sAmaMjasya kI dRSTi kA hI pariNAma thA / yadyapi yaha bhI satya hai ki azlIla kAmuka aMkanoM ke prati jainoM kA rUkha anudAra hI rahA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki aise kucha phalakoM ko naSTa karane kA prayatna bhI kiyA gayA hai| 175 jainAcAryoM kI sahiSNu aura samanvayavAdI dRSTi kA dUsarA udAharaNa khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM meM hindU devamaNDala ke aneka devI-devatAoM kA aMkana hai| ina mandiroM meM rAma, kRSNa, balarAma, viSNu tathA sarasvatI, lakSmI, kAlI, mahAkAlI, jvAlAmAlinI Adi deviyA~, aSTa dikpAla, navagraha Adi ko pracuratA se utkIrNa kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi yaha jJAtavya hai ki inameM se anekoM ko khajurAho ke mandiroM ke nirmANa ke zatAbdiyoM pUrva hI jaina deva maNDala kA aMga banA liyA gayA thaa| rAma, lakSmaNa, kRSNa, balarAma Adi vAsudeva aura baladeva ke rUpa meM zalAkA puruSa tathA sarasvatI, kAlI, mahAkAlI Adi 16 vidyA- deviyoM ke rUpa meM athavA jinoM kI yakSiyoM ke rUpa meM mAnya ho cukI thI, isI prakAra navagraha, aSTadikpAla, indra Adi bhI jainoM ke deva maNDala meM pratiSThita ho cuke the aura inakI pUjA aura upAsanA bhI hone lagI thii| phira bhI jainAcAryoM kI viziSTatA yaha rahI ki unhoMne vItarAga kI zreSThatA aura garimA ko yathAvata surakSita rakhA aura inheM jinazAsana ke sahAyaka devI-devatA ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra kiyA / khajurAho ke mandira evaM mUrtiyoM ke sambandha meM yadi hama tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kareM to merI jAnakArI ke anusAra yahA~ ke kisI bhI hindU mandira meM jina pratimA kA koI bhI aMkana upalabdha nahIM hotA hai, jabaki jaina mandiroM meM na kevala una devI-devatAoM kA, jo jaina devamaNDala ke sadasya mAna liye gaye haiM, apitu isake atirikta bhI hindU devI-devatAoM ke aMkana haiM yaha jainAcAryoM kI udAra dRSTi kA paricAyaka hai| jabaki hindU mandiroM meM dazAvatAra ke kucha phalakoM meM yuddha ke aMkana ke atirikta jaina aura bauddha deva maNDala athavA jina aura buddha ke aMkana kA abhAva kisI anya sthiti kA sUcaka hai| maiM vidvAnoM kA dhyAna isa ora avazya AkarSita karanA cAhU~gA ki ve yaha dekheM ki yaha samanvaya yA sahiSNutA kI bAta khajurAho ke mandira aura mUrtikalA kI dRSTi se eka pakSIya hai yA ubhayapakSIya hai| ----

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176 isI prasaMga meM khajurAho ke hindU mandiroM meM digambara jaina zramaNoM kA jo aMkana hai vaha bhI punarvicAra kI apekSA rahatA hai| DaoN. lakSmIkAMta tripAThI ne 'bhAratI' varSa 1959-60 ke aMka 3 meM apane lekha "The Erotic Scenes of Khajuraho and their Probable explanation" meM isa sambandha meM bhI eka prazna upasthita kiyA hai| khajurAho jagadambI mandira meM eka digambara jaina zramaNa ko do kAmuka striyoM se ghirA huA dikhAyA gayA hai| lakSmaNa mandira ke dakSiNa bhitti meM digambara jaina zramaNa ko pazupAzaka mudrA meM eka strI se sambhogarata batAyA gayA, mAtra yahI nahIM usakI pAda- pITha para "zrI sAdhu nandikSapaNaka" aisA lekha bhI utkIrNa hai / isI prakAra jagadambI mandira kI dakSiNa bhitti para eka kSapaNaka ( digambara jaina muni) ko utthita-liMga dikhAyA gayA hai, usake samakSa khar3A huA bhAgavata saMnyAsI eka hAtha se usakA liMga pakar3e hue hai, dUsarA hAtha mArane kI mudrA meM hai, jabaki kSapaNaka hAtha jor3e hue khar3A hai 1 prazna yaha hai ki isa prakAra ke anya aMkanoM kA uddezya kyA thA ? DaoN. tripAThI ne ise jaina zramaNoM kI viSaya- lampaTatA aura samAja meM unake prati Akroza kI bhAvanA mAnA hai| unake zabdoM "The Penis erectus of the Kshapanaka is suggestive of his licentious character and lack of control over Senses which appears to have been in the root of all these conflicts and opposition" (Bharti, 1959-60 No. 3, Page 100) kintu maiM yahA~ DaoN. tripAThI ke niSkarSa se sahamata nahIM huuN| merI dRSTi meM isakA uddezya jaina zramaNoM kI samAja meM jo pratiSThA thI use nIce girAnA thaa| pro. tripAThI ne jaina zramaNoM kI viSaya-lampaTatA ke apane niSkarSa kI puSTi ke lie "prabodhacandrodaya" kA sAkSya bhI prastuta kiyA jisameM jaina kSapaNaka (muni) ke mukha se yaha kahalavAyA hai| dUre caraNa praNAmaH kRtasatkAraM bhojanaM ca miSTam / IrSyAmalaM na kArya RSiNAM dArAn rmnnmaannaanaam| khajurAho kI kalA arthAt, RSiyoM kI dUra se caraNa vaMdanA karanI cAhie, unheM sammAna pUrvaka miSTa bhojana karavAnA cAhie aura yadi ve strI se ramaNa bhI kareM to bhI IrSyA nahIM karanI cAhie / pro. tripAThI kA yaha pramANa isalie lacara ho jAtA hai ki yaha bhI virodhI pakSa ne hI prastuta kiyA hai / prabodhacandrodaya nATaka kA mukhya uddezya hI jaina-bauddha zramaNoM ko patita tathA kApAlika (kaula) mata kI ora AkarSita hotA dikhAnA hai| vastutaH ye samasta prayAsa jaina zramaNoM kI sAmAjika pratiSThA ko Thesa pahuMcAne ke nimitta hI the| yaha satya hai ki isa yuga meM jaina zramaNa apane nivRttimArgI kaThora saMyama aura deha titIkSA ke ucca Adarza se nIce utare the / saMgha rakSA ke nimitta ve vanavAsI se caityavAsI (maThavAsI) bane the / tantra ke bar3hate hue prabhAva se jana-sAdhAraNa jainadharma se vimukha na hoM jAyeM isalie unhoMne bhI tantra, cikitsA evaM lalitakalAoM ko apanI paramparA ke anurUpa DhAla kara svIkAra kara liyA thA / kintu vaiyaktika apavAdoM ko chor3akara, jo hara yuga aura hara sampradAya meM rahe haiM, unhoMne vAmamArgI AcAra - vidhi ko kabhI mAnyatA nahIM dii| jaina zramaNa paramparA vAsanApUrti kI svachandatA ke

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DaoN. sAgaramala jaina 177 usa stara para kabhI nahIM utarI, jaisA ki khajurAho ke mandiroM meM use aMkita kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH isa prakAra ke aMkanoM kA kAraNa jaina zramaNoM kA cAritrika patana nahIM hai, apitu dhArmika vidveSa aura asahiSNutA kI bhAvanA hai| svayaM pro. tripAThI isa tathya ko svIkAra karate hue likhate haiM -- The existence of these temples of different faiths at one site has generally, upto now, been taken indicative of an atmostphere of religious toleration and amity enabling peaceful co-existence. This long e stablished notion in the light of proposed interpretation of erotic scenes requires modification. There are even certain sculptures on the temples of khajuraho, which clearly reveal the existence of religious rivalary and conflict at the time (Ibid, p. 99-100) kintu vicAraNIya prazna yaha hai ki kyA isa prakAra ke vidveSa pUrNa aMkana jaina mandiroM meM hindU saMnyAsiyoM ke prati bhI haiM ? jahA~ taka merA jJAna hai khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM meM eka apavAda ko chor3akara prAyaH aise aMkanoM kA abhAva hai aura yadi aisA hai to vaha jainAcAryoM kI udAra aura sahiSNu dRSTi kA hI paricAyaka hai| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki isI yuga ke katipaya jainAcAryoM ne dharma-parIkSA jaise granthoM ke mAdhyama se sapatnIka sarAga devoM para vyaMgya prastuta kiye haiM aura deva mUr3hatA, guru mUr3hatA aura dharma mUr3hatA ke rUpa meM hindU paramparA meM pracalita andhavizvAsoM kI samIkSA bhI kI hai, kintu, isake bAvajUda khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM meM hindU devamaNDala ke aneka devoM kA sapatnIka aMkana kyA jainAcAryoM kI udAra bhAvanA kA paricAyaka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA ? vastutaH sAmanyatayA jaina zramaNa na to AcAra meM itane patita the, jaisA ki unheM aMkita kiyA gayA hai aura na ve asahiSNu hI the| yadi ve cAritrika dRSTi se itane patita hote to phira vAsavacandra mahArAja dhaMga kI dRSTi meM sammAnita kaise hote ? khajurAho ke abhilekha unake jana-samAja para vyApaka prabhAva ko sUcita karate haiN| koI bhI viSaya lampaTa zramaNa jana-sAdhAraNa kI zraddhA kA kendra nahIM bana sakatA hai| yadi jaina zramaNa bhI viSaya-lampaTatA meM vajrayAnI bauddha zramaNoM evaM kApAlikoM kA anusaraNa karate to kAlAntara meM nAma zeSa ho jaate| jaina zramaNoM para samAja kA pUrA niyantraNa rahatA thA aura duzcaritra zramaNoM ko saMgha se bahiSkRta karane kA vidhAna thA, jo vartamAna meM bhI yathAvat hai| khajurAho ke jagadambI Adi mandiroM meM jaina zramaNoM kA jo citraNa hai vaha mAtra IrSyAvaza unake caritra-hanana kA prayAsa thaa| yadyapi hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki ye aMkana sAmAnya hindU paramparA ke jainoM ke prati anudAra dRSTikoNa ke paricAyaka nahIM haiN| kyoMki sAmAnya hindU samAja jainoM ke prati sadaiva hI udAra aura sahiSNu rahA hai| yadi sAmAnya hindU samAja jainoM ke prati anudAra hotA to unakA astitva samApta ho gayA hotaa| yaha anudAra dRSTi kevala kauloM aura kApAlikoM kI hI thI, kyoMki inake liye jaina zramaNoM kI caritraniSThA IrSyA kA viSaya thii| aitihAsika AdhAroM para bhI kauloM aura kApAlikoM ke

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3 khajurAho kI kalA asahiSNu aura anudAra hone ke aneka pramANa hameM upalabdha hote haiN| ina donoM paramparAoM kA prabhAva khajurAho kI kalA para dekhA jAtA hai| jaina zramaNoM ke sandarbha meM ye aMkana isI prabhAva ke paricAyaka haiN| sAmAnya hindU paramparA aura jaina paramparA meM sambandha madhura aura sauhArdapUrNa hI the / punaH jagadambI mandira ke usa phalaka kI, jisameM kSapaNaka apane virodhI ke Akroza kI sthiti meM bhI hAtha jor3e hue haiM, vyAkhyA jaina zramaNa kI sahanazIlatA aura sahiSNutA ke rUpa meM bhI kI jA sakatI hai / anekAMta aura ahiMsA ke pariveza meM pale jaina zramaNoM ke lie samanvayazIlatA aura sahiSNutA ke saMskAra svAbhAvika haiM aura inakA prabhAva khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM kI kalA para spaSTa rUpa dekhA jAtA hai / 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 178 sandarbha dAraceDIo ya sAlabhaMjiyAo ya bAlasvae ya lomahattheNaM pamajjai - rAjapraznIya (madhukaramuni ), 200 harivaMzapurANa, 29 / 2-5 (a) AdipurANa, 6 / 181 (ba) khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM kI mUrtikalA, ratneza varmA, pR. 56 se 62 prabodhacandrodaya, aMka 3/6 (a) puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 26 (ba) dhUrtAkhyAna, haribhadra (sa) yazastilakacampU (hanDikI), pR. 249-253

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mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ke jainadharma sambandhI mantavyoM kI samAlocanA mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana bhAratIya vAGmaya ke vizruta vidvAn the / hindI sAhitya kI vividha- vidhAoM meM bhAratIya vAGmaya ko unakA avadAna avismaraNIya hai / darzana ke kSetra meM rAhulajI ne jitanA adhika pAzcAtya darzanoM, vizeSa rUpa se dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda evaM bauddhadarzana ke sambandha meM likhA, usakI apekSA jainadarzana ke kSetra meM unakA lekhana bahuta hI alpa hai| unake grantha "darzana-digdarzana" meM vardhamAna mahAvIra aura anekAntavAdI jaina darzana ke sambandha meM jo kucha likhA hai, use athavA bauddhagranthoM meM Ane vAlI jainadharma-darzana sambandhI samIkSAoM ke hindI anuvAda ko chor3akara unhoMne jainadarzana ke kSetra meM kucha likhA ho, aisA mujhe jJAta nahIM / ataH yahA~ jainadarzana ke kSetra meM unake vicAroM kI samIkSA inhIM granthAMzoM ke AdhAra para kI gaI hai| unhoMne apane grantha "darzana-digdarzana" meM jaina paramparA kA ullekha vizeSarUpa se do sthaloM para kiyA hai. eka to buddha ke samakAlIna chaH tIrthaMkaroM ke sandarbha meM aura dUsarA jainadarzana ke svatantra pratipAdana ke kSetra meM / bauddhagranthoM meM varNita chaH tIrthaMkaroM meM varddhamAna mahAvIra kA ullekha unhoMne sarvajJatAvAdI ke rUpa meM kiyA hai, kintu unhoMne yaha samagra vivaraNa bauddhagranthoM ke AdhAra para hI prastuta kiyA hai / buddha ke samakAlIna cha: tIrthaMkaroM aura vizeSa rUpa se varddhamAna mahAvIra ke sandarbha meM yadi ve bauddhetara srotoM ko bhI AdhAra banAte to unake sAtha adhika nyAya kara sakate the| kyoMki bauddhagranthoM meM mahAvIra kA jo citraNa nirgrantha jJAtRputra (nATaputta ) ke rUpa meM hai usameM satyAMza to hai, kintu vaha eka Alocaka dRSTi se hI likhA gayA hai, ataH unake vyaktitva ko samyak rUpa meM prastuta nahIM karatA hai / mahAvIra ke sambandha meM dIghanikAya ke AdhAra para ve likhate haiM -- - pro. sAgaramala jaina "mahAvIra kI mukhya zikSA ko bauddhatripiTaka meM isa prakAra uddhRta kiyA gayA hai nirgrantha (jaina sAdhu) cAra saMvaroM (saMyamoM) se saMvRtta rahatA hai| 1. nirgrantha jala ke vyavahAra kA vAraNa karatA hai, (jisase jala ke jIva na mAre jAveM), 2. sabhI pApoM kA vAraNa karatA hai, 3. sabhI pApoM ke vAraNa karane se vaha pApa rahita (dhUtapApa) hotA hai, 4. sabhI pApoM kA vAraNa meM lagA rahatA hai| cU~ki nirgrantha ina cAra prakAra ke saMvaroM se saMvRtta rahatA hai isalie vaha gatAtmA (anicchuka ), yatAtmA (saMyamI ) aura sthitAtmA kahalAtA hai / " [ darzanadigdarzana, pR. 495] isa vivaraNa meM mahAvIra kI zikSAoM ko cArtuyAma saMvara ke rUpa meM prastuta karate hue, unhoMne jisa cArtuyAma saMvara kA ullekha kiyA hai, vastutaH vaha cArtuyAma saMvara kA mArga mahAvIra kA nahIM, pArzva kA hai| paravartIkAla meM jaba pArzva kI nirgrantha paramparA mahAvIra kI paramparA meM ----

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180 mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ke jainadharma sambandhI mantavyoM kI samAlocanA yammilita ho gayI, to tripiTaka saMkalanakartAoM ne donoM dhArAoM ko eka mAnakara pArzva ke vicAroM ko bhI mahAvIra ke nAma se hI prastuta kiyaa| tripiTaka ke saMkalana kartAoM kI isa bhrAnti kA anusaraNa rAhulajI ne bhI kiyA aura apanI ora se TippaNI ke rUpa meM bhI isa bhUla ke parimArjana kA koI prayatna nahIM kiyaa| jabaki unake sahakarmI bauddhabhikSu jagadIza kAzyapajI ne isa bhUla ke parimArjana kA prayatna dIghanikAya kI bhUmikA meM vistAra se kiyA hai, ve likhate , -- "sAmaJayaphalasutta" meM varNita chaH tairthikoM ke matoM ke anusAra, apane-apane sAmpradAyika gaThanoM ke kendra avazya rahe hoNge| inake avazeSa khojane ke lie deza ke vartamAna dhArmika-jIvana ma khoja karanA sArthaka hogaa| kama se kama "nigaNTha-nAtaputta" se hamaloga nizcita rUpa se paricita haiN| ve jainadharma ke antima tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra hI haiN| pAli-saMskaraNa meM ve hI "cAtyoma saMvara" siddhAnta ke prarvataka kahe jAte haiN| sambhavataH aisA bhUla se ho gayA hai| vAstava meM "cAturyAma-dharma" ke prarvataka unake pUrvavartI tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha the -- savvAto pANAtivAyAo vegmaNaM evaM musAvAyAo veramaNaM, savvAto adinnAdANAo veramaNaM, savvAto bahiddhAdANAo vegmaNaM ( ThANAMga (ThANa 4), pR. 201, sUtra 266 ) / uparyukta varNita "cAturyAma saMvara" siddhAnta meM pariggahaveramaNaM" nAmaka eka aura vrata jor3akara pArzvanAtha ke paravartI tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne "paMcamahAvrata-dharma" kA pravartana kiyaa| [jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ kAzyapajI se bhI bhUla ho gayI hai vastutaH mahAvIra ne parigraha viramaNa nahIM, maithunaviramaNa yA brahmacarya kA mahAvrata jor3A thaa| "bahiddhAdANa" kA artha to parigraha hai hii| pArzva strI ko bhI parigraha hI mAnate the| yaha bhI vizeSa rUpa se dhyAna dene yogya hai ki jisa rUpa meM pAli meM "cAturyAmasaMvara" siddhAnta kA ullekha milatA hai, vaisA jaina sAhitya meM kahIM bhI upalabdha nahIM hotaa| pAli meM yaha isa prakAra varNita hai -- "sabbavArivAritA ca hoti, sabbavAriyutto ca, sabbavAridhuto ca, sabbavAriphuTo" aura isakA artha bhI spaSTa jJAta nahIM hotaa| ise dekhakara yaha jJAta hotA hai ki sambhavataH yaha tor3a-maror3a ke hI kAraNa hai|" [dIghanikAya-nAlaMdAsaMskaraNa, prathamabhAga kI bhUmikA, pR.13-14] / ataH rAhulajI ne cAra saMvaroM kA ullekha jisa rUpa meM kiyA hai, vaha aura dIghanikAya ke isa aMza kA jo hindI anuvAda rAhula jI ne kiyA hai vaha bhI, nirdoSa nahIM hai| dIghanikAya kA vaha mUlapATha, usakI aTTakathA aura anuvAda isa prakAra hai -- "evaM vutte, bhante, nigaNTho nATaputto maM etadavoca - idha mahArAja, nigaNTho cAtuyAmasaMvarasaMvuto hoti ? mahArAja nigaNTho kathaM ca mahArAja nigaNTho cAtuyAma saMvarosaMvuto hoti ? idha sabbavArivArito ca hoti, sabbavAriyutato ca, sabbavAridhuto ca, sabbavAriphuTo ca evaM kho, mahArAja, nigaNTho cAtuyAmasaMvarasaMvuto hoti -- ayaM vuccAti, mahArAja nigaNTho gatatto ca yatatto ca Thitatto cA ti|" (dIghanikAya 2/5/28) nATaputtapAde cAtuyAmasaMvarasaMvuto hi catukoTThAsena saMvarena sNvuto| sabbavArito cAti vAritasabbaudako paTikkhittasabbasItodako ti attho| so kira sItodake sattasaMJa hoti, tasmA na taM vljeti| sabbavAriyutto ti sabbena pApavAraNena yutto| sabbavAridhuto ti sabbena pApavAraNena dhutpaapo| sabbavAriphuTo ti sabbena pApavAraNena phuttttho|

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 181 gatatto ti kottippttcitto| yatatto ti sNytcitto| Thitatto (dI.ni. , 1.50 ) ti supptihitcitto| etassa vAde kiMci sAsanAnulomaM pi atthi, asuddhaladdhitAyana sabbA diTThayeva jaataa| -- sumaMgala vilAsinI aTakathA (pR. 186) aisA kahane para bhnte| nigaNThanAthaputta ne yaha uttara diyA -- mahArAja ! nigaNTha cAra saMvaroM se saMvRtta rahatA hai| mahArAja ! nigaNTha cAra saMvaroM se kaise saMvata rahatA hai ? mahArAja ! 1. nigaNTha jala ke vyavahAra kA vAraNa karatA hai (jisameM jala ke jIvana mAre jAveM) 2 sabhI pApoM kA vAraNa karatA hai, 3. sabhI pApoM ke vAraNa karane se dhUtapApa hotA hai, 4. sabhI pApoM ke vAraNa karane meM lagA rahatA hai| mahArAja nigaNTha isa prakAra cAra saMvaroM se saMvRta rahatA hai| mahArAja nigaNTha ina cAra prakAra ke saMvaroM se saMvata rahatA hai, isIlie vaha nirgrantha, gatAtmA, yatAtmA aura sthitAtmA kahalAtA hai|" ____vastutaH yahA~ rAhula jI jinheM cAturyAma saMvara kaha rahe haiM, ve cAtyIma saMvara hokara nirgrantha sAdhaka cAturyAma saMvara kA pAlana kisa prakAra karatA hai usake sambandha meM ullekha hai| merI dRSTi meM yahA~ "kathaM" kA artha kauna se na hokara kisa prakAra he cAturyAma ke rUpa meM jainAgamoM meM jinakA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai ve nimna haiM -- 1. prANAtipAta viramaNa 2. mRSAvAd viramaNa 3. adattAdAna viramaNa 4. bahirdAdAna viramaNa ( parigraha tyAga) jaina Agama sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga Adi meM cArtuyAma saMvara kA ullekha isI spa meM milatA hai| dIghanikAya ke isa aMza kA jo artha rAhulajI ne kiyA hai vaha bhI truTipUrNa hai| prathamataH yahA~ vAri zabda kA artha jala na hokara vAraNa karane yogya arthAt pApa hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM vIrastuti meM mahAvIra ko "vAriya savvavAraM" (sUtrakRtAMga, 1/6/28) kahA gayA hai| yahA~ "vAra" zabda "pApa" ke artha meM hI hai, jala ke artha meM nahIM hai| punaH jaina muni mAtra sacittajala (jIvanayutta jala) ke upayoga kA tyAga karatA hai, sarvajala kA nhiiN| ataH sumaMgalavilAsinI aTTakathAkAra evaM rAhulajI dvArA yahA~ vAri yA jala artha karanA ayuktisaMgata hai| kyoMki eka vAkyAMza meM "vAri" kA artha jala karanA aura dUsare meM usI "vAri" zabda kA artha "pApa" karanA samIcIna nahIM hai| cU~ki nimrantha sacitta (jIvana-yukta) jala ke tyAgI hote the, snAna nahIM karate vastra nahIM dhote the| ataH inhIM bAtoM ko AdhAra mAnakara yahA~ "savvavArivArito" kA artha jala kA tyAga karate haiM, yaha mAna liyA gayA, kintu svayaM sumaMgala vilAsinI TIkA yA aTTakathA meM bhI spaSTa ullekha hai ki nirgantha mAtra sacitta jala kA tyAgI hotA hai, sarvajala kA nahIM, ataH vAri kA artha jala karanA ucita nahIM hai| dIghanikAya kI aTTakathA meM "vAri" kA jo bhrAnta artha jala kiyA gayA thA, rAhulajI kA yaha anuvAda bhI usI para AdhArita hai| ataH isa bhrAnta artha

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182 mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ke jainadharma sambandhI mantavyoM kI samAlocanA karane ke liye rAhulajI utane doSI nahIM haiM, jitane sumaMgalavilAsinI ke krtaa| sambhavataH nirganthoM ne jalIya jIvoM kI hiMsA se bacane ke liye jala ke upayoga para jo pratibandha lagAye gaye the, usI se artha aura TIkA meM yaha bhrAnti huI hai| Age isI krama meM unhoMne svayaM "vAri" kA artha "pApa" karake sabbavAriyutto kA artha vaha saba pApoM kA vAraNa karatA hai, kiyA hai| kintu yaha artha mUlapATha ke anurUpa nahIM hai, kyoMki yahA~ vAri kA artha pApa karake bhI yutto kA artha vAraNa karanA -- kiyA gayA hai, vaha samucita nahIM hai, kyoMki pAlIkozoM ke anusAra yutto zabda kA artha kisI bhI sthiti meM "vAraNa" nahIM ho sakatA hai| koza ke anusAra to isa yutta kA artha lipta hotA hai, ataH isa vAkyAMza kA artha hogA -- vaha sarva pApoM se yukta yA lipta hotA hai -- jo nizcaya hI isa prasaMga meM galata hai| merI dRSTi meM yahA~ mUlapATha meM bhrAnti hai -- sambhavataH mUlapATha "yutto" na hokara "yato" honA caahie| kyoMki mUlapATha meM Age nirgantha ke liye "yato" vizeSaNa kA prayoga huA hai, jo "yato" pATha kI puSTi karatA hai| yadi hama mUlapATha "yutto" hI mAnate haiM use "ayutto" mAnakara vAri+ayatto kI saMdhi prakriyA meM "a" kA lopa mAnanA hogaa| prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura sambhavataH pAli vyAkaraNa meM bhI svara-sandhi ke niyamoM meM do svaroM kI sandhi meM vikalpa se eka svara kA lopa mAnA jAtA hai| ataH mUla pATha "ayutto" honA cAhiye, kintu sumaMgalavilAsinI meM aisA koI nirdeza nahIM hai| (paThamobhAgo, pR.189), apitu usameM saMdhi tor3akara "yutto" pATha hI hai| kintu yato pATha mAnane para isa aMza kA artha hogA, vaha saba pApoM ke prati saMyamavAna yA unakA niyaMtraNa karane vAlA hotA hai| ataH rAhula jI kA yaha anuvAda bhI merI dRSTi meM mUlapATha se saMgatipUrNa nahIM hai, phira bhI unhoMne vaha sarvapApoM kA vAraNa karatA hai, aisA jo artha kiyA hai, vaha satya ke nikaTa hai| mUlapATha bhrAnta aura TIkA ke aspaSTa hote hue bhI, unhoMne yaha artha kisa AdhAra para kiyA maiM nahIM jAnatA, sambhavataH yaha unakI svapratibhA se hI prasUta huA hogaa| phira bhI pAli ke vidvAnoM ko isa samasyA para vicAra karanA caahie| isake Age sabbavAridhuto kA artha -- vaha sabhI pApoM se rahita hotA hai-- saMgatipUrNa hai| kintu Age sabbavAriphuTo kA artha -- vaha sabhI pApoM se rahita hotA hai -- saMgatipUrNa hai| kintu Age sabbavAriphuTo kA artha punaH mUla se saMgati nahIM rakhatA hai| rAhulajI ne isakA artha vaha sabhI pApoM ke vAraNa meM lagA rahatA hai -- kisa prakAra kiyA maiM nahIM samajha pA rahA huuN| kyoMki kisI bhI sthiti meM "phuTo" kA artha-vAraNa karane meM lagA rahatA hai, nahIM hotA hai| pAli ke vidvAna isa para bhI vicAra kreN| mUla ke phuTo athavA sumaMgalavilAsinI TIkA ke phuTo kA saMskRta rUpa spRSTa yA spaSTa hogaa| isa AdhAra para isakA artha hogA vaha saba pApoM se spRSTa arthAt sparzita yA vyApta hotA hai, kintu yaha artha bhI saMgatipUrNa nahIM lagatA hai-- nirgantha jJAtaputra svayaM apane nirganthoM ko saba pApoM se sparzita to nahIM kaha sakate haiN| yahA~ bhI rAhula jI ne artha ko saMgatipUrNa banAne kA prayAsa to kiyA, kinatu vaha mUlapATha ke sAtha saMgati nahIM rakhatA hai| pAli aMgrejI koza meM rAisaDeviDsa ne bhI ina donoM zabdoM ke artha nizcaya meM kaThinAI kA anubhava kiyA hai| merI dRSTi meM yahA~ bhI yA to mUlapATha meM koI bhrAnti hai yA pAli vyAkaraNa ke svara saMdhi ke niyama se "aphuTo" ke "a" kA lopa ho gayA hai| merI dRSTi meM mUlapATha honA cAhie -- sabbavAriaphuTo, tabhI isakA artha hogA vaha sarva pApoM se asparzita -

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 183 hotA hai| yahA~ bhI rAhulajI artha kI saMgati baiThAne kA jo prayAsa kiyA hai vaha ucita to hai| kintu mUla pATha evaM aTTakathA (TIkA) ke sambandha meM unakI ora koI TippaNI nahIM honA pAThaka ke liye eka samasyA bana jAtI hai| merI dRSTi meM dIghanikAya ke usa samagra aMza kA pATha zuddhi ke pazcAt vAstavika artha isa prakAra honA cAhiye -- "he mahArAja, nirgantha cAturyAma saMvara se saMvRta hotA hai, vaha cArtuyAma saMvara se kisa prakAra saMvRta hotA hai ? he mahArAja ! nirgantha saba pApoM kA vAraNa karatA hai| vaha sarvapApoM ke prati saMyata yA unakA niyantraNa karane vAlA hotA hai| vaha sabhI pApoM se rahita (dhUta) aura sabhI pApoM se asparzita hotA hai| . isI prasaMga meM AdaraNIya sahulajI ne mahAvIra ko sarvajJAtAvAdI kahA hai ( darzana-digdarzana, pR. 494) yaha satya hai ki mahAvIra ko prAcInakAla se hI "sarvajJa" kahA jAtA thaa| sUtrakRtAMga ke vIrastuti nAmaka kRThe adhyAya meM unheM sarvaprathama sarvajJa (savannU) kahA gayA hai -- kintu prAcInakAla meM jaina paramparA sarvajJa kA artha AtmajJa hI hotA thaa| AcArAMga ke -- je egaM jANaI te savvaM jANaI" evaM bhagavatI ke "kevali siya jANai siya Na jANai" -- pATha se tathA kundakunda ke isa kathana se "kevali nizcaya naya se kevala AtmA ko jAnatA hai"-- isI tathya kI puSTi hotI hai| sarvajJa kA yaha artha hai ki vaha sarvadravyoM evaM paryAyoM kA trikAla jJAtA hotA hai, paravartIkAla meM nirdhArita huaa| Age calakara sarvajJa kA yahI artha sr3ha ho gayA aura sarvajJa ke isI vyutpattiparaka artha ko mAnakara bauddha tripiTaka meM unakI sarvajJatA kI nindA bhI kI gii| "sarvajJa" yA "kevali" zabda ke prAcIna pAribhASika evaM lAkSaNika artha ke sthAna para isa vyutpattimUlaka artha para bala dene se hI yaha bhrAnti utpanna huI hai| kintu yaha durbhAgyapUrNa ghaTanA buddha aura mahAvIra donoM ke sAtha ghaTita huI, jo buddha sarvajJatAvAda ke Alocaka rahe, unheM bhI paravartI bauddha sAhitya meM usI artha meM sarvajJa mAna liyA gayA hai, jisa artha meM paravartI jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkaroM ko aura nyAya paramparA meM Izvara ko sarvajJa kahA gayA hai| vAstavika rUpa meM prAcInakAla meM mahAvIra ko usa artha meM sarvajJa nahIM kahA jAtA thA, jisa artha meM pAlitripiTaka va paravartI jaina sAhitya meM unheM sarvajJa kahA gayA hai| durbhAgya se rAhula jI ne bhI sarvajJa kA yahI paravartI artha le liyA hai| jabaki sarvajJa kA prAcIna artha to jaina paramparA meM AtmajJa aura bauddha paramparA meM heya, jJeya aura upAdeya kA jJAtA hI rahA hai| rAhula jI kA yaha kathana bhI kisI sImA taka satya hai ki jainadharma meM prArambha se hI zArIrika kAryoM ko pradhAnatA para zArIrika tapasyA para bala diyA gayA hai (darzana-digdarzana, pR.495-496 ) / kintu unakI isa dhAraNA kA AdhAra bhI bauddhatripiTaka sAhitya meM mahAvIra ke jIvana aura darzana kA jisa rUpa meM prastutikaraNa huA hai vahI hai -- yahA~ bhI unhoMne jaina AgamoM ko dekhane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki jainadarzana bhI bauddhoM ke samAna hI mAnasakarma ko hI pradhAna mAnatA hai, phira bhI itanA avazya satya hai ki vaha kAyikakarma yA kAyikasAdhanA ko mAnasikakarma kI anivArya phalazruti mAnatA hai vaha kahatA hai ki jo vicAra meM hotA hai vahI AcAra meM hotA hai| vicAra (mAnasakarma) aura AcAra ( kAyikakarma ) kA dvaita use mAnya nahIM hai| vicAra se kucha aura AcAra meM kucha, ise jainadharma Atma pravaJcanA mAnatA hai, mana

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184 mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ke jainadharma sambandhI mantavyoM kI samAlocanA se satya ko samajhate hue anyathA rUpa meM AcaraNa karanA pApa hai| mana meM ahiMsA aura karuNA tathA vyavahAra meM krUratA yA hiMsA yaha chalanA hI hai| rAhulajI kI yaha TippaNI bhI satya hai ki mahAvIra ne svayaM apane jIvana meM aura jainasAdhanA meM zArIrika tapoM ko Avazyaka mAnA hai| kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki mahAvIra mAtra deha-daNDana yA Atma-pIr3ana ke samarthaka the| unhoMne uttarAdhyayana meM tapa ke bAhya aura AbhyAntara aise do pakSa mAne the aura donoM para hI samAna bala diyA thaa| svAdhyAya, sevA aura dhyAna bhI unakI dRSTi meM tapa ke hI mahattvapUrNa aMga hai| ataH rAhulajI kA mahAvIra ko mAtra zArIrika pakSa para bala dene vAlA aura AbhyAntara pakSa kI avahelanA kara lene vAlA, mAnanA-samucita nahIM hai| anekAntavAdI jainadarzana ke sambandha meM unakI yaha TippaNI hai ki anekAnta aura syAbAda kA vikAsa saMjaya velaTTIputta ke vikSepavAda se huA, bhI pUrNataH satya nahIM hai ( darzana-digdarzana, pR. 595 ) / vastutaH saMjaya ke vikSepavAda kA bauddhoM ke vibhajyavAda evaM zUnyavAda kA aura jainoM ke anekAntavAda aura syAdrAda kA vikAsa aupaniSadika catuSkoTiyoM aura vibhajyavAdI dRSTikoNa se huA hai| darzana-digdarzana (pa.567 ) meM eka sthala para unhoMne jainadharma ke jina pA~ca tattvoM kA ullekha kiyA vaha bhI bhrAnta hai -- unhoMne jina pA~ca tattvoM kA ullekha kiyA hai ve haiM -- jIva, ajIva, dharma, AkAza aura pudgl| isameM ajIva ko nirarthaka rUpa meM jor3A hai aura "adharma" ko chor3a diyA hai, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura pudgala sabhI ajIva hI mAne gaye haiN| jainadharma ke sambandha meM rAhulajI kI yaha TippaNI ki unakI pRthvI, jala Adi ke jIvoM kI ahiMsA ke vicAra ne jainadharma kI anuyAyiyoM ko kRSi ke vimukha kara vaNika banA diyaa| ve utpAdaka zrama se haTakara paropajIvI ho gye| unakA yaha mantavya bhI kisI sImA taka ucita to hai -- kintu pUrNataH satya nahIM hai| Aja bhI bundelakhaNDa, mevAr3a, mahArASTra aura karnATaka meM jainajAtiyA~ kRSi para AdhArita haiM aura unheM kRSikarma karate hue dekhA jA sakatA hai| prAcIna Agama bhagavatIsUtra se isa prazna para ki kRSikarma meM kRmi Adi kI hiMsA kI jo ghaTanA ghaTita ho jAtI hai, usake liye gRhastha uttaradAyI hai yA nahIM, gaMbhIra rUpa se vicAra huA hai| usameM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki koI bhI gRhastha kI jAne vAlI hiMsA kA uttaradAyI hotA hai, ho jAne vAlI hiMsA kA nhiiN| kRSi karate hue jo prANIhiMsA ho jAtI hai, usake liye gRhastha uttaradAyI nahIM hai| isI prakAra jainoM kA ahiMsA kA siddhAnta vyakti ko kAyara yA bhagor3A nahIM banAtA hai| vaha gRhastha ke liye akrAmaka hiMsA kA niSedha karatA hai, surakSAtmaka hiMsA (virodhI-hiMsA) kA nhiiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jainadharma ke sambandha meM rAhulajI ke mantavya AMzika satya hokara bhI apUrNa yA ekAMgI hai| kyoMki unhoMne isa sambandha meM jaina srotoM kI khoja-bIna kA prayatna nahIM kiyA hai|

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Rgveda meM arhat aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM : eka adhyayana __ - pro. sAgaramala jaina bhAratIya saMskRti zramaNa aura brAhamaNa saMskRtiyoM kA samanvita rUpa hai| jahA~ zramaNa saMskRti tapa-tyAga evaM dhyAna sAdhanA pradhAna rahI hai, vahA~ brAhmaNa saMskRti yajJa-yAga mUlaka evaM karmakANDAtmaka rahI hai| hama zramaNa saMskRti ko AdhyAtmika evaM nivRttiparaka arthAt saMnyAsamUlaka bhI kaha sakate haiM, jabaki brAhmaNa saMskRti ko sAmAjika evaM pravRttimUlaka kahA jA sakatA hai| ina donoM saMskRtiyoM ke mUla AdhAra to mAnava-prakRti meM nihita vAsanA aura viveka athavA bhoga aura yoga (saMyama ) ke tattva hI haiM, jinakI svatantra carcA hamane apane grantha 'jaina, bauddha evaM gItA kA sAdhanA mArga kI bhUmikA meM kI hai| yahA~ para ina donoM saMskRtiyoM ke vikAsa ke mUla upAdAnoM evaM unake krama tathA vaiziSTya kI carcA meM na jAkara unake aitihAsika astitva ko hI apanI vivecanA kA mUla AdhAra bnaayegeN| bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa ko jAnane ke liye prAcInatama sAhityika srota ke rUpa meM veda aura prAcInatama purAtAtvika srota ke rUpa meM mohanajodar3o evaM harappA ke avazeSa hI hamAre AdhAra haiN| saMyoga se ina donoM hI AdhAroM yA sAkSyoM se bhAratIya zramaNa dhArA ke ati prAcIna kAla meM bhI upasthita hone ke saMketa milate haiN| Rgveda bhAratIya sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha hai| yadyapi isakI ati prAcInatA ke aneka dAve kiye jAte haiM aura mImAMsaka darzanadhArA ke vidvAna to ise anAdi aura apauruSeya bhI mAnate haiM phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki IsvI pUrva 1500 varSa pahale yaha apane vartamAna svarUpa meM astitva meM A cukA thaa| isa prAcInatama grantha meM hameM zramaNa saMskRti ke astitva ke saMketa upalabdha hote haiN| vaidika sAhitya meM bhAratIya saMskRti kI ina zramaNa aura brAhmaNa dhArAoM kA nirdeza kramazaH Arhata aura bArhata dhArAoM ke rUpa meM milatA hai| sAtha hI mohanajodar3o ke utkhanan se prApta vRSabha yukta dhyAna mudrA meM yogiyoM kI sIleM isa tathya kA spaSTa pramANa haiM ki Rgveda ke racanAkAla ke pUrva bhI bhArata meM zramaNa dhArA kA na kevala astitva thA, apitu vahI eka mAtra pramukha dhArA thii| kyoMki mohanajodar3o aura harappA ke utkhanana meM kahIM bhI yajJavedI upalabdha nahIM huI hai isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki bhArata meM tapa evaM dhyAna pradhAna Arhata paramparA kA astitva ati prAcIna kAla se hI rahA hai| yadi hama jaina dharma ke prAcIna nAmoM ke sandarbha meM vicAra kareM to yaha suspaSTa hai ki prAcIna kAla meM yaha Arhata dharma ke nAma se hI prasiddha rahA hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki jaina dharma kA pUrva rUpa Arhata dharma thaa| jJAtavya hai ki jaina-zabda mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga 1000 varSa - RSabhadeva pratiSThAna dehalI dvArA Ayojita 14 se 16 mArca 1663 kI saMgoSThI meM paThita Alekha

