Apbhramsa Bharti 2003 15 16

Author(s): Kamalchand Sogani, Gyanchandra Khinduka
Publisher: Apbhramsa Sahitya Academy
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/521860/1

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apabhraMza bhAratI zodha-patrikA akTUbara, 2003-2004 15-16 jainavidyA saMsthAna A mahAvIrajI apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI rAjasthAna

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apabhraMza bhAratI __ vArSika zodha-patrikA akTUbara, 2003-2004 sampAdaka DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI zrI jJAnacandra khindUkA sampAdaka maNDala zrI navInakumAra baja zrI mahendrakumAra pATanI zrI azoka jaina zrI jJAnacanda bilTIvAlA DaoN. jinezvaradAsa jaina DaoN. premacanda rA~vakA prabandha sampAdaka zrI narendra pATanI maMtrI, prabandhakAriNI kameTI digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIrajI sahAyaka sampAdaka suzrI prIti jaina prakAzaka apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI jainavidyA saMsthAna prabandhakAriNI kameTI digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIrajI (rAjasthAna)

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vArSika mUlya 30.00 ru. sAmAnyata: 60.00 ru. pustakAlaya hetu mudraka jayapura priNTarsa prA. li. jayapura pRSTha saMyojana AyuSa grAphiksa jayapura mobAila : 9414076708

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viSaya-sUcI kra. saM. viSaya lekhaka kA nAma pR. saM. prakAzakIya sampAdakIya paumacariu meM DaoN. hukamacanda jaina 'rAma kA vyaktitva' dIsaMti savva NaM buha kiyae mahAkavi raidhU apabhraMza ke jaina kavi zrI nIraja zarmA dhanapAla aura unakA 'bhavisayatta kahA' : eka vivecana 'NAyakumAracariu' meM deza-varNana DaoN. zrIraMjanasUrideva desu surammai atthi mahi mahAkavi raidhU karakaNDacariu meM bhASA-sauSThava DaoN. trilokInAtha 'premI' apabhraMza ke jaina rAsA-kAvya _DaoN. gadAdhara siMha paramparA aura prayoga Lord Krishna In JainKrishna-Katha Literature ka irAya jIvakiu hariseNacariu Dr. Yogendra Nath Sharma 'Arun' jahiM vaMchai NiyamaNammi kavirAya jIva sampA.-anu. - zrImatI snehalatA jaina mahAkavi raidhU mahAkavi brahma jinadAsa sampA.- DaoN. premacanda rA~vakA 11. gautamasvAmI rAsa

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apabhraMza bhAratI (zodha-patrikA) 1. 3. sUcanAe~ patrikA sAmAnyataH varSa meM eka bAra, mahAvIra nirvANa divasa para prakAzita hogii| patrikA meM zodha-khoja, adhyayana-anusandhAna sambandhI maulika aprakAzita racanAoM ko hI sthAna milegaa| racanAe~ jisa rUpa meM prApta hoMgI unheM prAyaH usI rUpa meM prakAzita kiyA jaaegaa| svabhAvataH tathyoM kI prAmANikatA Adi kA uttaradAyitva racanAkAra kA hogaa| yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki prakAzaka, sampAdaka lekhakoM ke abhimata se sahamata hoN| racanAe~ kAgaja ke eka ora kama se kama 3 seNTImITara kA hAziyA chor3akara suvAcya akSaroM meM likhI athavA TAipa kI huI honI caahie| asvIkRta/aprakAzita racanAe~ lauTAI nahIM jaayeNgii| racanAe~ bhejane evaM anya prakAra ke patra-vyavahAra ke lie patA sampAdaka apabhraMza bhAratI apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI digambara jaina nasiyA~ bhaTTArakajI savAI rAmasiMha roDa jayapura - 302 004