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186 Rgveda meM arhata aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM : eka adhyayana pazcAt hI kabhI astitva meM AyA hai| sAtavIM zatI se pUrva hameM kahIM bhI jaina zabda kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai| yadyapi isakI apekSA 'jina' va 'jina-dhamma' ke ullekha prAcIna hai| kintu arhata, zramaNa, jina Adi zabda bauddhoM evaM anya zramaNa dhArAoM meM bhI sAmAnyarUpa se pracalita rahe haiN| ataH jaina paramparA kI unase pRthakatA kI dRSTi se pArzva ke kAla meM yaha dharma nirganthadharma ke nAma se jAnA jAtA thaa| jaina AgamoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki I.pU. pAcavIM zatI meM zramaNa dhArA mukhya rUpa se 5 bhAgoM meM vibhakta thIM -- 1. nirgantha, 2. zAkya, 3. tApasa 4. gairuka aura 5. AjIvaka / vastutaH jaba zramaNa dhArA vibhinna vargoM meM vibhAjita hone lagI to jaina dhArA ke lie pahale 'nirgantha aura bAda meM 'jJAtaputrIya zramaNa' zabda kA prayoga hone lgaa| na kevala pAlI tripiTaka evaM jaina AgamoM meM apitu azoka (I.pU.-3 zatI) ke zilAlekhoM meM bhI jainadharma kA ullekha nirgantha dharma ke rUpa meM hI milatA hai| vastutaH pArzvanAtha evaM mahAvIra ke yuga meM pracalita dharma se pUrva sampUrNa zramaNa dhArA Arhata paramparA ke rUpa meM hI ullekhita hotI thI aura isameM na kevala jaina, bauddha, AjIvaka Adi paramparAyeM sammilita thIM, apitu aupaniSadika-RSi paramparA aura sAMkhya-yoga kI darzanadhArA evaM sAdhanA-paramparA bhI isI meM samAhita thii| yaha alaga bAta hai ki aupaniSadika dhArA evaM sAMkhya-yoga paramparA ke bRhad hindUdharma meM samAhita kara liye jAne evaM bauddha tathA AjIvaka paramparAoM ke kramazaH isa deza se niSkAsita athavA mRtaprAyaH ho jAne para jaina paramparA ko punaH pUrva madhyayuga meM Arhata dharma nAma prApta ho gyaa| kintu yahA~ hama jisa Aheta paramparA kI carcA kara rahe haiM, vaha eka prAcIna evaM vyApaka paramparA hai| RSibhASita nAmaka jaina grantha meM nArada, asitadevala, yAjJavalkya, aruNa, uddAlaka, aMgirasa, pArAzara Adi aneka aupaniSadika RSiyoM kA arhat RSi ke rUpa meM ullekha huA hai| sAtha hI sAriputra, mahAkAzyapa Adi bauddha zramaNoM evaM maMkhalIgozAla, saMjaya Adi anya zramaNa paramparA ke AcAryoM kA bhI arhat RSi ke rUpa meM ullekha huA hai| bauddha paramparA meM buddha ke sAtha sAtha arhat avasthA ko prApta anya zramaNoM ko arhat kahA jAtA thaa| buddha ke liye arhat vizeSaNa supracalita thA, yathA -- namotassa bhagavato arahato smmaasNbuddhss| isa prakAra prAcIna kAla meM zramaNa dhArA apane samagra rUpa meM Aheta paramparA ke nAma se hI jAnI jAtI thii| vaidika sAhitya meM aura vizeSa rUpa se Rgveda meM Aheta va bArhata dhArAoM kA ullekha bhI isI tathya kI puSTi karatA hai| Arhata dharma vastutaH vahA~ nivRttipradhAna sampUrNa zramaNadhArA kA hI vAcaka hai| Arhata zabda se hI yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki Arhata-arhatoM ke upAsaka the aura arhat avasthA ko prApta karanA hI apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya mAnate the| bauddha granthoM meM buddha ke pUrva vajjiyoM ke apane arhatoM evaM caityoM kI upasthiti ke nirdeza hai| ArhatoM se bhinna vaidika paramparA Rgvaidika kAla meM bArhata nAma se jAnI jAtI thii| Rgveda ke dazam maNDala ke 85 veM sUkta kI caturtha RcA meM spaSTa rUpa se bArhata zabda ullekha huA hai| vaha RcA isa prakAra hai -

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 187 AcchadvidhAnairgupito bArhataiH soma rakSitaH / grAvNAmicchRNvan tiSThAsi na te azranti pArthivaH / / Rgveda 1018514 arthAt he soma / tU gupta vidhi vidhAnoM se rakSita bArhata gaNoM se saMrakSita hai| tU (somalatA ke) pIsane vAle pattharoM kA zabda sunate hI rahatA hai| tujhe pRthvI kA koI bhI sAmAnya jana nahIM khA sakatA / bRhatI veda ko kahate haiM7 aura isa bRhatI ke upAsaka bArhata kahe jAte the| isa prakAra vedoM meM varNita somapAna evaM yajJa-yAga meM niSThA rakhane vAle aura use hI apanI dharma sAdhanA kA sarvasva mAnane vAle loga hI bArhata the| inake viparIta dhyAna aura tapa sAdhanA ko pramukha mAnane vAle vyakti Arhata nAma se jAne jAte the / vaidika sAhitya meM hameM spaSTa rUpa se arhat ko mAnane vAle ina ArhatoM ke ullekha upalabdha haiN| Rgveda meM arhan aura arhanta zabdoM kA prayoga nau RcAoM meM dasa se adhika bAra huA hai| sAmAnyatayA vaidika, vidvAnoM ne ina RcAoM meM prayukta arhan zabda ko pUjanIya ke artha meM agni, rudra Adi vaidika devatAoM ke vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM hI vyAkhyAyita kiyA hai / yaha satya hai ki eka vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM arhan yA arhata kA zabda kA artha pUjanIya hotA hai, kintu Rgveda meM arhan ke atirikta arhanta zabda kA spaSTa svatantra prayoga yaha batAtA hai ki vastutaH vaha eka saMjJA pada bhI hai aura arhanta deva kA vAcI hai / isa sandarbha meM nimna RcAe~ vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya haiM avibhirSi sAyakAni dhanvArhanniSkaM yajataM vizvarUpam / arhannidaM dayase vizvamambaM na vA ojIyo rudra-tvadasti / / (2.33.10 ) prastuta RcA ko rudra sUkta ke antargata hone ke kAraNa vaidika vyAkhyAkAroM ne yahA~ arhan zabda ko rudra kA eka vizeSaNa mAnakara isakA artha isa prakAra kiyA hai- he rudra ! yogya tU bANoM aura dhanuSa ko dhAraNa karatA hai| yogya tU, pUjA ke yogya aura aneka rUpoM vAle sone ko dhAraNa karatA hai| yogya tU isa sAre vistRta jagat kI rakSA karatA hai / he rudra, tujhase adhika tejasvI aura koI nahIM hai / jaina dRSTi meM isa RcAko nimna prakAra se bhI vyAkhyAyita kiyA jA sakatA hai he arhan ! tU ( saMyama rUpI) zastroM (dhanuSa-bANa) ko dhAraNa karatA hai ? aura sAMsArika jIvoM meM prANa rUpa svarNa kA tyAga kara detA hai ? nizcaya hI tujhase adhika balavAna aura kaThora aura koI nahIM hai / he arhan tU vizva kI arthAt saMsAra ke prANiyoM kI mAtRvat dayA karatA hai| 1 -- prastuta prasaMga meM arhan kI byAja rUpa se stuti kI gayI hai| yahA~ zastra dhAraNa karane kA tAtparya karma zatruoM yA viSaya vAsanAoM ko parAjita karane ke lie saMyama rUpI zastroM ke dhAraNa karane se hai| jaina paramparA meM 'arihaMta' zabda kI vyAkhyA zatru kA nAza karane vAlA, isa rUpa meM kI gaI hai| AcArAMga meM sAdhaka ko apanI vAsanAoM se yuddha karane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai|

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188 Rgveda meM arhata aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM : eka adhyayana isI prakAra byAja rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ sArA saMsAra svarNa ke pIche bhAgatA hai, vahIM, tU isakA tyAga karatA hai| yahA yajataM zabda tyAga kA vAcI mAnA jA sakatA hai| ataH tujhase adhika kaThora va samartha kauna ho sakatA hai ? prastuta prasaMga meM 'arhan dayase vizvamamba' zabda adhika mahattvapUrNa hai| isameM arhan ko vizva ke sabhI prANiyoM kI dayA karane vAlA tathA mAtRvat kahA gayA hai, jo jaina paramparA kA mUla AdhAra hai| isI prakAra paMcama maNDala ke bAvanaveM sUkta kI pA~cavIM RcA bhI mahattvapUrNa hai -- arhanto ye sudAnavo naro asAmizavasaH / pra yajJaM yaziyebhyo divo arcA marudbhayaH / / Rgveda 51 5215 sAyaNa kI vyAkhyA ke anusAra isa RcA kA artha isa prakAra hai-- jo pUjya, dAnazUra sampUrNa bala se yukta tathA tejasvI dyautamAna netA hai, una pUjya vIra-marutoM ke lie yajJa karo aura unakI pUjA kro| hama prastuta RcA kI bhI jaina dRSTi se nimna vyAkhyA kara sakate haiM -- jo dAnavIra, tejasvI, sampUrNa vIrya se yukta, nara zreSTa arhanta haiM, ve yAjJikoM ke lie yajana ke aura marutoM ke lie arcanA ke viSaya haiN| isI prakAra se arhan zabda vAcI anya RcAoM kI bhI jaina dRSTi se vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai| vaidika RcAoM kI vyAkhyAoM ke sAtha kaThinAI yaha hai ki unakI zabdAnusArI sarala vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hotI hai, lakSaNA pradhAna vyAkhyA hI karanI hotI hai| ataH unheM aneka dRSTiyoM se vyAkhyAyita kiyA jA sakatA hai| Rgveda meM na kevala sAmAnya rUpa se zramaNa paramparA aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina paramparA se sambandhita arhana, arhanta, vrAtya, bAtarazanAmuni, zramaNa Adi zabdoM kA ullekha milatA hai, apitu usameM Arhata paramparA ke upAsya vRSabha kA bhI zatAdhika bAra ullekha huA hai| mujhe Rgveda meM vRSabha vAcI 112 RcAe~ upalabdha huIM haiN| sambhavataH kucha aura RcAe~ bhI mila sakatI hai| yadyapi yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki ina samasta RcAoM meM prayukta 'bRSabha zabda RSabhadeva kA hI vAcI hai| phira bhI kucha RcAe~ to avazya hI RSabhadeva se sambandhita mAnI jA sakatI haiN| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana, pro. jImara, pro. vIrapAkSa vADiyara Adi kucha jainetara vidvAna bhI isa mata ke pratipAdaka hai ki Rgveda meM jainoM ke Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva se sambandhita nirdeza upalabdha hote haiM10 / AIta dhArA ke Adi puruSa ke rUpa meM RSabha kA nAma sAmAnya rUpa se svIkRta rahA hai| kyoMki hindU purANoM evaM bauddha granthoM se bhI isakI puSTi hotI hai| jainoM ne unheM apanA Adi tIrthaMkara mAnA hai| itanA sunizcita hai ki RSabhadeva bhAratIya saMskRti kI nivRttipradhAna dhArA ke prathama puruSa haiN| hindU paramparA meM jo avatAroM kI carcA hai, usameM RSabha kA krama 8vA~ hai, kintu yadi mAnavIya rUpa meM avatAra kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to lagatA hai ki ve hI prathama mAnavAvatAra the| yadyapi RSabha kI avatAra rUpa meM svIkRti hameM sarvaprathama purANa sAhitya meM vizeSataH bhAgavata

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 189 purANa meM milatI hai, jo ki paravartI grantha hai| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki zrImadbhAgavata meM RSabha kA jisa rUpa meM prastutikaraNa hai, vaha unheM nivRttipradhAna zramaNa saMskRti kA Adi puruSa siddha karatA hai11| zrIbhadbhAgavata purANa ke atirikta liMgapurANa, zivapurANa, AgneyapurANa, brahmAMDapurANa, viSNupurANa, kUrmapurANa, varAhapurANa aura skandha purANa meM bhI RSabha kA ullekha eka dharma pravartaka ke rUpa meM huA hai 12 / yadyapi prastuta nibandha meM hama Rgveda meM upalabdha vRSabha vAcI RcAoM kI hI carcA taka apane ko sImita kreNge| 7 Rgveda meM 'vRSabha' zabda kA prayoga kina-kina sandarbhoM meM huA hai yaha abhI bhI eka gahana zodha kA viSaya hai, jahA~ eka ora adhikAMza vaidika vidvAna va bhASyakAra Rgveda meM prayukta vRSabha (RSabha ) zabda kA artha baila 13, balavAna 14, uttama, zreSTha 15 varSA karane vAlA 16, kAmanAoM kI pUrti karane vAlA Adi karate haiM, vahIM jaina vidvAna use apane prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kA vAcI mAnate haiN| jaina vidvAnoM ne RSabhadeva kI carcA ke sandarbha meM Rgveda, yajurveda, atharvaveda Adi kI aneka RcAe~ prastuta bhI kI haiM aura unakA jaina saMskRti anusArI artha karane kA bhI prayatna kiyA hai| prastuta nibandha meM maine bhI eka aisA hI prayatna kiyA hai| kintu aisA dAvA maiM nahIM karatA hU~ ki yahI eka mAtra vikalpa hai / merA kathya mAtra yaha hai ki una RcAoM ke aneka sambhAvita arthoM meM yaha bhI eka artha ho sakatA hai, isase adhika sunizcita rUpa meM kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| Rgveda meM prayukta vRSabha zabda ke artha ke sandarbha meM hameM paryApta sartakatA evaM sAvadhAnI baratanI hogI, kyoMki jahA~ taka vaidika RcAoM kA prazna hai unakA artha karanA eka kaThina kArya hai| adhika kyA kaheM sAyaNa jaise bhASyakAroM ne bhI Rgveda ke 10 veM maNDala ke 106 veM sUkta ke gyAraha mantroM kI vyAkhyA karane meM asamarthatA prakaTa kI hai / mAtra itanA hI nahIM kucha anya maMtroM ke sambandha meM spaSTa likhA hai ki ina maMtroM se kucha bhI artha bodha nahIM hotA hai / kaThinAI yaha hai ki sAyaNa evaM mahidhara ke bhASyoM aura Rgveda ke racanA kAla meM paryApta antara hai| jo grantha IsA se 1500 varSa pUrva kabhI banA ho, usakA IsA kI 15 vIM zatI meM artha karanA kaThina kArya hai kyoMki isameM na kevala bhASA kI kaThinAI hotI hai, apitu zabdoM ke rUr3ha artha bhI paryApta rUpa se badala cuke hote haiM / vastutaH vaidika RcAoM ko unake bhaugolika va sAmAjika pariprekSya meM samajhe binA unakA jo artha kiyA jAtA hai, vaha RcAoM meM prakaTa mUla bhAvoM ke kitanA nikaTa hogA, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| skandasvAmI, sAyaNa evaM mahidhara ke bAda svAmI dayAnanda sarasvatI ne vaidika maMtroM kI apanI dRSTi se vyAkhyA karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| yadi hama sAyaNa aura dayAnanda kI vyAkhyAoM ko dekheM, to yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki sAyaNa evaM dayAnanda kI vyAkhyAoM meM bahuta adhika antara hai| Rgveda meM jina-jina RcAoM meM vRSabha zabda AyA hai, ve sabhI RcAe~ aisI haiM ki unheM aneka dRSTiyoM se vyAkhyAyita kiyA jA sakatA hai 1 mUla samasyA to yaha hai ki vaidika RcAoM kA zAbdika artha grahaNa kareM yA lAkSaNika artha / jahA~ taka vRSabha sambandhI RcAoM ke artha kA prazna hai maiM isa niSkarSa para pahuMcA hUM ki unakA zabdAnusArI artha karane para na to jaina mantavya kI puSTi hotI hai aura na AryasamAja ke maMtavyoM kI puSTi hogI, na hI unase kisI viziSTa dArzanika cintana kA avabodha hotA hai| yadyapi vaidika

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190 Rgveda meM arhata aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM : eka adhyayana maMtroM ke artha ke lie sarvaprathama yAska ne eka prayatna kiyA thA, kintu usake nirukta meM hI yaha bhI spaSTa rUpa se ullikhita hai ki usa samaya bhI, kotsa Adi AcArya aise the, jo mAnate the ki vedoM ke maMtra nirarthaka haiN|8| yadyapi hama isa mata se sahamata nahIM ho skte| vastutaH vaidika maMtra eka sahaja svAbhAvika mAnavIya bhAvanAoM kI abhivyakti hai kintu aisA mAnane para vedoM ke prati jisa Adara bhAva yA unakI mahattA kI jo bAta hai vaha kSINa ho jAtI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki svAmI dayAnanda Adi ne vedoM meM rahasyAtmakatA va lAkSaNikatA ko pramukha mAnA aura usI AdhAra para maMtroM kI vyAkhyAyeM kiiN| ataH sabase prathama yaha vicAraNIya hai ki kyA veda maMtroM kI vyAkhyA unheM rahasyAtmaka va lAkSaNika mAnakara kI jAya athavA nhiiN| kyoMki yadi hama Rgveda meM prayukta vRSabha zabda ko RSabhadeva ke artha meM grahaNa karanA cAhate haiM, to hamAre mata kI puSTi rahasyAtmaka evaM lAkSaNika vyAkhyAyoM dvArA hI sambhava hai| zabdAnusArI sAmAnya artha kI dRSTi se aisI puSTi sambhava nahIM hai| sabase pahale hama isI prazna para vicAra kareM ki kyA vaidika RcAoM kA lAkSaNika va rahasyAtmaka artha kiyA jAnA caahie| yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki aneka vaidika RcAe~ va maMtra apane zabdAnusArI artha meM bahuta hI sAdhAraNa se lagate haiM jabaki unakA lAkSaNika artha atyanta hI gambhIra hotA hai| vaidika RcAe~ lAkSaNika va rahasyAtmaka artha kI vAcaka haiM yaha samajhane ke lie pahale hameM aupaniSadika sAhitya para bhI isa dRSTi se vicAra karanA hogA, kyoMki aneka upaniSad vedoM meM samAhita haiN| zvetAzvataropaniSad meM nimna zloka pAyA jAtA hai -- ajAmekAM lohitazuklakRSNAM bahavI prajAH sRjyamAnAM sarUpAH / ajoyeko juSamANo'nuzete jahAtyenAM bhuktabhogAmajo'nyaH / / yadi hama zvetAzvataropaniSad ? ke isa zloka kA zabdAnusArI yaha artha karate haiM ki eka kAle, lAla va sapheda raMga kI bakarI hai, jo apane samAna hI saMtAna ko janma detI hai| eka bakarA usakA bhoga kara rahA hai, jabaki dUsare ne usakA bhoga karake parityAga kara diyA hai| isa artha kI dRSTi se yaha zloka eka sAmAnya pazu kI prAkRtika sthiti kA citraNa mAtra hai, lekina hama isake pUrvApara sambandha ko dekheM to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aupanipadika RSi kA yaha kathana kevala eka pazu kA citraNa nahIM hai, apitu eka rUpaka hai, jisake lAkSaNika artha ke AdhAra para vaha prakRti kI triguNAtmakatA ke sAtha usake dvArA sRSTa padArtho ke triguNAtmaka svarUpa ko spaSTa karanA cAhatA hai| yaha tathya isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki vedoM kI RcAe~ evaM aupaniSadika zloka mAtra sAmAnya artha ke sUcaka nahIM haiN| unameM aneka sthAnoM para rUpakoM ke mAdhyama se dArzanika rahasyoM ke udghATana kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| isa sandarbha meM hama Rgveda kI hI dasaveM maNDala kI eka RcA lete haiM -- Rtasya hi sadaso dhItiradyautsaM gArTeyo vRSabho gobhirAnaT / udatiSThattaviSeNA raveNa mahAnti citsaM vivyAcA rjaaNsi||( 10.111.2)

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 191. isa RcA ke zAbdika artha ke anusAra isake dvitIya caraNa kA artha hogA taruNa gAya se utpanna vRSabha raMbhAtA huA gauoM ke sAtha milatA hai, kintu mAtra itanA artha karane para RcA kA bhAva spaSTa nahIM hotA hai| isake pUrva Rtasya hI sadaso dhItiradyautsaM isa pUrvacaraNa ko bhI lenA hotA hai| isa caraNa kA artha bhI sAyaNa aura dayAnanda ne alaga-alaga DhaMga se kiyA hai, kintu ve artha bhI lAkSaNika hI haiN| jahA~ dayAnanda 'Rtasya hI sadasodhItiradyaut kA artha Rta kI sabhA kI dhAraNA zakti prakAzita ho rahI hai -- aisA artha karate haiM19, vahI sAyaNa bhASya para AdhArita hokara sAtavelakara isakA artha jala sthAna kA arthAt antarikSa kA dhAraka yaha indra prakAzatA hai, aisA artha karate haiM29, kintu ye donoM hI artha na to pUrNataH zabdAnusArI hai aura na parNataH lAkSaNikahI kahe jA sakate haiN| dayAnanda ne usakI lAkSaNikatA ko spaSTa karate hae -- Izvara kA prakAza phailA hai aisA bhAvArtha kiyA hai| lekina yahA~ hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki bhAratIya cintana meM Izvara kI avadhAraNA eka paravartI vikAsa hai| Rta kI avadhAraNA prAcIna hai aura usakA artha satya yA vyavasthA hai| prastuta prasaMga meM isa ...vA ko vRSabha se saMbandhita mAnate haiM to isakA artha isa prakAra hogA-- jisa prakAra taruNa gAya se utpanna vRSabha gau samUha ke bIca apanI dhvani se suzobhita hotA hai, usI prakAra RSabha ke kevala jJAna se utpanna samyak vANI se satya kI sabhA suzobhita hotI hai| vaha (RSabhadeva ) samavasaraNa meM Upara AsIna hokara jisa vANI kA udghoSa karate haiM, vaha apane tIvra rava zabda dhvani ke dvArA isa samasta loka ko vyApta karatI hai| isa prakAra uparyukta RcA kA jaina dRSTi se jo lAkSaNika artha kiyA jAtA hai, vaha adhika samIcIna pratIta hotA hai| isI prasaMga meM Rgveda ke caturtha maNDala ke 58 veM sUkta kI tIsarI RcA, jo vRSabha se sambandhita hai, ke artha para bhI vicAra kreN| yaha RcA isa prakAra hai -- catvAri zrRGagA trayo asya pAdA dve zIrSe saptahastAso asy| vidhA baddho vRSabho roravIti maho devo mAM A viveza / / (4.58. 3) isa RcA kA zabdAnusArI sAmAnya artha isa prakAra hai -- isa vRSabha athavA deva ke cAra sIMga, tIna paira, do sira aura isake sAta hAtha haiN| yaha vRSabha yA balavAna deva tIna sthAnoM para baMdhA huA zabda karatA hai, yaha mahAna deva manuSyoM meM praviSTa haiM21 / isa zabdAnusArI artha ke AdhAra para -- na to isameM vRSabha (baila) kA yathArtha prAkRtika svarUpa kA citraNa hai -- yaha kahA jA sakatA hai aura na kisI anya artha kA spaSTa bodha hotA hai| ataH svAbhAvika rUpa se isake lAkSaNika artha kI ora jAnA hotA hai| dayAnanda sarasvatI isakA lAkSaNika artha isa prakAra karate haiM-- he manuSyoM ! jo bar3A sevA aura Adara karane yogya svaprakAza svarUpa aura saba ko sukha dene vAlA maraNadharma vAle manuSya Adi ko saba prakAra se vyApta hotA hai aura jo sukhoM ko varSAne vAlA tIna zraddhA, puruSArtha aura yogAbhyAsa se baMdhA huA vistara upadeza detA hai| isa dharma

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192 Rgveda meM arhata aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM : eka adhyayana se yukta nitya aura naimittika paramAtmA ke bodha ke do unnati aura mokSa rUpa zira sthAnApanna tIna arthAt karma, upAsanA aura jJAna rUpa calane yogya paira aura cAra veda zrRgo ke sadRza Apa logoM ko jAnane yogya haiM aura isa dharma vyavahAra ke pA~ca jJAnendriya vA pA~ca karmendriya antaHkaraNa aura AtmA ye sAta hAthoM ke sadRza vartamAna hai, aura ukta tIna prakAra se badhA~ huA vyavahAra bhI jAnane yogya hai22 1 kintu yadi isa uparyukta RcA kA artha jaina dRSTi se kareM to tIna yogoM arthAt mana, vacana va kAya se baddha yA yukta RSabha deva ne yaha udghoSaNA kI ki mahAdeva arthAt paramAtmA mRtyoM meM hI nivAsa karatA hai, usake ananta catuSThaya rUpa arthAt ananta jJAna, ananta darzana ananta sukha va ananta vIrya aise cAra zrRGga haiM aura samyak darzana, jJAna va cAritra rUpa tIna pAda haiN| usa paramAtmA ke jJAna upayoga va darzana-upayoga aise do zIrSa haiM tathA pA~ca indriyAM, mana va buddhi aise sAta hAtha haiN| zrRGga AtmA ke sarvottama dazA ke sUcaka haiM jo sAdhanA kI pUrNatA para ananta catuSTaya ke rUpa meM prakaTa hote haiM aura pAda usa sAdhanA mArga ke sUcaka haiM jisake mAdhyama se usa sarvottama Atma avasthA ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| sapta hasta jJAna prApti ke sAta sAdhanoM ko sUcita karate haiN| RSabha ko tridhAbaddha kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki vaha mana vacana evaM kAya yogoM kI upasthiti ke kAraNa hI saMsAra meM hai| baddha kA artha saMyata yA niyantrita karane para mana, vacana, va kAya se saMyata aisA artha bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra se hama dekhate haiM ki yahAM jaina dRSTi se kiyA lAkSaNika artha utanA hI samIcIna hai, jitanA svAmI dayAnanda kA lAkSaNika artha / itanA avazya satya hai ki isa RcA kA koI bhI zabdAnusArI artha isake artha ko abhivyakta nahIM kara sakatA hai| ataH hameM mAnanA hogA ki vaidika RcAoM ke artha ko samajhane ke lie inakI lAkSaNikatA ko svIkAra kiye binA anya koI vikalpa nahIM hai| sAyaNa Adi vedoM ke bhASyakAroM ne sAmAnya rUpa meM 'vRSabha' zabda kI vyAkhyA eka vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM kI hai aura usakA prasaMgAnusAra balavAna, zreSTha, varSA karane vAlA, kAmanAoM kI pUrti karane vAlA-aisA artha kiyA hai| ve vaSabha ko indra, agni, rudra Adi vaidika devatAoM kA eka vizeSaNa mAnate haiM evaM isI rUpa meM use vyAkhyAyita bhI karate haiN| cAhe vRSabha kA artha balavAna yA zreSTha kareM athavA use varSA karane vAlA yA kAmanAoM kI pUrti karane vAlA kahe, vaha eka vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM hI gRhIta hotA hai| yaha satya hai ki aneka prasaMgoM meM vRSabha zabda kI vyAkhyA eka vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM kI jA sakatI hai| svayaM jaina evaM bauddha paramparAoM meM bhI vRSabha zabda kA prayoga eka vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM huA hai| bauddha grantha dhammapada ke anta meM eka gAthA meM vRSabha zabda kA prayoga vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM huA hai| vaha gAthA nimnAnusAra hai-- usameM pavaraM vIraM mahasiM vijitaavinN| aneja nahAtakaM buddhaM tamahaM bUmi brAhmaNaM / / - dhammapada 26 140 ataH isa sambandha meM koI Apatti nahIM kI jA sakatI hai ki vRSabha zabda kA prayoga vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM nahIM ho sakatA, kintu yaha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki vRSabha zabda sarvatra

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 193 vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM hI prayukta hotA hai| vRSabha' zabda kA prayoga sAhitya ke kSetra meM vizeSaNa pada va saMjJA pada donoM rUpoM meM hI pAyA jAtA hai| Rgveda meM hI aneka aise sthala haiM jahA~ vaidika vidvAnoM ne 'vRSabha' zabda kA prayoga vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM mAnA hai| jaise -- 1. tvaM agne vRSabhaH (1/31/5) 2. vRSabhaH indro (1/33/10) 3. tvaM agne indro vRSabhaH (2/1/3) 4. vRSabhaM .... indraM (3/47/5) isa prakAra ke aura bhI aneka sandarbha upasthita kie jA sakate haiM, kintu prazna yaha hai ki kyA 'vRSabha zabda ko sadaiva hI eka vizeSaNa mAnA jaay| yaha ThIka hai ki indra varSA kA devatA hai| use zreSTha yA balavAna mAnA gayA hai| ataH usakA vizeSaNa vRSabha ho sakatA hai kintu isake viparIta indra zabda ko bhI vRSabha kA vizeSaNa mAnA jA sakatA hai| jaina paramparA meM RSabha Adi tIrthaMkaroM ke lie jinendra vizeSaNa prasiddha hI hai| atharvaveda (9.9.7) meM indrasya rupaM RSabho kahakara donoM ko paryAyavAcI banA diyA gayA hai| indra kA artha aizvarya kA dhAraka aisA bhI hotA hai| isa rUpa meM vaha vRSabha kA vizeSaNa bhI bana sakatA hai| jisa prakAra vRSabha ko indra, agni, rudra, vRhaspati Adi kA vizeSaNa mAnA gayA hai usI prakAra vyAkhyA ko parivartita karake indra, rudra, agni aura bRhaspati ko vRSabha kA vizeSaNa bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ vRSabha Apa indra yA jinendra haiM -- aisI vyAkhyA bhI bahuta asaMgata nahIM kahI jA sakatI hai| kucha jaina vidvAnoM kI aisI mAnyatA bhI hai ki vedoM meM 'jAta-vedasa' zabda jo agni ke lie prayukta huA hai vaha janma se trijJAna sampanna jyoti svarUpa bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke lie hI hai| ve yaha mAnate haiM ki "ratnadharakta", "vizvavedasa", "jAtavedasa" Adi zabda jo vedoM meM agni ke vizeSaNa hai ve ratnatraya se yukta vizva tattvoM ke jJAtA sarvajJa RSabha ke lie bhI prayukta ho sakate hai| itanA nizcita hai ki ye zabda sAmAnya prAkRtika agni ke vizeSaNa to nahIM mAne jA sakate haiN| cAhe unheM agnideva kA vAcI mAnA jAya yA RSabhadeva kA, ve kisI daivIya zakti ke hI vizeSaNa ho sakate haiN| jaina vidvAnoM kA yaha bhI kahanA hai ki agni deva ke rUpa meM RSabha kI stuti kA eka mAtra hetu yahI dRSTigata hotA hai, RSabhadeva sthUla va sUkSma zarIra se parinivRtta hokara siddha, buddha va mukta hue usa samaya unake parama prazAnta svarUpa ko AtmasAta karane vAlI agni hI tatkAlIna janamAnasa ke lie smRti kA viSaya raha gayI aura janatA agni darzana se hI apane ArAdhya deva kA smaraNa karane lgii| (devendramuni zAstrIH RSabhadeva eka parizIlana, pR.43) jaina vidvAnoM ke isa cintana meM kitanI sArthakatA hai yaha eka svatantra carcA kA viSaya hai yahA~ maiM usameM utaranA nahI cAhatA hU~, kintu yaha batAnA cAhatA hU~ ki vizeSaNa evaM vizeSya ke rUpa meM prayukta donoM zabdoM meM yadi saMjJA rUpa meM prayukta hone kI sAmarthya hai to unameM kise vizeSaNa aura

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kise vizeSya mAnA jAya yaha vyAkhyAkAra kI apanI-apanI dRSTi para hI AdhArita hogA / sAtha hI donoM ko paryAyavAcI bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai| 194 Rgveda meM arhata aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM: eka adhyayana -- Rgveda meM rudra kI stuti ke sandarbha meM bhI vRSabha zabda kA prayoga huA hai| svayaM Rgveda meM hI eka ora rudra ko ugra evaM zastroM kA dhAraNa karane vAlA kahA gayA vahIM dUsarI ora use vizva prANiyoM ke prati dayAvAna aura mAtRvat bhI kahA gayA hai ( 2/33/1 ) / isa RcA kI carcA hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| eka hI vyakti kaThora va komala dono ho sakatA hai| RSabha ke sandarbha meM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki ye tapa kI kaThora sAdhanA karate the / ataH ve rudra bhI the| vaidika sAhitya meM rudra, sarva, pAzupati, Iza, mahezvara, ziva, zaMkara Adi paryAyavAcI rUpa meM prayukta hue haiN| jaina dRSTi se inheM vRSabha kA vizeSaNa bhI mAnA gayA hai| ataH kise kisakA vizeSaNa mAnA jAya, yaha nirdhAraNa sahaja nahIM hai| Rgveda meM jo rudra kI stuti hai usameM 5 bAra vRSabha zabda kA aura 3 bAra arhan zabda kA ullekha huA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, rudra ko arhan zabda se bhI sambodhita kiyA gayA hai / itanA to nizcita hai ki arhan vizeSaNa RSabhadeva ke lie hI adhika samIcIna hai kyoMki yaha mAnya tathya hai ki unake dvArA pravartita dharma Arhata dharma hai| ataH Rgveda meM rudra kI jo stuti prApta hotI hai usameM yadi rudra ko vRSabha kA vizeSaNa mAnA jAya to vaha vRSabha kI stuti ke rUpa meM bhI vyAkhyAyita ho sakatI hai / yadyapi maiM ise eka sambhAvita vyAkhyA se adhika nahIM mAnatA huuN| isa sambandha meM pUrNa sunizcitatA kA dAvA karanA mithyA hogA / Rgveda meM vRSabha zabda ko bRhaspati ke vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM bhI mAnA gayA hai| yahA~ bhI yahI samasyA hai| hama bRhaspati ko bhI vRSabha kA vizeSaNa banA sakate haiM, kyoMki RSabha ko paramajJAnI mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki vRSabha zabda indra, agni, rudra athavA bRhaspati kA vizeSaNa mAnA jAya yA ina zabdoM ko vRSabha kA vizeSaNa mAnA jAya, isa samasyA kA samyak samAdhAna itanA hI ho sakatA hai ki ina vyAkhyAoM meM dRSTibheda hI pramukha hai / donoM vyAkhyAoM meM kisI ko bhI hama pUrNataH asaMgata nahIM kaha sakate / kintu yadi jaina dRSTi se vicAra kareM to hameM mAnanA hogA ki rudra, indra, agni Adi RSabha ke vizeSaNa haiN| Rgveda meM hameM eka sabase mahattvapUrNa sUcanA yaha milatI hai ki aneka sandarbhoM meM vRSabha kA eka vizeSaNa marutvAn AyA hai (vRSabho marutvAnaM ( 2.33.6 ) ) / jaina paramparA meM RSabha ko marudevI kA putra mAnA gayA hai| ataH unake sAtha yaha vizeSaNa samucita pratIta hotA hai| Rgveda meM vRSabha sambandhI RgcAoM kI vyAkhyA ke sambandha meM yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki aneka prasaMgoM meM unakI lAkSaNika vyAkhyA ke atirikta anya koI vikalpa nahIM rahatA hai / Rgveda caturtha maNDala ke aTThAvanaveM sUkta kI tIsarI RcA meM vRSabha ko cAra sIgoM, tIna pAdoM yA pAvoM, do zIrSa, sAta hasta evaM tIna prakAra se baddha kahA gayA hai| yaha RcA spaSTa rUpa se RSabha ko samarpita hai| isameM RSabha ko mRtyoM meM upasthita yA praviSTha mahAdeva kahA gayA hai / isa RcA kI kaThinAI yaha hai ki ise kisI bhI sthiti meM apane zabdAnusArI sahaja artha dvArA vyAkhyAyita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA kyoMki na to vRSabha ke cAra sIMga hote haiM, na tIna pAda, na do

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 195 zira hote haiM, nahIM sAta hAtha hote haiN| cAhe hama kisI bhI paramparA kI dRSTi se isa RcA kI vyAkhyA kareM lAkSaNika rUpa meM hI karanA hogaa| aisI sthiti meM isa RcA ko jahA~ dayAnanda sarasvatI Adi vaidika paramparA ke vidvAnoM ne hindU paramparAnusAra vyAkhyAyita karane kA prayatna kiyA vahI jaina vidvAnoM ne ise jaina dRSTi se vyAkhyAyita kiyaa| jaba sahaja zabdAnusArI artha saMbhava nahIM hai taba lAkSaNika artha ke atirikta anya koI vikalpa bhI zeSa nahI rahatA / isI prakAra Rgveda ke 7veM maNDala ke paccAvanaveM sUkta kI sAtavIM RcA (7.55.7) meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki sahasra zrRMga vAlA vRSabha samudra se Upara AyA / yadyapi vaidika vidvAn isa RcA kI vyAkhyA meM vRSabha kA artha sUrya karate haiM, ve vRSabha kA sUrya artha isa AdhAra para lagAte haiM ki vRSabha zabda kA vyutpattilabhya artha hai jo varSA kA kAraNa hotA hai, vaha vRSabha hai| kyoMki sUrya vRSTi kA kAraNa hai, ataH vRSabha kA eka artha sUrya bhI ho sakatA hai / sahasra zrRMga kA artha bhI ve sUrya kI hajAroM kiraNoM se karate haiM, kintu jaina dRSTi se isakA artha yaha bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| ki jJAna rUpI sahasroM kiraNoM se maNDita RSabhadeva samudrataTa para aaye| isI RcA kI agalI paMkti kA zabdArtha isa prakAra hai| usa kI sahAyatA se hama manuSyoM ko sulA dete haiM, kintu sUrya kI sahAyatA se manuSyoM ko kaise sulAyA jA sakatA hai yaha bAta sAmAnya buddhi kI samajha meM nahIM AtI hai / phira bhI sahasra zrRMga kI vyAkhyA to lAkSaNika dRSTi se hI karanA hogaa| vRSabha zabda baila kA vAcI bhI hai aura Rgveda meM baila ke kriyAkalApoM kI agni, indra Adi tulanA bhI kI gaI hai jaise 8veM maNDala meM zizAno vRSabho yathAgniH zrRMga davidhvata, ( 8.68.13) meM hama dekhate haiM ki agni kI tulanA vRSabha se kI gayI hai aura kahA gayA hai ki jaise vRSabha apane sIgoM se prahAra karate samaya apane sira ko hilAtA hai usI prakAra agni bhI apanI jvAlAoM ko hilAtA hai / isI prakAra kI anya RcAyeM bhI haiM vRSabho na tigmazrRMgo'ntaryUtheSu roruvata(10.86.15 ) tIkSNa sIMga vAle vRSabha ke samAna jo apane samUha meM zabda karatA hai| isakA jaina dRSTi se lAkSaNika artha yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki tIkSNa prajJA vAle RSabha deva apane samUha arthAt caturvidha saMgha yA pariSadA meM upadeza dete haiM aura he indra tuma bhI una para maMthana yA cintana karo / jJAtavya hai isa RcA meM 'na' zabda samAnatA yA tulanA kA vAcI hai| isI prakAra 'AzuH zisAno vRSabho naM ( 10.103.1) meM bhI tulanA hai| ---- isa prakAra Rgveda meM vRSabha zabda tulanA kI dRSTi se baila ke artha meM bhI aneka sthaloM meM prayukta huA hai| uparyukta samasta carcAoM ke AdhAra para hama isa niSkarSa para pahucate haiM ki Rgveda meM jina-jina sthAnoM para vRSabha zabda kA prayoga huA hai una sabhI sthaloM kI vyAkhyA vRSabha ko 'RSabha' mAnakara nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| mAtra kucha sthala hai jahA~ para Rgveda meM prayukta vRSabha kI vyAkhyA RSabha ke sandarbha meM kI jA sakatI hai| inameM bhI sampUrNa RcA ko vyAkhyAyita karane ke liye lAkSaNika artha kA hI grahaNa karanA hogaa| adhika se adhika hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki Rgvedika kAla meM vRSabha eka upAsya yA stutya RSi ke rUpa meM gRhIta the|

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196 Rgveda meM arhata aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM: eka adhyayana punaH Rgveda meM vRSabha kA rudra, indra, agni Adi ke sAtha jo samIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai vaha itanA avazya batAtA hai ki yaha samIkaraNa paravartI kAla meM pracalita rhaa| 6ThIM zatI se lekara 10vIM zatI ke jaina sAhitya meM jahA~ RSabha kI stuti yA usake paryAyavAcI nAmoM kA ullekha hai unameM RSabha kI stuti isI rUpa meM kI gayI / RSabha ke ziva, paramezvara, zaMkara, vidhAtA Adi nAmoM kI carcA hameM jaina paramparA ke prasiddha bhaktAmara stotra meM bhI milatI hai 23 1 Rgveda meM upalabdha kucha RcAoM kI jaina dRSTi se RSabhadeva ke prasaMga meM vyAkhyA karane kA hamane prayatna kiyA hai| vidvAnoM se yaha apekSA hai ki ve ina RcAoM ke artha ko dekheM aura nizcita kareM ki isa prayAsa kI kitanI sArthakatA hai / yadyapi maiM svayaM isa tathya se sahamata hU~ ki ina RcAoM kA yahI eka mAtra artha hai aisA dAvA nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| agrima paMktiyoM meM kucha RcAoM kA jaina dRSTiparaka artha prastuta hai / merI vyastatAoM ke kAraNa vRSabhavAcI sabhI 112 RcAoM kA artha to nahIM kara pAyA hU~ mAtra dRSTi- bodha ke liye kucha RcAoM kI vyAkhyA prastuta hai / isa vyAkhyA ke sambandha meM bhI mAtra itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki ina RcAoM ke jo vibhinna lAkSaNika artha sambhava haiM uname eka artha yaha bhI ho sakatA hai| isase adhika merA koI dAvA nahIM hai / RSabha vAcI Rgvaidika RcAoM kI jaina dRSTi se vyAkhyA asRgramindra te giraH prati tvAmudahAsata / ajoSA vRSabhaM patim / / (1.9.4) he indra ! (ajoSA ) jinhoMne strI kA tyAga kara diyA hai, una RSabha ( patim ) svAmI ke prati ApakI jo aneka prakAra kI vANI (stuti) hai, vaha ApakI ( bhAvanAoM) ko uttamatA pUrvaka abhivyakta karatI hai| (jJAtavya hai ki jaina paramparA meM indra hI sarvaprathama jina kI stuti karatA hai zakrastava (namotthuNaM) kA pATha jainoM meM sarva prasiddha hai ) tvamagne vRSabhaH puSTivardhana udyatasuce bhavasi zravAyyaH / ya AhutiM pari vedA vaSaTkRtimekAyugne viza avivAsasi / / ( 1.31.5 ) he jyotisvarUpa vRSabha ! Apa puSTi karane vAle haiM jo loga homa karane ke lie tatpara haiN| unake lie A karake Apa sunane yogya haiM arthAt unheM AhUta hokara Apake vicAroM ko jAnanA caahie| Apa kA upadeza jAnane yogya hai kyoMki usake AdhAra para uttama kriyAyeM kI jA sakatI haiN| Apa ekA arthAt carama zarIrI haiM aura tIrthaMkaroM meM prathama yA agra haiM aura prajA Apa meM hI nivAsa karatI hai arthAt Apa kI hI AjJA kA anusaraNa karatI hai| [jJAtavya hai - vaidika dRSTi se agni ke liye ekAyu evaM agra vizeSaNa kA prayoga utanA samIcIna nahIM hai jitanA vRSabha tIrthaMkara ke sAtha hai| unheM ekAyu kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki jinakA yahI antima jIvana hai| dUsare prathama tIrthaMkara hone se unake sAtha agra vizeSaNa bhI upayukta hai ]