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prakAzakIya apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya meM ruci rakhanevAle adhyetAoM ke lie 'apabhraMza bhAratI' kA yaha (15-16vA~) aMka prastuta karate hue prasannatA hai| bhAratIya AryabhASAoM kI zrRMkhalA meM 'apabhraMza' kA sthAna eka ora prAkRta tathA dUsarI ora hindI Adi Adhunika AryabhASAoM ko jor3anevAlI kar3I ke rUpa meM hai| apabhraMza tatkAlIna jana-jIvana ke loka-vyavahAra kI mahattvapUrNa bhASA rahI hai| bhASAvikAsa ke krama meM aisI avasthA AtI hai jaba janabhASA/janabolI sAhityika bhASA bana jAtI hai| IsA kI do zatAbdI pUrva kI janabhASA apabhraMza ne IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI taka Ate-Ate eka sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM apanI pahacAna bnaalii| lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa taka isa bhASA meM vipula mAtrA meM sAhitya racanA huii| usa apabhraMza bhASA aura usake sAhitya ke adhyayana-adhyApana ke lie san 1988 meM digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIrajI dvArA 'apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI' kI sthApanA kI gii| _ akAdamI dvArA apabhraMza ke adhyApana ke lie patrAcAra ke mAdhyama se 'apabhraMza sarTiphikeTa pAThyakrama' tathA 'apabhraMza DiplomA pAThyakrama' akhila bhAratIya stara para saMcAlita haiN| apabhraMza bhASA meM adhyayana-adhyApana ko sugama banAne ke lie 'apabhraMza racanA saurabha', 'apabhraMza kAvya saurabha', 'apabhraMza abhyAsa saurabha', 'apabhraMza : eka paricaya', 'praur3ha apabhraMza racanA saurabha, bhAga-1', 'praur3ha prAkRta apabhraMza racanA saurabha, bhAga-2', 'apabhraMza grAmara eNDa kampojizana (aMgrejI)', 'apabhraMza eksarasAija buka (aMgrejI)', 'apabhraMza pANDulipi cayanikA' Adi pustakeM bhI prakAzita kI gaIM haiN| apabhraMza bhASA se sambandhita lekhana ko protsAhana dene ke lie 'svayaMbhU puraskAra' bhI pradAna kiyA jAtA hai| jina vidvAn lekhakoM ke lekhoM ne patrikA ke isa aMka ko yaha rUpa pradAna kiyA unake prati AbhArI haiN| patrikA ke sampAdaka, sahayogI sampAdaka evaM sampAdaka maNDala dhanyavAdAha haiN| isa aMka ke pRSTha-saMyojana ke lie AyuSa grAphiksa, jayapura tathA mudraNa ke lie jayapura priNTarsa prAiveTa limiTeDa jayapura bhI dhanyavAdAha haiN| narezakumAra seThI adhyakSa narendra pATanI maMtrI prabandhakAriNI kameTI, digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIrajI (v)

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svayaMbhU puraskAra digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIrajI ( rAjasthAna) dvArA saMcAlita apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jayapura dvArA apabhraMza sAhitya se sambandhita viSaya para hindI evaM a~grejI meM racita racanAoM para 'svayaMbhU puraskAra' diyA jAtA hai / isa puraskAra meM 21,001/( ikkIsa hajAra eka rupaye) evaM prazasti patra pradAna kiyA jAtA hai| - - puraskAra hetu niyamAvalI tathA Avadena patra prApta karane ke lie akAdamI kAryAlaya, digambara jaina nasiyA~ bhaTTArakajI, savAI rAmasiMha roDa, jayapura - 4, se patra-vyavahAra kreN|