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 197 na ye divaH pRthivyA antamApurna mAyAbhirdhanadAM paryabhUvana / yujaM vajraM vRSabhazcakra indro nijrjyotiSA tamaso gA aduksst||( 1.33.10) he svAmI (vRSabhadeva ) ! na to svarga ke aura na pRthvI ke vAsI mAyA aura dhanAdi (parigraha ) se paribhUta hone ke kAraNa ApakI maryAdA ( ApakI yogyatA ) ko prApta nahIM hote haiN| vRSabha ! Apa samAdhiyukta (yuja), atikaThora sAdhaka, vrajamaya zarIra ke dhAraka aura indroM ke bhI cakravartI hai jJAna ke dvArA andhakAra ( ajJAna) kA nAza karake gA arthAt prajA ko sukhoM se pUrNa kIjiye / A carSANiprA vRSabho janAnAM rAjA kRSTInAM puruhUta indraH / stutaH zravasyannavasopa madrigyuktA harI vRSaNA yAhUyarvA / IC 1.177.1) bahutoM meM prasiddha tathA bahutoM ke dvArA saMstuta sabake usa vicakSaNa buddhi mahAna RSabhadeva kI isa prakAra stuti kI jAtI hai| vaha stutya hokara hameM vIratA, godhana evaM vidyA pradAna kreN| hama usa tejasvI (jJAna) dAtA ko jAne yA prApta kareM / tvamagre indro vRSabhaH satAmasi tvaM viSNururugAyo namasyaH / tvaM brahmA rayividrahmaNaspate tvaM vidhartaH sacase purandhyA / / (2.1.3 ) he jyoti svarUpa jinendra RSabha Apa satpuruSoM ke bIca praNAma karane yogya hai| Apa hI viSNu hai aura Apa hI brahmA haiM tathA Apa hI vibhinna prakAra kI buddhiyoM se yukta meghAvI haiN| jisa sapta kiraNoM vAle vRSabha ne sAta sindhuoM ko bahAyA aura nirmala AtmA para car3he hue karmamala ko naSTa kara diyaa| ve bajrabAhu indra arthAt jinendra Apa hI haiM / unmA anAnudo vRSabho dodhato vadho gambhIra RSvo asamaSTakAvyaH / racodaH zranathano vIlitaspRthurindraH suyajJaH uSasaH svarjanat / / (2.21.4) dAna dene meM jinake Age koI nahIM nikala sakA aise saMsAra ko arthAt janma-maraNa ko kSINa karane vAle karma zatruoM ko mArane vAle asAdhAraNa, kuzala, dRr3ha agoM vAle, uttama karma karane vAle RSabha ne suyajJa rUpI ahiMsA dharma kA prakAzana kiyaa| anAnudo vRSabho jagmirAhavaM niSTaptA zatru pRtanAsu sAsahiH / asi satya RNayA brahmaNaspata ugrasya ciddamitA vIkuharSiNaH / / (2.23.11 ) he jJAna ke svAmI vRSabha tumhAre jaisA dUsarA dAtA nahI hai / tuma Atma zatruoM ko tapAne vAle, unakA parAbhava karane vAle, karma rUpI RNa ko dUra karane vAle, uttama harSa dene vAle kaThora sAdhaka va satya ke prakAzaka ho / unmA mamanda vRSabho marutvAntvakSIyasA vayasA nAdhamAnama / ghRNIva cchAyAmaraNa azIyAss vivAseyaM rudrasya sugnam / / (2.33.6 )

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198 Rgveda meM arhata aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM : eka adhyayana marutvAn arthAt marudevI ke putra RSabha hama ( bhikSuoM) ko tejasvI anna se tRpta kre| jisa prakAra dhUpa se pIDita vyakti chAyA kA Azraya letA hai usI prakAra maiM bhI pApa rahita hokara kaThora sAdhaka vRSabha ke sukha ko prApta kara va unakI sevA karU~ arthAt nirvANa lAbha prApta kruuN| pradIdhitirvizrvavArA jigAti hotAramilaH prathamaM yjdhyai| acchA namobhivRSabhaM vandadhyai sa devAnyakSadiSito yajIyAna / / (3.4.3 ) samagra saMsAra ke dvArA vareNya tathA prakAza ko karane vAlI buddhi sabase prathama pUjA karane ke lie jyoti svarUpa RSabha ke pAsa jAtI hai| usa RSabha kI vandanA karane ke lie hama namaskAra karate hue usake pAsa jaayeN| hamAre dvArA prerita hokara vaha bhI pUjanIya devoM kI pUjA kreN| aSAlaho agne vRSabho didIhi puro vizrvAH saubhagA sjigiivaan| yajJasya netA prathamasya pAyojAvido bRhataH suprnniite|| (3.15.4) he aparAjita aura tejasvI vRSabha Apa sabhI aizvaryazAlI nagaroM meM dharma yukta karmo kA prakAza kiijie| he sarvajJa ! Apa ahiMsA dharma ke uttama rIti se nirNAyaka hue, Apa hI tyAga mArga ke prathama netA hai| (jJAtavya hai ki yahAM yajJa zabda ko tyAga mArga ke artha meM grahIta kiyA gayA hai|) marutvantaM vRSabhaM vAvRdhAnamakavAriM divyaM shaasmindrm| vizrvAsAhamavase nUtanAyograM sahodAmiha tvaM huvema / / (3.47.5) marutvAn vikAsamAna avarNanIya divya zAsaka sabhI (karma) zatruoM ko harAne vAle vIra RSabha ko hama Atma-rakSaNa ke lie yahA~ AmaMtrita karate haiN| sadyo ha jAto vRSabhaH kanInaH prabhartubhAvadandhasaH sutsy| sAdhoH piba pratikAmaM yathA te rasAziraH prathamaM somysy|| (3.48.1) utpanna hote hI mahAbalavAna, sundara va taruNa una vRSabha ne annadAna karane vAloM kA tatkAla rakSaNa kiyaa| he jinendra vRSabha ! samatA rasa ke andara milAye-mizraNa kA Apa sarvaprathama pAna kreN| patirbhava vRtrahantsUnUtAnAM girA vizvAyurvRSabho vayodhAH / A no gahi sakhyebhiH zivebhirmahAnmahIbhirutibhiH saraNyana / / (3.31.18) he ajJAna rUpI bAdaloM ke vinAzaka, satya aura AnandadAyaka vANiyoM ke svAmI pUrNa Ayu vAle (vizvAyu) mahAna vRSabha mitratA ke bhAva se yukta hokara tathA ziva mArga (mokSa mArga) kA pratipAdana karane hetu tyAga mArga kI ora jAte hue hamArI ora aaiiye| mahA~ ugro vAvRdhe vIryAya samAcakre vRSabhaH kaavyen| indro bhago vAjadA asya gAvaH pra jAyante dakSiNA asyapUrvIH / / / 3.36.5)

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 199 ve mahAna aizvaryavAna, kaThoratapasvI bhagavAna vRSabha apane puruSArtha ke lie arthAt nirvANa kI prApti ke lie Age bar3hate haiN| unakI prajA aura dAna pUrvakAla se hI prasiddha hai / [jJAtavya hai ki RSabha prathama zAsaka the aura unhone apanI prajA ko samyak jIvana zailI sikhAyI thI tathA dIkSA ke pUrva vipula dAna diyA thaa| isI dRSTi se yahA~ kahA gayA hai ki unakI prajA (gAva) evaM dAna pUrva se hI prasiddha hai / ] asUta pUrvo vRSabho jyAyAnimA asya zurudhaH santi pUrvIH / divo napAtA vidathasya dhImiH kSatraM rAjAnA pradivo dadhAthe / / (3.38.5) una zreSTha RSabhadeva ne pUrvoM ko utpanna kiyA athavA ve pUrva jJAna se yukta hue| jisa prakAra varSA karane vAlA megha (vRSabha) pRthvI kI pyAsa bujhAtA hai usI prakAra ve pUrvo ke jJAna ke dvArA janatA kI pyAsa ko bujhAte haiM / he vRSabha ! Apa rAjA aura kSatriya haiM tathA AtmA kA patana nahIM hone dete haiN| yadanyAsu vRSabho roravIti so anyasminyUtha ni dadhAti retaH / sa hi kSapAvAntsa bhagaH sa rAjA mahadevAnAmasuratvamekam / / (3.55.17 ) jisa prakAra vRSabha anya yUthoM meM jAkara DakAratA hai aura anya yUthoM meM jAkara apane vIrya ko sthApita karatA hai| usI prakAra RSabhadeva bhI anya dArzanika samUha meM jAkara apanI vANI kA prakAza karate haiM aura apane siddhAnta kA sthApana karate haiM / ve RSabha karmoM kA kSapana karane vAle athavA saMyamI athavA jinakA pramAda naSTa ho aise apramatta bhagavAna, rAjA, devoM aura asuroM meM mahAna haiM / I catvAri zrRMgA yo asya pAdA dve zIrSe sapta hastAso asya / tridhA baddho vRSabho roravIti maho devo martyA A viveza / / ( 4.58.3 ) ve RSabha deva annata catuSTaya rUpI cAra zrRMgo se tathA samyaka jJAna, darzana evaM cAritrarUpI tIna pAdoM se yukta haiN| jJAnopayoga va darzanopayoga aise do siroM, pA~ca indriyoM, mana evaM buddhi aise sAta hAthoM se yukta haiN| ve tIna yogoM se baddha hokara mRtyoM meM nivAsa karate haiM / ve mahAdeva RSabha apanI vANI kA prakAzana karate haiN| 5.

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200 Rgveda meM arhata aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM : eka adhyayana sandarbha 1. jaina, DaoN.sAgaragala, jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga, rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura 1982, pR. bhUmikA pR. 6-10 niggaMtha sakka tAvasa geruya AjIva paMcahA samaNA-piNDaniyukti 445, niyuktisaMgraha saM. . vijaya jinendra sUrIzvara zrI harSa puSpAmRta jaina grantha mAlA lAkhAbAbala jAmanagara (a) niggaMtha dhammammi imA samAhI, sUyagaDo, jaina vizvabhAratI lAu~nU 216 142 (ba) nigaNTho nATaputto -- dIghanikAya, mahAparinivvANa sutta-subhadhaparivvAjakavatthuna 3123 186 (sa) nigaMThesu pi me kaTe ime viyApaTA hohaMti -- jaina zilAlekhasaMgraha bhAga-2, lekha kramAMka -1 isibhAsiyAiM suttAI - prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI jayapura, 1988 dekheM-- bhUmikA, sAgaramala jaina, pR.19-20 [sAmAnyatayA sampUrNa bhUmikA hI draSTavya hai] jJAtavya hai ki Rgveda 1018514 meM bArhata zabda to milatA hai, kintu Arhata zabda nahIM milatA hai yadyapi arhana evaM 'arhanto' zabda milate haiM, kintu brAhmaNoM, AraNyakoM AdimeM Arhata aura bArhata donoM zabda milate haiN| dekheM-- sutaM metaM bhante-vajjI yAni tAni vajjInaM vajjicetiyAni abbhantarAni ceva bAhirAni tAni sakkAronti garuM karontimAnenti puujenti| ..vajjInaM arahantesu dhammikA rakkhAAvaraNagutti, susaMvihitA kinti anAgatA ca arahanto vijitaM AgaccheyyuM AgatA ca arahanto vijite phAsu vihreyyuN| -- dIdhanikAya mahAparinivvANasuttaM 3 11 14 (nAlandA devanAgarI pAli sirIja) dekheM-- saMskRta-hindI koza - bRhat (vi.) strI. tI, bRhatI napuM. 1 veda 2 sAmaveda kA maMtra, 3 brahma (saM. vAmana zivarAma ApTe, motIlAla banArasIdAsa dehalI-7 dvi. saM. 1984, pR. 720) 8. dekheM-- devo deyAn yajatviAnararhan Rgveda 1 19411, 21311, 3, 2133 110, 517 12, 515215, 5187 15, 7118122, 10199 17, vaidika padAnukrama-koSa, prathamakhaNDaH vizvezvarAnanda vaidika zodhasaMsthAna, hoziyAra pura, 1976, pR. 518 9. judhArihaM khalu dullabhaM / -- AcArAMga 1 1 1513 imeNa ceva jujjhAhi, kiM te jujjheNa bajjhao - AcArAMga 1111513 10. (A) Radha Krishnan-Indian philosophy (Ist edition) Vol.1, p. 287.

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 201 (B ) Indian Antiquary, Vol. IX, Page 163. 11. barhiSi tasminneva viSNudatta bhagavAn paramarSibhiH nAbheH priya cikIrSayA tadavarodhAya ne marudevyAM dharmAn darzayitu kAmo vAtarazanAnAM zramaNAnAmRSINAmUrdhvamandhinAM zuklayA tnvaavtaar| --zrImadbhAgavata 513 120 12. dekheM-- (a) liMgapurANa 48119-23 (ba) zivapurANa 52 185 (sa) AgneyapurANa 1011-12 (da) brahmANDapusaNa 14 153 (i) viSNupurANa-dvitIyAMza a.1 126-27 (epha) kUrmapurANa 41 137-38 (jI) varAhapurANa a.74 (eca) skandhapurANa adhyAya 37 (AI) mArkaNDeyapurANa adhyAya 50 139-41 dekheM ahiMsAvANI - tIrthaMkara bha. RSabhadeva vizeSAMka varSa 7 aMka 1-2 maruputra RSabha - zrI rAjArAma jaina, pR.87-92 13. vRSabha yathA zRMge zizAnaH davidhvat - vRSabha = baila 8160113,6116 147, 711911 14. vRSabhaH indraH vajaM yujaM - vRSabha = balavAna 1133 110 tvaM vRSabhaH puSTivardhana - vRSabha = valiSTa 1 131 15 15. dekheM-- RSabha evaM bRSabha zabda - saMskRta hindI koza, vAmana zivarAma ApTe, motIlAla banArasI dAsa, dillI 1984, pRSTha 224 evaM 973 16. vRSabhaH = varSA karane vAlA 5 15813 jJAtavya hai ki svAmI dayAnanda ne indra ke sAtha prayukta vRSabha zabda ko indra kA vizeSaNa mAnakara usakA artha varSA karane vAlA kiyA hai| dekheM - 5143113, 515816 17. vRSabhaH bRhaspati = kAmanAoM ke varSaka bRhaspati - 10192 190 vRSabhaH prajAM varSatIti vAti bRhatireta iti vA tad vRSakarmA varSaNAd vRSabhaH / - niruktam (yAskamaharSi prakAzitaM) 912211 18. anarthakA hi mantrAH - nirukta, adhyAya 1 khaNDa 15 pAda 5 sUtra 2 - khemarAja zrIkRSNadAsa mumbayyAM saMvat 1982 19. Rgveda bhASAbhASya - dayAnanda sarasvatI - dayAnanda saMsthAna, naI dillI-5 dekheM - Rgveda 10 1111 12 kA bhaassy| 20. Rgveda kA subodha bhASya padmabhUSaNa DaoN. zrI pAda dAmodara satavalekara svAdhyAya maNDala pAraDI - jilA balasADha, 1985 dekheM Rgveda 10 111112 kA bhaassy| 21. vahI, dekheM Rgveda 415813

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202 Rgveda meM arhata aura RSabhavAcI RcAyeM : eka adhyayana 22. Rgveda bhASA bhASya, dayAnanda sarasvatI, dayAnanda saMsthAna, naI dillI - 5 dekheM - Rgveda 4 15813 23. bhaktAmarastotra ( mAnatuMga), 23, 24, 25 tvAmAmananti munayaH paramaM pumAMsa mAdityavarNamamalaM tamasaH parastAt / tvAmeva samyagupalabhya jayanti mRtyuM nAnyaH zivaH zivapadasya munIndra ! panthAH / / 23 / / tvAmavyayaM vibhumacintyamasaMkhyamAdyaM brahmANamIzvaramanantamanaGgaketum / jJAnasvarUpamamalaM pravadanti santaH / / 24 / yogIzvaraM viditayogamanekamekaM buddhastvameva vibudhArcitabuddhibodhAt tvaM zaGkaro'si bhuvanatraya zaGkaratvAt / dhAtAsi dhIra zivamArgavidhervidhAnAd vyaktaM tvameva bhagavan puruSottamo'si / / 25 / / DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI - 5.

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niryukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana * pro. sAgaramala jaina jisa prakAra vedoM ke zabdoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM sarvaprathama nirukta likhe gaye, sambhavataH usI prakAra jaina paramparA meM AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ke lie sarvaprathama niyuktiyA~ likhane kA kArya huaa| jaina AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM likhe gaye granthoM meM niyuktiyA~ prAcInatama haiM / Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya mukhya rUpa se nimna pA~ca rUpa meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai 1. niryukti 2. bhASya 3. cUrNi 4. saMskRta vRttiyA~ evaM TIkAeM aura 5 TabbA arthAt Agamika zabdoM ko spaSTa karane ke lie prAcIna maru-gurjara meM likhA gayA AgamoM kA zabdArtha / inake atirikta samprati Adhunika bhASAoM yathA hindI, gujarAtI evaM aMgrejI meM bhI AgamoM para vyAkhyAe~ likhI jA rahI haiN| suprasiddha jarmana vidvAna zArapenTiyara uttarAdhyayanasUtra kI bhUmikA meM niyukti kI paribhASA ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM ki niyuktiyA~ mukhya rUpa se kevala viSayasUcI kA kAma karatI haiN| ve sabhI vistArayukta ghaTanAoM ko saMkSepa meM ullikhita karatI haiN| ' anuyogadvArasUtra meM niyuktiyoM ke tIna vibhAga kiye gaye haiM 1. nikSepa-niryukta kiyA jAtA hai / -- isameM nikSepoM ke AdhAra para pAribhASaka zabdoM kA artha spaSTa -- -- 2. upodghAta-niryukti spaSTIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| 3. sUtrasparzika-niryukti -- isameM Agama kI viSaya-vastu kA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai / isameM Agama meM varNita viSaya kA pUrvabhUmikA ke rUpa meM pro. ghATake iNDiyana hisTArIkala kvArTaralI khaNDa 125270 meM niyuktiyoM ko nimna tIna vibhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai - 1. zuddha - niyuktiyA~ jinameM kAla ke prabhAva se kucha bhI mizraNa na huA ho, jaise AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga kI niyuktiyA~ / 2. mizrita kintu vyavacchedya-niyuktiyA~ jinameM mUlabhASyoM kA samizraNa ho gayA hai, tathApi ve vyavadya haiM, jaise dazavaikAlika aura AvazyakasUtra kI niyuktiyA~ / -- vd 3. bhASya mizrita - niyuktiyA~ ve niryuktiyA~ jo Ajakala bhASya yA bRhadbhASya meM hI samAhita ho gayI haiM aura una donoM ko pRthak-pRthak karanA kaThina hai| jaise nizItha Adi kI niryuktiyA~ /

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niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana niyuktiyA~ vastutaH Agamika paribhASika zabdoM evaM Agamika viSayoM ke artha ko sunizcita karane kI eka prayatna haiM / phira bhI niyuktiyA~ ati saMkSipta haiM, inameM mAtra Agamika zabdoM evaM viSayoM ke artha-saMketa hI haiM, jinheM bhASya aura TIkAoM ke mAdhyama se hI samyak prakAra se samajhA jA sakatA hai| jaina AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM jina niyuktiyoM kA praNayana huA, mukhyataH prAkRta gAthAoM meM haiN| Avazyakaniryukti meM niyukti zabda kA artha aura niyuktiyoM ke likhane kA prayojana batAte hue kahA gayA hai| " eka zabda ke aneka artha hote haiM, ataH kauna sA artha kisa prasaMga meM upayukta hai, yaha nirNaya karanA Avazyaka hotA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadeza ke AdhAra para likhita Agamika granthoM meM kauna se zabda kA kyA artha hai, ise spaSTa karanA hI niryukti kA prayojana hai| " dUsare zabdoM meM niyukti jaina paramparA ke pAribhASika zabdoM kA spaSTIkaraNa hai| yahA~ hameM smaraNa rahe ki jaina paramparA meM aneka zabda apane vyutpattiparaka artha meM grahIta na hokara apane pAribhASika artha meM grahIta haiM, jaise astikAyoM ke prasaMga meM dharma evaM adharma zabda, karma siddhAnta ke sandarbha meM prayukta karma zabda athavA syAdvAda meM prayukta syAt shbd| AcArAMga meM 'daMsaNa' (darzana) zabda kA jo artha hai, uttarAdhyayana meM usakA vahI artha nahIM hai / darzanAvaraNa meM darzana zabda kA jo artha hotA hai vahI artha darzana moha ke sandarbha meM nahIM hotA hai / ataH Agama granthoM meM zabda ke prasaMgAnusAra artha kA nirdhAraNa karane meM niyuktiyoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai| niryuktiyoM kI vyAkhyA - zailI kA AdhAra mukhya rUpa se jaina paramparA meM pracalita nikSepa-paddhati rahI hai| jaina paramparA meM vAkya ke artha kA nizcaya nayoM ke AdhAra para evaM zabda ke artha kA nizcaya nikSepoM ke AdhAra para hotA hai| nikSepa cAra haiM nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhAva / ina cAra nikSepoM ke AdhAra para eka hI zabda ke cAra bhinna artha ho sakate haiN| nikSepa-paddhati meM zabda ke sambhAvita vividha arthoM kA ullekha kara unameM se aprastuta artha kA niSedha karake prastuta artha kA grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM Avazyaka - niyukti ke prArambha meM abhinibodha jJAna ke cAra bhedoM ke ullekha ke pazcAt unake arthoM ko spaSTa karate huye kahA gayA hai ki arthoM (padArthoM) kA grahaNa avagraha hai evaM unake sambandha meM cintana IhA hai| 2 isI prakAra niyuktiyoM meM kisI eka zabda ke paryAyavAcI anya zabdoM kA bhI saMkalana kiyA gayA hai, jaise Abhinibodhika zabda ke paryAya haiN| - IhA, apoha, -vimarza, mArgaNA, gaveSaNA, saMjJA, smRti, mati evaM prajJA / niyuktiyoM kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki jahA~ eka ora ve AgamoM ke mahattvapUrNa pAribhASika zabdoM ke arthoM ko spaSTa karatI haiM, vahIM AgamoM ke vibhinna adhyayanoM aura uddezakoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa bhI detI haiN| yadyapi isa prakAra kI pravRtti sabhI niryuktiyoM meM nahIM hai, phira bhI unameM AgamoM ke pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha kA tathA unakI viSaya-vastu kA ati saMkSipta paricaya prApta ho jAtA hai| --- / pramukhaniryuktiyA~ nimna hai 4 204 Avazyaka niyukti meM lekhaka ne jina dasa niyuktiyoM ke likhane kI pratijJA kI thI, ve

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 205 1. Avazyaka-niyukti 2. dazavaikAlika-niyukti 3. uttarAdhyayana-niyukti 4. AcArAMga-niyukti 5. sUtrakRtAMga-niyukti 6. dazAzrutaskaMdha-niyukti 7. bRhatkalpa-niyukti 8. vyavahAra-niyukti 9. sUrya-prajJapti-niyukti 10. RSibhASita-niyukti vartamAna meM uparyukta dasa meM se ATha hI niyuktiyA~ upalabdha haiM, antima do anupalabdha haiN| Aja yaha nizcaya kara pAnA ati kaThina hai ki ye antima do niyuktiyA~ likhI bhI gayI yA nahIM ? kyoMki hameM kahI bhI aisA koI nirdeza upalabdha nahIM hotA, jisake AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakeM ki kisI kAla meM ye niyuktiyA~ rahIM aura bAda meM vilupta ho gyiiN| yadyapi maineM apanI RSibhASita kI bhUmikA meM yaha sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai ki vartamAna 'isImaNDalatthU sambhavataH RSibhASita niyukti kA paravartita rUpa ho, kintu isa sambandha meM nirNayAtmaka rUpa se kucha bhI kahanA kaThina hai| ina donoM niyuktiyoM ke sandarbha meM hamAre sAmane tIna vikalpa ho sakate haiM-- 1. sarvaprathama yadi hama yaha mAneM ki ina dasoM niyuktiyoM ke lekhaka eka hI vyakti haiM aura unhoMne ina niyuktiyoM kI racanA usI krama meM kI hai, jisa krama se inakA ullekha Avazyaka niyukti meM haiM, to aisI sthiti meM yaha sambhava hai ki ve apane jIvana-kAla meM ATha niyuktiyoM kI hI racanA kara pAyeM hoM tathA antima do kI racanA nahIM kara pAyeM hoN| 2. dUsare yaha bhI sambhava hai ki granthoM ke mahattva ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue prathama to lekhaka ne yaha pratijJA kara lI ho ki vaha ina dasoM Agama granthoM para niyukti likhegA, kintu jaba usane ina donoM Agama granthoM kA adhyayana kara yaha dekhA ki sUrya-prajJapti meM jaina-AcAra maryAdAoM ke pratikUla kucha ullekha haiM aura RSibhASita meM nArada, maMkhaligozAla Adi una vyaktiyoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM jo jaina paramparA ke lie vivAdAspada haiM, to usane ina para niyukti likhane kA vicAra sthagita kara diyA ho| 3. tIsarI sambhAvanA yaha bhI hai ki unhoMne ina donoM granthoM para niyuktiyA~ likhI hoM kintu inameM bhI vivAdita viSayoM kA ullekha hone se ina niyuktiyoM ko paThana-pAThana se bAhara rakhA gayA ho aura phalataH apanI upekSA ke kAraNa kAlakrama meM ve vilupta ho gayI hoN| yadyapi yahA~ eka zaMkA ho sakatI hai ki, yadi jaina AcAryoM ne vivAdita hote hue bhI ina donoM granthoM ko saMrakSita karake rakhA to unhoMne inakI niyuktiyoM ko saMrakSita karake kyoM nahIM rakhA ? 4. eka anya vikalpa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki jisa prakAra darzanaprabhAvaka grantha ke rUpa

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niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana meM mAnya govindaniyukti vilupta ho gaI hai, usI prakAra ye niyuktiyA~ bhI vilupta ho gaI hoN| I niyukti sAhitya meM uparokta dasa niyuktiyoM ke atirikta piNDaniryukti, oghaniyukti evaM ArAdhanAniryukti ko bhI samAviSTa kiyA jAtA hai, kintu inameM se piNDaniyukti aura oghaniyukti koI svatantra grantha nahIM hai / piNDaniryukti dazavaikAlika niyukti kA eka bhAga hai aura oghaniyukti bhI Avazyaka niyukti kA eka aMza hai| ataH ina donoM ko svatantra niyukti grantha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi vartamAna meM ye donoM niryuktiyA~ apane mUla grantha se alaga hokara svatantra rUpa meM hI upalabdha hotI haiM / AcArya malayagiri ne piNDaniryukti ko dazavaikAlikaniyukti kA hI eka vibhAga mAnA hai, unake anusAra dazavaikAlika ke piNDaiSaNA nAmaka pA~caveM adhyayana para vizada niyukti hone se usako vahA~ se pRthak karake piNDaniryukti ke nAma se eka svatantra grantha banA diyA gayA / malayagiri spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki jahA~ dazavaikAlika niyukti meM lekhaka ne namaskArapUrvaka prArambha kiyA, vahI piNDaniryukti meM aisA nahIM hai, ataH piNDaniryukti svatantra grantha nahIM hai / dazavaikAlika niyukti tathA Avazyaka niyukti se inheM bahuta pahale hI alaga kara diyA gayA thA / jahA~ taka ArAdhanAniryukti kA prazna hai, zvetAmbara sAhitya meM to kahIM bhI isakA ullekha nahIM hai| pro. e. ena. upAdhye ne bRhatkathAkoza kI apanI prastAvanA' (pR. 31 ) meM mUlAcAra kI eka gAthA kI vasunandI kI TIkA ke AdhAra para isa niyukti kA ullekha kiyA hai, kintu ArAdhanAniryukti kI unakI yaha kalpanA yathArtha nahIM hai| mUlAcAra ke TIkAkAra vasunandI svayaM evaM pro. e. ena. upAdhye jI mUlAcAra kI usa gAthA ke artha ko samyaka prakAra se samajha nahIM pAye haiN| 7 vaha gAthA nimnAnusAra hai 206 ---- "ArAhaNa Nijjuti maraNavibhattI ya saMgahatyudio / paccakkhANAvasaya dhammakahAo ya eriso|" [mUlAdhAra, paMcacAradhikAra, 2791 arthAt ArAdhanA, niryukti, maraNavibhakti, saMgrahaNIsUtra, stuti ( vIrastuti), pratyAkhyAna (mahApratyAkhyAna, AturapratyAkhyAna), AvazyakasUtra, dharmakathA tathA aise anya granthoM kA adhyayana asvAdhyAya kAla meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH mUlAcAra kI isa gAthA ke anusAra ArAdhanA evaM niyukti ye alaga-alaga svatantra grantha haiN| isameM ArAdhanA se tAtparya ArAdhanA nAmaka prakIrNaka athavA bhagavatI-ArAdhanA se tathA niryukti se tAtparya Avazyaka Adi sabhI niyuktiyoM se hai| ataH ArAdhanAniryukti nAmaka niryukti kI kalpanA ayathArtha hai| isa niyukti ke astitva kI koI sUcanA anyatra bhI nahIM milatI hai aura na yaha grantha hI upalabdha hotA hai| ina dasa niryuktiyoM ke atirikti Arya govinda kI govindaniryukti kA bhI ullekha milatA hai, kintu yaha bhI niyukti varttamAna meM anupalabdha hai| inakA ullekha nandIsUtra, vyavahAra - bhASya', AvazyakacUrNi10 evaM nizIthacUrNi 11 meM milatA hai| isa niyukti kI viSaya vastu mukhya rUpa se

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 207 ekendriya arthAt pRthvI, pAnI, agni, vAyu, vanaspati Adi meM jIvana kI siddhi karanA thaa| ise govinda nAmaka AcArya ne banAyA thA aura unake nAma ke AdhAra para hI isakA nAmakaraNa huA hai| kathAnakoM ke anusAra ye bauddha paramparA se Akara jaina paramparA meM dIkSita hue the| merI dRSTi meM yaha niyukti AcArAMga ke prathama adhyayana aura dazavaikAlika ke caturtha SaT-jIva nikAya nAmaka adhyayana se sambandhita rahI hogI aura isakA uddezya bauddhoM ke viruddha pRthvI, pAnI Adi meM jIvana kI siddhi karanA rahA hogaa| yahI kAraNa hai isakI gaNanA darzana prabhAvaka grantha meM kI gayI hai| saMjJI-zruta ke sandarbha meM isakA ullekha bhI yahI batAtA hai|12 isI prakAra saMsakta niyukti13 nAmaka eka aura niyukti kA ullekha milatA hai| isameM 84 AgamoM ke sambandha meM ullekha hai| isameM mAtra 94 gAthAeM haiN| 84 AgamoM kA ullekha hone se vidvAnoM ne ise paryApta paravartI evaM visaMgata racanA mAnA hai| ataH ise prAcIna niyukti sAhitya meM parigaNita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra vartamAna niyuktiyA~ dasa niyuktiyoM meM samAhita ho jAtI hai| inake atirikta anya kisI niyukti nAmaka grantha kI jAnakArI hameM nahIM hai| dasa niyuktiyoM kA racanA krama : yadyapi dasoM niyuktiyA~ eka hI vyakti kI racanAyeM haiN| phira bhI inakI racanA eka krama meM huI hogii| Avazyakaniyukti meM jisa krama se ina dasa niyuktiyoM kA nAmollekha hai14 usI krama se unakI racanA huI hogI, vidvAnoM ke isa kathana kI puSTi nimna pramANoM se hotI hai --- 1. Avazyakaniyukti kI racanA sarvaprathama huI hai, yaha tathya svataH siddha hai, kyoMki isI niyukti meM sarvaprathama dasa niyuktiyoM kI racanA karane kI pratijJA kI gayI hai aura usameM bhI Avazyaka kA nAmollekha sarvaprathama huA hai| 5 punaH Avazyakaniyukti se nihnavavAda se sambandhita sabhI gAthAeM (gAthA 778 se 784 taka)16 uttarAdhyayananiyukti meM (gAthA 164 se 178 taka)17 meM lI gayI hai| isase bhI yahI siddha hotA hai ki Avazyakaniyukti ke bAda hI uttarAdhyayananiyukti Adi anya niyuktiyoM kI racanA huI hai| Avazyakaniyukti ke bAda sabase pahale dazavakAlikaniyukti kI racanA huI hai aura usake bAda pratijJAgAthA ke kramAnusAra anya niyuktiyoM kI racanA kI gii| isa kathana kI puSTi Age diye gaye uttarAdhyayananiyukti ke sandarbho se hotI hai| 2. uttarAdhyayananiyukti gAthA 29 meM 'vinaya kI vyAkhyA karate hue yaha kahA gayA hai-- 'viNao puvvuddiTThA' arthAt vinaya ke sambandha meM hama pahale kaha cuke haiN|18 isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki uttarAdhyayananiyukti kI racanA se pUrva kisI aisI niyukti kI racanA ho cukI thI, jisameM vinaya sambandhI vivecana thaa| yaha bAta dazavakAlika niyukti ko dekhane se spaSTa ho jAtI hai, kyoMki dazavaikAlikaniyukti meM vinaya samAdhi nAmaka naveM adhyayana kI niyukti (gAthA 309 se 326 taka) meM 'vinaya zabda kI vyAkhyA hai|19 isI prakAra uttarAdhyayananiyukti (gAthA, 207) meM 'kAmApuvvuddiTThA' kahakara yaha sUcita kiyA gayA hai ki

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208 niyukti sAhitya : eka punarvintana kAma ke viSaya meM pahale vivecana kiyA jA cukA hai|20 yaha vivecana bhI hameM dazavaikAlikaniyukti kI gAthA 161 se 163 taka meM mila jAtA hai|21 uparokta donoM sUcanAoM ke AdhAra para yaha bAta siddha hotI hai ki uttarAdhyayananiyukti dazavaikAlikaniyukti ke bAda hI likhI gyii| 3. Avazyakaniyukti ke bAda dazavaukalikaniyukti aura phira uttarAdhyayananiyukti kI racanA huI, yaha to pUrva carcA se siddha ho cukA hai| ina tInoM niyuktiyoM kI racanA ke pazcAt AcArAMganiyukti kI racanA huI hai, kyoMki AcArAMga niyukti kI gAthA 5 meM kahA gayA hai -- 'AyAre aMgammi ya puvuddiTThA caukkayaM nikkhevo' -- AcAra aura aMga ke nikSepoM kA vivecana pahale ho cukA hai|22 dazavaikAlikaniyukti meM dazavaikAlikasUtra ke kSullakAcAra adhyayana kI niyukti (gAthA 79-88 ) meM 'AcAra' zabda ke artha kA vivecana22 tathA uttarAdhyayananiyukti meM uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke tRtIya 'caturaMga adhyayana kI niyukti karate hue gAthA 143-144 meM 'aMga zabda kA vivecana kiyA hai|23 ataH yaha siddha hotA hai ki Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika evaM uttarAdhyayana ke pazcAt hI AcArAMganiyukti kA kama hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga kI caturtha vimukticUlikA kI niyukti meM 'vimukti zabda kI niyukti karate hue gAthA 331 meM likhA hai ki 'mokSa zabda kI niyukti ke anusAra hI 'vimukti zabda kI niyukti bhI samajhanA caahie|24 cUMki uttarAdhyayana ke aTThAvIsaveM adhyayana kI niyukti (gAthA 497-98) meM mokSa zabda kI niyukti kI jA cukI thii|25 ataH isase yahI siddha huA ki AcArAMganiyukti kA krama uttarAdhyayana ke pazcAt hai| Avazyakaniyukti, dazavakAlikaniyukti, uttarAdhyayananiyukti evaM AcArAMganiyukti ke pazcAt sUtrakRtAMganiyukti kA krama AtA hai| isa tathya kI puSTi isa AdhAra para bhI hotI hai ki sUtrakRtAMganiyukti kI gAthA 99 meM yaha ullikhita hai ki 'dharma zabda ke nikSepoM kA vivecana pUrva meM ho cukA hai (dhammopaTThio ) 126 dazavaikAlikaniyukti meM dazavaikAlikasUtra kI prathama gAthA kA vivecana karate samaya dharma zabda ke nikSepoM kA vivecana huA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, dazavaikAlikaniyukti ke bAda nirmita huI hai| isI prakAra sUtrakRtAMganiyukti kI gAthA 127 meM kahA hai gNthopuvvuddittttho|28 hama dekhate haiM ki uttarAdhyayananiyukti gAthA 267-268 meM grantha zabda ke nikSepoM kA bhI kathana huA hai|29 isase sUtrakRtAMganiyukti bhI dazavaikAlikaniyukti evaM uttarAdhyayananiyukti se paravartI hI siddha hotI hai| 4. upayukta pA~ca niyuktiyoM ke yathAkrama se nirmita hone ke pazcAt hI tIna cheda sUtroM yathA -- dazAzrutaskaMdha, bRhatkalpa evaM vyavahAra para niyuktiyA~ bhI unake ullekha krama se hI likhI gayIM haiM, kyoMki dazAzrutaskaMdhaniyukti ke prArambha meM hI prAcInagotrIya sakala zruta ke jJAtA aura dazAzrutaskaMdha, bRhatkalpa evaM vyavahAra ke racayitA bhadrabAhu ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| isameM bhI ina tInoM granthoM kA ullekha usI krama se hai jisa krama se niyukti- lekhana kI pratijJA meM hai|30 ataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki ina tInoM granthoM kI niyuktiyA~ isI krama meM likhI gayI hogii| uparyukta ATha niyuktiyoM kI racanA ke pazcAt hI sUryaprajJapti evaM isibhAsiyAiM kI niyukti kI racanA honI thii| ina donoM granthoM para niyuktiyA~ likhI bhI gayIM yA nahIM, Aja yaha

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 209 nirNaya karanA atyanta kaThina hai, kyoMki pUrvokta pratijJA gAthA ke atirikta hameM ina niyuktiyoM ke sandarbha meM kahIM bhI koI bhI sUcanA nahIM milatI hai| ataH ina niyuktiyoM kI racanA honA saMdigdha hI hai| yA to ina niyuktiyoM ke lekhana kA krama Ane se pUrva hI niyuktikAra kA svargavAsa ho cukA hogA yA phira ina donoM granthoM meM kucha vivAdita prasaMgoM kA ullekha hone se niyuktikAra ne inakI racanA karane kA nirNaya hI sthagita kara diyA hogaa| ataH sambhAvanA yahI hai ki ye donoM niyuktiyA~ likhI hI nahIM gaIM, cAhe inake nahIM likhe jAne ke kAraNa kucha bhI rahe hoN| pratijJAgAthA ke atirikta sUtrakRtAMganiyukti gAthA 189 meM RSibhASita kA nAma avazya AyA hai|31 vahA~ yaha kahA gayA hai ki jisa-jisa siddhAnta yA mata meM jisa kisI artha kA nizcaya karanA hotA hai usameM pUrva kahA gayA artha hI mAnya hotA hai, jaise ki-- RSibhASita meN| kintu yaha ullekha RSibhASita mUla grantha ke sambandha meM hI sUcanA detA hai na ki usakI niyukti ke sambandha meN| niyukti ke lekhaka aura racanA-kAla : niyuktiyoM ke lekhaka kauna haiM aura unakA racanA kAla kyA hai ye donoM prazna eka-dUsare se jur3e hue haiN| ataH hama una para alaga-alaga vicAra na karake eka sAtha hI vicAra kreNge| paramparAgata rUpa se antima zrutakevalI, caturdazapUrvadhara tathA chedasUtroM ke racayitA Arya bhadrabAhu prathama ko hI niyuktiyoM kA kartA mAnA jAtA hai| muni zrI puNyavijaya jI ne atyanta parizrama dvArA zruta-kevalI bhadrabAhu ko niyuktiyoM ke kartA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane vAle nimna sAkSyoM ko saMkalita karake prastuta kiyA hai| jinheM hama yahA~ avikala rUpa se de rahe haiM 8 -- 1. "anuyogadAyinaH -- sudharmasvAmiprabhRtayaH yAvadasya bhagavato niyuktikArasya bhadrabAhusvAminazcaturdazapUrvadharasyAcAryo'tastAn srvaaniti||" - AcArAMgasUtra, zIlAGkAcArya kRta TIkA-patra 4. 2. "na ca keSAMcidihodAharaNAnAM niyuktikAlAdAkkAlAbhAvitA ityanyoktatvamAzaGkanIyam, sa hi bhagavAzcaturdazapUrvavit zrutakevalI kAlatrayaviSayaM vastu pazyatyeveti kathamanyakRtatvAzaGkA ? iti|" uttarAdhyayanasUtra zAntisUrikRtA pAiyaTIkA-patra 139. "guNAdhikasya vandanaM kartavyam na tvadhamasya, yata uktam --" guNAhie vNdnnyN"| bhadrabAhusvAminazcaturdazapUrvadharatvAd dazapUrvadharAdInAM ca nyUnatvAt kiM teSAM namaskAramasau karoti ? iti| atrocyate -- guNAdhikA eva te, avyavacchittiguNAdhikyAt, ato na doSa iti|" oghaniyukti droNAcAryakRtazTIkA-patra 3. "iha caraNakaraNakriyAkalApatarUmUlakalpaM sAmAyikAdiSaDadhyayanAtmakazrutaskandharUpamAvazyaka tAvadarthatastIrthakaraiH sUtratastu gnndhrairvircitm| asya cAtIva gambhIrArthatAM sakalasAdhu -- zrAvakavargasya nityopayogitAM ca vijJAya caturdazapUrvadhareNa zrImadbhadrabAhunaitadvyAkhyAnarUpA" AbhiNibohiyanANaM0" ityAdiprasiddhagrantharUpA niyuktiH kRtaa|" vizeSAvazyaka maladhArihemacandrasUrikRta TIkA-patra 1. 4.

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210 210 niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana 5. "sAdhUnAmanugrahAya caturdazapUrvadhareNa bhagavatA bhadrabAhusvAminA kalpasUtraM vyavahArasUtraM cAkAri, ubhayorapi ca sUtrasparzikAniyuktiH / " bRhatkalpapIThikA malayagirikRta TIkA-patra 2. 6. "iha zrImadAvazyakAdisiddhAntapratibaddhaniyuktizAstrasaMsUtraNasUtradhAraH...zrIbhadrabAhusvAmI... kalpanAmadheyamadhyayanaM niyuktiyuktaM niyuuNddhvaan|" bRhatkalpapIThikA zrIkSemakIrtisUrianusandhitA TIkA-patra 1771 ina samasta sandarbho ko dekhane se spaSTa hotA hai ki zruta-kevalI caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu prathama ko niyuktiyoM ke kartA ke rUpa meM mAnya karane vAlA prAcInatama sandarbha AryazIlAMka kA hai| AryazIlAMka kA samaya lagabhaga vikrama saMvat kI 9vIM-10vIM sadI mAnA jAtA hai| jina anya AcAryoM ne niyuktikAra ke rUpa meM bhadrabAhu prathama ko mAnA hai, unameM AryadroNa, maladhArI hemacandra, malayagiri, zAntisUri tathA kSemakIrti sUri ke nAma pramukha haiM, kintu ye sabhI AcArya vikrama kI dasavIM sadI ke pazcAta hue haiN| ataH inakA kathana bahuta adhika prAmANika nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| unhoMne jo kucha bhI likhA hai, vaha mAtra anuzrutiyoM ke AdhAra para likhA hai| durbhAgya se 8-9vIM sadI ke pazcAt caturdaza pUrvadhara zruta-kevalI bhadrabAhu aura vArAhamihira ke bhAI naimittika bhadrabAhu ke kathAnaka, nAmasAmya ke kAraNa eka-dUsare meM ghula-mila gaye aura dUsare bhadrabAhu kI racanAyeM bhI prathama ke nAma car3hA dI giiN| yahI kAraNa rahA ki naimittika bhadrabAhu ko bhI prAcInagotrIya zruta-kevalI caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu ke sAtha jor3a diyA gayA hai aura donoM ke jIvana kI ghaTanAoM ke isa ghAla-mela se aneka anuzrutiyA~ pracalita ho gii| inhIM anuzrutiyoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa niyukti ke kartA ke rUpa meM caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu kI anuzruti pracalita ho gyii| yadyapi muni zrI puNyavijaya jI ne bRhatkalpa-sUtra (niyukti, laghu bhASya vRtyUpetam ) ke SaSTha vibhAga ke Amukha meM yaha likhA hai ki niyuktikAra sthavira Arya bhadrabAhu hai, isa mAnyatA ko puSTa karane vAlA eka pramANa jinabhadra gaNikSamAzramaNa ke vizeSAvazyaka bhASya ko svopajJa TIkA meM bhI milatA hai|33 yadyapi unhoMne vahA~ usa pramANa kA sandarbha sahita ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| maiM isa sandarbha ko khojane kA prayatna kara rahA hU~, kintu usake mila jAne para bhI hama kevala itanA hI kaha sakeMge ki vikrama kI lagabhaga sAtavIM zatI se niyuktikAra prAcInagotrIya caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu haiM, aisI anuzruti pracalita ho gayI thii| - niyuktikAra prAcInagotrIya caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAha hai athavA naimittika ( vArAhamihira ke bhAI) bhadrabAhu haiM, yaha donoM hI prazna vivAdAspada hai| jaisA ki hamane saMketa kiyA hai niyuktiyoM ko prAcInagotrIya caturdaza pUrvadhara Arya bhadrabAhu kI mAnane kI paramparA AryazIlAMka se yA usake pUrva jinabhadramaNikSamAzramaNa se prArambha huI hai| kintu unake ina ullekhoM meM kitanI prAmANikatA hai yaha vicAraNIya hai, kyoMki niyuktiyoM meM hI aise aneka pramANa upasthita haiM, jinase niyuktikAra pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu haiM,isa mAnyatA meM bAdhA utpanna hotI hai| isa sambandha meM munizrI puNyavijayajI ne atyanta parizrama dvArA ve saba sandarbha prastuta kiye haiM, jo niyuktikAra pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu haiM, isa mAnyatA ke virodha meM jAte haiN| hama unakI sthApanAoM ke hArda ko hI hindI bhASA meM rUpAntarita kara nimna paMktiyoM meM prastuta kara rahe haiM --

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mo. sAgaramala jaina / 1. Avazyakaniyukti kI gAthA 764 se 776 taka meM vajrasvAmI ke vidyAguru AryasiMhagiri, AryavajrasvAmI, toSaliputra, AryarakSita, Arya phalgumitra, sthavira bhadragupta jaise AcAryoM kA spaSTa ullekha hai34| ye sabhI AcArya caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu se paravartI haiM aura toSaliputra ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI kA ullekha kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM hai| yadi niyuktiyA~ caturdaza pUrvadhara AryabhadrabAhu kI kRti hotI to unameM ina nAmoM ke ullekha sambhava nahIM the| 2. isIprakAra piNDaniyukti kI gAthA 498 meM pAdaliptAcArya 35 kA evaM gAthA 503 se 505 meM vajasvAmI ke mAmA samitasUri0 kA ullekha hai sAtha hI brahmadIpakazAkhA kA ullekha bhI hai -- ye tathya yahI siddha karate haiM ki piNDaniyukti bhI caturdaza pUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu kI kRti nahIM hai,kyoMki pAdaliptasUri, samitasUri tathA brahmadIpakazAkhA kI utpatti ye sabhI prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu se paravartI haiN| 3. uttarAdhyayananiyukti kI gAthA 120 meM kAlakAcArya38 kI kathA kA saMketa hai| kAlakAcArya bhI prAcInagotrIya pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu se lagabhaga tInasau varSa pazcAt hue haiN| 4. oghaniyukti kI prathama gAthA meM caturdaza pUrvadhara, daza pUrvadhara evaM ekAdaza-aMgoM ke jJAtAoM ko sAmAnya rUpa se namaskAra kiyA gayA hai39, aisA droNAcArya ne apanI TIkA meM sUcita kiyA hai|40 yadyapi muni zrI puNyavijaya jI sAmAnya kathana kI dRSTi se ise asaMbhAvita nahIM mAnate haiM,kyoMki Aja bhI AcArya, upAdhyAya evaM muni namaskAramaMtra meM apane se choTe pada aura vyaktiyoM ko namaskAra karate haiN| kintu merI dRSTi meM koI bhI caturdaza pUrvadhara dasapUrvadhara ko namaskAra kare, yaha ucita nahIM lgtaa| punaH Avazyakaniyukti kI gAthA 769 meM dasa pUrvadhara vajasvAmI ko nAma lekara jo vaMdana kiyA gayA hai, vaha to kisI bhI sthiti meM ucita nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| 5. punaH Avazyakaniyukti kI gAthA 763 se 774 meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki ziSyoM kI smaraNa zakti ke hrAsa ko dekhakara Arya rakSita ne, vajrasvAmI ke kAla taka jo Agama anuyogoM meM vibhAjita nahIM the, unheM anuyogoM meM vibhAjita kiyaa|42 yaha kathana bhI eka paravartI ghaTanA ko sUcita karatA hai| isase bhI yahI phalita hotA hai ki niyuktiyoM ke kartA caturdazapUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu nahIM haiM, apitu AryarakSita ke pazcAt hone vAle koI bhadrabAhu hai| 6. dazavaikAlikaniryakti43 kI gAthA 4 evaM oghaniyukti44 kI gAthA 2 meM caraNakaraNAnuyoga kI niyukti kahU~gA aisA ullekha hai| yaha bhI isI tathya kI puSTi karatA hai ki niyukti kI racanA anuyogoM ke vibhAjana ke bAda arthAt AryarakSita ke pazcAt huI hai| 7. Avazyakaniyukti 5 kI gAthA 778-783 meM tathA uttarAdhyayana niyukti 46 kI gAthA 164 se 178 taka meM 7 nihnavoM aura AThaveM boTika mata kI utpatti kA ullekha huA hai| antima sAtavA~ nihnava vIranirvANa saMvat 584 meM tathA boTika mata kI utpatti vIranirvANa saMvat 609 meM huii| ye ghaTanAeM caturdazapUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu ke lagabhaga cAra sau varSa

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212 niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana pazcAt huI haiN| ataH unake dvArA racitaniryukti meM inakA ullekha honA sambhava nahIM lagatA hai / vaise merI dRSTi meM boTika mata kI utpatti kA kathana niyuktikAra kA nahIM hai niryukti meM sAta nihnavoM kA hI ullekha hai / nihnavoM ke kAla evaM sthAna sambandhI gAthAe~ bhASya gAthAeM haiM-- jo bAda meM niyukti meM mila gaI haiM / kintu niryuktiyoM meM sAta nihnavoM kA ullekha honA bhI isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki niyuktiyA~ prAcInagotrIyapUrvaghara bhadrabAhu kI kRtiyA~ nahIM haiM / 8. sUtrakRtAMganiryukti kI gAthA 146 meM dravya - nikSepa ke sambandha meM ekabhavika, baddhAyuSya aura abhimukhita nAma - gotra aise tIna AdezoM kA ullekha huA hai| 47 ye vibhinna mAnyatAeM bhadrabAhu ke kAphI pazcAt Arya suhasti, Arya maMkSu Adi paravartI AcAryoM ke kAla meM nirmita huI haiN| ataH ina mAnyatAoM ke ullekha se bhI niryuktiyoM ke karttA caturdaza pUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu haiM, yaha mAnane meM bAdhA AtI hai / munijI puNyavijayajI ne uttarAdhyayana ke TIkAkAra zAntyAcArya, jo niyuktikAra ke rUpa meM caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu ko mAnate haiM, kI isa mAnyatA kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki niyuktikAra trikAlajJAnI hai / ataH unake dvArA paravartI ghaTanAoM kA ullekha honA asambhava nahIM hai| 48 yahA~ muni puNyavijayajI kahate haiM ki hama zAntyAcArya kI isa bAta svIkAra kara bhI leM, to bhI niyuktiyoM meM nAmapUrvaka vajrasvAmI ko namaskAra Adi kisI bhI dRSTi se yukti saMgata nahIM kahA jA sktaa| ve likhate haiM yadi uparyukta ghaTanAe~ ghaTita hone ke pUrva hI niyuktiyoM meM ullikhita kara dI gayIM hoM to bhI amuka mAnyatA amuka puruSa dvArA sthApita huI yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai 49 punaH jina dasa Agama granthoM para niyukti likhane kA ullekha Avazyaka niyukti meM hai, usase yaha spaSTa hai ki bhadrabAhu ke samaya AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga Adi ativistRta evaM paripUrNa the| aisI sthiti meM una AgamoM para likhI gayI niyukti bhI ativizAla evaM cAroM anuyogamaya honA caahie| isake virodha meM yadi niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu the, aisI mAnyatA rakhane vAle vidvAn yaha kahate haiM ki niryuktikAra to bhadrabAhu hI the aura ve niryuktiyA~ bhI ativizAla thIM, kintu bAda meM sthavira AryarakSita ne apane ziSya puSyamitra kI vismRti evaM bhaviSya meM hone vAle ziSyoM kI maMda-buddhi ko dhyAna meM rakhakara jisa prakAra AgamoM ke anuyogoM ko pRthak kiyA, usI prakAra niryuktiyoM ko bhI vyavasthita evaM saMkSipta kiyaa| isake pratyuttara meM muni zrI puNyavijayajI kA kathana hai ki prathama to yaha ki AryarakSita dvArA anuyogoM ke pRthak karane kI bAta to kahI jAtI hai, kintu niyuktiyoM ko vyavasthita karane kA eka bhI ullekha nahIM hai| skaMdila Adi ne vibhinna vAcanAoM meM 'AgamoM' ko hI vyavasthita kiyA, niyuktiyoM ko nahIM 150 dUsare upalabdha niyuktiyA~ una aMga-AgamoM para nahIM haiM jo bhadrabAhu prathama ke yuga meM the / paramparAgata mAnyatA ke anusAra AryarakSita ke yuga meM bhI AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga utane hI vizAla the, jitane bhadrabAhu ke kAla meM the| aisI sthiti meM cAhe eka hI anuyoga kA anusaraNa karake niyuktiyA~ likhI gayI hoM, unakI viSayavastu to vizAla honI cAhie thii| jabaki jo bhI

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 213 niyuktiyA~ upalabdha haiM ve sabhI mAthurIvAcanA dvArA yA valabhI vAcanA dvArA nirdhArita pATha vAle AgamoM kA hI anusaraNa kara rahI haiN| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki anuyogoM kA pRthakkaraNa karate samaya AryarakSita ne niyuktiyoM ko bhI punaH vyavasthita kiyA aura unameM aneka gAthAyeM prakSipta bha kI, to prazna hotA hai ki phira unameM goSThAmAhila aura boTika mata kI utpatti sambandhI vivaraNa kaise Aye, kyoMki ina donoM kI utpatti AryarakSita ke svargavAsa ke pazcAt hI huI hai / yadyapi isa sandarbha meM merA munizrI se matabheda hai| mere adhyayana kI dRSTi se sapta nihnavoM ke ullekha vAlI gAthAe~ to mUla gAthAe~ haiM, kintu unameM boTika mata ke utpatti sthala rathavIrapura evaM utpattikAla vIra ni.saM. 609 kA ullekha karane vAlI gAthAyeM bAda meM prakSipta haiN| ve niyukti kI gAthAe~ na hokara bhASya kI haiM, kyoMki jahA~ nihnavoM evaM unake matoM kA ullekha hai vahA~ sarvatra sAta kA hI nAma AyA hai| jabaki unake utpattisthala evaM kAla ko sUcita karane vAlI ina do gAthAoM meM yaha saMkhyA ATha ho gayI / 51 Azcarya yaha hai ki Avazyaka niyukti meM boTikoM kI utpatti kI kahIM koI carcA nahIM hai aura yadi boTikamata ke prastotA evaM unake mantavya kA ullekha mUla Avazyakaniyukti meM nahIM hai, to phira unake utpatti-sthala evaM utpatti kAla kA ullekha niryukti meM kaise ho sakatA hai ? vastutaH bhASya kI aneka gAthAyeM niyuktiyoM meM mila gaI haiN| ataH ye nagara evaM kAla sUcaka gAthAe~ bhASya kI honI cAhiye / yadyaSi uttarAdhyayananiryukti ke tRtIya adhyayana kI niryukti ke anta meM inhIM sapta nihnavoM kA ullekha hone ke bAda anta meM eka gAthA meM zivabhUti kA rathavIrapura nagara ke dIpaka udyAna meM AryakRSNa se vivAda hone ke ullekha haiM / 52 kintu na to isameM vivAda ke svarUpa kI carcA hai aura na koI anya bAta, jabaki usake pUrva pratyeka nihnava ke mantavya kA Avazyakaniryukti kI apekSA vistRta vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| ataH merI dRSTi meM yaha gAthA bhI prakSipta hai| yaha gAthA vaisI hI hai jaisI ki Avazyaka mUlabhASya meM pAyI jAtI hai / punaH vahA~ yaha gAthA bahuta adhika prAsaMgika bhI nahIM kahI jA sktii| mujhe spaSTa rUpa se lagatA hai ki uttarAdhyayananiyukti meM bhI nihnavoM kI carcA ke bAda yaha gAthA prakSipta kI gayI hai / yaha mAnanA bhI ucita nahIM lagatA ki caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu ke kAla meM racita niyuktiyoM ko sarvaprathama AryarakSita ke kAla meM vyavasthita kiyA gayA aura punaH unheM paravartI AcAryoM ne apane yuga kI Agamika vAcanA ke anusAra vyavasthita kiyA / Azcarya taba aura adhika bar3ha jAtA hai ki isa saba parivartana ke virUddha bhI koI svara ubharane kI kahIM koI sUcanA nahIM hai / vAstavikatA yaha hai ki AgamoM meM jaba bhI kucha parivartana karate kA prayatna kiyA gayA to usake viruddha svara ubhare haiM aura unheM ullikhita bhI kiyA gayA / uttarAdhyayananiryukti meM usake 'akAmamaraNIya' nAmaka adhyayana kI niyukti meM nimna gAthA prApta hotI hai - "savve e e dArA maraNavibhattIe vaNNiA kamaso / sagalaNiuNe payatthe jiNa caudasa puvvi bhAsaMti" / / 232 / /

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214 niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana [jJAtavya hai ki munipuNyavijaya jI ne ise gAthA 233 likhA hai| kintu niyuktisaMgraha meM isa gAthA kA krama 232 hI hai|| isa gAthA meM kahA gayA hai ki "maraNavibhakti meM ina sabhI dvAroM kA anukrama se varNana kiyA gayA hai, padArthoM ko sampUrNa rUpa se to jina athavA caturdazapUrvadhara hI jAna sakateM haiN|" yadi niyuktikAra caturdazapUrvadhara hote to ve isa prakAra nahIM likhte| zAntyAcArya ne svayaM ise do AdhAroM para vyAkhyAyita kiyaa| prathama cartudaza pUrvadharoM meM Apasa meM arthajJAna kI apekSA se kamI-adhikatA hotI hai, isI dRSTi se yaha kahA gayA ho ki padArthoM kA sampUrNa svarUpa to cartudaza pUrvI hI batA sakate haiM athavA dara gAthA se lekara Age kI ye sabhI gAthAe~ bhASya gAthAe~ hoN|53 yadyapi muni puNyavijaya jI inheM bhASya gAthAe~ svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| cAhe ye gAthAe~ bhASya- gAthA hoM yA na ho kintu merI dRSTi meM zAntyAcArya ne niyuktiyoM meM bhASya gAthA milI hone kI jo kalpanA kI hai, vaha pUrNatayA asaMgata nahIM hai| punaH jaisA pUrva meM sUcita kiyA jA cukA hai, sUtrakRtAMga ke puNDarIka adhyayana kI niyukti meM puNDarIka zabda kI niyukti karate samaya usake dravya nikSepa se ekabhavika, baddhAyuSya aura abhimukhita nAma-gotra aise tIna AdezoM kA niyuktikAra ne svayaM hI saMgraha kiyA hai|54 bRhatkalpasUtrabhASya ( prathamavibhAga, pR. 44-45) meM ye tInoM Adeza Aryasuhasti, Arya maMgU evaM Aryasamudra kI mAnyatAoM ke rUpa meM ullikhita haiN| itanA to nizcita hai ki ye tInoM AcArya pUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu (prathama) se paravartI haiM aura unake matoM kA saMgraha pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu dvArA sambhava nahIM hai| dazAzrutaskaMdha kI niyukti ke prArambha meM nimna gAthA dI gayI hai -- "vaMdAmibhaddabAhuM pAINaM carimasayalasuyanANiM / suttassa kAragamisiM dasAsu kappe ya vvhaare||" isameM sakalazrutajJAnI prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu kA na kevala vaMdana kiyA gayA hai, apitu unheM dazAzrutaskaMdha, kalpa evaM vyavahAra kA racayitA bhI kahA hai, yadi niyuktiyoM ke lekhaka pUrvadhara zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu hote to, ve svayaM hI apane ko kaise namaskAra karate ? isa gAthA ko hama prakSipta yA bhASya gAthA bhI nahIM kaha sakate, kyoMki prathama to yaha grantha kI prArambhika maMgala gAthA hai, dUsare cUrNikAra ne svayaM isako niyuktigAthA ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA hai| isase yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki niyuktikAra cartudaza pUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu nahIM ho skte| ___ isa samasta carcA ke anta meM muni jI isa niSkarSa para pahucate haiM ki paramparAgata dRSTi se dazAzrutaskaMdha, kalpasUtra, vyavahArasUtra evaM nizItha ye cAra chedasUtra, Avazyaka Adi dasa niyuktiyA~, uvasaggahara evaM bhadrabAhu saMhitA ye sabhI cartudaza pUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu svAmI kI kRti mAne jAte haiM, kintu inameM se 4 cheda sUtroM ke racayitA to cartudaza pUrvadhara Arya bhadrabAhu hI haiN| zeSa dasa niyuktiyoM, uvasaggahara evaM bhadrabAhu saMhitA ke racayitA anya koI bhadrabAhu hone cAhie aura sambhavataH ye anya koI nahIM, apitu vArAhasaMhitA ke racayitA vArAhamihira ke

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 215 bhAI, maMtravidyA ke pAragAmI naimittika bhadrabAhu hI honA caahie| munizrI puNyavijayajI ne niyuktiyoM ke kartA naimittika bhadrabAhu hI the, yaha kalpanA nimna tarkoM ke AdhAra para kI hai56 -- 1. Avazyakaniyukti kI gAthA 1252 se 1270 taka meM gaMdharva nAgadatta kA kathAnaka AyA hai| isameM nAgadatta ke dvArA sarpa ke viSa utArane kI kriyA kA varNana hai|57 uvasaggahara (upasargahara ) meM bhI sarpa ke viSa utArane kI carcA hai| ataH donoM ke kartA eka hI haiM aura ve mantra-tantra meM AsthA rakhate the| 2. puna: naimittika bhadrabAhu hI niyuktiyoM ke kartA hone cAhie, isakA eka AdhAra yaha bhI hai ki unhoMne apanI pratijJAgAthA meM sUryaprajJapti para niyukti likhane kI pratijJA kI thii| aisA sAhasa koI jyotiSa kA vidvAn hI kara sakatA thaa| isake atirikta AcArAMganiyukti meM to spaSTa rUpa se nimitta vidyA kA nirdeza bhI huA hai| ataH munizrI puNyavijayajI niyukti ke kartA ke rUpa meM naimittika bhadrabAhu ko svIkAra karate haiN| yadi hama niyuktikAra ke rUpa meM naimittika bhadrabAhu ko svIkAra karate haiM to hameM yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki niyuktiyA~ vikrama kI chaThIM sadI kI racanAe~ haiM, kyoMki vArAhamihira ne apane grantha ke anta meM zaka saMvat 427 arthAt vikrama saMvata 566 kA ullekha kiyA hai|00 naimittika bhadrabAhu bArAhamihira ke bhAI the, ataH ve unake samakAlIna hai| aisI sthiti meM yahI mAnanA hogA ki niyuktiyoM kA racanAkAla bhI vikrama kI chaThIM zatAbdI kA uttarArddha hai| yadi hama uparyukta AdhAroM para niyuktiyoM ko vikrama kI chaThIM sadI meM hue naimittika bhadrabAhu kI kRti mAnate haiM, to bhI hamAre sAmane kucha prazna upasthita hote haiM -- ____ 1. sarvaprathama to yaha ki pAkSika sUtra evaM nandIsUtra meM niyuktiyoM ke astitva kA spaSTa ullekha hai -- "sa sutte saatthe sagaMdhe sanijjutie sasaMgahaNie" - (pAkSikasUtra, pR.80) "saMkhejjAo nijjuttIo saMkhejjA saMgahaNIo" - - (nandIsUtra, sUtra saM.46) itanA nizcita hai ki ye donoM grantha vikrama kI chaThavIM sadI ke pUrva nirmita ho cuke the| yadi niyuktiyA~ chaThIM sadI uttarArddha kI racanA hai to phira vikrama kI pAMcavI zatI ke uttarArddha yA chaThI zatI ke pUrvArddha ke granthoM meM chaThI sadI ke uttarArddha meM racita niyuktiyoM kA ullekha kaise saMbhava hai ? isa sambandha meM munizrI puNyavijaya jI ne tarka diyA hai ki nandIsatra meM jo niyuktiyoM kA ullekha hai, vaha govinda-niyukti Adi ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kiyA gayA hogaa| yaha satya hai ki govindaniyukti eka prAcIna racanA hai kyoMki nizIthacUrNi meM govinda niyukti ke ullekha ke sAtha-sAtha govindaniyukti kI utpatti kI kathA bhI dI gaI hai| 2 govindaniyukti ke

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216 niyukti sAhitya : eka punarSintana racayitA vahI Aryagovinda hone cAhie, jinakA ullekha nandIsUtra meM anuyogadvAra ke jJAtA ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| sthavirAvalI ke anusAra ye Arya skaMdila kI cauthI pIr3hI meM haiN|63 ataH inakA kAla vikrama kI pA~cavIM sadI nizcita hotA hai| ataH muni zrIpuNyavijaya jI isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki pAkSikasUtra evaM nandIsUtra meM niyukti kA jo ullekha hai vaha Arya govinda kI niyukti ko lakSya meM rakhakara kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra muni jI dasoM niyuktiyoM ke racayitA ke rUpa meM naimittika bhadrabAhu ko hI svIkAra karate haiM aura nandIsUtra athavA pAkSikasUtra meM jo niyukti kA ullekha hai use ve govindaniyukti kA mAnate haiN| hama muni zrIpuNyavijayajI kI isa bAta se pUrNataH sahamata nahIM ho sakate haiM, kyoMki uparokta dasa niyuktiyoM kI racanA se pUrva cAhe Aryagovinda kI niyukti astitva meM ho, kintu nandIsUtra evaM pAkSika sUtra meM niyukti sambandhI ullekha haiM, ve AcArAMga Adi Agama granthoM kI niyukti ke sambandha meM haiM, jabaki govindaniyukti kisI Agama grantha para niyukti nahIM hai| usake sambandha meM nizIthacUrNi Adi meM jo ullekha haiM ve sabhI use darzanaprabhAvaka grantha aura ekendriya meM jIva kI siddhi karane vAlA grantha batalAte haiN|64 ataH unakI yaha mAnyatA ki nandIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra meM niyukti ke jo ullekha haiM, ve govindaniyukti ke sandarbha meM haiM,samucita nahIM hai| vastutaH nandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra meM jo niyuktiyoM ke ullekha haiM ve Agama granthoM kI niyuktiyoM ke haiN| ataH yaha mAnanA hogA ki nandI evaM pAkSikasUtra kI racanA ke pUrva arthAt pA~cavI zatI ke pUrva AgamoM para niyukti likhI jA cukI thii| 2. dUsare ina dasa niyuktiyoM meM aura bhI aise tathya haiM jinase inheM vArAhamihira ke bhAI evaM naimittika bhadrabAhu (vikrama saMvat 566) kI racanA mAnane meM zaMkA hotI hai| Avazyakaniyukti kI sAmAyikaniyukti meM jo nihnavoM ke utpatti sthala evaM utpattikAla sambandhI gAthAyeM haiM evaM uttarAdhyayananiyukti meM uttarAdhyayana ke tIsare adhyayana kI niyukti meM jo zivabhUti kA ullekha hai, ve prakSipta haiN| isakA pramANa yaha hai ki uttarAdhyayanacUrNi,jo ki isa niyukti para eka prAmANika racanA hai, meM 167 gAthA taka kI hI cUrNi dI gayI hai| nihanavoM ke sandarbha meM antima cUrNi 'jeThA sudaMsaNa' nAmaka 167vIM gAthA kI hai| usake Age nihnavoM ke vaktavya ko sAmayikaniyukti ( Avazyakaniyukti) ke AdhAra para jAna lenA cAhie aisA nirdeza hai| jJAtavya hai ki sAmAyika niyukti meM boTikoM kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| hama yaha bhI batA cuke haiM ki usa niyukti meM jo boTika mata ke utpattikAla evaM sthala kA ullekha hai, vaha prakSipta hai evaM ve bhASya gAthAe~ haiN| uttarAdhyayanacUrNi meM eka saMketa yaha bhI milatA hai ki usameM nihnavoM kI kAlasUcaka gAthAoM ko niyuktigAthAe~ na kahakara AkhyAnaka saMgrahaNI kI gAthA kahA gayA hai|66 isase mere usa kathana kI puSTi hotI hai ki Avazyakaniyukti meM jo nihanavoM ke utpattinagara evaM utpattikAla sUcaka gAthAe~ haiM ve mUla meM niyukti kI gAthAe~ nahIM haiM, apitu saMgrahaNI athavA bhASya se usameM prakSipta kI gayI haiN| kyoMki ina gAthAoM meM unake utpatti nagaroM evaM utpatti-samaya donoM kI saMkhyA ATha-ATha hai| isa prakAra inameM boTikoM ke utpattinagara aura samaya kA bhI ullekha hai -- Azcarya yaha hai ki ye gAthAe~ sapta nihnavoM kI carcA ke bAda

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 217 dI gaI -- jabaki boTikoM kI utpatti kA ullekha to isake bhI bAda meM hai aura mAtrA eka gAthA meM hai| ataH ye gAthAe~ kisI bhI sthiti meM niyukti kI gAthAyeM nahIM mAnI jA sakatI haiN| punaH yadi hama boTika niyava sambandhI gAthAoM ko bhI niyukti gAthAe~ mAna bhI leM to bhI niyukti ke racanAkAla kI apara sImA ko vIranirvANa saMvat 610 arthAt vikrama kI tIsarI zatI ke pUrvArdha se Age nahIM le jAyA jA sakatA hai kyoMki isake bAda ke koI ullekha hameM niyuktiyoM meM nahIM mile| yadi niyukti naimittika bhadrabAhu ( vikrama kI chaThI sadI uttarArddha) kI racanAe~ hotI to unameM vikrama kI tIsarI sadI se lekara chaThI sadI ke bIca ke kisI na kisI AcArya evaM ghaTanA kA ullekha bhI, cAhe saMketa rUpa meM hI kyoM na ho, avazya hotaa| anya kucha nahIM to mAthurI evaM valabhI vAcanA ke ullekha to avazya hI hote, kyoMki naimittika bhadrabAhu to unake bAda hI hue haiN| valabhI vAcanA ke Ayojaka devarddhigaNi ke to ve kaniSTha samakAlika haiM, ataH yadi ve niyukti ke kartA hote to valabhI vAcanA kA ullekha niyuktiyoM meM avazya krte| 3. yadi niyuktiyA~ naimittika bhadrabAhu (6ThavIM sadI- uttarArddha) kI kRti hotI to usameM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA avazya hI pAI jaatii| chaThIM sadI ke uttarArddha meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA vikasita ho gaI thI aura usa kAla meM likhI gaI kRtiyoM meM prAyaH guNasthAna kA ullekha milatA hai kintu jahA~ taka mujhe jJAta hai, niyuktiyoM meM guNasthAna sambandhI avadhAraNA kA kahIM bhI ullekha nahIM hai| Avazyakaniyukti kI jina do gAthAoM meM caudaha guNasthAnoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha milatA hai,67 ve mUlataH niyukti gAthAe~ nahIM haiN| Avazyaka mUla pATha meM caudaha bhUtagrAmoM (jIva-jAtiyoM) kA hI ullekha hai, guNa sthAnoM kA nhiiN| ataH niyukti to bhUtagrAmoM kI hI likhI gyii| bhUtagrAmoM ke vivaraNa ke bAda do gAthAoM meM caudaha guNasthAnoM ke nAma diye gaye haiN| yadyapi yahA~ guNasthAna zabda kA prayoga nahIM hai| ye donoM gAthAe~ prakSipta haiM, kyoMki haribhadra (AThavIM sadI) ne Avazyakaniyukti kI TIkA meM "adhunAmumaiva guNasthAnadvAreNa darzayannAha saMgrahaNikAra" kahakara ina donoM gAyoM ko saMgrahaNI gAthA ke rUpa meM uddhRta kiyA hai|68 ataH guNasthAna siddhAnta ke sthira hone ke pazcAt saMgrahaNI kI ye gAthAe~ niyukti meM DAla dI gaI haiN| niyuktiyoM meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA kI anupasthiti isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki unakI racanA tIsarI-cauthI zatI ke pUrva huI thii| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki niyuktiyAM naimittika bhadrabAhu kI racanA nahIM haiN| 4. sAtha hI hama dekhate haiM ki AcArAMganiyukti meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI unhIM dasa avasthAoM kA vivecana hai69 jo hameM tattvArthasUtra meM bhI milatI haiM70 aura jinase Age calakara guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA vikasita huI hai| tattvArthasUtra tathA AcArAMganiyukti donoM hI vikasita guNasthAna siddhAnta ke sambandha meM sarvathA mauna hai, jisase yaha phalita hotA hai ki niyuktiyoM kA racanAkAla tattvArthasUtra ke sama-sAmayika (arthAt vikrama kI tIsarI-cauthI sadI) hai| ataH ve chaThI zatI ke uttarArdha meM hone vAle naimittika bhadrabAhu kI racanA to kisI sthiti meM nahIM ho sktiiN| yadi ve unakI kRtiyA~ hotI to unameM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI ina dasa avasthAoM ke citraNa ke sthAna para caudaha guNasthAnoM kA bhI citraNa hotA hai|

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218 niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana 5. niyukti gAthAoM kA niyukti gAthA ke rUpa meM mUlAcAra meM ullekha tathA asvAdhyAya kAla meM bhI unake adhyayana kA nirdeza yahI siddha karatA hai ki niyuktiyoM kA astitva mUlAcAra kI racanA aura yApanIya sampradAya ke astitva meM Ane ke pUrva kA thaa| yaha sunizcita hai ki yApanIya sampradAya 5vIM sadI ke anta taka astitva meM A gayA thaa| ataH niyuktiyA~ 5vIM sadI se pUrva kI racanA honI cAhie -- aisI sthiti meM bhI ve naimittika bhadrabAhu (vi. 6vIM sadI uttarArddha) kI kRti nahIM mAnI jA sakatI hai| punaH niyukti kA ullekha AcArya kundakunda ne bhI Avazyaka zabda kI niyukti karate hue niyamasAra gAthA 142 meM kiyA hai| Azcarya yaha hai ki yaha gAthA mUlAcAra ke SaDAvazyaka nAmaka adhikAra meM bhI yathAvat milatI hai| isameM Avazyaka zabda kI niyukti kI gaI hai| isase bhI yahI phalita hotA hai ki niyuktiyA~ kama se kama mUlAcAra aura niyamasAra kI racanA ke pUrva arthAt chaThI zatI ke pUrva astitva meM A gaI thii| 6. niyuktiyoM ke kartA naimittika bhadrabAhu nahIM ho sakate, kyoMki AcArya mallavAdI (lagabhaga cauthI pA~cavIM zatI) ne apane grantha nayacakra meM niyuktigAthA kA uddharaNa diyA hai -- niyukti lakSaNAmAha -- "vatthUNaM saMkamaNaM hoti avatthU Naye smbhiruddhe"| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki valabhI vAcanA ke pUrva niyuktiyoM kI racanA ho cukI thii| ataH unake racayitA naimittika bhadrabAhu na hokara yA to kAzyapagotrIya Aryabhadragupta hai yA phira gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra haiN| 7. punaH valabhI vAcanA ke AgamoM ke gadyabhAga meM niyuktiyoM aura saMgrahaNI kI aneka gAthAe~ milatI haiM, jaise jJAtAdharma kathA meM mallI adhyayana meM jo tIrthaMkara-nAma-karma-bandha sambandhI 20 boloM kI gAthA hai, vaha mUlataH Avazyakaniyukti (IT9-191) kI gAthA hai| isase bhI yahI phalita hotA hai ki valabhI vAcanA ke samaya niyuktiyoM aura saMgrahaNI sUtroM se aneka gAthAyeM AgamoM meM DalI gaI hai| ataH niyuktiyA~ aura saMgrahaNiyA~ valabhI vAcanA ke pUrva haiM ataH ve naimittika bhadrabAhu ke sthAna para lagabhaga tIsarI-cauthI zatI ke kisI anya bhadra nAmaka AcArya kI kRtiyA~ haiN| 8. niyuktiyoM kI sattA valabhI vAcanA ke pUrva thI, tabhI to nandIsUtra meM AgamoM kI niyuktiyoM kA ullekha hai| punaH agastyasiMha kI dazavaikAlikacUrNi ke upalabdha evaM prakAzita ho jAne para yaha, puSTa ho jAtI hai ki Agamika vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM niyuktiyA~ valabhI vAcanA ke pUrva likhI jAne lagI thii| isa cUrNi meM prathama adhyayana kI dazavakAlikaniyukti kI 54 gAthAoM kI bhI cUrNi kI gaI hai| yaha cUrNi vikrama kI tIsarI-cauthI zatI meM racI gaI thii| isase yaha tathya siddha ho jAtA hai ki niyuktiyA~ bhI lagabhaga tIsarI-cauthI zatI kI racanA hai| jJAtavya hai ki niyuktiyoM meM bhI paravartI kAla meM paryApta rUpa se prakSepa huA hai, kyoMki agasyasiMhacUrNi meM dazavaikAlika ke prathama adhyayana kI cUrNi meM mAtra 54 niyukti gAthoM kI cUrNi huI hai ,jabaki vartamAna meM dazavaikAlikaniyukti meM prathama adhyayana kI niyukti meM 151 gAthAe~ haiN| ataH niyuktiyA~ Aryabhadragupta yA gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra kI racanAyeM haiN|

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219 niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana isa sambandha meM eka Apatti yaha uThAI jA sakatI hai ki niyuktiyA~ valabhI vAcanA ke AgamapAThoM ke anurUpa kyoM hai ? isakA prathama uttara to yaha hai ki niyuktiyoM kA Agama pAThoM se utanA sambandha nahIM hai, jitanA unakI viSayavastu se hai aura yaha satya hai ki vibhinna vAcanAoM meM cAhe kucha pATha-bheda rahe hoM kintu viSayavastu to vahI rahI hai aura niyuktiyA~ mAtra viSayavastu kA vivaraNa detI hai| punaH niyuktiyA~ mAtra prAcIna stara ke aura bahuta kucha aparivartita rahe AgamoM para hai, sabhI Agama granthoM para nahIM hai aura ina prAcIna stara ke AgamoM kA svarUpa nirdhAraNa to pahale hI ho cukA thaa| mAthurIvAcanA yA valabhI vAcanA meM unameM bahuta adhika parivartana nahIM huA hai| Aja jo niyuktiyA~ haiM ve mAtra AcArAMga , sUtrakRtAMga, Avazyaka, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, dazAzrutaskandha vyavahAra, bRhatkalpa para hai ye sabhI grantha vidvAnoM kI dRSTi meM prAcIna stara ke haiM aura inake svarUpa meM bahuta adhika parivartana nahIM huA hai| ataH valabhIvAcanA se samarUpatA ke AdhAra para niyuktiyoM ko usase paravartI mAnanA ucita nahIM hai| uparyukta samagra carcA se yaha phalita hotA hai ki niyuktiyoM ke kartA na to cartudaza pUrvadhara Arya bhadrabAhu haiM aura na vArAhamihira ke bhAI naimittika bhdrbaahu| yaha bhI sunizcita hai ki niyuktiyoM kI racanA chedasUtroM kI racanA ke pazcAt huI hai| kintu yaha bhI satya hai ki niyuktiyoM kA astitva AgamoM kI devarddhi ke samaya huI vAcanA ke pUrva thaa| ataH yaha avadhAraNA bhI bhrAnta hai ki niyuktiyA~ vikrama kI chaThavIM sadI ke uttarArddha meM nirmita huI haiN| nandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra kI racanA ke pUrva Agamika niyuktiyA~ avazya thiiN| aba yaha prazna uThatA hai ki yadi niyuktiyoM ke kartA zruta-kevalI pUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu tathA vArAhamihira ke bhAI naimittika bhadrabAhu donoM hI nahIM the, to phira ve kauna se bhadrabAhu haiM jinakA nAma niyukti ke kartA ke rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai| niyukti ke kartA ke rUpa meM bhadrabAhu kI anuzruti jur3I hone se itanA to nizcita hai ki niyuktiyoM kA sambandha kisI "bhadra" nAmaka vyakti se honA cAhie aura unakA astitva lagabhaga vikrama kI tIsarI-cauthI sadI ke Asa-pAsa honA caahie| kyoMki niyamasAra meM Avazyaka kI niyukti, mUlAcAra meM niyuktiyoM ke asvAdhyAya kAla meM bhI par3hane kA nirdeza tathA usameM aura bhagavatIArAdhanA meM niyuktiyoM kI anekoM gAthAoM kI niyukti-gAthA ke ullekha pUrvaka upasthiti yahI siddha karatI hai ki niyukti ke kartA usa avibhakta paramparA ke hone cAhie, jisase zvetAmbara evaM yApanIya sampradAyoM kA vikAsa huA hai| kalpasUtra sthivirAvalI meM jo AcArya paramparA prApta hotI hai, usameM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI paramparA meM prAcInagotrIya zruta-kevalI bhadrabAhu ke atirikta do anya 'bhadra nAmaka AcAryoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai -- 1. Arya zivabhUti ke ziSya kAzyapagotrIya Aryabhadra aura 2. Arya kAlaka ke ziSya gautamagotrIya aarybhdr| saMkSepa meM kalpasUtra kI yaha AcArya paramparA isa prakAra hai -- mahAvIra, gautama, sudharmA, jambU, prabhava, zayyambhava, yazobhadra, saMbhUti vijaya, bhadrabAhu

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220 niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana ( cartudazapUrvadhara), sthUlibhadra ( jJAtavya hai ki bhadrabAhu evaM sthUlibhadra donoM hI saMbhUti vijaya ke ziSya the|), Arya suhasti, susthita, indradinna, Aryadinna, AryasiMhagiri, Aryavajra, Arya vajrasena, Aryaratha, Arya puSyagiri, Arya phalgumitra, Arya dhanagiri, AryazivabhUti, Aryabhadra (kAzyapagotrIya ), AryakRSNa, AryanakSatra, AryarakSita, AryanAga, Arya jyeSThila, AryaviSNu, AryakAlaka, AryasaMpAlita, Aryabhadra ( gautamagotrIya) AryavRddha, Arya saMghapAlita, AryahastI, Aryadharma, AryasiMha, Aryadharma, SAMDilya (sambhavataH skaMdila, jo mAthurI vAcanA ke vAcanA pramukha the ) Adi / gAthAbaddha jo sthavirAvalI hai usameM isake bAda jambU, nandila, duSyagaNi, sthiragupta, kumAradharma evaM devarddhikSapakazramaNa ke pA~ca nAma aura Ate haiN| 73 jJAtavya hai ki naimittika bhadrabAhu kA nAma jo vikrama kI chaThIM zatI ke uttarArdha meM hue haiM, isa sUcI meM sammilita nahIM ho sakatA hai| kyoMki yaha sUcI vIra nirvANa saM. 980 arthAt vikrama saM. 510 meM apanA antima rUpa le cukI thI / isa sthavirAvalI ke AdhAra para hameM jaina paramparA meM vikrama kI chaThIM zatI ke pUrvArdha taka hone vAle bhadra nAmaka tIna AcArya ke nAma milate haiM prathama prAcInagotrIya Arya bhadrabAhu, dUsare Arya zivabhUti ke ziSya kAzyapagotrIya Arya bhadragupta, tIsare Arya viSNu ke praziSya aura AryakAlaka ke ziSya gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra / inameM varAhamihara ke bhrAtA naimittika bhadrabAhu ko jor3ane para yaha saMkhyA cAra ho jAtI hai| inameM se prathama evaM antima ko to niyuktikartA ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, isa niSkarSa para hama pahu~ca cuke haiN| aba zeSa do rahate hai- - 1. zivabhUti ke ziSya Aryabhadragupta aura dUsare AryakAlaka ke ziSya Aryabhadra / inameM pahale hama Arya dhanagiri ke praziSya evaM Arya zivabhUti ke ziSya Aryabhadragupta ke sambandha meM vicAra karegeM ki kyA ve niyuktiyoM ke karttA ho sakate haiM ? kyA Aryabhadragupta niyuktiyoM ke karttA haiM ? niyuktiyoM ko zivabhUti ke ziSya kAzyapagotrIya bhadragupta kI racanA mAnane ke pakSa meM hama nimna tarka de sakate haiM 1. niyuktiyA~ uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha se vikasita zvetAmbara evaM yApanIya donoM sampradAyoM meM mAnya rahI haiM, kyoMki yApanIya grantha mUlAcAra meM na kevala zatAdhika niyukti gAthAe~ uddhRta haiM, apitu usameM asvAdhyAya kAla meM niyuktiyoM ke adhyayana karane kA nirdeza bhI hai| isase phalita hotA hai ki niyuktiyoM kI racanA mUlAcAra se pUrva ho cukI thii| 74 yadi mUlAcAra ko chaThIM sadI kI racanA bhI mAneM to usake pUrva niyuktiyoM kA astitva to mAnanA hI hogA, sAtha hI yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki niyuktiyA~ mUlarUpa meM avibhakta dhArA meM nirmita huI thiiN| cU~ki paramparA bheda to zivabhUti ke pazcAt unake ziSyoM kauDinya aura koTTavIra se huA hai / ataH niryuktiyA~ zivabhUti ke ziSya bhadragupta kI racanA mAnI jA sakatI haiM, kyoMki ve na kevala avibhakta dhArA meM hue, apitu lagabhaga usIkAla meM arthAt vikrama kI tIsarI zatI meM hue haiM, jo ki niyukti kA racanA kAla hai|

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 2. punaH AcArya bhadragupta ko uttara - bhArata kI acela paramparA kA pUrvapuruSa do-tIna AdhAroM para mAnA jA sakatA hai| prathama to kalpasUtra kI paTTAvalI ke anusAra Aryabhadragupta AryazivabhUti ke ziSya haiM aura ye zivabhUti vahI haiM jinakA AryakRSNa se muni kI upAdhi (vastra - pAtra ) ke prazna para vivAda huA thA aura jinhoMne acelatA kA pakSa liyA thA / kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM Arya kRSNa aura Aryabhadra donoM ko Arya zivabhUti kA ziSya kahA hai| cU~ki Aryabhadra hI aise vyakti haiM -- jinheM Aryavajra evaM AryarakSita ke zikSaka ke rUpa meM zvetAmbaroM meM aura zivabhUti ke ziSya ke rUpa meM yApanIya paramparA meM mAnyatA milI haiN| punaH AryazivabhUti ke ziSya hone ke kAraNa Aryabhadra bhI acelatA ke pakSadhara hogeM aura isalie unakI kRtiyA~ yApanIya paramparA meM mAnya rahI hoNgii| 3. vidizA se jo eka abhilekha prApta huA hai usameM bhadrAnvaya evaM Aryakula kA ullekha hai 221 -- zamadamavAna cIkarat [ / / ] AcArya - bhadrAnvayabhUSaNasya ziSyo hyasAvAryyakulodagatasya [1] AcArya goza (jai. zi. saM. 3. pR. 57 ) - sambhAvanA yahI hai ki bhadrAnvaya evaM Aryakula kA vikAsa inhIM Arya bhadra se huA ho / yahA~ ke anya abhilekhoM meM muni kA 'pANitalabhojI' aisA vizeSaNa hone se yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai yaha kendra acela dhArA kA thA / apane pUrvaja AcArya bhadra kI kRtiyA~ hone ke kAraNa niryuktiyA~ yApanIyoM meM bhI mAnya rahI hogIM / oghaniyukti yA piNDaniyukti meM bhI jo ki paravartI evaM vikasita haiM, do cAra prasaMgoM ke atirikta kahIM bhI vastra - pAtra kA vizeSa ullekha nahIM milatA hai / yaha isa tathya kA bhI sUcaka hai ki niyuktiyoM ke kAla taka vastra - pAtra Adi kA samarthana usa rUpa meM nahIM kiyA jAtA thA, jisa rUpa meM paravartI zvetAmbara sampradAya meM huA / vastra - pAtra ke sambandha meM niyukti kI mAnyatA bhagavatI ArAdhanA evaM mUlAcAra se adhika dUra nahIM hai| AcArAMganiryukti meM AcArAMga ke vastraiSaNA adhyayana kI niyukti kevala eka gAthA meM samApta ho gayI hai aura pAtraiSaNA para koI niryukti gAthA hI nahIM hai| ataH vastra - pAtra ke sambandha meM niyuktiyoM ke karttA Arya bhadra kI sthiti bhI mathurA ke sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke aMkana se adhika bhinna nahIM hai| ataH niyuktikAra ke rUpa meM Arya bhadragupta ko svIkAra karane meM niyuktiyoM meM vastra - pAtra ke ullekha adhika bAdhaka nahIM haiM / 4. cU~ki Aryabhadra ke niryApaka AryarakSita mAne jAte haiM / niyukti aura cUrNi donoM se hI yaha siddha hai AryarakSita bhI acelatA ke hI pakSadhara the aura unhoMne apane pitA ko, jo prArambha meM acela dIkSA grahaNa karanA nahIM cAhate the, yojanApUrvaka acela banA hI diyA thaa| cUrNi meM jo kaTIpaTTaka kI bAta hai, vaha to zvetAmbara pakSa kI puSTi hetu DAlI gayI pratIta hotI hai / bhadragupta ko niyukti kA karttA mAnane ke sambandha meM nimna kaThinAiyA~ haiM :

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222 niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana 1. Avazyakaniyukti evaM AvazyakacUrNi ke ullekhoM ke anusAra AryarakSita bhadragupta ke niryApaka (samAdhimaraNa karAne vAle) mAne gye| Avazyakaniyukti na kevala AryarakSita kI vistAra se carcA karatI hai, apitu unakA AdarapUrvaka smaraNa bhI karatI hai| bhadragupta AryarakSita se dIkSA meM jyeSTha haiM,aisI sthiti meM unake dvArA racita niyuktiyoM meM AryarakSita kA ullekha itane vistAra se evaM itane AdarapUrvaka nahIM AnA caahie| yadyapi paravartI ullekha ekamata se yaha mAnate haiM ki Aryabhadragupta kI niryApanA AryarakSita ne karavAyI, kintu mUla gAthA ko dekhane para isa mAnyatA ke bAre meM kisI ko sandeha bhI ho sakatA hai, mUla gAthA nimnAnusAra hai -- "nijjavaNa bhadagutte vIsuM paDhaNaM ca tassa puvvagayaM / pavvAvio ya bhAyA rakkhiakhamaNehiM jaNao a"|| - Avazyakaniyukti, 776 yahA~ "nijjavaNa bhaddagutte" meM yadi "bhadagutte" ko ArSa prayoga mAnakara koI prathamAvibhakti meM samajheM to isa gAthA ke prathama do caraNoM kA artha isa prakAra bhI ho sakatA hai-- bhadragupta ne AryarakSita kI niryApanA kI aura unase samasta pUrvagata sAhitya kA adhyayana kiyaa| gAthA ke uparokta artha ko svIkAra karane para to yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki niyuktiyoM meM AryarakSita kA jo bahumAna pUrvaka ullekha hai, vaha aprAsaMgika nahIM hai| kyoMki jisa vyakti ne AryarakSita kI niryApanA karavAyI ho aura jinase pUrvo kA adhyayana kiyA vaha unakA apanI kRti meM sammAnapUrvaka ullekha karegA hii| kintu gAthA kA isa dRSTi se kiyA gayA artha cUrNi meM prastuta kathAnakoM ke sAtha evaM niyukti gAthAoM ke pUrvApara prasaMga ko dekhate hue kisI bhI prakAra saMgata nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| cUrNi meM to yahI kahA gayA hai ki AryarakSita ne bhadragupta kI niryApanA karavAyI aura Aryavaz2a se pUrvasAhitya kA adhyayana kiyaa| yahA~ dUsare caraNa meM prayukta "tassa" zabda kA sambandha Arya vaz2a se hai,jinakA ullekha pUrva gAthAoM meM kiyA gayA hai| sAtha hI yahA~ bhaddagutte' meM saptamI kA prayoga hai,jo eka kArya ko samApta kara dUsarA kArya prArambha karane kI sthiti meM kiyA jAtA hai| yahA~ sampUrNa gAthA kA artha isa prakAra hogA -- AryarakSita ne bhadragupta kI niryApanA (samAdhimaraNa) karavAne ke pazcAt (Aryavaja se) pUrvo kA samasta adhyayana kiyA hai aura apane bhAI aura pitA ko dIkSita kiyaa| yadi AryarakSita bhadragupta ke niryApaka haiM aura ve hI niyuktiyoM ke kartA bhI haiM, to phira niyuktiyoM meM AryarakSita dvArA unakA niryApana (samAdhimaraNa) karavAne ke bAda kiye gaye kAryoM kA ullekha nahIM honA thaa| kintu aisA ullekha hai, ataH niyuktiyA~ kAzyapagotrIya bhadragupta kI kRti nahIM ho sakatI haiN| 2. dUsarI eka kaThinAI yaha bhI hai ki kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI ke anusAra AryarakSita Aryavaja se 8vIM pIDhI meM Ate haiN| ataH yaha kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai ki 8vIM pIDhI meM hone vAlA vyakti apane se ATha pIr3hI pUrva ke Aryavajra se pUrvo kA adhyayana kre| isase kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM diye gaye krama meM saMdeha hotA hai, hAlA~ki kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI evaM anya srotoM se itanA to nizcita hotA hai ki Aryabhadra AryarakSita se pUrva meM hue haiN| usake anusAra

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 223 AryarakSita Aryabhadra gupta ke praziSya siddha hote haiN| yadyapi kathAnakoM meM AryarakSita ko toSaliputra kA ziSya kahA gayA hai| ho sakatA hai ki toSaliputra Aryabhadra gupta ke ziSya rahe hoN| sthavirAvalI ke anusAra Aryabhadra ke ziSya AryanakSatra aura unake ziSya AryarakSita the| cAhe kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvalI meM kucha aspaSTatAe~ hoM aura do AcAryoM kI paramparA ko kahIM eka sAtha milA diyA gayA ho phira bhI itanA to nizcita hai ki Arya bhadra AryarakSita se pUrvavartI yA jyeSTha samakAlika haiN| aisI sthiti meM yadi niyuktiyA~ Aryabhadragupta ke samAdhimaraNa ke pazcAt kI AryarakSita ke jIvana kI ghaTanAoM kA vivaraNa detI haiM, to unheM zivabhUti ke ziSya kAzyapagotrIya Aryabhadragupta kI kRti nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| ___ yadi hama Aryabhadra ko hI niyukti ke kartA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanA cAhate haiM to isake atirikta koI vikalpa nahIM hai ki hama AryarakSita, antima nihnava evaM boTikoM kA ullekha karane vAlI niyukti gAthAoM ko prakSipta maaneN| yadi AryarakSita Aryabhadragupta ke niryApaka haiM to aisI sthiti meM Aryabhadra kA svargavAsa vIra nirvANa saM. 560 ke Asa-pAsa mAnanA hogA kyoMki prathama to AryarakSita ne bhadragupta kI niryApanA apane yuvAvasthA meM hI karavAyI thI aura dUsare taba vIra nirvANa saM. 584 (vikrama kI dvitIya zatAbdi) meM svargavAsI hone vAle Aryavajra jIvita the| ataH niyuktiyoM meM antima nihnava kA kathana bhI sambhava nahIM lagatA, kyoMki abaddhika nAmaka sAtavA~ nihnava vIranirvANa ke 584 varSa pazcAt huA hai| ataH hameM na kevala AryarakSita sambandhI apitu antima nihnava evaM boTikoM sambandhI vivaraNa bhI niyuktiyoM meM prakSipta mAnanA hogaa| yadi hama yaha svIkAra karane ko sahamata nahIM haiM,to hameM yaha svIkAra karanA hogA ki kAzyapagotrIya Aryabhadragupta bhI niyuktiyoM ke kartA nahIM ho sakate haiN| ataH hameM anya kisI bhadra nAmaka AcArya kI khoja karanA hogaa| kyA gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra niryaktiyoM ke kartA haiM ? kAzyapagotrIya bhadragupta ke pazcAt kalpasUtra paTTAvalI meM hameM gautamagotrIya AryakAlaka ke ziSya aura Arya saMpalita ke guru bhAI Arya bhadra kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| ye Aryabhadra Arya viSNu ke praziSya evaM AryakAlaka ke ziSya haiM tathA inake ziSya ke rUpa meM Arya vRddha kA ullekha haiN| yadi hama Arya vRddha ko vRddhavAdI mAnate haiM, to aisI sthiti meM ye Aryabhadra siddhasena ke dAdA guru siddha hote haiN| yahA~ hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki kyA ye Aryabhadra bhI spaSTa saMghabheda arthAt zvetAmbara, yApanIya aura digambara sampradAyoM ke nAmakaraNa ke pUrva hue haiM ? yaha sunizcita hai ki sampradAya bheda ke pazcAt kA koI bhI AcArya niyukti kA kartA nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki niyuktiyA~ yApanIya aura zvetAmbara donoM meM mAnya haiN| yadi ve eka sampradAya kI kRti hotI to dUsarA sampradAya use mAnya nahIM krtaa| yadi hama Arya viSNu ko digambara paTTAvalI meM ullikhita Arya viSNu samajheM to inakI nikaTatA acela paramparA se dekhI jA sakatI hai| dUsare vidizA ke abhilekha meM jisa bhadrAnvaya evaM Arya kula kA ullekha hai usakA sambandha ina gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra se bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki inakA kAla bhI spaSTa sampradAya bheda evaM usa abhilekha ke pUrva hai| durbhAgya se inake sandarbha meM Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM kahIM koI

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224 niyukti sAhitya : eka punarvintana bhI vivaraNa nahIM milatA, kevala nAma-sAmya ke AdhAra para hama inake niyuktikAra hone kI sambhAvanA vyakta kara sakate haiN| inakI vidratA evaM yogyatA ke sambandha meM bhI Agamika ullekhoM kA abhAva hai, kintu vRddhavAdI jaise ziSya aura siddhasena jaise praziSya ke guru vidvAna hoMge, isameM zaMkA nahIM kI jA sktii| sAtha hI inake praziSya siddhasena kA AdarapUrvaka ullekha digambara aura yApanIya AcArya bhI karate haiM,ataH inakI kRtiyoM ko uttara-bhArata kI acela paramparA meM mAnyatA milI ho aisA mAnA jA sakatA hai| ye AryarakSita se pA~cavIM pIDhI meM mAne gaye haiN| ataH inakA kAla inake sau-Der3ha sau varSa pazcAt hI hogA arthAt ye bhI vikrama kI tIsarI sadI ke uttarArddha yA cauthI ke pUrvArddha meM kabhI hue hogeN| lagabhaga yahI kAla mAthurIvAcanA kA bhI hai| cUMki mAthurIvAcanA yApanIyoM ko bhI svIkRta rahI hai, isalie ina kAlaka ke ziSya gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra ko niyuktiyoM kA kartA mAnane meM kAla evaM paramparA kI dRSTi se kaThinAI nahIM hai| yApanIya aura zvetAmbara donoM meM niyuktiyoM kI mAnyatA ke hone ke prazna para isase koI bAdhA nahIM AtI kyoMki ye Aryabhadra Arya nakSatra evaM Arya viSNu kI hI paramparA ziSya haiN| sambhava hai ki digambara paramparA meM AryanakSatra aura Arya viSNu kI paramparA meM hue jina bhadrabAhu ke dakSiNa meM jAne ke ullekha milate haiM, jinase acela dhArA meM bhadrAnvaya aura Aryakula kA AvirbhAva huA ho ve ye hI Aryabhadra hoN| yadi hama inheM niyuktiyoM kA kartA mAnate haiM,to isase nandIsUtra evaM pAkSika sUtra meM jo niyuktiyoM ke ullekha haiM ve bhI yuktisaMgata bana jAte haiN| ataH hama isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki niyuktiyoM ke kartA Arya nakSatra kI paramparA meM hue Arya viSNu ke praziSya evaM Arya saMpalita ke guru-bhrAtA gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra hI haiN| yadyapi maiM apane isa niSkarSa ko antima to nahIM kahatA, kintu itanA avazya kahU~gA ki ina Aryabhadra ko niyukti kA kartA svIkAra karane para hama una aneka vipratipattiyoM se baca sakate haiM ,jo prAcInagotrIya pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu, kAzyapagotrIya Aryabhadragupta aura vArAhamihira ke bhrAtA naimittika bhadrabAhu ko niyuktiyoM kA kartA mAnane para AtI haiN| hamArA yaha durbhAgya hai ki aceladhArA meM niyuktiyA~ saMrakSita nahIM raha sakI, mAtra bhagavatI-ArAdhanA, mUlAcAra aura kundakunda ke granthoM meM unakI kucha gAthAyeM hI avaziSTa haiN| inameM bhI mUlAcAra hI mAtra aisA grantha hai jo lagabhaga sau niyukti gAthAoM kA niyukti gAthA ke rUpa meM ullekha karatA hai| dUsarI ora sacela dhArA meM jo niyuktiyA~ upalabdha haiM, unameM aneka bhASyagAthAyeM mizrita ho gaI haiM,ataH upalabdha niyuktiyoM meM se bhASya gAthAoM evaM prakSipta gAthAoM ko alaga karanA eka kaThina kArya hai, kintu yadi eka bAra niyuktiyoM ke racanAkAla, usake kartA tathA unakI paramparA kA nirdhAraNa ho jAye to yaha kArya sarala ho sakatA hai| AzA hai jaina vidyA ke niSpakSa vidvAnoM kI agalI pIr3hI isa dizA meM aura bhI anveSaNa kara niyukti sAhitya sambandhI vibhinna samasyAoM kA samAdhAna prastuta kregii| prastuta lekhana meM muni zrI puNyavijayajI kA Alekha merA upajIvya rahA hai| AcArya hastImala jI ne jainadharma ke

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 225 maulika itihAsa ke lekhana meM bhI usI kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| kintu maiM ukta donoM ke niSkarSoM se sahamata nahIM ho skaa| yApanIya sampradAya para mere dvArA grantha lekhana ke samaya merI dRSTi meM kucha naI samasyAyeM aura samAdhAna dRSTigata hue aura unhIM ke prakAza meM maine kucha navIna sthApanAyeM prastuta kI haiM, ve satya ke kitanI nikaTa haiM,yaha vicAra karanA vidvAnoM kA kArya hai| maiM apane niSkarSoM ko antima satya nahIM mAnatA hU~ ataH sadaiva unake vicAroM evaM samIkSAoM se lAbhAnvita hone kA prayAsa kruuNgaa|

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1 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Avazyaka niyukti, 3 IhA apoha vImaMsA, maggaNA ya gavesaNA / saNNA saI maI paNNA savvaM AbhinibohiyaM / / - Avazyaka niryukti, 12 Avassassa dasakAliassa taha uttarajjhamAyAre / sUyagaDe nijjuttiM vRcchAmi tahA dasANaM ca / / kappasa ya nijjutiM vavahArasseva paramaNi Nassa / suri apaNNattIe vucchaM isibhAsiyANaM ca / / - Avazyakaniryukti, 84, 85 isibhAsiyAiM (prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura), bhUmikA, sAgaramala jaina, pR. 93 bRhatkathAkoza (siMghI jaina granthamAlA) prastAvanA e. ena. upAdhye, pR. 31 ArAdhanA tasyA niryuktirAdhanAniryuktiH / kI TIkA ( bhAratIya jJAnapITha 1984) goviMdANaM pi namo aNuoge viuladhAraNiMdANaM / - nandisUtra sthavirAvalI, gA. 41 vyavahArabhASya, bhAga 6, gA. 267-268 10. so ya heugovaeso govindanijjuttimAdito... / darisaNappabhAvagANi satyANi jahA goviMdanijjuttimAdI / 9. * AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 1, pR. 31, 353, bhAga 2, pR. 201, 322 11. goviMdo... pacchAteNa egiMdiya jIva sAhaNaM goviMda nijjutikayA / 8. ( a ) nijjuttA te atthA, jaM baddhA teNa hoi NijjustI / Avazyakaniryukti, gAthA 88 (ba) sUtrArthayo paraspara niryojanaM sambandhanaMniryuktiH sandarbha atthANaM uggahaNaM avaggahaM taha viAlaNaM ihaM / Avazyaka niyukti TIkA haribhadra, gAthA 83 kI TIkA - mUlAcAra, paMcAcArAdhikAra, gA. 279 nizItha bhASya gAthA 3656, nizIthacUrNi bhAga 3, pR. 260, bhAga 4, pR. 96 12. nandIsUtra, (saM. madhukaramuni) sUtrasaMkhyA, 13 (a) prAkRtasAhitya kA itihAsa, DaoN. jagadIza candrajaina, pR. (ba) jainasAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 3, DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA, pR.6 14. Avazyakaniryukti, gAthA 84, 85

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 77 15. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 84 16. bahuraya paesa avvattasamucchAdugatiga abaddhiyA cev| sattee NiNhagA khalu titthaMmi u vrtmaannss|| bahuraya jamAlipabhavA jIvapaesA ye tiisguttaao| avvattASSsADhAo saamuccheyaaSSsmittaao|| gaMgAo dokiriyA chalugA tarAsiyANa uppttii| therAya goTThamAhila puTThamabaddhaM prviNti||| sAvatthI usabhapura seyaviyA mihila ullugaatiirN| purimaMtaraMji dasapura rahavIrapuraM ca ngraaii|| coddasa solasa vAsA coddasavIsuttarA ya doNNi syaa| aTThAvIsA ya duve paMcava sayA u coyaalaa|| paMca sayA culasIyA chacceva sayA NavottarA hoti| NANupattIya duve uppaNNA Nivvue sesaa|| evaM ee kahiyA osappiNIe u niNhavA stt| vIravarassa pavayaNe sesANaM pavvayaNe nntthi|| bahuraya jamAlipabhavA jIvapaesA ya tiisguttaao| avvattASSsAdAo saamuccheyaa'smittaao|| gaMgAe dokiriyA chalugA terAsiANa uppttii| therA ya guTThamAhila puTThabaddhaM pruviNti|| jiTThA sudaMsaNa jamAli aNujja sAvatthi tiNdugujjaanne| paMca sayA ya sahassaM DhakeNa jamAli mttnnN|| rAyagihe guNasilae vasu caudasapuvvi tiisguttaao| AmalakappA nayari mittasirI kuurpiNddaadi|| siyaviyapolAsA joge tadivasahiyayasUle y| sohammi naliNagumme rAyagihe puriya balabhadde / / mihilAe lacchighare mahagiri koDinna Asamitto / NeuNamaNuppavAe rAyagihe khaMDarakkhA y|| naikheDajaNava ullaga mahagiri dhaNagutta ajjagaMge y| kiriyA do rAyagihe mahAtavo tiirmnninaae|| purimaMtaraMji bhuyaguha balasiri sirigutta rohagutte y| parivAya puTTasAle ghosaNa paDirohaNA vaae|| vicchya sappe mUsaga migI varAhI ya kAgi poyaaiN| eyAhiM vijjAhiM so u parivvAyago kuslo|| moriya nauli birAlI vagghI sIhI ya ulugi ovaai| eyAo vijjAo giNha privvaaymhnniio||

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dasapuranagarucchughare ajjarakkhiya pusamittattiyagaM ca / guTThAmAhila nava aTTha sesapucchA ya viMjhassa / / puTTho jahA abaddho kaMcuiNaM kaMcuo samanne | evaM puTThamabaddhaM jIvaM kammaM samannei / / paccakkhANaM seyaM aparimANeNa hoi kAyavvaM / jesiM tu parImANaM taM duTThe hoi AsaMsA / ravIrapuraM naraM dIvagamujjANa ajjakaNhe a / sivabhUissuvahiMmi pucchA therANa kahaNA ya / / - uttarAdhyayananiyukti, 165-178 18. uttarAdhyayananiyukti, gAthA 29 19. dazavaikAlikaniryukti, gAthA 309-326 20. uttarAdhyayananiyukti, gAthA 207 21. dazavaikAlikaniyukti, gAthA 161 - 163 22. AcArAMganiryukti, gAthA, 5 23. (a) dazavaikAlikaniryukti, gAthA, 79-88 (ba) uttarAdhyayananiryukti, gAthA 143-144 24. jo ceva hoi mukkho sA u vimutti pagayaM tu bhAveNaM / desavimukkA sAhU savvavimukkA bhave siddhA / / AcArAMganiryukti, 331 25. uttarAdhyayananiyukti, gAthA 497-92 26. sUtrakRtAMganiryukti, gAthA 99 27. dazavaikAlikaniryukti, gAthA 3 32. - 228 28. sUtrakRtAMganiryukti, gAthA 127 29. uttarAdhyayananiyukti, gAthA, 267-268 30. dazAzrutaskaMdhaniyukti, gAthA 1 31. tahavi ya koI attho uppajjati tammi taMmi samayaMmi / prastAvanA, pR. 4,5 puvvabhaNio aNumato a hoi isibhAsiesu jahA / / * sUtrakRtAMganiryukti, gAthA, 189 (ka) bRhatkalpasUtrama, SaSTha vibhAga, prakAzaka -- zrI AtmAnanda jaina sabhA bhAvanagara, 33. vahI, Amukha, pR. 2 34. niyukti sAhitya : eka punarthintana (ka) mUDhaNaiyaM suyaM kAliyaM tu Na NayA samoyaraMti ihaM / apuhutte samoyAro, natthi puhutte samoyAro / / jAvaMti ajjavairA, apuhuttaM kAliyANuoge ya / teNAssreNa puhuttaM, kAliyasuya diTThivAe ya / /

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 229 - Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 762-776 (kha) tuMbavaNasannivesAo, niggayaM piusgaasmlliinnN| chammAsiyaM chasu jayaM, mAUya samanniyaM vNde|| jo gujjhaehiM bAlo, nimaMtio bhoyaNeNa vaasNte| NecchA viNIyaviNao, taM vairarisiM nnmNsaami|| ujjeNIe jo jaMbhagehiM ANakkhiUNa thuymhio|| akkhINamahANasiyaM sIhagiripasaMsiyaM vNde|| jassa aNuNNAe vAyagattaNe dasapurammi nnyrmm| devehiM kayA mahimA, payANusAriM nnmNsaami|| jo kannAi dhaNeNa ya, NimaMtio juvvaNammi gihvinnaa| nayarammi kusumanAme, taM bairarisiM NamaMsAmi / / jaNuddhAraA vijjA, AgAsagamA mhaarinnnnaao| vaMdAmi ajjavaharaM, apacchimo jo suyaharANaM / / (ga) apuhutte aNuogo, cattAri duvAra bhAsaI ego| puhutANuogakaraNe, te attha tao u vocchinnaa|| deviMdavaMdirahi, mahANubhAgehiM rkkhiajjehiN| jugamAsajja vibhatto, aNuogo to kao cuhaa|| mAyA ya ruddasomA, piyA ya nAmeNa somadeva tti| bhAyA ya pharagurakkhiya, tosaliputtA ya aayriaa|| NijjavaNabhadgutte, vIsaM paDhaNaM ca tassa puvvagayaM / pavvAvio ya bhAyA, rakkhiakhamaNehiM jaNao y|| 35. jaha jaha paesiNI jANugammi pAlittao bhmaaddei| taha taha sIse viyaNA, paNassai muruNddraayss|| - piNDaniyukti, gAthA - 498 36. nai kaNha-vinna dIve, paMcasayA tAvasANa rnnivsNti| pavvadivasesu kulavai, pAlevuttAra skkaare|| jaNa sAvagANa khisaNa, samiyakkhaNa mAiThANa leveNa / sAkya payattakaraNaM, aviNaya loe calaNa dhoe|| paDilAbhiya vaccaMtA, nibuDDa naikUlamilaNa smiyaao| vimhiya paMca sayA tAvasANa pavvajja sAhA y|| __ - piNDaniyukti, gAthA 503-505 37. (a) vahI, gAthA 505 (ba) nandIsUtra sthavirAklI gAthA, 36 (sa) mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM isa zAkhA kA ullekha brahmadAsika zAkhA ke rUpa meM milatA

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38. ujjeNI kAlakhamaNA sAgarakhamaNA suvaNNabhUmIe / iMdo Auyasesa, pucchai sAdivvakaraNaM ca / / uttarAdhyayananiyukti, gAthA 119 39. arahaMte vaMdittA caudasapuvvI taheva dasapuvvI / ekkArasaMgasuntatthadhArae savvasAhU y|| * oghaniyukti, gAthA 1 230 40. zrImatI oghaniyukti, saMpAdaka- zrImadvijayasUrIzvara, prakAzana -- jaina granthamAlA, gopIpurA, sUrata, pR. 3-4 41. jeNuddhariyA vijjA AgAsagamA mahAparinnAo / vaMdAmi ajjavara apacchimo jo suaharANaM / / gAthA, 769 42. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA, 763-774 43. apuhuttapuhuttAiM niddisiuM ettha hoi ahigAro / caraNakaraNANuogeNa tassa dArA ime huti / / dazavaikAlika niyukti, gAthA 4 44. oheNa u nijjuttiM vucchaM caraNakaraNANuogAo / appakkharaM mahatthaM aNuggahatthaM suvihiyANaM / / oghaniyukti, gAthA 2 - 45. Avazyaka niryukti, gAthA 778-783 46. uttarAdhyayananiryukti, gAthA 164-178 47. egabhavie ya baddhAue ya abhimuhiyanAmagoe ya / ete tinnivi desA davvaMmi ya poMDarIyassa / / - sUtrakRtAMganiryukti, gAthA 146 48. uttarAdhyayana TIkA zAntyAcArya, uddhRta bRhatkalpasUtram bhASya, SaSTha vibhAga prastAvanA, niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana pR. 12 49. vahI, pR. 1 50. bRhatkalpasUtram, bhASya SaSThavibhAga, AtmAnanda jaina sabhA, bhAvanagara, pR. 11 51. sAva' tthI usabha - pura seya eviyA mihila' ullugItIraM / pudimaMta' raMji dasa' pura rahavI' puraM ca nagarAI / / codda' sa sola-sa vAsA codasavIsutarA + ya doNi sakhA / aTThAvIso ya duve paMceva sayA " u coyAlA / / Avazyaka niyukti, gAthA 81-82 52. rahavIrapuraM nayaraM dIvagamujjANa ajjakaNhe a / sivabhUissuvahiMmi pucchA thorANa kahaNA ya / / uttarAdhyayananiyukti, gAthA 178

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 231 53. svayaM caturdazapUrvitve'pi yaccaturdazapUrbhupAdAnaM tat teSAmapi SaTsthAnapatitatvena zeSamahAtmyasthApanaparamaduSTameva, bhASyagAthA vA dvAragAthAyAdArabhya lakSyanta iti preryAnavakAza eveti|| - uttarAdhyayana TIkA, zAntyAcArya, gAthA 233 54. egabhavie ya baddhAue ya abhimuhiyanAmagoe y| ete tinnivi desA davvaMmi ya poNddriiyss|| - sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, gAthA 146 55. ye cAdezAH4, yathA--- AryamagurAcAryastrividhaM zaGkhamicchati-- ekabhAvika badghAyuSkamabhimukhanAmagotraM ca, Aryasamudro dvividhama -- badghAyuSkamabhimukhanAmagotraM ca, AryasuhastI ekam-- abhimukhanAma gotramitiH - bRhatkalpasUtrama, bhASya bhAga 1, gAthA 144 56. vahI, SaSThavibhAga, pR.saM.15-17 57. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 1252-1260 58. vahI, gAthA- 85 59. jattha ya jo paNNavao kassavi sAhai disAsu ya NimittaM / jattomuho ya DhAI sA puvvA pacchavo avraa|| - AcArAMganiyukti, gAthA 51 60. saptAzvivedasaMkhya, zakakAlamapAsya caitrazuklAdau / ardhAstamite bhAnau, yavanapure saumydivsaaye|| - paMcasiddhAntikA uddhRta bRhatkalpasUtram, bhASya SaSThavibhAga, prastAvanA, pR. 17 61. bRhatkalpasUtrama, SaSThavibhAga, prastAvanA, pR. 18 62. goviMdo nAma bhikkhU... pacchA teNa egidiyajIvasAhaNaM goviMdanijjuttI kyaa|| esa naanntenno|| - nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 3, uddezaka 11-sanmati jJAnapITha,AgarA, pR. 260 63. (a) goviMdANaM pi namo, aNuoge viuldhaarnniNdaannN| NiccaM khaMtidayANaM pasvaNe dullabhidANaM / / - nandIsUtra, gAthA 81 (ba) Arya skaMdila Arya himavaMta Arya nAgArjuna

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64. Arya govinda - dekheM nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI, gAthA 36-41 pacchA teNa egiMdiyajIvasAhaNaM goviMdaNijjuttI kayA / daMsaNapabhAvagasatthaTThA / nizIthacUrNi, pR. 260 65. niNhayANa vattavvayA bhANiyavvA jahA sAmAiyanijjuttIe / - uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, jinadAsagaNimahattara, vikrama saMvat 1989, pR. 95, 66. idANiM etesiM kAlo bhaNNati 'cauddasa solasa vIsA gAhAu do, idANi bhaNNati - 'coddasa vAsA taiyA' gAthA akkhANayasaMgahaNI / vahI, pR. 95 -- 67. micchaddiTThI sAsAyaNe ya taha sammamicchadiTThI ya / avirayasammadiTThI virayAvirae pamatte ya / / tatto ya appamatto niyaTThi aniyaTThi bAyare suhume / uvasaMta khINamohe hoi sajogI ajogI y|| 232 - niyukti sAhitya : eka punardhintana Avazyaka niyukti, (niryuktisaMgraha, pR. 140 ) 68. Avazyakaniyukti ( haribhadra) bhAga 2, prakAzaka zrI bherulAla kanhaiyA lAla koThArI dhArmika TrasTa, mumbaI, vIra saM. 2508, pR. 106 107 69. sammattupattI sAvae ya virae aNaMtakammase / daMsaNamohakkhavae uvasAmaMte ya uksate / / - khavara ya khINamohe jiNe a seDhI bhave asaMkhijjA / tavvivarIo kAlo saMkhajjuguNAi seDhIe / / AcArAMganiryukti, gAthA 222, 223 ( niyuktisaMgraha, pR. 441 ) 70. samyagdRSTibhAvakaviratAnantaviyojakadarzanamohakSapakopazamakopazAntamohakSapakakSINa mohajinAH kramazo'saMkhyeyaguNa nirjarAH / / 71. (a) NijjuttI NijjuttI esA kahidA mae samAseNa / aha vitthAra paMsago'Niyogado hodi NAdavvo / / AvAsagaNijjattI evaM kadhidA samAsao vihiNA / No uvajuMjadi NiccaM so siddhiM, jAdi visuddhappA || * mUlAcAra ( bhAratIya jJAnapITha ) 691, 692 ... eso aNNo gaMtho kappadi paDhiduM asajjhAe / ArAhaNA Nijjutti maraNavibhattI ya saMgahatyudio / paccakkhANAvasaya dhammakahAo erisa o / / esa NANateNo / eva tattvArthasUtra (umAsvati) sukhalAla saMghavI, 9/47 - - mUlAcAra, 278, 279 (ba) Na kso akso avasassakammamAvassayaMti bodhavvA / jutti tti uvAaMti NaNiravayavo hodi NijjuttI / /

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 233 - mUlAcAra, 515 72..Na vaso avaso avasassa kamma vAvassayaM ti bodhavvA jutti tti uvAaMti ya Niravayavo hodi nnijuttii|| ___ - niyamasAra, gAthA 142, lakhanaU, 1931 73. dekheM-- kalpasUtra, sthavirAvalI vibhAga, 74. dekheM-- mUlAcAra SaDAvazyaka-adhikAra 75. therassa NaM ajja vinhussa mADharassaguttassa ajjakAlae there aMtevAsI goyamasagutte therassaNaM ajjakAlassa goyamasaguttassa ime duve therA aMtevAsI goyamasagutte ajja saMpalie there ajjabhadde, eesi dunhavi goyamasaguttANaM ajja buDDe there| - kalpasUtra ( munipyAracandajI, ratalAma) sthavirAvalI, pR. 233

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jaina evaM bauddha pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha nirdhAraNa aura anuvAda kI samasyA kisI zabda ke artha kA nirdhAraNa karane yA use pAribhASita karane meM aneka kaThinAiyA~ upasthita hotI haiN| kyoMki zabdoM ke vAcyArtha badalate rahate haiN| sAtha hI unameM artha saMkoca aura artha vistAra bhI hotA hai / yaha kaThinAI taba aura adhika samasyAprada bana jAtI hai, jaba eka hI paramparA meM kAlakrama meM zabda kA artha badala jAtA hai| kucha zabda kAlakrama meM apane purAne artha ko khojakara naye artha ko grahaNa karate haiM to kucha zabda eka paramparA se Akara dUsarI paramparA meM mUla artha se bhinna kisI anya artha meM rUr3ha ho jAtA hai| Asava zabda jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM samAna rUpa se prayukta huA hai, kintu usake artha bhinna ho gaye haiN| jaina aura bauddha paramparA ke aneka pAribhASika zabdoM ke sAtha yahI sthiti rahI hai| kucha zabda anya paramparA se jaina paramparA meM Aye, kintu yahA~ Akara unakA artha badala gyaa| punaH kucha zabda jaina evaM bauddha paramparA meM bhI kAlakrama meM apane purAne artha ko chor3akara naye-naye artha ko grahaNa karate rahe haiN| prastuta nibandha meM hama inhIM do kaThinAiyoM ke sandarbha meM jaina pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha-nirdhAraNa kI samasyA para prakAza DAlane kA prayatna kreNge| - pro. sAgaramala jaina zabda ke artha-nirdhAraNa kI samasyA se jainAcArya prAcIna kAla se hI paricita the, ataH unhoMne sarvaprathama nikSepa aura naya ke siddhAntoM ke siddhAntoM kA vikAsa kiyA, tAki sandarbha aura vaktA ke abhiprAya ke AdhAra para zabda evaM vAkya ke artha kA nirdhAraNa kiyA jA sake / zabda ke artha nirdhAraNa meM usake sandarbha kA vicAra karanA yaha nikSepa kA kArya hai aura vaktA ke abhiprAya ke AdhAra para vAkya kA artha samajhanA yaha naya kA kArya mAnA gayA / nikSepa zabda ke artha kA nizcaya karatA hai aura naya vAkya ke artha kA nizcaya karatA hai 1 zabdoM ke artha-nirdhAraNa eva unako pAribhASita karane meM eka samasyA yaha bhI hotI hai ki grantha kisI anya deza evaM kAla kI racanA hotA hai aura usake vyAkhyAkAra yA TIkAkAra kisI anya deza aura kAla ke vyakti hote haiM, isalie kabhI-kabhI unake dvArA kI gaI zabda kI paribhASAe~ apane mUla artha se bhinna hotI haiM aura kabhI-kabhI bhrAMta bhI / jaina paramparA meM kaI zabdoM ke TIkAkAroM ke dvArA kiye gaye artha apane mUla artha se bhinna haiM aura kabhI-kabhI to grantha ke hArda ko bhI samajhane meM kaThinAI utpanna karate haiN| yaha samasyA bhI vizeSa rUpa se una granthoM ke sandarbha meM hai jo paryApta prAcIna hai| aise granthoM meM hama AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita aura kucha chedasUtroM ko le sakate haiN| yahA~ hama inake sabhI zabdoM ke sandarbha meM to vicAra nahIM kara sakeMge, kintu kucha pratinidhi pAribhASika zabdoM ko lekara unake artha-nirdhAraNa kI samasyA para vicAra kreNge|

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 235 sarvaprathama hama arihaMta yA arahanta zabda ko hI leN| prAcInakAla meM yaha zabda jaina paramparA kA viziSTa zabda na hokara bhAratIya paramparA kA eka sAmAnya zabda thaa| apane mUla artha meM yaha zabda pUjA-yogya arthAt pUjanIya yA "sammAnanIya" artha kA vAcaka thA aura usake bAda yaha zabda vAsanAoM se mukta evaM rAga-dveSa ke vijetA vitarAga vyakti ke lie prayoga kiyA jAne lagA, kyoMki vaha sammAnanIya yA pUjyanIya hotA thaa| prAcIna jaina evaM bauddhagranthoM meM yaha zabda isI artha meM prayukta huA, kintu jaba jaina paramparA meM karma-siddhAnta kA vikAsa huA to isa zabda ko punaH eka nayA artha milA aura yaha kahA gayA ki jo vyakti cAraghAtI karmoM ko arthAt jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, mohanIya aura antarAya ko kSaya kara letA hai, vaha "arhat" hai| jJAnAvaraNa aura darzanAvaraNa ke kSaya karane ke kAraNa "arahanta" ko sarvajJa kA paryAyavAcI mAnA gyaa| isa prakAra "arahanta" zabda ne jaina paramparA meM eka apanA vizeSa artha prApta kiyaa| kAlAntara meM arihanta ke (arihaMta) rUpa se yaha rAga-dveSa rUpI zatruoM ko mArane vAlA aura aruhaMta ke rUpa meM jo saMsAra meM punaH janma nahIM lene vAlA mAnA gayA, yaha vyAkhyA jaina aura bauddha donoM meM hai| ataH Age calakara yaha artha bhI sthira nahIM raha sakA aura jaina paramparA meM arahanta zabda kevala tIrthaMkaroM kA paryAyavAcI bana gyaa| yadi hama "savvaNu" (sarva) aura kevalI zabda kA itihAsa dekheM to inake bhI artha meM kAlAntara meM vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai| prAcIna stara ke jaina AgamoM jaise -- sUtrakRtAMga, bhagavatI Adi meM sarvajJa zabda usa artha kA vAcaka nahIM thA jo use bAda meM milA / tattvArthasUtra aura bhASya-sAhitya meM tathA anya granthoM meM "sarvajJa" aura "kevalI" zabda sabhI dravyoM aura unakI paryAyoM ke traikAlika jJAna ke vAcaka mAne gaye haiM, kintu sUtrakRtAMga evaM bhagavatI meM sarvajJa aura kevalI zabda isa artha meM prayukta nahIM hue haiN| vahA~ "sarvajJa" zabda kA artha AtmajJa, AtmadraSTA, AtmasAkSI aura adhika se adhika jIvana aura jagat ke samyak svarUpa kA jJAtA hI thA, isI prakAra bauddhadarzana meM bhI prArambha meM sarvajJa kA tAtparya heya aura upAdeya kA viveka thaa| dUsare zabdoM meM usa kAla taka sarvajJa zabda AtmajJAna evaM dArzanika jJAna kA hI paryAyavAcI thA, anyathA bhagavatI meM kevalI "siya jANai siya Na jANaI" aisA ullekha nahIM hotaa| isa sambandha meM paMDita sukhalAlajI ne paryApta vicAra kiyA hai| sarvajJa kA paryAyavAcI "kevalI" zabda bhI apane prAcIna artha ko khokara navIna artha meM sarvajJAtAdraSTA arthAt sabhI dravyoM kI sabhI paryAyoM ke traikAlika jJAna kA vAcaka bana gayA, yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki kevalI zabda prAcIna sAMkhya paramparA se jaina paramparA meM AyA aura vahA~ vaha AtmadraSTA ke artha meM yA prakRti-puruSa ke viveka kA hI vAcaka thaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki kundakunda ko yaha kahanA par3A, ki vastutaH kevalI AtmA ko jAnatA hai, vaha lokAloka ko jAnatA hai yaha vyavahAra naya yA vyavahAra dRSTi hai| pAlI tripiTaka meM sarvajJa kA jo makhaula ur3AyA gayA hai, vaha usake dUsare artha ko lekara hai| yahI sthiti "buddha", "jina" aura "vIra" zabdoM kI hai| eka samaya taka ye jaina, bauddha evaM anya zramaNa paramparAoM ke sAmAnya zabda the| prArambha meM inakA artha kramazaH indriyavijetA, prajJAvAna aura kaSTasahiSNusAdhaka thA kintu Age calakara jahA~ jaina paramparA meM "jina" zabda aura bauddha paramparA meM "buddha" zabda viziSTa artha ke vAcaka bana gaye, jaina paramparA meM "jina" zabda ko mAtra tIrthaMkara kA paryAyavAcI aura bauddha

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 236 paramparA meM buddha ko dharmacakra pravartaka buddha kA vAcaka mAnA gyaa| "vIra" zabda jahA~ AcArAMga meM kaSTa-sahiSNu sAdhaka yA saMyamI muni kA paryAyavAcI thA, vahIM Age calakara mahAvIra kA paryAyavAcI mAna liyA gyaa| yahI sthiti "tathAgata" zabda kI hai| AcArAMga meM "tathAgata" zabda mukhya rUpa se prajJAvAna muni ke lie prayukta huA kintu kAlAntara meM jaina paramparA se yaha zabda lupta ho gayA aura bauddha paramparA kA viziSTa zabda bana gayA aura vahA~ use bhagavAna buddha kA paryAyavAcI mAna liyA gyaa| __isI prakAra yadi "daMsaNa" (darzana) zabda ko leM to usake artha meM bhI svayaM jaina paramparA meM hI artha parivartana hotA rahA hai| prAcIna jainAgama AcArAMga meM yaha zabda draSTAbhAva yA sAkSIbhAva ke artha meM "prayukta" huA, jabaki jaina-jJAna mImAMsA meM yaha zabda aindrika aura mAnasika saMvedanoM ke rUpa meM prayoga kiyA gyaa| AgamoM meM "jANaI" aura "pAsaI" aise do zabdoM kA prayoga milatA hai| vahA~ "pAsa" yA "pAsaI" zabda kA artha dekhanA thA aura vaha daMsaNa kA paryAyavAcI thaa| prAcInastara ke granthoM meM darzana yA dekhane kA tAtparya jAgatika ghaTanAoM ko samabhAvapUrvaka dekhane se rahA jaise "esa pAsagassa daMsaNaM, esa kusalassa daMsaNa" kintu Age calakara yaha zabda jaba jiNa-dasaNa Adi vizeSaNoM ke sAtha prayukta huA to vaha "darzana" (philAsophI) kA paryAyavAcI bana gayA aura usa artha meM use dRSTi kahA gayA aura usI se samyagdRSTi evaM mithyAdRSTi zabda niSpanna hue| punaH Age calakara jainAgamoM meM hI yaha daMsaNa zabda zraddhAna kA paryAyavAcI ho gyaa| AcArAMga meM "daMsaNa" zabda sAkSIbhAva ke artha meM evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM darzana (philAsaphI) ke artha meM prayukta huaa| kintu uttarAdhyayana meM "NANena jANaI bhAve dasaNeNa saddahe" kahakara darzana ko zraddhAna kA paryAyavAcI banA diyA gyaa| jainakarma siddhAnta meM hI darzana-moha aura darzanAvaraNa ina donoM zabdoM meM prayukta darzana zabda do bhinna arthoM kA vAcaka bana gayA hai| "darzanAvaraNa" meM rahe hue "darzana" zabda kA tAtparya jahA~ aindrika aura mAnasika saMvedana hai vahA~ "darzana moha" meM "darzana" zabda kA artha dArzanika dRSTikoNa yA darzana (philAsaphI) hai| sampradAya bheda se bhI jaina paramparA meM zabdoM ke artha meM bhinnatA AyI haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM "acela" zabda kA artha jahA~ zvetAmbaroM meM alpa-cela kiyA to digambaroM meM vastra kA abhAva aisA kiyA hai| isI prakAra "pudgala" zabda ko leN| "pudgala" zabda bhagavatIsUtra meM vyakti (iNDIvijUala) athavA vyakti ke zarIra ke artha meM prayukta huA hai, kintu isake sAtha hI sAtha usI grantha meM "pudgala" zabda bhautika-padArtha ke artha meM bhI prayukta huA hai| pudgalAstikAya meM prayukta pudgala zabda jahA~ bhautika dravya (maiTara) kA sUcaka hai, vahIM bhagavatI meM yaha zabda vyakti evaM zarIra kA tathA dazavakAlika meM "mAMsa" kA vAcaka rahA hai| Aja jainasAdhuoM kI bhASA (koDa-laiMgveja) meM yaha zabda "dhana" yA "mudrA" kA paryAyavAcI hai| bauddha paramparA meM pudgala kA artha vyakti/zarIra huA hai| "AtmA" zabda jisake lie prAkRta bhASA meM "AtA", "attA", "appA", "AdA" aura "AyA" rUpa meM prayukta hotA hai, kintu yaha zabda bhI mAtra AtmA kA vAcaka nahIM rahA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM yaha apanepana ke artha meM bhI prayukta huA hai aura kabhI yaha

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237 jaina evaM bauddha pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha nirdhAraNa aura anuvAda kI samasyA "svadharma" yA "svaguNoM" kA bhI pratIka mAnA gayA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM jaba yaha pUchA gayA ki kyA prathama pRthvI AtmA hai ? to vahA~ isakA artha svadharma, svaguNa hai| isI prakAra jaina AgamoM meM "appANavevAsarAmi" meM "appA" zabda apanepana kA sUcaka hai| bauddha paramparA meM "anatta" ( AtmA ) zabda kA prayoga "apanA nahIM" isI artha meM huA hai| isa prakAra prAcIna jahA~ bauddha paramparA meM bhI " anatta" (anAtma) zabda kA prayoga apanA nahIM hai isI meM huA hai| isa prakAra prAcIna jahA~ bauddhagranthoM ke "atta" zabda apanepana yA merepana kA vAcaka hI rahA hai| vahIM jaina paramparA meM yaha cetanA sattA kA vAcaka mAnA gyaa| jaina paramparA meM sAmAnyatayA jIva aura AtmA paryAyavAcI raheM, kintu vedAnta meM unheM pRthak-pRthak artha kA vAcaka mAnA gayA / upaniSadoM meM "Atman" zabda "brahma" yA param sattA kA vAcaka bhI rahA hai| isI prakAra "dharma" zabda ko hI leM, use jaina paramparA meM aneka prakAra se pAribhASita kiyA gyaa| jahA~ " vatthusahAvodhammo" meM dharma ko vastu kA svarUpa yA svabhAva kahA gayA vahIM "semiyAe Arie dhamme pavvaie" meM "dharma" zabda samabhAva kA sUcaka mAnA gayA, kintu yahI zabda jaba dharmAstikAya aura adharmAstikAya meM prayukta huA to vahA~ isakA artha bilakula hI badala gayA aura vaha gati - sahAyaka dravya ke rUpa meM vyAkhyAyita kiyA gyaa| ye to hamane kucha zabdoM ke udAharaNa diye kintu aise anya kaI zabda haiM jo kAlakrama meM apanA nayA-nayA artha grahaNa karate gae aura eka hI paramparA meM kAlakrama meM ve bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM rUr3ha hote cale gye| jainAgamoM meM kucha zabda aise bhI milate haiM jo anya paramparAoM se unake mUla artha meM hI grahIta hue the kintu bAda meM unakA mUla artha TIkAkAroM ke samakSa nahIM rahA aura unheM bhinna artha meM hI vyAkhyAyita kiyA gayA / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM "AcArAMga " meM prayukta "vipAssI" aura vipassanA" zabda bauddha paramparA ke jJAna ke abhAva meM TIkAkAroM ke dvArA anya artha meM pAribhASita kiye gaye / kucha zabdoM kA artha to isalie durbodha ho gayA ki jisa kSetra kA vaha zabda thA usa kSetra ke sambandha meM TIkAkAroM ke ajJAna ke kAraNa vaha anya artha meM hI pAribhASita kiyA gayA, udAharaNa ke rUpa meM "tAlapalamba" (tAr3apralamba) zabda jo nizItha meM prayukta huA hai vaha apane mUla artha meM aMkurita tAbIja kA sUcaka thA kintu jaba jaina munisaMgha rAjasthAna aura gujarAta jaise kSetra meM calA gayA to vaha usake artha se anabhijJa ho gayA aura Aja jaina paramparA meM tAlapalamba kele (kadalIphala ) kA vAcaka ho gayA hai| isa prakAra jainAgamoM meM prayukta aneka zabda TIkAkAroM ke kAla taka bhI apanA artha kho cuke the aura TIkAkAroM ne unheM apane DhaMga se aura apanI paramparA ke anusAra pAribhASita karane kA prayAsa kiyA / vasatutaH jo grantha jisa-jisa deza aura kAla meM nirmita hotA hai usake zabdoM ke arthoM ko usa deza aura kAla kI paramparA aura anya granthoM ke AdhAra para pAribhASita kiyA jAnA caahie| usa dezakAla ke jJAna ke abhAva meM aneka zabdoM ko TIkAkAroM ne apanI kalpanA ke anusAra pAribhASita kara diyA hai| usase bacanA Avazyaka hai| AcArAMga meM "saMdhi" zabda Asakti yA rAgAtmakatA ke artha meM prayukta huA thA kintu TIkAkAra bhI aneka sthaloM para use avasara ke rUpa meM pAribhASita karate haiN| "Asava" zabda jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM kina-kina arthoM se gujarA hai, isakI carcA "eleksavemena" ne kI hai| mokkha (mokSa) aura "nivvANa" (nirvANa ) zabda sAmAnyatayA jaina paramparA meM paryAyavAcI rUpa

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 238 meM prayukta hote haiN| kintu uttarAdhyayana meM ye donoM zabda bhinna-bhinna sthitiyoM ke vAcaka haiN| yahA~ kahA gayA ki amukta kA nirvANa nahIM ( amokkhassa natthi nivvaannN)| isalie prAcIna prAkRta aura pAli sAhitya ke anuvAda aura unameM prayukta pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha kA nirdhAraNa eka kaThina aura zramasAdhya kArya hai jo vistRta tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke abhAva meM sambhava nahIM hai, jo zabda kisI kAla meM paryAyavAcI rUpa meM yA bhASA sauSThava ke lie prayukta hote the, vyutpatti aura pratibhA ke AdhAra para unheM bhinna-bhinna artha kA vAcaka banA diyA hai| pAlisAhitya meM nigaNTha-nATaputta ke sandarbha meM "savvavArivArito" zabda kA prayoga huA hai| anuvAdakoM ne "vAri" kA artha jala kiyA, jabaki sUtrakRtAMga ke vIrastuti nAmaka adhyayana ke AdhAra para dekheM to usameM prayukta vAri zabda kA artha jala na hokara pApa hogA kyoMki sUtrakRtAMga meM mahAvIra kI stuti karate hue kahA gayA hai -- "se vAriyA savva vAraM itthIsarAyabhattaM" arthAt unhoMne logoM ko sabhI pApa karmoM, strI aura rAtribhojana se nivRtta kiyaa| yahA~ maiM isa bAta para vizeSa rUpa se bala denA cAhU~gA ki jahA~ jaina AgamoM ke pAribhASita zabdoM ke artha-nirdhAraNa ke lie bauddha piTaka kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai vahIM bauddha piTaka sAhitya ke zabdoM ke artha nirdhAraNa ke lie jaina AgamoM kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai kyoMki ye donoM paramparAe~ eka hI deza aura kAla kI upaja haiN| binA bauddha sAhitya ke adhyayana ke AcArAMga jaise prAcInastara ke grantha meM prayukta "vipassi, tathAgata, paDisaMkhA, Ayatana, saMdhi Adi zabdoM ke artha spaSTa nahIM ho sakate usI prakAra piTaka sAhitya meM prayukta "vAri" jaise aneka zabdoM kA artha binA jaina AgamoM ke adhyayana se spaSTa nahIM ho sktaa| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki koI bhI paramparA zUnya meM utpanna nahIM hotI usakA eka deza aura kAla hotA hai jahA~ se vaha apanI zabdAvalI grahaNa karatI hai| yaha ThIka hai ki aneka bAra usa zabdAvalI ko nayA artha diyA jAtA hai phira bhI zabda ke mUla artha ko pakar3ane ke lie hameM use deza, kAla va paramparA kA jJAna bhI prApta karanA hogA, jisameM usakA sAhitya nirmita huA hai| ataH pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha-nirdhAraNa kI prakriyA meM na to usa deza va kAla kI upekSA kI jA sakatI hai, jisameM una zabdoM ne apanA artha prApta kiyA hai aura na samakAlIna paramparAoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke binA hI artha-nirdhAraNa kI prakriyA ko sampanna kiyA jA sakatA hai|

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jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana eka vimarza - pro. sAgaramala jaina -- prAkRta eka bhASA na hokara, bhASA samUha hai| prAkRta ke ina aneka bhASika rUpoM kA ullekha hemacandra prabhRti prAkRta-vyAkaraNa-vidoM ne kiyA hai| prAkRta ke jo vibhinna bhASika rUpa upalabdha haiM, unheM nimna bhASika vargoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai| mAgadhI, arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, jaina - zaurasenI, mahArASTrI, jaina mahArASTrI, paizAcI, brAcaDa, cUlikA, ThakkI aadi| ina vibhinna prAkRtoM se hI Age calakara apabhraMza ke vividha rUpoM kA vikAsa huA aura jinase kAlAntara meM asamiyA, baMgalA, ur3iyA, bhojapurI yA pUrvI hindI, paMjAbI, rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI, marAThI Adi bhAratIya bhASAyeM astitva meM AyIM / ataH prAkRteM sabhI bhAratIya bhASAoM kI pUrvaja hai aura Adhunika hindI kA vikAsa bhI inhIM ke AdhAra para huA / merI dRSTi meM saMskRta bhASA kA vikAsa bhI inhIM prAkRtoM ko saMskArita karake aura vibhinna boliyoM ke madhya eka sAmAnya samparka bhASA ke rUpa meM huA hai, jisakA prAcIna rUpa chAndasa (vaidika saMskRta ) thA / vahI sAhityika saMskRta kI jananI hai| jisa prakAra vibhinna uttara bhAratIya boliyoM ( apabhraMza ke vividha rUpoM) se hamArI hindI bhASA kA vikAsa huA hai, usI prakAra prAcInakAla meM vibhinna prAkRta boliyoM se saMskRta bhASA kA nirmANa huA / saMskRta zabda hI isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki vaha eka saMskArita bhASA hai, jabaki prAkRta zabda hI prAkRta ko mUla bhASA ke rUpa meM adhiSThita karatA hai| prAkRta kI "prakRtiryasya saMskRtam" kahakara jo vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai, vaha mAtra saMskRta-vidoM ko prAkRta-vyAkaraNa kA svarUpa samajhAne kI dRSTi se kI jAtI hai| prAkRta ke sandarbha meM hameM eka do bAteM aura samajha lenA caahie| prathama sabhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa saMskRta meM likhe gaye haiM, kyoMki unakA prayojana saMskRta ke vidvAnoM ko prAkRta bhASA ke svarUpa kA jJAna karAnA rahA hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki prAkRta bhASA kI AdhAragata bahuvidhatA ke kAraNa usakA koI eka sampUrNa vyAkaraNa banA pAnA hI kaThina hai / usakA vikAsa vividha boliyoM se huA hai aura boliyoM meM vividhatA hotI hai| sAtha hI unameM deza kAlagata prabhAvoM aura mukha-suvidhA (uccAraNa suvidhA) ke kAraNa parivartana hote rahate haiN| prAkRta nirjhara kI bhA~ti bahatI bhASA hai use vyAkaraNa meM Abaddha kara pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| isIlie prAkRta ko "bahulaM" arthAt vividha vaikalpika rUpoM vAlI bhASA kahA jAtA hai I vastutaH prAkRteM apane mUla rUpa meM bhASA na hokara boliyA~ hI rahIM haiN| yahA~ taka ki sAhityika nATakoM meM bhI inakA prayoga boliyoM ke rUpa meM hI dekhA jAtA hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki mRcchakaTika jaise nATaka meM aneka prAkRtoM kA prayoga huA hai, usake vibhinna pAtra bhinna-bhinna prAkRteM bolate haiN| ina vibhinna prAkRtoM meM se adhikAMza kA astitva mAtra bolI ke rUpa meM hI rahA, jinake nidarzana kevala nATakoM aura abhilekhoM meM pAye jAte haiN| mAtra arddhamAgadhI,

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240 jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana : eka vimarza jaina - zaurasenI aura jaina - mahArASTrI hI aisI bhASAyeM haiM, jinameM jainadharma ke vipula sAhitya kA sRjana huA hai| paizAcI prAkRta ke prabhAva se yukta mAtra eka grantha prAkRta dhammapada milA hai| inhIM jana- boliyoM ko jaba eka sAhityika bhASA kA rUpa dene kA prayatna jainAcAryoM ne kiyA, to usameM bhI AdhAragata vibhinnatA ke kAraNa zabda rUpoM kI vibhinnatA raha gii| satya to yaha hai ki vibhinna boliyoM para AdhArita hone ke kAraNa sAhityika prAkRtoM meM bhI zabda rUpoM kI yaha vividhatA raha jAnA svAbhAvika hai| vibhinna boliyoM kI lakSaNagata, vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa hI prAkRta bhASAoM ke vividha rUpa bane haiN| boliyoM ke AdhAra para vikasita ina prAkRtoM ke jo mAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI Adi rUpa bane haiM, unameM bhI pratyeka meM vaikalpika zabda rUpa pAye jAte haiN| ataH una sabhI meM vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se pUrNa ekarUpatA kA abhAva hai| phira bhI bhASAvidoM ne vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ke AdhAra para unakI kucha lakSaNagata vizeSatAe~ mAna lI haiN| jaise mAgadhI meM "sa" ke sthAna para "za", "ra" ke sthAna para "la" kA uccAraNa hotA hai| ataH mAgadhI meM "puruSa" kA "puliza" aura "rAjA" kA "lAjA" rUpa pAyA jAtA hai, jabaki mahArASTrI meM "purisa" aura "rAyA" rUpa banatA hai / jahA~ arddhamAgadhI meM "ta" zruti kI pradhAnatA hai aura vyaMjanoM ke lopa kI pravRtti alpa hai, vahIM zaurasenI meM "da" zruti kI aura mahArASTrI meM "ya" zruti kI pradhAnatA pAyI jAtI hai tathA lopa kI pravRtti adhika hai| dUsare zabdoM meM arddhamAgadhI meM "ta" yathAvata rahatA hai, zaurasenI meM "ta" ke sthAna para "da" aura mahArASTrI meM lupta - vyaMjana ke bAda zeSa rahe "a" kA "ya" hotA hai prAkRtoM meM ina lakSaNagata vizeSatAoM ke bAvajUda bhI dhAtu rUpoM evaM zabda rUpoM meM aneka vaikalpika rUpa to pAye hI jAte haiN| yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rahe ki nATakoM meM prayukta vibhinna prAkRtoM kI apekSA jaina granthoM meM prayukta ina prAkRta bhASAoM kA rUpa kucha bhinna hai aura kisI sImA taka unameM lakSaNagata bahurUpatA bhI hai / isIlie jaina AgamoM meM prayukta mAgadhI ko arddhamAgadhI kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki usameM mAgadhI ke atirikta anya boliyoM ke prabhAva ke kAraNa mAgadhI se bhinna lakSaNa bhI pAye jAte haiN| jahA~ abhilekhIya prAkRtoM kA prazna hai unameM zabda rUpoM kI itanI adhika vividhatA yA bhinnatA hai ki unheM vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se vyAkhyAyita kara pAnA sambhava hI nahIM hai / kyoMki unakI prAkRta sAhityika prAkRta na hokara sthAnIya boliyoM para AdhArita haiN| yApanIya evaM digambara paramparA ke granthoM meM jisa bhASA kA prayoga huA hai, vaha jaina - zaurasenI kahI jAtI hai| use jaina- zaurasenI isaliye kahate haiM ki usameM zaurasenI ke atirikta arddhamAgadhI ke bhI kucha lakSaNa pAye jAte haiN| usa para arddhamAgadhI kA spaSTa prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| kyoMki isameM racita granthoM kA AdhAra arddhamAgadhI Agama hI the| isI prakAra zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne prAkRta ke jisa bhASAyI rUpa ko apanAyA vaha jaina - mahArASTrI kahI jAtI hai| isameM mahArASTrI ke lakSaNoM ke atirikta kahIM-kahIM arddhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI ke lakSaNa bhI pAye jAte haiM, kyoMki isameM racita granthoM kA AdhAra bhI mukhyataH arddhamAgadhI aura aMzataH zaurasenI sAhitya rahA hai / ataH jaina paramparA meM upalabdha kisI bhI grantha kI prAkRta kA svarUpa nizcita karanA eka --

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pro. sAgaramala jaina kaThina kArya hai, kyoMki zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM koI bhI aisA grantha nahIM milatA, jo vizuddha rUpa se kisI eka prAkRta kA pratinidhitva karatA ho| Aja upalabdha vibhinna zvetAmbara arddhamAgadhI AgamoM meM cAhe pratizatoM meM kucha bhinnatA ho, kintu vyApaka rUpa se mahArASTrI kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| AcArAMga aura RSibhASita jaise prAcIna stara ke AgamoM meM arddhamAgadhI ke lakSaNa pramukha hote hue bhI kahIM-kahIM AMzika rUpa se zaurasenI kA evaM vizeSarUpa se mahArASTrI kA prabhAva A hI gayA hai| isI prakAra digambara paramparA ke zaurasenI granthoM meM eka ora arddhamAgadhI kA to dUsarI ora mahArASTrI kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| kucha aise grantha bhI haiM jinameM lagabhaga 60 pratizata zaurasenI evaM 40 pratizata mahArASTrI pAyI jAtI hai -- jaise vasunandI ke zrAvakAcAra kA prathama saMskaraNa, jJAtavya hai ki paravartI saMskaraNoM meM zaurasenIkaraNa adhika liyA gayA hai| kundakunda ke granthoM meM bhI yatra-tatra mahArASTrI kA paryApta prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| ina saba vibhinna bhASika spoM ke pArasparika prabhAva yA mizraNa ke atirikta mujhe apane adhyayana ke daurAna eka mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha milI ki jahA~ zaurasenI granthoM meM jaba arddhamAgadhI AgamoM ke uddharaNa diye gaye, to vahA~ unheM apane arddhamAgadhI rUpa meM na dekara unakA zaurasenI rUpAntaraNa karake diyA gayA hai| isI prakAra mahArASTrI ke granthoM meM athavA zvetAmbara AcAryoM dvArA likhita granthoM meM jaba bhI zaurasenI ke grantha kA uddharaNa diyA gayA, to sAmAnyatayA use mUla zaurasenI meM na rakhakara usakA mahArASTrI rUpAntaraNa kara diyA gyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM jo uttarAdhyayana, AcArAMga Adi ke uddharaNa pAye jAte haiM, ve unake arddhamAgadhI rUpa meM na hokara zaurasenI rUpa meM hI milate haiN| isI prakAra haribhadra ne zaurasenI prAkRta ke "yApanIya-tantra" nAmaka grantha se "lalitavistarA" meM jo uddharaNa diyA, vaha mahArASTrI prAkRta meM hI pAyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra cAhe arddhamAgadhI Agama ho yA zaurasenI Agama, unake upalabdha saMskaraNoM kI bhASA na to pUrNataH arddhamAgadhI hai aura na hI shaursenii| arddhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI donoM hI prakAra ke AgamoM para mahArASTrI kA vyApaka prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai jo ki ina donoM kI apekSA paravartI hai| isI prakAra mahArASTrI prAkRta ke kucha granthoM para paravartI apabhraMza kA bhI prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| ina AgamoM athavA Agama tulya granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa kI vividhatA ke kAraNa unake kAlakrama tathA pArasparika AdAna-pradAna ko samajhane meM vidvAnoM ko paryApta ulajhanoM kA anubhava hotA hai, mAtra itanA hI nahIM kabhI-kabhI ina prabhAvoM ke kAraNa ina granthoM ko paravartI bhI siddha kara diyA jAtA hai| Aja Agamika sAhitya ke bhASika svarUpa kI vividhatA ko dUra karane tathA unheM apane mUla svarUpa meM sthira karane ke kucha prayatna bhI prArambha hue haiN| sarvaprathama DaoN. ke. RSabhacandra ne prAcIna arddhamAgadhI Agama jaise -- AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga meM Aye mahArASTrI ke prabhAva ko dUra karane evaM unheM apane mUla svarUpa meM lAne ke liye prayatna prArambha kiyA hai| kyoMki eka hI adhyAya yA uddezaka meM "loya" aura "loga" yA "AyA" aura "AtA" donoM hI rUpa dekhe jAte haiN| isI prakAra kahIM kriyA spoM meM bhI "ta" zruti upalabdha hotI hai aura kahIM usake lopa kI pravRtti

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242 jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana : eka vimarza dekhI jAtI hai| prAcIna AgamoM meM hue ina bhASika parivartanoM se unake artha meM bhI kitanI vikRti AyI, isakA bhI DaoN. candrA ne apane lekhoM ke mAdhyama se saMketa kiyA hai tathA yaha batAyA hai ki arddhamAgadhI "khetanna" zabda kisa prakAra "kheyanna" bana gayA aura usakA jo mUla "kSetrajJa" artha thA vaha badalakara "khedajJa" ho gyaa| ina saba kAraNoM se unhoMne pATha saMzodhana hetu eka yojanA prastuta kI aura AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke prathama adhyayana ke prathama uddezaka kI bhASA kA sampAdana kara use prakAzita bhI kiyA hai| isI krama meM maiMne bhI Agama saMsthAna udayapura ke DaoN. subhASa koThArI evaM DaoN. sureza sisodiyA dvArA AcArAMga ke vibhinna prakAzita saMskaraNoM se pAThAntaroM kA saMkalana karavAyA hai| isake virodha meM pahalA svara zrI jauharImala jI pArakha ne uThAyA hai| zvetAmbara vidvAnoM meM AyI isa cetanA kA prabhAva digambara vidvAnoM para bhI par3A aura AcArya zrI vidyAnanda jI ke nirdezana meM AcArya kundakunda ke granthoM ko pUrNataH zaurasenI meM spAntarita karane kA eka prayatna prArambha huA hai, isa dizA meM prathama kArya balabhadra jaina dvarA sampAdita samayasAra, niyamasAra Adi kA kundakunda bhAratI se prakAzana hai| yadyapi digambara paramparA meM hI paM. khuzAlacanda gorAvAlA, padmacandra zAstrI Adi digambara vidvAnoM ne isa pravRtti kA virodha kiyaa| Aja zvetAmbara evaM digambara paramparAoM meM Agama yA Agama rUpa meM mAnya granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa ke punaH saMzodhana kI jo cetanA jAgRta huI hai, usakA kitanA aucitya hai, isakI carcA to maiM bAda meM kruuNgaa| sarvaprathama to ise samajhanA Avazyaka hai ki ina prAkRta Agama granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM kina kAraNoM se aura kisa prakAra ke parivartana AyI haiN| kyoMki isa tathya ko pUrNataH samajhe binA kevala eka-dUsare ke anukaraNa ke AdhAra para athavA apanI paramparA ko prAcIna siddha karane hetu kisI grantha ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kara denA sambhavataH ina granthoM ke aitihAsika krama evaM kAla nirNaya evaM inake pArasparika prabhAva ko samajhane meM bAdhA utpanna karegA aura isase kaI prakAra ke anya anartha bhI sambhava ho sakate haiN| kintu isake sAtha hI sAtha yaha bhI satya hai ki jainAcAryoM evaM jaina vidvAnoM ne apane bhASika vyAmoha ke kAraNa athavA pracalita bhASA ke zabda rUpoM ke AdhAra para prAcIna stara ke Agama granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kiyA hai| jaina AgamoM kI vAcanA ko lekara jo mAnyatAe~ pracalita haiM, unake anusAra sarvaprathama I.pU. tIsarI zatI meM vIra nirvANa ke lagabhaga eka sau pacAsa varSa pazcAt pATalIputra meM prathama vAcanA huii| isameM usa kAla taka nirmita Agama granthoM, vizeSataH aMga AgamoM kA sampAdana kiyA gyaa| yaha spaSTa hai ki paTanA kI yaha vAcanA magadha meM huI thI aura isalie isameM AgamoM kI bhASA kA jo svarUpa nirdhArita huA hogA, vaha nizcita hI mAgadhI rahA hogaa| isake pazcAt lagabhaga I.pU. prathama zatI meM khAravela ke zAsana kAla meM ur3IsA meM dvitIya vAcanA huI yahA~ para isakA svarUpa arddhamAgadhI rahA hogA, kintu isake lagabhaga cAra sau varSa pazcAt skaMdila aura Arya nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM kramazaH mathurA va valabhI meM vAcanAe~ huii| sambhava hai ki mathurA meM huI isa vAcanA meM arddhamAgadhI AgamoM para vyApaka rUpa se zaurasenI kA prabhAva AyA hogaa| valabhI ke vAcanA vAle AgamoM meM nAgArjunIya pAThoM ke to

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 243 ullekha milate haiM, kintu skaMdila kI vAcanA ke pATha bhedoM kA koI nirdeza nahIM hai| skaMdila kI vAcanA sambandhI pAThabhedoM kA yaha anullekha vicAraNIya hai| nandIsUtra meM skaMdila ke sambandha meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki unake anuyoga (Agama-pATha) hI dakSiNa bhArata kSetra meM Aja bhI pracalita haiN| sambhavataH yaha saMketa yApanIya AgamoM ke sambandha meM hogaa| yApanIya paramparA jina AgamoM ko mAnya kara rahI thI, usameM vyApaka rUpa se bhASika parivartana kiyA gayA thA aura unheM zaurasenI rUpa de diyA gayA thaa| yadyapi Aja pramANa ke abhAva meM nizcita rUpa se yaha batA pAnA kaThina hai ki yApanIya AgamoM kI bhASA kA svarUpa kyA thA, kyoMki yApanIyoM dvArA mAnya aura vyAkhyAyita ve Agama upalabdha nahIM hai| yadyapi aparAjita ke dvArA dazavaikAlika para TIkA likhe jAne kA nirdeza prApta hotA hai, kintu vaha TIkA bhI Aja prApta nahIM hai| ataH yaha kahanA to kaThina hai ki yApanIya AgamoM kI bhASA kitanI arddhamAgadhI thI aura kitanI shaursenii| kintu itanA taya hai ki yApanIyoM ne apane granthoM meM AgamoM, prakIrNakoM evaM niyuktiyoM kI jina gAthAoM ko gRhIta kiyA hai athavA uddhRta kiyA hai ve sabhI Aja zaurasenI rUpoM meM hI pAyI jAtI hai| yadyapi Aja bhI una para bahuta kucha arddhamAgadhI kA prabhAva zeSa raha gayA hai| cAhe yApanIyoM ne sampUrNa AgamoM ke bhASAI svarUpa ko arddhamAgadhI se zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita kiyA ho yA nahIM, kintu unhoMne Agama sAhitya se jo gAthAe~ uddhRta kI haiM, ve adhikAMzataH Aja apane zaurasenI svarUpa meM pAyI jAtI haiN| yApanIya AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM yaha parivartana jAnabUjhakara kiyA yA jaba mathurA jainadharma kA kendra banA taba sahaja rUpa meM yaha parivartana A gayA thA, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| jainadharma sadaiva se kSetrIya bhASAoM ko apanAtA rahA aura yahI kAraNa ho sakatA hai ki zruta-paramparA se calI AyI ina gAthAoM meM yA to sahaja hI kSetrIya prabhAva AyA ho yA phira usa kSetra kI bhASA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara use usa rUpa meM parivartita kiyA gayA ho| yaha bhI satya hai ki balabhI meM jo devardhigaNi kI adhyakSatA meM vI.ni.saM. 980 yA 993 meM antima vAcanA huI, usameM kSetragata mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prabhAva jaina AgamoM para vizeSarUpa se AyA hogA, yahI kAraNa hai ki vartamAna meM zvetAmbara mAnya arddhamAgadhI AgamoM kI bhASA kA jo svarUpa upalabdha hai, usa para mahArASTrI kA prabhAva hI adhika hai| arddhamAgadhI AgamoM meM bhI una AgamoM kI bhASA mahArASTrI se adhika prabhAvita huI hai, jo adhika vyavahAra yA pracalana meM rhe| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika jaise prAcIna stara ke Agama mahArASTrI se adhika prabhAvita haiN| jabaki RSibhASita jaisA Agama mahArASTrI ke prabhAva se bahuta kucha mukta rahA hai| usa para mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prabhAva atyalpa hai| Aja ardhamAgadhI kA jo Agama sAhitya hameM upalabdha hai, usameM arddhamAgadhI kA sarvAdhika pratizata isI grantha meM pAyA jAtA hai| jaina Agamika evaM Agama rUpa meM mAnya arddhamAgadhI tathA zaurasenI granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kyoM huA ? isa prazna kA uttara aneka rUpoM meM diyA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH ina granthoM meM hue bhASika parivartanoM kA koI eka hI kAraNa nahIM hai, apitu aneka kAraNa haiM, jina para hama kramazaH vicAra kreNge| 1. bhArata meM jahA~ vaidika paramparA meM veda vacanoM ko maMtra mAnakara unake svara-vyaMjana kI

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244 jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana : eka vimarza uccAraNa yojanA ko aparivartanIya banAye rakhane para adhika bala diyA gayA, unake liye zabda aura dhvani hI mahattvapUrNa rahI aura artha gaunn| Aja bhI aneka vedapAThI brAhamaNa aise haiM, jo veda maMtroM ke uccAraNa, laya Adi ke prati atyanta satarka rahate haiM, kintu ve unake arthoM ko nahIM jAnate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki veda zabda rUpa meM yathAvat bane rhe| isake viparIta jaina paramparA meM yaha mAnA gayA ki tIrthaMkara artha ke upadeSTA hote haiM unake vacanoM ko zabda rUpa to gaNadhara Adi ke dvArA diyA jAtA hai| jainAcAryoM ke liye kathana kA tAtparya hI pramukha thA, unhoMne kabhI bhI zabdoM para bala nahIM diyaa| zabdoM meM cAhe parivartana ho jAya, lekina arthoM meM parivartana nahIM honA cAhiye, yahI jaina AcAryoM kA pramukha lakSya rhaa| zabda rUpoM kI unakI isa upekSA ke phalasvarUpa AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana hote gye| 2. Agama sAhitya meM jo bhASika parivartana hue, usakA dUsarA kAraNa yaha thA ki jainabhikSu saMgha meM vibhinna pradezoM ke bhikSugaNa sammilita the| apanI-apanI prAdezika boliyoM se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa unakI uccAraNa zailI meM bhI svAbhAvika bhinnatA rahatI, phalataH Agama sAhitya ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhinnatAe~ A gyiiN| 3. jainabhikSu sAmAnyatayA bhramaNazIla hote haiM, unakI bhramaNazIlatA ke kAraNa unakI boliyoM, bhASAoM para bhI anya pradezoM kI boliyoM kA prabhAva par3atA hI hai| phalataH AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana yA mizraNa ho gyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jaba pUrva kA bhikSu pazcimI pradezoM meM adhika bihAra karatA hai to usakI bhASA meM pUrva evaM pazcima donoM hI boliyoM kA prabhAva A hI jAtA hai| ataH bhASika svarUpa kI ekarUpatA samApta ho jAtI hai| sAmAnyatayA baddha vacana baddha nirvANa ke 200-300 varSa ke andara hI andara likhita rUpa meM A ge| ataH unake bhASika svarUpa meM unake racanAkAla ke bAda bahuta adhika parivartana nahIM AyA, tathApi unakI uccAraNa zailI vibhinna dezoM meM bhinna-bhinna rahI aura vaha Aja bhI hai| thAI, barmA, aura zrIlaMkA ke bhikSuoM kA tripiTaka kA uccAraNa bhinna-bhinna hotA hai, phira bhI unake likhita svarUpa meM bahuta kucha ekarUpatA hai| isake viparIta jaina Agamika evaM Agamatulya sAhitya eka sudIrghakAla taka likhita rUpa meM nahIM A sakA, vaha guruziSya paramparA se maukhika hI calatA rahA phalataH dezakAlagata uccAraNa bheda se unake bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana hotA gyaa| bhArata meM kAgaja kA pracalana na hone se grantha bhojapatroM yA tAr3apatroM para likhe jAte the| tAr3apatroM para granthoM ko likhavAnA aura unheM surakSita rakhanA jaina muniyoM kI ahiMsA evaM aparigraha kI bhAvanA ke pratikUla thaa| lagabhaga I. san kI 5vIM zatI taka isa kArya ko pApa-pravRtti mAnA jAtA tathA isake lie daNDa kI vyavasthA bhI thii| phalataH mahAvIra ke pazcAt lagabhaga 1000 varSa taka jaina sAhitya zruta-paramparA para hI AdhArita rhaa| zruta-paramparA ke AdhAra para AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa ko surakSita rakhanA kaThina thaa| ataH uccAraNa zailI kA bheda AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa ke parivartana kA kAraNa bana gyaa|

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 245 5. Agamika evaM Agama-tulya sAhitya meM Aja bhASika rUpoM kA jo parivartana dekhA jAtA hai, usakA eka kAraNa lahiyoM ( pratilipikAroM) kI asAvadhAnI bhI rahI hai| pratilipikAra jisa kSetra ke hote the, una para bhI usa kSetra kI bolI/bhASA kA prabhAva rahatA thA aura asAvadhAnI se apanI prAdezika bolI ke zabda rUpoM ko likha detA thaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM cAhe mUla-pATha meM "gacchati" likhA ho lekina pracalana meM "gacchaI" kA vyavahAra hai, to pratilipikAra "gacchaI" rUpa hI likha degaa| 6. jaina Agama evaM Agama tulya grantha meM Aye bhASika parivartanoM kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki ve vibhinna kAloM evaM pradezoM meM sampAdita hote rahe haiN| sampAdakoM ne unake prAcIna svarUpa ko sthira rakhane kA prayatna nahIM kiyA apitu unheM sampAdita karate samaya apane yuga evaM kSetra ke pracalita bhASAyI svarUpa ke AdhAra para unameM parivartina kara diyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki arddhamAgadhI meM likhita Agama bhI jaba mathurA meM saMkalita evaM sampAdita hue to unake bhASika svarUpa arddhamAgadhI kI apekSA zaurasenI ke nikaTa ho gayA, aura jaba balabhI meM likhe gaye to vaha mahArASTrI se prabhAvita ho gyaa| yaha alaga bAta hai ki aisA parivartana sampUrNa rUpa meM na ho sakA aura usameM arddhamAgadhI ke tattva bhI bane rhe| sampAdana aura pratilipi karate samaya bhASika svarUpa kI ekarUpatA para vizeSa bala nahIM die jAne ke kAraNa jaina Agama evaM Agamatulya sAhitya arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI evaM mahArASTrI kI khicar3I hI bana gayA aura vidvAnoM ne unakI bhASA ko jaina-zaurasenI aura jaina-mahArASTrI aise nAma de diye| na prAcIna saMkalana kartAoM ne usa para dhyAna diyA aura na Adhunika kAla ke sampAdakoM, prakAzanoM meM isa tathya para dhyAna diyA gyaa| pariNAmataH eka hI Agama ke eka hI vibhAga meM "loka", "loga", "loa" aura "loya" aise cAroM hI rUpa dekhane ko mila jAte haiN| yadyapi sAmAnya rUpa se to ina bhASika rUpoM ke parivartanoM ke kAraNa koI bahuta bar3A artha-bheda nahIM hotA hai, kintu kabhI-kabhI inake kAraNa bhayaMkara artha-bheda bhI ho jAtA hai| isa sandarbha meM eka do udAharaNa dekara apanI bAta ko spaSTa karanA caahuuNgaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sUtrakRtAMga kA prAcIna pATha "rAmaputte" badalakara cUrNi meM "rAmAutte" ho gayA, kintu vahI pATha sUtrakRtAMga kI zIlAMka kI TIkA meM "rAmagutte" ho gyaa| isa prakAra jo zabda rAmaputra kA vAcaka thA, vaha rAmagupta kA vAcaka ho gyaa| isI AdhAra para kucha vidvAnoM ne use guptazAsaka rAmagupta mAna liyA hai aura usake dvArA pratiSThApita vidizA kI jina mUrtiyoM ke abhilekhoM se usakI puSTi bhI kara dii| jabaki vastutaH vaha nirdeza buddha ke samakAlIna rAmaputra nAmaka zramaNa AcArya ke sambandha meM thA, jo dhyAna evaM yoga ke mahAna sAdhaka the aura jinase svayaM bhagavAna buddha ne dhyAna prakriyA sIkhI thii| unase sambandhita eka adhyayana RSibhASita meM Aja bhI hai, jabaki aMtakRt-dazA meM unase sambandhita jo adhyayana thA, vaha Aja vilupta ho cukA hai| isakI vistRta carcA Appects of Jainology Vol.|| meM maiMne apane eka svatantra lekha meM kI hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM prayukta "khettanna" zabda, jo "kSetrajJa" (AtmajJa ) kA

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jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana : eka vimarza vAcI thA, mahArASTrI ke prabhAva se Age calakara "kheyaNNa" bana gayA aura use " khedajJa" kA vAcI mAna liyA gyaa| isakI carcA pro. ke. Ara. candrA ne zramaNa 1992 meM prakAzita apane lekha meM kI hai / ataH spaSTa hai ki ina parivartanoM ke kAraNa aneka sthaloM para bahuta adhika arthabheda bhI ho gaye haiN| Aja vaijJAnika rUpa se sampAdana kI jo zailI vikasita huI hai usake mAdhyama se ina samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kI apekSA hai| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM saMketa kiyA thA ki Agamika evaM Agama tulya granthoM ke prAcIna svarUpa ko sthira karane ke lie zvetAmbara paramparA meM pro. ke. Ara. candrA aura digambara paramparA meM AcArya zrI vidyAnanda jI ke sAnidhya meM zrI balabhadra jaina ne prayatna prArambha kiyA hai| kintu ina prayatnoM kA kitanA aucitya hai aura isa sandarbha meM kina-kina sAvadhAniyoM kI AvazyakatA hai, yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai| yadi prAcIna rUpoM ko sthira karane kA yaha prayatna sampUrNa sAvadhAnI aura ImAnadArI se na huA, to isake duSpariNAma bhI ho sakate haiN| 246 prathamataH prAkRta ke vibhinna bhASika rUpa liye hue ina granthoM meM pArasparika prabhAva aura pArasparika avadAna ko arthAt kisane kisa paramparA se kyA liyA hai, ise samajhane ke lie Aja jo suvidhA hai, vaha inameM bhASika ekarUpatA lAne para samApta ho jAyegI / Aja namaskAra maMtra meM "namo" aura " Namo" zabda kA jo vivAda hai, usakA samAdhAna aura kauna zabdarUpa prAcIna hai isakA nizcaya, hama khAravela aura mathurA ke abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para kara sakate haiM aura yaha kaha sakate haiM ki arddhamAgadhI kA " namo" rUpa prAcIna hai, jabaki zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI kA " Namo" rUpa paravartI hai| kyoMki I. kI dUsarI zatI taka abhilekhoM meM kahIM bhI " Namo" rUpa nahIM miltaa| jabaki chaThI zatI se dakSiNa bhArata ke jaina abhilekhoM meM "Namo" rUpa bahutAyata se milatA hai| isase phalita yaha nikalatA hai ki Namo rUpa paravartI hai aura jina granthoM ne "na" ke sthAna para "Na" kI bahulatA hai, ve grantha bhI paravartI haiN| yaha satya hai ki "namo" se parivartita hokara hI " Namo" rUpa banA hai| jina abhilekhoM meM "Namo" rUpa milatA hai ve sabhI I. san kI cauthI zatI ke bAda ke hI haiN| isI prakAra se namaskAra maMtra kI antima gAthA meM eso paMca namukkAro savvapAvappaNAsaNo / maMgalAMNa ca savvesiM par3hamaM havai maMgalaM aisA pATha hai / inameM prayukta prathamAvibhakti meM " ekAra" ke sthAna para " okAra" kA prayoga tathA "havati" ke sthAna "havai" zabda rUpa kA prayoga yaha batAtA hai ki isakI racanA arddhamAgadhI se mahArASTrI ke saMkramaNakAla ke bIca kI hai aura yaha aMza namaskAra maMtra meM bAda meM jor3A gayA hai| isameM zaurasenI rUpa " hodi" yA "havadi" ke sthAna para mahArASTrI zabda rUpa "havaI" hai jo yaha batAtA yaha aMza mUlataH mahArASTrI meM nirmita huA thA aura vahI se hI zaurasenI meM liyA gayA hai| -- isI prakAra zaurasenI AgamoM meM bhI isake "havaI" zabda rUpa kI upasthiti bhI yahI sUcita karatI hai ki unhoMne isa aMza ko paravartI mahArASTrI prAkRta ke granthoM se hI grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| anyathA vahA~ mUla zaurasenI kA "havadi" yA "hodi" rUpa hI honA thaa| Aja yadi kisI ko zaurasenI kA adhika Agraha ho, to kyA ve namaskAra maMtra ke isa "havaI" zabda ko "havadi" yA "hodi" rUpa meM parivartita kara deMge ? jabaki tIsarI-cauthI zatI se Aja taka kahIM bhI " havai"

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 247 ke atirikta anya koI zabda-rupa upalabdha nahIM hai| prAkRta ke bhASika svarUpa ke sambandha meM dUsarI kaThinAI yaha hai ki prAkRta kA mUla AdhAra kSetrIya boliyA~ hone se usake eka hI kAla meM vibhinna rUpa rahe haiN| prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM jo "bahulaM" zabda hai vaha svayaM isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki cAhe zabda rUpa ho, cAhe dhAtu rUpa ho, yA upasarga Adi ho, unakI bahuvidhatA ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| eka bAra hama mAna bhI leM ki eka kSetrIya bolI meM eka hI rUpa rahA hogA, kintu cAhe vaha zaurasenI, arddhamAgadhI yA mahArASTrI prAkRta ho, sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM inake vikAsa ke mUla meM vividha boliyA~ rahIM haiN| ataH bhASika ekarUpatA kA prayatna prAkRta kI apanI mUla prakRti kI dRSTi se kitanA samIcIna hogA, yaha bhI eka vicAraNIya prazna hai| punaH cAhe hama eka bAra yaha mAna bhI leM ki prAcIna arddhamAgadhI kA jo bhI sAhityika rUpa rahA vaha bahuvidha nahIM thA aura usameM vyaMjanoM ke lopa, unake sthAna para "a" yA "ya" kI upasthiti athavA "na" ke sthAna para "Na" kI pravRtti nahIM rahI hogI aura isa AdhAra para AcArAMga Adi kI bhASA kA arddhamAgadhI svarUpa sthira karane kA prayatna ucita bhI mAna liyA jAye, kintu yaha bhI satya hai ki jaina paramparA meM zaurasenI kA Agama tulya sAhitya mUlataH arddhamAgadhI AgamasAhitya ke AdhAra para aura usase hI vikasita huA, ataH usameM jo arddhamAgadhI yA mahArASTrI kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai, use pUrNataH nikAla denA kyA ucita hogA ? yadi hamane yaha duHsAhasa kiyA bhI to usase granthoM ke kAla nirdhAraNa Adi meM aura unakI pArasparika prabhAvakatA ko samajhane meM, Aja jo sugamatA hai, vaha naSTa ho jaayegii| yahI sthiti mahArASTrI prAkata kI bhI hai| usakA AdhAra bhI arddhamAgadhI aura aMzataH zaurasenI Agama rahe hai yadi unake prabhAva ko nikAlane kA prayatna kiyA gayA to vaha bhI ucita nahIM hogaa| kheyaNNa kA prAcIna rUpa khettanna hai| mahArASTrI prAkRta ke grantha meM eka bAra khettanna rUpa prApta hotA hai to use hama prAcIna zabda rUpa mAnakara rakha sakate haiM, kintu arddhamAgadhI ke grantha meM "khetanna" rUpa upalabdha hote hue bhI mahArASTrI rUpa "kheyanna" banAye rakhanA ucita nahIM hogaa| jahA~ taka arddhamAgadhI Agama granthoM kA prazna hai una para paravartIkAla meM jo zaurasenI yA mahArASTrI prAkRtoM kA prabhAva A gayA hai, use dUra karane kA prayatna kisI sImA taka ucita mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu isa prayatna meM bhI nimna sAvadhAniyA~ apekSita hai -- ___ 1. prathama to yaha ki yadi mUla hastapratiyoM meM kahIM bhI vaha zabda rUpa nahIM milatA hai, to usa zabda rUpa ko kisI bhI sthiti meM parivartita na kiyA jaaye| kintu prAcIna arddhamAgadhI zabda rUpa jo kisI bhI mUla hastaprati meM eka do sthAnoM para bhI upalabdha hotA hai, use anyatra parivartita kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi kisI arddhamAgadhI ke prAcIna grantha meM "loga" evaM "loya" donoM rUpa milate hoM to vahA~ arvAcIna rUpa"loya" ko prAcIna rUpa "loga" meM rUpAntarita kiyA jA sakatA hai kintu isake sAtha hI yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki yadi eka pUrA kA pUrA gadyAMza yA padyAMza mahArASTrI meM hai aura usameM prayukta zabdoM ke vaikalpika arddhamAgadhI rUpa kisI eka bhI Adarza ke

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248 jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarupa parivartana : eka vimarza prati meM nahIM milate haiM to una aMzoM ko parivartita na kiyA jAye, kyoMki sambhAvanA yaha ho sakatI hai ki vaha aMza paravartI kAla meM prakSipta huA ho, ataH usa aMza ke prakSipta hone kA AdhAra jo usakA bhASika svarUpa hai, usako badalane se Agamika zodha meM bAdhA utpanna hogii| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM AcArAMga ke prArambha meM "suyaM me ausaMteNa bhagavayA eyaM akkhAya" ke aMza ko hI leM, jo sAmAnyatayA sabhI pratiyoM meM isI rUpa meM milatA hai| yadi hama ise arddhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita karake "sutaM me AusanteNaM bhagavatA evaM akkhAtA" kara degeM to isake prakSipta hone kI jo sambhAvanA hai vaha samApta ho jaayegii| ataH prAcInastara ke AgamoM meM kisa aMza ke bhASika svarUpa ko badalA jA sakatA hai aura kisako nahIM, isa para gambhIra cintana kI AvazyakatA hai| isI sandarbha meM RSibhASita ke eka anya udAharaNa para bhI vicAra kara sakate haiN| isameM pratyeka RSi ke kathana ko prastuta karate hue sAmAnyatayA yaha gadyAMza milatA hai -- arahatA isiNA buintaM, kintu hama dekhate haiM ki isake 45 adhyAyoM se 37 meM "buintaM" pATha haiM, jabaki 7 meM "bujhyaM" pATha haiN| aisI sthiti meM yadi isa "buiyaM" pATha vAle aMza ke Asa-pAsa anya zabdoM ke prAcIna arddhamAgadhI rUpa milate hoM to "buiya" ko buintaM meM badalA jA sakatA hai| kintu yadi kisI zabda rUpa ke Age-pIche ke zabda rUpa bhI mahArASTrI prabhAva vAle hoM, to phira use badalane ke lie hameM eka bAra socanA hogaa| kucha sthitiyoM meM yaha bhI hotA hai ki grantha kI eka hI Adarza prati upalabdha ho, aisI sthiti meM jaba taka unakI pratiyA~ upalabdha na ho, taba taka unake sAtha cher3a-chAr3a karanA ucita nahIM hogaa| ataH arddhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ke bhASika rUpoM ko parivartita karane ke kisI nirNaya se pUrva sAvadhAnI aura bauddhika ImAnadArI kI AvazyakatA hai| isa sandarbha meM antima rUpa se eka bAta aura nivedana karanA Avazyaka hai, vaha hai ki yadi mUlapATha meM kisI prakAra kA parivartana kiyA bhI jAtA hai, to bhI itanA to avazya hI karaNIya hogA ki pAThAntaroM ke rUpa meM anya upalabdha zabda rUpoM ko bhI anivArya rUpa se rakhA jAya, sAtha hI bhASika rUpoM ko parivartita karane ke lie jo prati AdhAra rUpa meM mAnya kI gayI ho usakI mUla prati chAyA ko bhI prakAzita kiyA jAya, kyoMki cher3a-chAr3a ke isa krama meM jo sAmpradAyika Agraha kArya kareMge, usase grantha kI maulikatA ko paryApta dhakkA laga sakatA hai| AcArya zAntisAgarajI aura unake samarthaka kucha digambara vidvAnoM dvArA SaTkhaNDAgama (1/1/93 ) meM se "saMjada" pATha ko haTAne kI evaM zvetAmbara paramparA meM muni zrI phUlacanda jI dvArA paramparA ke viparIta lagane vAle kucha Agama ke aMzoM ko haTAne kI kahAnI abhI hamAre sAmane tAjA hI hai| yaha to bhAgya hI thA ki isa prakAra ke prayatnoM ko donoM hI samAja ke prabuddha varga ne svIkAra nahIM kiyA aura isa prakAra se saiddhAntika saMgati ke nAma para jo kucha anartha ho sakatA thA, usase hama baca gye| kintu Aja bhI "SaTkhaNDAgama" ke tAmra patroM evaM prathama saMskaraNa kI mudrita pratiyoM meM saMjada zabda anupasthita hai, isI prakAra phUlacanda jI dvArA sampAdita aMga-suttANi meM kucha Agama pAThoM kA jo vilopana huA hai ve pratiyA~ to bhaviSya meM

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 249 bhI rahegI, ataH bhaviSya meM to yaha saba nizcaya hI vivAda kA kAraNa bnegaa| isaliye aise kisI bhI prayatna se pUrva pUrI sAvadhAnI evaM sajagatA Avazyaka hai| mAtra " saMjada" pada haTa jAne se usa grantha ke yApanIya hone kI jo pahacAna hai, vahI samApta ho jAtI aura jaina paramparA ke itihAsa ke sAtha anartha ho jaataa| 1 uparokta samasta carcA se merA prayojana yaha nahIM hai ki arddhamAgadhI Agama evaM Agama tulya zaurasenI granthoM ke bhASAyI svarUpa kI ekarUpatA evaM unake prAcIna svarUpa ko sthira karane kA koI prayatna hI na ho / merA dRSTikoNa mAtra yaha hai ki usameM vizeSa sartakatA kI AvazyakatA hai sAtha hI isa prayatna kA pariNAma yaha na ho ki jo paravartI grantha prAcIna arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke AdhAra para nirmita hue haiM, unakI usa rUpa meM pahacAna hI samApta kara dI jAye aura isa prakAra Aja granthoM ke paurvAparya ke nirdhAraNa kA jo bhASAyI AdhAra hai vaha bhI naSTa ho jaaye| yadi praznavyAkaraNa, nandIsUtra Adi paravartI AgamoM kI bhASA ko prAcIna arddhamAgadhI meM badalA gayA athavA kundakunda ke granthoM kA yA mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA kA pUrNa zaurasenIkaraNa kiyA gayA to yaha ucita nahIM hogA, kyoMki isase unakI pahacAna aura itihAsa hI naSTa ho jAyegA / jo loga isa parivartana ke pUrNataH virodhI haiM unase bhI maiM sahamata nahIM huuN| maiM yaha mAnatA hU~ AcArAMga, RSibhASita evaM sUtrakRtAMga jaise prAcIna AgamoM kA isa dRSTi se punaH sampAdana honA caahie| isa prakriyA ke virodha meM jo svara ubhara kara sAmane Aye haiM unameM jauharImalajI pArakha kA svara pramukha hai / ve vidvAna adhyetA aura zraddhAzIla donoM hI haiM / phira bhI tulasI - prajJA meM unakA jo lekha prakAzita huA hai usameM unakA vaiduSya zraddhA ke atireka meM daba sA gayA hai| unakA sarvaprathama tarka yaha hai ki Agama sarvajJa ke vacana haiM ataH una para vyAkaraNa ke niyama thope nahIM jA sakate ki ve vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ke anusAra hI boleN| yaha koI tarka nahIM mAtra unakI zraddhA kA atireka hI hai| prathama prazna to yahI hai ki kyA arddhamAgadhI Agama apane vartamAna svarUpa meM sarvajJa kI vANI hai ? kyA unameM kisI prakAra kA vilopana, prakSepa yA parivartana nahIM huA hai ? yadi aisA hai to unameM aneka sthaloM para arntavirodha kyoM hai ? kahIM lokAntika devoM kI saMkhyA ATha hai to kahIM nau kyoM haiM ? kahIM cAra sthAvara aura do krsa haiM, kahIM tIna krsa aura tIna sthAvara kahe gaye, to kahIM pA~ca sthAvara aura eka trasa / yadi Agama zabdazaH mahAvIra kI vANI hai, to AgamoM aura vizeSa rUpa se aMga AgamoM meM mahAvIra ke tIna sau varSa pazcAt utpanna hue gaNoM ke ullekha kyoM haiM ? yadi kahA jAya ki bhagavAna sarvajJa the aura unhoMne bhaviSya kI ghaTanAoM ko jAnakara yaha ullekha kiyA to prazna yaha ki vaha kathana vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se bhaviSyakAlika bhASA rUpa meM honA thA vaha bhUtakAla meM kyoM kahA gyaa| kyA bhagavatI meM gozAlaka ke prati jisa aziSTa zabdAvalI kA prayoga huA hai kyA vaha aMza vItarAga bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI ho sakatI hai ? kyA Aja praznavyAkaraNadazA, antakRtadazA, anutaropapAtikadazA aura vipAkadazA kI viSayavastu vahI hai, jo sthAnAMka meM ullikhita hai ? tathya yaha hai ki yaha saba parivartana huA hai, Aja hama usase iMkAra nahIM kara sakate haiN|

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250 jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana : eka vimarza Aja aise aneka tathya haiM, jo vartamAna AgamasAhitya ko akSarazaH sarvajJa ke vacana mAnane meM bAdhaka haiN| paramparA ke anusAra bhI sarvajJa to artha (viSayavastu) ke pravaktA haiM -- zabda rUpa to unako gaNadharoM yA paravartI sthaviroM dvArA diyA gayA hai| kyA Aja hamAre pAsa jo Agama haiM, ve ThIka vaise hI haiM jaise zabda rUpa se gaNadhara gautama ne unheM racA thA ? Agama granthoM meM paravartIkAla meM jo vilopana, parivartana, parivardhana Adi huA aura jinakA sAkSya svayaM Agama hI de rahe haiM, usase kyA hama inkAra kara sakate haiM ? svayaM devadhi ne isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai to phira hama nakArane vAle kauna hote haiN| AdaraNIya pArakhajI likhate haiM-- "paNDitoM se hamArA yahI Agraha rahegA ki kRpayA binA bhela-sela ke vahI pATha pradAna kareM jo tIrthaMkaroM ne artharUpa meM prarUpita aura gaNadharoM ne sUtrarUpa meM saMkalita kiyA thaa| hamAre liye vahI zuddha hai| sarvajJoM ko jisa akSara, zabda, pada, vAkya yA bhASA kA prayoga abhiSTa thA, vaha sUcita kara gaye, aba usameM asarvajJa phera badala nahIM kara sktaa|" unake isa kathana ke prati merA prathama prazna to yahI hai ki Aja taka AgamoM meM jo parivartana hotA rahA vaha kisane kiyA ? Aja hamAre pAsa jo Agama haiM unameM ekarUpatA kyoM nahIM hai ? Aja murzidAbAda, haidarAbAda, bambaI, lADanU Adi ke saMskaraNoM meM itanA adhika pATha bheda kyoM hai ? inameM se hama kisa saMskaraNa ko sarvajJa vacana mAne aura Apake zabdoM meM kise bhela-sela kaheM ? merA dUsarA prazna yaha hai ki kyA Aja paNDita AgamoM meM koI bhela-sela kara rahe haiM yA phira ve usake zuddha svarUpa ko sAmane lAnA cAhate haiM ? kisI bhI pAzcAtya saMzodhaka dRSTi sampanna vidrana ne AgamoM meM koI bhela-sela kiyA ? isakA eka bhI udAharaNa ho to hameM btaayeN| durbhAgya yaha hai ki zuddhi ke prayatna ko bhela-sela kA nAma diyA jA rahA hai aura vyartha meM usakI AlocanA kI jA rahI hai| punaH jahA~ taka merI jAnakArI hai DaoN. candrA ne eka bhI aisA pATha nahIM sujhAyA hai, jo Adarza sammata nahIM hai| unhoMne mAtra yahI prayatna kiyA hai ki jo bhI prAcIna zabda rUpa kisI bhI eka Adarzaprata meM eka-do sthAnoM para bhI mila gaye, unheM AdhAra mAnakara anya sthaloM para bhI vahI prAcIna rUpa rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| yadi unheM bhela-sela karanA hotA to ve itane sAhasa ke sAtha pUjya manijanoM evaM vidvAnoM ke vicAra jAnane ke liye use prasArita nahIM krte| phira jaba pArakha jI svayaM yaha kahate haiM ki kula 116 pAThabhedoM meM kevala 1 "AusaMteNa" ko chor3akara zeSa 115 mAThabheda aise haiM ki jinase artha meM koI pharka nahIM par3atA -- to phira unhoMne aisA kauna sA aparAdha kara diyA jisase unake zrama kI mUlyavattA kI svIkAra karane ke sthAna para use nakArA jA rahA hai? Aja yadi AcArAMga ke lagabhaga 40 se adhika saMskaraNa haiM-- aura yaha bhI satya hai ki sabhI ne AdarzoM ke AdhAra para hI pATha chApe haiM to phira kise zuddha aura kise azuddha kaheM, kyA sabhI ko samAna rUpa se zuddha mAna liyA jaayegaa| kyA hama vyAvara, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU aura mahAvIra vidyAlaya vAle saMskaraNoM ko samAna mahattva kA samajhe? bhaya bhela-sela kA nahIM hai bhaya yaha hai ki adhika prAmANika evaM zuddha saMskaraNa ke nikala jAne se pUrva saMskaraNoM kI sampAdana meM rahI kamiyA~ ujAgara ho jAne kA aura yahI khIja kA mUla kAraNa pratIta hotA hai| punaH kyA zraddheya pArakhajI yaha batA sakate hai ki koI bhI aisI Adarza prati hai, jo pUrNataH zuddha hai -- jaba AdarzoM meM bhinnatA aura azuddhiyA~ haiM, to unheM dUra karane ke liye vyAkaraNa ke atirikta vidvAna

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 251 kisakA sahArA leMge? kyA Aja taka koI bhI Agama grantha binA vyAkaraNa kA sahArA liye mAtra Adarza ke AdhAra para chapA hai| pratyeka sampAdaka vyAkaraNa kA sahArA lekara hI Adarza kI azuddhi ko ThIka karatA hai| yadi ve svayaM yaha mAnate haiM ki AdarzoM meM azuddhiyA~ svAbhAvika haiM, to phira unheM zuddha kisa AdhAra para kiyA jAyegA ? maiM bhI yaha mAnatA hU~ ki sampAdana meM Adarza prati kA AdhAra Avazyaka hai kintu na to mAtra Adarza se aura na mAtra vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se samAdhAna hotA hai, usameM donoM kA sahayoga Avazyaka hai| mAtra yahI nahIM aneka pratoM ko sAmane rakhakara tulanA karake evaM viveka se bhI pATha zuddha karanA hotA hai| jaisA ki AcArya zrI tulasIjI ne muni zrI jambUvijayajI ko apanI sampAdana zailI kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue batAyA thaa| AdaraNIya pArakhajI evaM unake dvArA uddhRta muni zrI jambUvijayajI kA yaha kathana ki AgamoM meM anunAsika parasavarNa vAle pATha prAyaH nahIM milate haiN| svayaM hI yaha batAtA hai ki kvacit to milate haiN| punaH isa sambandha meM DaoN. candrA ne Agamodaya samiti ke saMskaraNa, TIkA tathA cUrNi ke saMskaraNoM se pramANa bhI diye haiN| vastutaH lekhana kI suvidhA ke kAraNa hI anunAsika parasavarNa vAle pATha AdarzoM meM kama hote gaye haiN| kintu lokabhASA meM ve Aja bhI jIvita haiN| ataH candrA jI ke kArya ko pramANarahita yA Adarzarahita kahanA ucita nahIM hai| vartamAna meM upalabdha AgamoM ke saMskaraNoM meM lAina aura mahAvIra vidyAlaya ke saMskaraNa adhika pramANika mAne jAte haiM, kintu unameM bhI "ta" zruti aura "ya" zruti ko lekara yA madhyavartI vyaMjanoM ke lopa sambandhI jo vaividhya haiM, vaha na kevala Azcaryajanaka haiM, apitu vidvAnoM ke lie cintanIya bhI haiN| yahA~ mahAvIra vidyAlaya se prakAzita sthAnAMgasUtra ke hI eka do udAharaNa Apake sAmane prastuta kara rahA huuN| cattAri vatthA pannattA, tajahA-sutI nAma ege sutI, suI nAmaM ege asuI, cubhNgo| evAmeva dhattAri purisajAtA pannattA, taMjahA sutI NAma ege sutI, cubhNgo| [caturtha sthAna, prathama uddezaka, sUtrakramAMka 241, pR. 941 isa prakAra yahA~ Apa dekheMge ki eka hI sUtra meM "sutI" aura "suI" donoM rUpa upasthita haiN| isase mAtra zabda-rUpa meM hI bheda nahIM hotA hai, artha bheda bhI ho sakatA hai, kyoMki "sutI" kA artha hai sUta se nirmita, jabaki "suI" (zuci) kA artha hai pavitra / isa prakAra isI sUtra meM "NAma" aura "nAma" donoM zabda rUpa eka hI sAtha upasthita haiN| isI sthAnAMgasUtra se eka anya udAharaNa lIjie -- sUtra kramAMka 445, pR. 197 para "nirgantha" zabda ke lie prAkRta zabdaspa "niyaMTha" prayukta hai to sUtra 446 meM "niggaMtha" aura pAThAntara meM "nitaMTha" rUpa bhI diyA gayA hai| isI grantha meM sUtra saMkhyA 458, pR. 197 para dhammatthikAtaM, adhammatthakAtaM aura AgAsatthikAyaM -- isa prakAra "kAya" zabda ke do bhinna zabda rUpa kAya aura kAtaM diye gaye haiN| yadyapi "ta" zruti prAcIna arddhamAgadhI kI pahacAna hai, kintu prastuta sandarbha meM sutI, nitaMTha

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+ jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana : eka vimarza aura kAtaM meM jo "ta" kA prayoga hai vaha mujhe paravartI lagatA hai| lagatA hai ki "ya" zruti ko "ta" zruti meM badalane ke prayatna bhI kAlAntara meM hue aura isa prayatna meM binA artha kA vicAra kiye "ya" ko "ta" kara diyA gayA hai| zuci kA sutI, nirgrantha kA nitaMTha aura kAya kA kAtaM kisa prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke niyama se banegA, merI jAnakArI meM to nahIM hai / isase bhI adhika Azcaryajanaka eka udAharaNa hameM harSapuSpAmRta jaina granthamAlA dvArA prakAzita niyuktisaMgraha meM oghaniyukti ke prArambhika maMgala meM milatA hai 252 namo arihaMtANaM, Namo siddhANaM, Namo AyariyANaM, Namo uvajjhAyaNaM, Namo loe savvasAhUNaM, eso paMcavanamukkArI, savvapAvappaNAsaNo / maMgalANaM ca savvesiM, par3hamaM havai maMgalaM / / 1 / / yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ namo arihaMtANaM meM prArambha meM "na" rakhA gayA jabaki Namo siddhANaM se lekara zeSa cAra padoM meM Adi kA "na" "Na" kara diyA gayA hai / kintu "aiso paMcanamukkAro" meM punaH "na" upasthita hai| hama AdaraNIya pArikhajI se isa bAta meM sahamata ho sakate haiM ki bhinna kAloM meM bhinna vyaktiyoM se carcA karate hue prAkRta bhASA ke bhinna zabda rUpoM kA prayoga ho sakatA hai / kintu grantha nirmANa ke samaya aura vaha bhI eka hI sUtra yA vAkyAMza meM do bhinna rUpoM kA prayoga to kabhI bhI nahIM hogA / punaH yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki Agama sarvajJa vacana hai, to jaba sAmAnya vyakti bhI aisA nahIM karatA hai phira sarvajJa kaise karegA ? isa prakAra kI bhinna rUpatA ke lie lekhaka nahIM, apitu pratilipikAra hI uttaradAyI hotA hai| ataH aise pAThoM kA zuddhIkaraNa anucita nahIM kahA jA sktaa| eka hI sUtra meM "sutI" aura "suI", "nAma" aura "NAma", "niyaMTha" aura "niggaMtha", "kAtaM" aura "kAya" aise do zabda rUpa nahIM ho skte| unakA pATha saMzodhana Avazyaka hai / yadyapi isameM bhI yaha sAvadhAnI Avazyaka hai ki "ta" zruti kI prAcInatA ke vyAmoha meM kahIM sarvatra "ya" kA "ta" nahIM kara diyA jAve jaise zuci - sui kA "sutI", niggaMtha kA "nitaMTha" athavA kArya kA "kAtaM" pATha mahAvIra vidyAlaya vAle saMskaraNa meM hai| hama pArakhajI se isa bAta meM sahamata haiM ki koI bhI pATha Adarza meM upalabdha hue binA nahIM badalA jAya, kintu "Adarza" meM upalabdha hone kA yaha artha nahIM hai ki "sarvatra" aura sabhI "Adarzo" meM upalabdha ho / hA~ yadi AdarzoM yA Adarza ke aMza meM prAcIna pATha mAtra eka do sthaloM para hI mile aura unakA pratizata 20 se bhI kama ho to vahA~ unheM prAyaH na badalA jAya / kintu yadi unakA pratizata 20 se adhika ho to unheM badalA jA sakatA hai zarta yahI ho ki Agama kA vaha aMza paravartI yA prakSipta na ho jaise AcArAMga kA dUsarA zrutaskandha yA praznavyAkaraNa / kintu eka hI sUtra meM yadi isa prakAra ke bhinna rUpa Ate haiM to eka sthala para bhI prAcIna rUpa milane para anyatra unheM parivartita kiyA jA sakatA hai I -- pATha zuddhikaraNa meM dUsarI sAvadhAnI yaha Avazyaka hai ki AgamoM meM kahIM-kahIM prakSipta aMza hai athavA saMgrahaNIyoM aura niyuktiyoM kI anekoM gAthAe~ bhI avatarita kI gayIM, aise sthaloM para pATha-zuddhikaraNa karate samaya prAcIna rUpoM kI upekSA karanA hogA aura Adarza meM upalabdha pATha ko paravartI hote hue bhI yathAvata rakhanA hogA / 77

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 253 isa tathya ko hama isa prakAra bhI samajhA sakate haiM ki yadi eka adhyayana, uddezaka yA eka pairAgrApha meM yadi 70 yA 80 pratizata prayoga mahArASTrI yA "ya" zruti ke haiM aura mAtra 10 pratizata prayoga prAcIna arddhamAgadhI ke haiM to vahA~ pATha ke mahArASTrI rUpa ko rakhanA hI ucita hogA / sambhava hai ki vaha prakSipta rUpa ho, kintu isake viparIta unameM 60 pratizata prAcIna rUpa haiM aura 40 pratizata arvAcIna mahArASTrI ke rUpa haiM, to vahA~ prAcIna rUpa rakhe jA sakate haiN| punaH Agama saMpAdana aura pATha zuddhIkaraNa ke isa upakrama meM diye jAne vAle mUlapATha ko zuddha evaM prAcIna rUpa meM diyA jAya, kintu pAda TippaNiyoM meM sampUrNa pAThAntaroM kA saMgraha kiyA jaay| isakA lAbha yaha hogA ki kAlAntara meM yadi koI saMzodhana kArya kareM to usameM suvidhA ho / anta meM maiM yaha kahanA cAhU~gA ki pro. ke. Ara. candrA apanI aneka sImAoM ke bAvajUda bhI jo yaha atyanta mahattvapUrNa aura zramasAdhya kArya kara rahe haiM, usakI mAtra AlocanA karanA kathApi ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki ve jo kArya kara rahe haiM vaha na kevala karaNIya haiM balki eka sahI dizA dene vAlA kArya hai| hama unheM sujhAva to de sakate haiM, lekina anadhikRta rUpa se yena-kena prakAreNa sarvajJa aura zAstra - zraddhA kI duhAI dekara unakI AlocanA karane kA koI adhikAra nahIM rkhte| kyoMki ve jo bhI kArya kara rahe haiM vaha bauddhika ImAnadArI ke sAtha, nirlipta bhAva se tathA sampradAyagata AgrahoM se Upara uThakara kara rahe haiM, unakI niyata meM bhI koI zaMkA nahIM kI jA sktii| ataH maiM jaina vidyA ke vidvAnoM se namra nivedana karU~gA ki ve zAntacitta se unake prayatnoM kI mUlyavattA ko samajheM aura apane sujhAvoM evaM sahayoga se unheM isa dizA meM protsAhita kreN| .

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para punarvicAra - pro. sAgaramala jaina sAmAnyatayA jaina lekhakoM ne apanI kAla gaNanA ko zaka saMvat se samIkRta karake yaha mAnA hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 605 varSa aura pA~ca mAha pazcAt zaka rAjA huaa| isI mAnyatA ke AdhAra para vartamAna meM bhI mahAvIra kA nirvANa I.pU. 527 mAnA jAtA hai| Adhunika jaina lekhakoM meM digambara paramparA ke paM. jugalakizorajI mukhtAra evaM zvetAmbara paramparA ke muni zrI kalyANa vijayajI Adi ne bhI vIranirvANa I.pU. 527 varSa meM mAnA hai| lagabhaga 7vIM zatI se kucha apavAdoM ke sAtha isa tithi ko mAnyatA prApta hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sarvaprathama "titthogAlI"4 nAmaka prakIrNaka meM aura digambara paramparA meM sarvaprathama "tiloyapaNNatti"5 meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha ullekha milatA hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 605 varSa evaM 5 mAha ke pazcAt zaka nRpa huaa| ye donoM grantha IsA kI 6-7vIM zatI meM nirmita hue haiN| isake pUrva kisI bhI grantha meM mahAvIra ke nirvANakAla ko zaka samvat se samIkRta karake unake antara ko spaSTa kiyA gayA ho -- yaha merI jAnakArI meM nahIM hai| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki lagabhaga 6-7vIM zatI se hI mahAvIranirvANa zaka pUrva 605 meM huA thA, yaha eka sAmAnya avadhAraNA rahI hai| isake pUrva kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvalI aura nandIsUtra kI vAcaka vaMzAvalI meM mahAvIra kI paTTaparamparA kA ullekha to hai, kintu inameM AcAryoM ke kAlakrama kI koI carcA nahIM hai| ataH inake AdhAra para mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ko nizcita karanA eka kaThina samasyA hai| kalpasUtra meM yaha to ullekha milatA hai ki aba vIranirvANa ke 980 varSa vAcanAntara se 993 varSa vyatIta ho cuke haiN| isase itanA hI phalita hotA hai ki vIranirvANa ke 980 yA 993 varSa pazcAt devakSipaNazramaNa ne prastuta grantha kI yaha antima vAcanA prastuta kii| isI prakAra sthAnAMga', bhagavatIsUtra aura Avazyakaniyukti meM nihnavoM ke ullekhoM ke sAtha ve mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla aura nirvANa se kitane samaya pazcAt hue haiM -- yaha nirdeza prApta hotA hai| yahIM kucha aise sUtra hai jinakI bAhya sunizcita samaya vAle sAkSyoM se tulanA karake hI hama mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para vicAra kara sakate haiN| mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ke prazna ko lekara prArambha se mata-vaibhinya rahe haiN| digambara paramparA ke dvArA mAnya tiloyapaNNatti meM yadyapi yaha spaSTa ullekha hai ki vIranirvANa ke 605 varSa evaM 5 mAsa pazcAt zaka nRpa huA, kintu usameM isa sambandhI nimna cAra matAntaroM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai|10 1. vIra jinendra ke mukti prApta hone ke 461 varSa pazcAt zaka nRpa huaa| vIra bhagavAn ke mukti prApta hone ke 9785 varSa pazcAt zaka nRpa huaa| 3. vIra bhagavAn ke mukti prApta hone ke 14793 varSa pazcAt zaka nRpa huaa| 4. vIra jina ke mukti prApta karane ke 605 varSa evaM 5 mAha pazcAt zaka nRpa huaa|

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255 bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para punarvicAra isake atirikta SaTkhaNDAgama kI "dhavalA" TIkA meM bhI mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke kitane varSoM ke pazcAt zaka (zAlivAhana zaka) nRpa huA, isa sambandha meM tIna matoM kA ullekha huA hai|1.. 1. vIranirvANa ke 605 varSa aura pA~ca mAha pshcaat| 2. vIranirvANa ke 14793 varSa pazcAt / 3. vIranirvANa ke 7995 varSa aura pA~ca mAha pshcaat| zvetAmbara paramparA meM AmamoM kI devarddhi kI antimavAcanA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke kitane samaya pazcAt huI, isa sambandha meM spaSTatayA do mato kA ullekha milatA hai -- prathama mata use vIranirvANa ke 980 varSa pazcAt mAnatA hai, jabaki dUsarA mata use 993 varSa pazcAt mAnatA hai|12 zvetAmbara paramparA meM candragupta maurya ke rAjyArohaNakAla ko lekara bhI do mAnyatAyeM pAyI jAtI hai| prathama paramparAgata mAnyatA ke anusAra ve vIranirvANa samvat 215 meM rAjyAsIna hue13 jabaki dUsarI hemacandra kI mAnyatA ke anusAra ve vIranirvANa ke 155 varSa pazcAt rAjyAsIna hue|14 hemacandra dvArA prastuta yaha dUsarI mAnyatA mahAvIra ke I.pU. 527 meM nirvANa prApta karane kI avadhAraNA meM bAdhaka hai|15 isa vivecana se itanA to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ke sambandha meM prAcInakAla meM bhI vivAda thaa| ___ ba~ki mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ke sambandha meM prAcIna Antarika sAkSya sabala nahIM the, ataH pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bAhya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ko nizcita karane kA prayatna kiyA, pariNAma svarUpa mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ke sambandha meM aneka naye mata bhI prakAza meM aaye| mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ke sambandha meM vibhinna vidvAnoM ke mata isa prakAra 1. haramana jakobI6 I.pU. 477 inhoMne hemacandra ke pariziSTa parva ke usa ullekha ko prAmANika mAnA hai ki candragupta maurya vIranirvANa ke 155 varSa pazcAt rAjyAsIna huA aura isI AdhAra para mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi nizcita kii| 2. je. zArapenTiyara17 I.pU. 467 inhoMne bhI hemacandra ko AdhAra banAyA hai aura candragupta maurya ke 155 varSa pUrva mahAvIra kA nirvANa maanaa| 3. paM. e. zAntirAja zAstrI18 I.pU. 663 inhoMne zaka samvat ko vikrama samvat mAnA hai aura vikrama saM. ke 605 varSa pUrva mahAvIra kA nirvANa maanaa|

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 4. pro. kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla 19 5. esa. vhI. vaiMkTezvara 20 I. pU. 437 256 inhoMne apane lekha AiDenTIphikezana Apha kalkI meM mAtra do paramparAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi kA nirdhAraNa nahIM kiyA hai| inakI mAnyatA ananda vikrama saMvat para AdhArita hai| yaha vikrama saMvat ke 90 varSa bAda pracalita huA thA / 6. paM. jugalakizorajI mukhtAra 21 I. pU. 528 inhoMne aneka tarkoM ke AdhAra para paramparAgata mAnyatA ko puSTa kiyA / 7. muni zrI kalyANavijaya 22 I.pU. 528 inhoMne bhI paramparAgata mAnyatA kI puSTi karate hue usakI asaMgati ke nirAkaraNa kA prayAsa kiyA hai| 8. pro. pI. eca. ela jhagaramoNTa 23 I.pU. 252 inake tarka kA AdhAra jaina paramparA meM tiSyagupta kI saMghabheda kI ghaTanA kA jo mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM unake kaivalya ke 16veM varSa meM ghaTita huI, bauddha saMgha meM tiSyarakSitA dvArA bodhi vRkSa ko sukhAne tathA saMghabheda kI ghaTanA se jo azoka ke rAjyakAla meM huI thI samIkRta kara lenA hai| inhoMne sAmAnyatayA pracalita avadhAraNA ko mAnya kara liyA hai| 9. vI. e. smitha 24 I. pU. 527 10. pro. ke. Ara. nAramana 25 lagabhaga I. pU. 400 bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi kA nirdhAraNa karane hetu jaina sAhityika srotoM ke sAtha-sAtha hameM anuzrutiyoM aura abhilekhIya sAkSyoM para bhI vicAra karanA hogaa| pUrvokta mAnyatAoM meM kauna sI mAnyatA prAmANika hai, isakA nizcaya karane ke liye hama tulanAtmaka paddhati kA anusaraNa kareMge aura yathAsambhava abhilekhIya sAkSyoM ko prAthamikatA deNge| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samakAlika vyaktiyoM meM bhagavAna buddha, bimbasAra, zreNika aura ajAtazatru kUNika ke nAma suparicita haiN| jaina srotoM kI apekSA inake sambandha meM bauddha srota hameM adhika jAnakArI pradAna karate haiM / jaina srotoM ke adhyayana se bhI inakI samakAlikatA para koI sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina Agama sAhitya buddha ke jIvana vRtAnta ke sambandha meM prAyaH mauna haiM, kintu bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya meM mahAvIra aura buddha kI samakAlika upasthiti ke aneka

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257 bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para punarvicAra sandarbha haiN| kintu yahA~ hama unameM se kevala do prasaMgoM kI carcA kreNge| prathama prasaMga meM dIghanikAya kA vaha ullekha AtA hai jisameM ajAtazatru apane samaya ke vibhinna dharmAcAryoM se milatA hai| isa prasaMga meM ajAtazatru kA mahAmAtya nirgantha jJAtaputra ke sambandha meM kahatA hai -- "he deva ! ya nirgantha jJAtaputra saMgha aura gaNa ke svAmI haiM, gaNa ke AcArya haiM, jJAnI, yazasvI tIrthaMkara haiM, bahuta se logoM ke zraddhAspada aura sajjana mAnya haiN| ye cirapravajita evaM ardhagatavaya ( adher3a) haiN|26 tAtparya yaha hai ki ajAtazatru ke rAjyAsIna hone ke samaya mahAvIra lagabhaga 50 varSa ke rahe hoMge, kyoMki unakA nirvANa ajAtazatru koNika ke rAjya ke 22veM varSa meM mAnA jAtA hai| unakI sarva Ayu 72 varSa meM se 22 varSa kama karane para usa samaya ve 50 varSa ke the -- yaha siMddha ho jAtA hai|27 jahA~ taka buddha kA prazna hai ve ajAtazatru ke rAjyAsIna hone ke 8veM varSa meM nirvANa ko prApta hue, aisI bauddha lekhakoM kI mAnyatA hai / 28 isa AdhAra para do tathya phalita hote haiM -- prathama mahAvIra jaba 50 varSa ke the, taba buddha (80-8) 72 varSa ke the arthAt buddha, mahAvIra se umra meM 22 varSa bar3e the| dUsare yaha ki mahAvIra kA nirvANa, buddha ke nirvANa ke (22-8314) 14 varSa pazcAt huA thaa| jJAtavya hai ki "dIghanikAya" ke isa prasaMga meM jahA~ nirgantha jJAtRputra Adi chahoM tIrthaMkaroM ko ardhavayagata kahA gayA vahA~ gautama buddha kI vaya ke sambandha meM kucha bhI nahIM kahA gayA kintu uparokta tathya ke viparIta "dIghanikAya" meM yaha bhI sUcanA milatI hai ki mahAvIra buddha ke jIvanakAla meM hI nirvANa ko prApta ho gaye the| "dIghanikAya" ke ve ullekha nimnAnusAra aisA maiMne sunA -- eka samaya bhagavAn zAkya (deza) meM vedhanjA nAmaka zAkyoM ke Amravana prAsAda meM vihAra kara rahe the| usa samaya nigaNTha nAtaputta (=tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ) kI pAvA meM hAla hI meM mRtyu huI thii| unake marane para nigaNThoM meM phUTa ho gaI thI, do pakSa ho gaye the, lar3AI cala rahI thI, kalaha ho rahA thaa| ve loga eka-dUsare ko vacana-rUpI vANoM se bedhate hue vivAda karate the -- "tuma isa dharmavinaya (dharma) ko nahIM jAnate maiM isa dharmavinaya ko jAnatA huuN| tuma bhalA isa dharmavinaya ko kyA jAnoge ? tuma mithyA pratipanna ho (tumhArA samajhanA galata hai), maiM samyak-pratipanna huuN| merA kahanA sArthaka hai aura tumhArA kahanA nirrthk| jo (bAta) pahale kahanI cAhiye thI vaha tumane pIche kahI aura jo pIche kahanI cAhiye thI, vaha tumane pahale kii| tumhArA vAda binA vicAra kA ulTA hai| tumane vAda ropA, tuma nigraha-sthAna meM A gye| isa AkSepa se bacane ke liye yatna karo, yadi zakti hai to ise suljhaao| mAno nigaNThoM meM yuddha (badha) ho rahA thaa| nigaNTha nAtaputta ke jo zveta-vastradhArI gRhastha ziSya the, ve bhI nigaNTha ke vaise durAkhyAta (ThIka se na kahe gaye), duSpravedita (ThIka se na sAkSAtkAra kiye gaye), a-nairyANika (pAra na lagAne vAle), an-upazama-saMvartanika (na-zAntigAmI), a-samyak-saMbuddha-pravedita (kisI buddha dvArA na sAkSAt kiyA gayA), pratiSThA (nIva)-rahita bhinna-stUpa, Azrayarahita dharma meM

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 258 anyamanaska ho khinna aura virakta ho rahe the|30 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ eka ora tripiTaka sAhitya meM mahAvIra ko adher3avaya kA kahA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora buddha ke jIvanakAla meM unake svargavAsa kI sUcanA bhI hai| itanA nizcita hai ki donoM bAteM eka sAtha satya siddha nahIM ho sktiiN| muni kalyANavijayajI Adi ne buddha ke jIvanakAla meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa sambandhI avadhAraNA ko bhrAnta batAyA hai, unhoMne mahAvIra ke kAlakavalita hone kI ghaTanA ko unakI vAstavika mRtyu na mAnakara, unakI mRtyu kA pravAda mAnA hai| jaina AgamoM meM bhI yaha spaSTa ullekha hai ki unake nirvANa ke lagabhaga 16 varSa pUrva unakI mRtyu kA pravAda phaila gayA thA, jise sunakara aneka jaina zramaNa bhI azrupAta karane lage the| cU~ki isa pravAda ke sAtha mahAvIra ke pUrva ziSya maMkhalIgozAla aura mahAvIra evaM unake anya zramaNa ziSyoM ke bIca hue kaTu-vivAda kI ghaTanA jur3I huI thii| ataH dIghanikAya kA prastuta prasaMga ina donoM ghaTanAoM kA eka mizrita spa hai| ataH buddha ke jIvanakAla meM mahAvIra kI mRtyu ke dIghanikAya ke ullekha ko unakI vAstavika mRtyu kA ullekha na mAnakara gozAlaka ke dvArA vivAda ke pazcAt pheMkI gaI tejolezyA se utpanna dAha jvAra janya tIvra bImArI ke phalasvarUpa phaile unakI mRtyu ke pravAda kA ullekha mAnanA hogaa| cU~ki buddha kA nirvANa ajAtazatrukuNika ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke AThaveM varSa31 meM huA, ataH mahAvIra kA 22veM varSa meM32 huA hogaa| ataH itanA nizcita hai ki mahAvIra kA nirvANa buddha ke nirvANa ke 14 varSa bAda huaa| isaliye buddha kI nirvANa kI tithi kA nirdhAraNa mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ko prabhAvita avazya kregaa| sarvaprathama hama mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi kA jainasrotoM evaM abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para nirdhAraNa kareMge aura phira yaha dekheMge ki isa AdhAra para buddha kI nirvANa tithi kyA hogI ? ___ mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi kA nirdhAraNa karate samaya hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki AcArya bhadrabAhu aura sthUlabhadra kI mahApadmananda evaM candragupta maurya se, AcArya suhasti kI samprati se, Arya maMkSu ( maMgU), Arya nandila, Arya nAgahasti, AryavRddha evaM Arya kRSNa kI abhilekhoM meM ullekhita unake kAla se tathA Arya devarddhikSamAzramaNa kI vallabhI ke rAja dhruvasena se samakAlInatA kisI prakAra bAdhita nahIM ho| itihAsavid sAmAnyatayA isa sambandha meM eka mata haiM ki candragupta kA rAjyasattAkAla I.pU. 321 se I.pR. 297 taka rahA hai| ataH vahI sattAkAla bhadrabAhu aura sthUlIbhadra kA bhI honA caahiye| yaha eka nirvivAda tathya hai ki candragupta ne nandoM se sattA hastagata kI thI aura antima nanda ke mantrI zakaDAla kA putra sthUlIbhadra thaa| ataH sthUlIbhadra ko candragupta maurya kA kaniSTha samasAmayika aura bhadrabAhu ko candragupta maurya kA variSTha samasAmayika honA caahiye| cAhe yaha kathana pUrNataH vizvasanIya mAnA jAye yA nahIM mAnA jAye ki candragupta maurya ne jaina dIkSA grahaNa kI thI -- phira bhI jaina anuzrutiyoM ke AdhAra para itanA to mAnanA hI hogA ki bhadrabAhu aura sthUlIbhadra candragupta maurya ke samasAmayika the| sthUlIbhadra ke vairAgya kA mukhya kAraNa usake pitA ke prati nandavaMza ke antima zAsaka

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259 bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para punarvicAra mahApadmananda kA durvyavahAra aura unakI ghRNita hatyA mAnI jA sakatI hai|34 punaH sthUlIbhadra bhadrabAhu se nahIM apitu sambhUtivijaya se dIkSita hue the| pATaliputra kI prathama vAcanA ke samaya vAcanA pramukha bhadrabAhu aura sthUlIbhadra na hokara sambhUtivijaya rahe haiM -- kyoMki usa vAcanA meM hI sthUlIbhadra ko bhadrabAhu se pUrva-granthoM kA adhyayana karAne kA nizcaya kiyA gayA thA -- ataH prathama vAcanA nanda zAsana ke hI antima caraNa meM kabhI huI hai| isa prathama vAcanA kA kAla vIranirvANa saMvat.. mAnA jAtA hai| yadi hama eka bAra donoM paramparAgata mAnyatAoM ko satya mAnakara yaha mAne ki AcArya bhadrabAhu vIranirvANa saM. 156 se 170 taka AcArya rahe aura candragupta maurya vIranirvANa saM. 215 meM rAjyAsIna huA to donoM kI sama-sAmayikatA siddha nahIM hotI hai| isa mAnyatA kA phalita yaha hai ki candragupta maurya ke rAjyAsIna hone ke 45 varSa pUrva hI bhadrabAhu svargavAsI ho cuke the| isa AdhAra para sthUlIbhadra candragupta maurya ke laghu sama-sAmayika bhI nahIM raha jAte haiN| ataH hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki candragupta maurya vIranirvANa ke 155 varSa pazcAt hI rAjyAsIna huaa| himavanta sthavirAvalI36 evaM AcArya hemacandra ke pariziSTa parva37 meM bhI yahI tithi mAnI gaI hai| isa AdhAra para bhadrabAhu aura syUlibhadra kI candragupta maurya se sama-sAmayikatA bhI siddha ho jAtI hai| lagabhaga sabhI paTTAvaliyA~ bhadrabAhu ke AcAryatvakAla kA samaya vIranirvANa 156-170 mAnatI haiN|38 digambara paramparA meM bhI tIna kevalI aura pA~ca zrutakevali kA kula samaya 162 varSa mAnA gayA hai| bhadrabAhu antima zrutakevali the ataH digambara paramparAnusAra bhI unakA svargavAsa vIranirvANa saM. 162 mAnanA hogaa| isa prakAra dono paramparAoM ke anusAra bhadrabAhu aura candragupta maurya kI sama-sAmayikatA siddha ho jAtI hai| muni zrI kalyANavijayajI ne candragupta maurya aura bhadrabAhu kI sama-sAmayikatA siddha karane hetu sambhUtivijaya kA AcAryatvakAla 8 varSa ke sthAna para 60 varSa mAna liyaa| isa prakAra unhoMne eka ora mahAvIra kA nirvANa samaya I.pU. 527 mAnakara bhI bhadrabAhu aura candragupta maurya kI sama-sAmayikatA sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa|40 kintu isa sandarbha meM ATha kA sATha mAna lenA unakI apanI kalpanA hai, isakA prAmANika AdhAra upalabdha nahIM hai|41 sabhI zvetAmbara paTTAvaliyA~ vIranirvANa saM. 170 meM hI bhadrabAhu kA svargavAsa mAnatI haiN| punaH titthogAlI meM bhI yahI nirdiSTa hai ki vIranirvANa saMvat 170 meM caudaha pUrvo ke jJAna kA viccheda (kSaya) prArambha huaa| bhadrabAhu hI antima 14 pUrvadhara the-- unake bAda koI bhI 14 pUrvadhara nahIM huaa| ataH bhadrabAhu kA svargavAsa zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra vIranirvANa saM. 170 meM aura digambara paramparA ke anusAra vIranirvANa saM. 162 hI siddha hotA hai aura isa AdhAra para bhadrabAhu evaM sthUlIbhadra kI antima nanda evaM candragupta maurya se sama-sAmayikatA tabhI siddha ho sakatI hai jaba mahAvIra kA nirvANa vikrama pUrva 410 tathA I.pU. 467 mAnA jaaye| anya abhI vikalpoM meM bhadrabAhu evaM sthUlIbhadra kI antima nandarAjA aura candragupta maurya se samakAlikatA ghaTita nahIM ho sakatI hai| "titthogAlI painnayaM" meM bhI sthUlIbhadra aura nandarAjA kI samakAlikatA varNita haiN|42 ataH ina AdhAroM para mahAvIra kA nirvANa I.pU. 467 hI adhika yukti saMgata lagatA hai| punaH Arya suhasti aura samprati rAjA kI samakAlInatA bhI jaina paramparA meM sarvamAnya hai|

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 260 itihAsakAroM ne samprati kA samaya I.pU. 231-221 mAnA hai|43 jaina paTTAvaliyoM ke anusAra Arya suhasti yuga pradhAna AcAryakAla vIranirvANa saM. 245-291 taka rahA hai| yadi hama vIranirvANa I.pU. 527 ko AdhAra banAkara gaNanA kareM to yaha mAnanA hogA ki Arya suhasti I.pU. 282 meM yuga pradhAna AcArya bane aura I.pU. 236 meM svargavAsI ho gye| isa prakAra vIranirvANa I.pU. 527 meM mAnane para Arya suhasti aura samprati rAjA meM kisI bhI rUpa meM samakAlInatA nahIM banatI hai| kintu yadi hama vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnate haiM to Arya suhasti AcArya kAla 467-245 I.pU. 222 se prArambha hotA hai| isase samakAlikatA to bana jAtI hai-- yadyapi AcArya ke AcAryatvakAla meM samprati kA rAjyakAla lagabhaga 1 varSa hI rahatA hai| kintu Arya suhasti kA samparka samprati se usake yauvarAjya kAla meM, jaba vaha avanti kA zAsaka thA, taba huA thA aura sambhava hai ki taba Arya suhasti saMgha ke yuga pradhAna AcArya na hokara bhI prabhAvazAlI muni rahe ho| jJAtavya hai ki Arya suhasti sthUlIbhadra se dIkSita hue the| paTTAvaliyoM ke anusAra sthUlibhadra kI dIkSA vIranirvANa saM. 146 meM huI thI aura svargavAsa vIranirvANa 215 meM huA thaa| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki candragupta maurya ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke 9 varSa pUrva antima nanda rAjA (nava nanda) ke rAjyakAla meM ve dIkSita ho cuke the| yadi paTTAvalI ke anusAra Arya suhasti kI sarva Ayu 100 varSa aura dIkSA Ayu 30 varSa mAneM to ve vIranirvANa saM. 221 arthAt I.pU. 246 ( vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnane para ) meM dIkSita hue haiN| isase Arya suhasti kI samprati se samakAlikatA to siddha ho jAtI hai kintu unheM sthUlIbhadra kA hasta-dIkSita mAnane meM 6 varSa kA antara AtA hai, kyoMki unake dIkSita hone ke 6 varSa pUrva hI vIranirvANa se 215 meM sthUlIbhadra kA svargavAsa ho cukA thaa| sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki suhasti 30 varSa kI Ayu ke sthAna para 23-24 varSa meM hI dIkSita ho gaye hoN| phira bhI yaha sunizcita hai ki paTTAvaliyoM ke ullekhoM ke AdhAra para Arya suhasti aura saMprati kI samakAlInatA vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 para hI sambhava hai| usake pUrva I.pU. 527 meM athavA usake pazcAt kI kisI bhI tithi ko mahAvIra kA nirvANa mAnane para yaha samakAlInatA sambhava nahIM hai| isa prakAra "bhadrabAhu aura sthUlibhadra kI mahApadmananda aura candragupta maurya se tathA Arya suhastI kI samprati se samakAlInatA vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnane para siddha kI jA sakatI hai| anya sabhI vikalpoM meM inakI samakAlikatA siddha nahIM hotI hai| ataH merI dRSTi meM mahAvIra kA nirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnanA adhika yukti saMgata hogaa| aba hama kucha abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para bhI mahAvIra ke nirvANa samaya para vicAra kareMge --- mathurA ke abhilekhoM44 meM ullekhita pA~ca nAmoM meM se nandisatra sthavirAvalI45 ke Arya maMgu, Arya nandila aura Arya hasti (hasta hasti)-- ye tIna nAma tathA kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI46 ke Arya kRSNa aura Arya vRddha ye do nAma milate haiN| paTTAvaliyoM ke anusAra Arya maMgu kA yuga-pradhAna AcAryakAla vIranirvANa saMvat 451 se 470 taka mAnA gayA hai|47 vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnane para inakA kAla I.pU. 16 se I.san 3 taka aura vIranirvANa I.pU. 527 mAnane para inakA kAla I.pU. 76 se I.pU. 57 AtA hai| jabaki abhilekhIya

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261 AdhAra para inakA kAla zaka saM. 52 (huviSka varSa 52 ) arthAt I. san 130 AtA hai 48 arthAt inake paTTAvalI aura abhilekha ke kAla meM vIranirvANa I. pU. 527 mAnane para lagabhaga 200 varSoM kA antara AtA hai aura vIranirvANa I. pU. 467 mAnane para bhI lagabhaga 127 varSa kA antara to banA hI rahatA hai| aneka paTTAvaliyoM meM Arya maMgu kA ullekha bhI nahIM hai / ataH unake kAla ke sambandha meM paTTAvalIgata avadhAraNA prAmANika nahIM hai / punaH Arya maMgu kA nAma mAtra jisa nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI meM hai aura yaha sthavirAvalI bhI guru-ziSya paramparA kI sUcaka nahIM hai| ataH bIca meM kucha nAma chUTane kI sambhAvanA hai jisakI puSTi svayaM muni kalyANavijayajI ne bhI kI hai| 49 isa prakAra Arya maMgu ke abhilekhIya sAkSya ke AdhAra para mahAvIra ke nirvANa kAla kA nirdhAraNa sambhava nahIM hai| kyoMki isa AdhAra para I. pU. 527 kI paramparAgata mAnyatA I. pU. 467 kI vidvanmAnya mAnyatA donoM hI satya siddha nahIM hotI hai / abhilekha evaM paTTAvalI kA samIkaraNa karane para isase vIranirvANa I. pU. 360 ke lagabhaga phalita hotA hai| isa anizcatA kA kAraNa Arya maMgu ke kAla ko lekara vividha bhrAntiyoM kI upasthiti hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para punarvicAra jahA~ taka Arya nandila kA prazna hai hameM unake nAma kA ullekha bhI nandisUtra meM milatA hai| nandisUtra meM unakA ullekha Arya maMgu ke pazcAt aura Arya nAgahasti ke pUrva milatA hai 50 mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM nandika (nandila) kA eka abhilekha zaka samvat 32 kA hai| dUsare zaka saM. 93 ke lekha meM nAma spaSTa nahIM hai, mAtra "ndi" milA hai| 51 Arya nandila kA ullekha prabandhakoza evaM kucha prAcIna paTTAvaliyoM meM bhI hai ullekha nahIM hone se isa abhilekhIya sAkSya ke nirdhAraNa sambhava nahIM hai / -- kintu kahIM para bhI unake samaya kA AdhAra para mahAvIra ke nirvANakAla kA aba hama nAgahasti kI ora Ate haiM sAmAnyatayA sabhI paTTAvaliyoM meM Arya vajra kA svargavAsa vIranirvANa saM. 584 meM mAnA gayA hai| Arya vajra ke pazcAt 13 varSa Arya rakSita, 20 varSa puSyamitra aura 3 varSa vajrasena yugapradhAna rahe arthAt vIranirvANa saM. 620 meM vajrasena kA svargavAsa huaa| merutuMga kI vicArazreNI meM isake bAda Arya nirvANa 621 se 690 taka yugapradhAna rahe 152 yadi mathurA abhilekha ke hastahasti hI nAgahasti ho to mAdhahasti ke guru ke rUpa meM unakA ullekha zaka saM. 54 ke abhilekha meM milatA hai arthAt ve I. san 132 ke pUrva hue haiN| yadi hama vIranirvANa I. pU. 467 mAnate haiM to unakA yuga pradhAna kAla I. san 154-223 AtA hai / abhilekha unake ziSya ko I. san 132 meM hone kI sUcanA detA hai yadyapi yaha mAnakara santoSa kiyA jA sakatA hai yuga pradhAna hone ke 22 varSa pUrva unhoMne kisI ko dIkSita kiyA hogA / yadyapi inakI sarvAyu 100 varSa mAnane para taba unakI Ayu mAtra 11 varSa hogI aura aisI sthiti meM unake upadeza se kisI kA dIkSita honA aura usa dIkSita ziSya ke dvArA mUrti pratiSThA honA asambhava sA lagatA hai / kintu yadi hama paramparAgata mAnyatA ke AdhAra para vIranirvANa ko zaka saMvat 605 pUrva yA I. pU. 527 mAnate haiM to paTTAvalIgata ullekhoM aura abhilekhIya sAkSyoM meM saMgati baiTha jAtI hai| isa AdhAra para unakA yuga pradhAna kAla zaka saM. 16 se zaka 3

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 262 saM. 85 ke bIca AtA hai aura aisI sthiti meM zaka saM. 54 meM unake kisI ziSya ke upadeza se mUrti pratiSThA honA sambhava hai| yadyapi 69 varSa taka unakA yuga pradhAnakAla mAnanA sAmAnya buddhi se yukti saMgata nahIM lagatA hai / ataH nAgahasti sambandhI yaha abhilekhIya sAkSya paTTAvalI kI sUcanA ko satya mAnane para mahAvIra kA nirvANa I. pU. 527 mAnane ke pakSa meM jAtA hai| punaH mathurA ke eka abhilekhayukta aMkana meM AryakRSNa kA nAma sahita aMkana pAyA jAtA hai| yaha abhilekha zaka saMvat 95 kA hai| 53 yadi hama AryakRSNa kA samIkaraNa kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM zivabhUti ke bAda ullikhita AryakRSNa se karate hai54 to paTTAvaliyoM evaM vizeSAvazyaka bhASya ke AdhAra para inakA sattA samaya vIranirvANa saM. 609 ke Asa-pAsa nizcita hotA hai| 55 kyoMki inhIM AryakRSNa aura zivabhUti ke vastra sambandhI vivAda ke pariNAma svarUpa boTika nihUnva kI utpatti huI thI aura isa vivAda kA kAla vIranirvANa saMvat 609 sunizcita hai| vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnane para usa abhilekha kAla kA 609-467=142 I. AtA hai| yaha abhilekhayukta aMkana 95+78 = 173 I. kA hai| cU~ki aMkana meM AryakRSNa ko eka ArAdhya ke rUpa aMkita karavAyA gayA hai| yaha svAbhAvika hai ki unakI hI ziSya paramparA ke kisI Arya arha dvArA I. san 173 meM yaha aMkana unake svargavAsa ke 20-25 varSa bAda hI huA hogA / isa prakAra yaha abhilekhIya sAkSya vIranirvANa saMvat I. pU. 467 mAnane para hI anya sAhityika ullekhoM se saMgati rakha sakatA hai, anya kisI vikalpa se isakI saMgati baiThAnA sambhava nahIM hai| mathurA abhilekhoM meM eka nAma AryavRddhahasti kA bhI milatA hai| inake do abhilekha milate haiN| eka abhilekha zaka saM. 60 (huviSka varSa 60 ) aura dUsarA zaka saM. 79 kA hai| 56 san kI dRSTi se ye donoM abhilekha I. san 138 aura I. san 157 ke haiN| yadi ye vRddhahasta hI kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI ke AryavRddha aura paTTAvaliyoM ke vRddhadeva hoM to paTTAvaliyoM ke anusAra unhoMne vIranirvANa 695 meM koraMTaka meM pratiSThA karavAI thii| 57 yadi hama vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnate haiM to yaha kAla 695-467-218 I. AtA hai / ataH vIranirvANa I. pU. 527 mAnane para isa abhilekhIya sAkSya aura paTTAvalIgata mAnyatA kA samIkaraNa ThIka baiTha jAtA hai| paTTAvalI meM vRddha kA krama 25vA~ hai / pratyeka AcArya kA ausata sattA kAla 25 varSa mAnane para inakA samaya vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnane para bhI abhilekha se vIranirvANa 625 AyegA aura taba 625-467=158 I. saMgati baiTha jaayegii| antima sAkSya jisa para mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi kA nirdhAraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai, vaha hai mahArAja dhruvasena ke abhilekha aura unakA kAla / paramparAgata mAnyatA yaha hai ki vallabhI kI vAcanA ke pazcAt sarvaprathama kalpasUtra kI sabhA ke samakSa vAcanA Anandapura (baDanagara ) meM mahArAja dhuvaMsena ke putra - maraNa ke duHkha ko kama karane ke liye kI gayI / yaha kAla vIranirvANa saM. 980 yA 993 mAnA jAtA hai| 58 dhruvasena ke aneka abhilekha upalabdha haiN| dhruvasena prathama kA kAla I. saM. 525 se 550 taka mAnA jAtA hai| 59 yadi yaha ghaTanA unake rAjyArohaNa ke dvitIya varSa I. san 526 kI ho to mahAvIra kA nirvANa 993-526=469 I. pU. siddha hotA hai /

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263 bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para punarvicAra isa prakAra ina pA~ca abhilekhIya sAkSyoM meM tIna to aise avazya haiM, jinase mahAvIra kA nirvANa I.pU. 467 siddha hotA hai| jabaki do aise haiM jinase vIranirvANa I. pU. 527 bhI siddha ho sakatA hai| eka abhilekha kA inase koI saMgati nahIM hai| ve asaMgatiyA~ isaliye bhI hai ki paTTAvaliyoM meM AcAryoM kA jo kAla diyA gayA hai usakI prAmANikatA sandigdha hai aura Aja hamAre pAsa aisA koI AdhAra nahIM hai jisake AdhAra para isa asaMgati ko samApta kiyA jA ske| phira bhI isa vivecanA meM hama yaha pAte haiM ki adhikAMza sAhityika evaM abhilekhIya sAkSya mahAvIra ke nirvANa kAla ko I. pU. 467 mAnane kI hI puSTi karate haiN| aisI sthiti meM buddha nirvANa I. pU. 482, jise adhikAMza pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne mAnya kiyA hai, mAnanA hogA aura tabhI yaha siddha hogA ki buddha ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga 15 varSa pazcAt mahAvIra kA nirvANa huA /

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sandarbha 1 (a). NivvANe vIra jiNe chavvAsasadesu pNcvrisesu| paNamAsesu gadesu saMjAdo sagaNio ahvaa|| -- tiloyapaNNatti, 4/1499 (ba) paMca ya mAsA paMca ya vAsA chacceva hoMti vaassyaa| pariNivvuassa'rihato so upNaNNo sago raayaa|| -- titthogAlI painnaya 623 2. paM. jugalakizorajI mukhtAra, jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa para vizada prakAza, zrI vIrazAsana saMgha, kalakattA, 1956, pR. 26-44, 45-46 3. muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA, prakAzaka ka.vi. zAstra samiti, jAlaura (mAravAr3a), pR. 159 4. titthogAlI painnayaM (gAthA 623), paiNNayasuttAI, saM. muni puSyavijaya, prakAzaka zrI mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, 400036 tiloyapaNNatti, 4/1499 saM. pro. hIrAlAla jaina, jaina saMskRtirakSaka saMgha zolApura, kalpasUtra, 147, pR. 145, anuvAdaka mANikamuni, prakAzaka -- sobhAgamala harakAvata, ajamera ThANaM (sthAnAMga), aguMsuttANi bhAga 1, AcArya tulasI, jainavizvabhAratI, lADanU 7/141 8. bhagavaI 9/222-229 (aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 -- AcArya tulasI, jainavizvabhAratI lADanU) bahuraya paesa avvattasamucchAdugatiga abaddhiyA cev| sattee NiNhagA khalu titthami u vddhmaannss|| bahuraya jamAlipabhavA jIvapaesA ya tiisguttaao| avvattASSsADhAo saamuccheyaaSSsmittaao|| gaMgAo dokiriyA chalugA terAsiyANa uppttii| therAya goTThamAhila puTThamabaddhaM pruviNti|| sAvatthI usabhapura seyaviyA mihila ullugaatiirN| purimaMtaraMji dasapura rahavIrapuraM ca ngraai|| codasa solasa vAsA cauddasavIsuttarA ya doNNi syaa| aTThAvIsA ya duve paMceva sayA u coyaalaa|| paMca sayA culasIyA chacceva sayA NavottarA hoti| NANupattIya duve uppaNNA Nivvue sesaa|| -- Avazyakaniyukti 778-783 [niyuktisaMgraha -- saM. vijayajinasena sUrIzvara harSapuSpAmRta, jainagranthamAlA, lAkhA bAkhala, saurASTa, 1989]

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10. vIrajiNe siddhigade causadaigisaTThivAsaparimANe / kAlammi adikkate uppaNNe ettha sakarAo / / 461 ahavA vIre siddhe sahassaNavakammi sagasayabbhahie / paNasIdimmi yatIde paNamAse sakaNio jAdo / / 9785 mAsa 51 codasasahassasagasayateNaudIvAsakAlavicchede / vIresarasiddhIdo uppaNNe sagaNio 265 ahavA / / 14793 NivvANe vIrajiNe chavvAsasadesu paMcavarisesuM / paNamAsesu gadesuM saMjAdo sagaNio ahavA / / 605 mA 51 -- bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para punarvicAra 11. bhavaNidesu havaMti / eso vIrajiNidaNivvANagadadivasAdo jAva sagakAlassa AdI hodi tAvadiyakAlo / kudo ? 605/5 edamhi kAle sagaNariMdakAlammi pakkhitte vaDTamANajiNaNivvudakAlAgamaNAdo / vRttaM ca tiloyapaNNati, 4/1496-1499 paMca ya mAsA paMca ya trAsA chacceva hoMti vAsasayA / sagakANa ya sahiyA thAveyavvo tado rAsI / / -- paMcamAsAhiyapaMcuttarassadavAsANi aNNa ke vi AiriyA coddasasahassa- sattasada-1 - tiNaudivAsesu jiNaNivvANadiNAdo aikkaMtesu sagaNariduppatti bhaNati 1 4793 / vRttaM ca-gutti- payattha-bhayAiM codasarayaNAi samaikaMtAI / pariNivvude jiNide to rajja sagaNariMdassa / / aNNe ke vi AiriyA evaM. bhaNati / sattasahassa-Navasaya-paMcANaudivarisesu paMcamAsAhi NivvadadiNAdo aikkaMtesu sagaNariMdarajjuppattI jAdo tti / ettha gAhA sattasahassA Navasada paMcANaudI sapaMcamAsA ya / aikaMtA vAsANaM jaiyA taiyA saguppattI / / desu ti ekkeNa hodavvaM / Na tiNNamuvadesANa saccattaM, aNNoNNavirohAdo / tado jANiya vattavyaM / dhavalA TIkA samanvita SaTkhaNDAgama, khaNDa bhAga 4, 1, pustaka 9, pR. 132-133 13. pAlagaraNNo saTThI paNapaNNasayaM viyANaM NaMdANaM / maruyANaM aTThasayaM tIsA puNa pusamittANaM / / 12. samaNassa bhagavao mahAvIrassa jAva savvadukkhapahINassa nava vAsa sayAiM viikaMtAI dasamassa vAsasayassa ayaM asIime saMvacchare kAle gacchai, vAyaNaMtare puNa ayaM vAyaNaM tere puNa ayaM te ue saMvacchare kAle gacchai iha dIsai / * kalpasUtra (maNikamuni, ajamera), 147, pR. 145 titthogAlI painnayaM (paiNNayasuttAI), 621 taM jahA baDDhamANaji -

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 60 pAlaka + 155 nandavaMza = 215 bItane para mauryavaMza kA zAsana prArambha huaa| 14. evaM ca zrI mahAvIra mulervarSazate, paMca paMcAzadadhike candragupto'bhavannRpaH / / * pariziSTaparva, hemacandra, sarga, 8/339 (jainadharma prasAraka saMsthA bhAvanagara ) 15. jJAtavya hai candragupta maurya ko vIranirvANa saM. 215 meM rAjyAsIna mAnakara hI vIranirvANa I. pU. 527 meM mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu use vIranirvANa 155 meM rAjyAsIna mAnane para vIranirvANa I. pU. 467 mAnanA hogA / 16. Jacobi, V. Harman Buddhas und Mahaviras Nirvana und die 17. Charpentier Jarl 18. anekAnta, varSa 4 kiraNa 10, zAstrI e. zAntirAja Politische Entwicklung Magadhas Zu Jerier Zeit, 557. Uttaradhyayanasutra, Introduction p. 13-16. bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa samvat kI samAlocanA 19. Indian Antiguary, Vol. XLVI, 1917, July 1917, Page 151-152, Swati Publications, Delhi, 1985. 20. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1917, Vankteshvara, - The Date of Vardhamana, p. 122-130. S.V. -- 21. mukhtAra jugalakizora -- "jainasAhitya aura itihAsa para vizada prakAza", zrI vIrazAsana 25. Norman, K.R. saMgha, kalakattA, I. san 1956, pR. 26-56 22. muni kalyANavijaya vIranirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA prakAzaka ka. vi. zAstra samiti jAlaura, vi. sa. 1987 23. Eggermont, P.H.L. "The Year of Mahavira's Decease". 24. Smith, V. A. The Jaina Stupa and other Antiquities of Mathura, -- 266 -- wwwxx -- www.dds Indological Book House, Delhi, 1969, p.14. -- -- -- Buddh. 26. aJJataro pikho rAjAmacco rAjAnaM mAgadhaM ajAtasattuM vedehiputtaM etadavoca "ayaM, deva, nigaNTho nATatto saDghI ceva gaNI ca gaNAcariyo ca, Ato, yasassI, titthakaro, sAdhusammato bahujanassa, rattaJJa, cirapabbajito, arddhagato, vayoanuppatto / dIghanikAya, sAmaJJaphalasuttaM, 2/1/7 muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jainakAla gaNanA, pR. 4-5. Observations on the Dates of the Jina and the 27. dekheM 28. dekheM -- muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa aura jainakAla gaNanA, pR. 1 29. dekheM dIghanikAya, sAmaJJaphalasuttaM, 2/2/8 30. evaM me sutaM / ekaM samayaM bhagavA sakkesu viharati vedhaJJA nAma sakyA tesaM ambavane pAsAde / tena kho pana samayena nigaNTho nATaputto pAvAyaM adhunAkAlakato hoti / tassa kAlaDkiriyAya bhinnA nigaNThA dvedhikajAtA bhaNDanajAtA kalahajAtA vivAdApannA

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aJama mukhasattIhi vitudantA viharanti "na tvaM imaM dhammavinayaM AjAnAsi, ahaM imaM dhammavinayaM AjAnAmi / kiM tvaM imaM dhammavinayaM AjAnissasi ? micchApaTipanno tvamasi, ahamasmi sammApaTipanno / sahitaM me, asahitaM te / purevacanIyaM pacchA avaca, pacchA-vacanIyaM pure avaca | adhiciNaM te viparAvattaM / Aropito te vAdo / niggahito tvamasi / cara vAdappamokkhAya / nibbeThehi vA sace pahosI" ti / vadho yeva kho maJJe nigaNThesu nAputtiyesu vattati / ye pi nigaNThassa nATaputtassa sAvakA gihI odAtavasanA te nigaNThesu nATaputtiyesu nibbinnarUpA virattarUpA paTivAnarUpA yathA taM durakhA dhammavinaye duppavedite aniyyAnike anupasamasaMvattanike asammAsambuddhappavedite bhinnathUpe appaTisaraNe / - dIghanikAya, pAsAdikasuttaM, 6/1/1 -- ( ba ) 31. dekheM 32. dekheM -- muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jainakAla gaNanA 33 (31). 267 bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para punarvicAra -- (ba) Majumdar, R.C. Ancient India, Published by Motilal Banarasidas, Banaras, 1952, p. 108 DaoN. ramAzaMkara tripAThI prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, 1968, pR. 139 34. titthogAlI painnayaM, 78 [ paiNNayA suttAI, mahAvIra vidyAlaya, bambaI 1 35. jJAtavya hai ki lagabhaga sabhI zvetAmbara paTTAvaliyA~ isIkAla kA ullekha karatI haiN| dekheM-- vividha gacchIya paTTAvalI saMgraha (prathama bhAga ) muni jinavijaya siMghI jaina zAstra zikSApITha, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI, 1961 36. jJAtavya hai ki himavata sthavirAvalI kI mUlaprati usake gujarAtI anuvAda ke pazcAt upalabdha nahIM ho pA rahI hai| paM. hIrAlAla haMsarAja jAmanagara kA usakA gujarAtI anuvAda hI isakA eka mAtra AdhAra hai| isameM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt sATha varSa kuNika aura udAyI kA rAjyakAla dikhAkara usake pazcAt nandoM ke 94 varSa dikhAkara vIranirvANa 155 meM candragupta maurya kA rAjyorohaNa dikhA gayA hai| dekheM vIranirvANa samvat aura jaina kAla gaNanA muni kalyANavijaya, pR. 178 37. pariziSTa, hemacandra, 8 / 339 38. dekheM - -- (a) paTTAvalI parAga saMgraha muni kalyANavijayajI (ba) vividhagacchIya paTTAvalI saMgraha prathama bhAga sampAdaka -- jinavijaya, siMghI jaina zAstra zikSA pIi, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI --- 61 39. dhavalA TIkA samanvita SaTkhaNDAgama, khaNDa, pustaka 40. (a) muni kalyANavijaya paTTAvalIparAgasaMgraha, ka. vi. zAstrasaMgraha samiti jAlaura, 1966, pR. 52 munijI dvArA kiye gaye anya parivartanoM ke liye dekheM-pR. 49-50 muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa, saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA, pR. 137 --

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pro. sAgaramala jaina 268 jJAtavya hai ki munijI ne mauryakAla ko 108 ke sthAna para 160 banAne kA jo prayatna kiyA hai, vaha itihAsa sammata nahIM hai| 41. jJAtavya hai ki munijI dvArA eka ora sambhUti vijaya ke svarSa ke kAla ko sATha varSa sATha varSa karanA aura dUsarI ora mauryoM ke itihAsa sammata 108 varSa ke kAla ko eka sau sATha varSa karanA kevala apanI mAnyatA kI puSTi kA prayAsa hai| 42. titthogAlI painnayaM -- paiNNA suttaaii| -- saM. puNyavijayajI mahAvIra vidyAla, bambaI, 793, 794 43. DaoN. rAmazaMkara tripAThI, prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dehalI, 1968, pR. 1391 jJAtavya hai "inhoMne sampratikAla 216-207 I.pU. mAnA hai| 44 (a) dekheM -- jainazilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2, prakAzaka maNikacandra digambara jaina granthamAlA, 1952, lekha kramAMka 41, 54,55,56,59,631 (ba) AryakRSNa (kaNha) ke liye dekheM -- V.A. Smith -- The Jain Stupa and other Antiquities of Mathura, p. 24 45. nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI, 27, 28,29 46. kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI (antima gAthA bhAga) gAthA 1 evaM 4 47. muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAla gaNanA, jAlaura, pR. 122, AdhAra - yugaMpradhAna pttttaavliyaaN| 48. dekheM-- jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2, mANikacandra digambara jaina granthamAlA samiti, sitambara 1952, lekha kramAMka 54 49. muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAla gaNanA, jAlaura, pR. 121 evaM 131 50. dekheM -- nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI, 27, 28 evaM 29 51. dekheM -- jaina zilAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga 2, lekhakramAMka 41, 67 52. muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAla gaNanA, jAlaura, pR. 106, TippaNI 53. V. A. Smith, The Jain Stupa and other Antiquities of Mathura, p.24 54. kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI ( antima gAthA bhAga), gAthA 1 . 55. vizeSAvazyakabhASya 56. jainazilAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga 2, lekha kramAMka 56, 59 57. muni jinavijaya, vividhagacchIya paTTAvalI saMgraha, prathama bhAga, siMghI jainazAstra zikSApITha, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI, pR. 17 58. kalpasUtra (saM. mANikamuni, ajamera) 147 59. gujarAta no rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika itihAsa grantha 3, vI.je. insTITyUTa, ahamadAbAda-9, pR. 40

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hamAre mahattvapUrNa prakAzana 1. Studies in Jaina Philosophy - Dr. Nathmal Tatia 100.00 2. Jaina Temples of Western India - Dr. Harihar Singh 200.00 3. Political History of Northern India From Jaina Sources - Dr. G. C. Choudhary 80.00 4. Concept of Matter in Jaina Philosophy - Dr.J.C. Sikdar 150.00 5. Jaina Theory of Reality - Dr. J. C. Sikdar 150.00 6. Jaina Perspective in Philosophy and Religion - Dr. Ramjee Singh 100.00 7. Aspects of Jainology, Vol. II (Pt. Bechardas Commemoration Volume 50.00 8. Aspects of Jainology, Vol. III ( Pt. Malvania Feliciation Volume ) 250.00 9. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa ( sAta khaNDa ) 560.00 10. hindI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa ( do khaNDa) 340.00 11. jaina pratimA vijJAna - DaoN. mArutinandana tivArI 120.00 12. vajjAlagga ( hindI anuvAda sahita ) -vizvanAtha pAThaka 80.00 13. dharma kA marma -pro0 sAgaramala jaina 20.00 14. jaina aura bauddha bhikSuNI saMgha - DaoN0 aruNa pratApa siMha 70.00 15. prAkRta-hindI koza - sampAdaka : DaoN0 ke0 Ara0 candra 120.00 16. mUlAcAra kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana - DaoN0 phUlacandra jaina 80.00 17. arhat pAzrva aura unakI paramparA -pro0 sAgaramala jaina 20.00 18. syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI naya - DaoN0 bhikhArI rAma yAdava 70.00 19. RSibhASita : eka adhyayana (hindI evaM agrejI) pro0 sAgaramala jaina 30.00 20. anekAnta, syAdvAda evaM saptabhaMgI-pro0 sAgaramala jaina 10.00 21. jaina-dharma kI pramukha sAdhviyA~ evaM mahilAe~ DaoN0 hIrAbAI boradiyA 50.00 22. madhyakAlIna rAjasthAna meM jaina-dharma - DaoN. (zrImatI) rAjeza jaina 160.00 23. jaina karma-siddhAnta kA udbhava evaM vikAsa - DaoN. ravIndra nAtha mizra 100,00 24. jaina tIrthoM kA aitihAsika adhyayana - DaoN0 zivaprasAda 100.00 25. mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza - bhagavatI prasAda khetAna 60.00 pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI-5