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sampAdakIya "hindI sAhitya ke AdikAlIna itihAsa kA svarNayuga agara koI mAnA jA sakatA hai to vaha hai- apabhraMza kA jaina saahity| apabhraMza bhASA aura usakA sAhitya eka jana-Andolana hai jisameM eka naI paramparA, loka-paramparA kI zuruAta hotI hai|" ___ "sAmAnya caritroM ko racanA kA nAyaka banAkara apabhraMza ke katipaya jaina kaviyoM ne bhAvI hindI sAhitya ke samakSa eka mAnadaNDa sthApita kiyaa| dhanapAla kI 'bhavisaya-takahA' isI prakAra kI eka racanA hai|" "dhanapAla ne apabhraMza sAhitya ko do racanAe~ dIM- 'bhavisayattakahA' evaM 'baahublicriu'|" "dhanapAla ko apanI kAvya-pratibhA para ghamaNDa thaa| apane Apako ve sarasvatI kA putra (sarasai bahalladdha mahAvareNa) kahate the| DaoN. haramana yAkobI inakA samaya dasavIM zatI mAnate the| pro. bhAyANI ne 'bhavisayattakahA' kI bhASA ko dekhakara isako svayaMbhU ke bAda tathA hemacandra se pahale kI racanA batAyA hai| rAhulajI ke anusAra ye sambhavataH gujarAta ke nivAsI the| rAhulajI inakA samaya 1000 IsavI mAnate haiN|" ___ "dhanapAla bhAratIya sAhitya kI paramparAoM, bhAratIya saMskRti ke bhI purodhA haiN| tabhI to ve mA~-beTe kI bhAvanAoM ko pAramparika DhaMga se vANI dete hue bhI use Adhunika cetanA kA paryAya banA dete haiN| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki kAlAntara meM inakA aura inakI isa racanA kA prabhAva sUradAsa Adi kaviyoM para to par3A hI, sAtha hI AdhunikakAlIna kathA-sAhitya bhI dhanapAla aura 'bhavisayattakahA' se aprabhAvita nahIM raha paayaa|" ___ "rasa-nirUpaNa, chanda-nirmiti, alaMkAra-Ayojana ke sAtha-sAtha paramparA se alaga haTakara lokajIvana se caritroM kA cayana, unakI kathA, zabda-cayana-samatA, citrAtmaka bhASA, ukti-vakratA dhanapAla kI isa racanA ko hindI sAhitya kI amara kRti banA detI hai|" "rAmakathA saMskRta, pAli, prAkRta, apabhraMza Adi bhASAoM meM pracalita rahI hai| Adi kavi vAlmikI ne rAma ko Adarza mAnava, jaina kaviyoM ne unheM bhavyapuruSa evaM tulasIdAsa ne bhagavAna ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai, ataH rAma kA vyaktitva bahuAyAmI ho gayA hai|" "jaina paramparA meM rAmakathA ko prastuta karanevAle mahAkavi vimalasUri haiN| unhoMne apane prAkRta grantha 'paumacariyaM' meM rAma ko eka sAdhAraNa mAnava kI dRSTi se citrita kiyA hai| AcArya raviSeNa ne saMskRta grantha 'padmapurANa' meM rAma ke sarvAMgINa saundarya ko citrita kiyA hai| unheM dayA, karuNA, prema, zIla, zakti kA khajAnA mAnA hai| 'pauma (vii)

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cariu' meM svayaMbhU ne isI jaina paramparA ko apanAyA hai, ata: unhoMne rAma ke vyaktitva meM lagabhaga ye hI guNa varNita kiye haiM, kintu unakI zailI evaM dRSTi meM viziSTatA hai|" "mahAkavi puSpadanta (IsA kI navIM-dasavIM zatI) dvArA praNIta 'NAyakumAracariu' apabhraMza ke dhurikIrtanIya kAvyoM meM anyatama hai|" "mahAkavi ne apane isa apabhraMza kAvya meM kaI dezoM kA varNana kiyA hai jinameM magadha deza sthita rAjagRha, kanakapura, pATaliputra, kusumapura, mathurA, kazmIra, urjayanta parvatatIrtha, girinAra, gajapura, pANDyadeza, ujjaina, meghapura, dantIpura Adi ullekhya haiN| ina dezoM yA sthAnoM kA bhaugolika aura sAmAjika jIvana atizaya manorama evaM hRdayAvarjaka hai|" " 'karakaNDacariu' kI kAvya-bhASA pariniSThita apabhraMza hai| saundarya ke vividha upA-dAnoM kA samucita prayoga karake usake kavi ne use bhAva aura paristhiti ke anurUpa banAkara apane prabandha ko sAmAnya sahRdaya ke lie bhI sahaja aura sarasa banA diyA hai| muhAvaroM aura sabhI prakAreNa sArthaka zabdoM ke prayoga se use jIvanta banAne kA saphala prayAsa kiyA hai| zabda kI lakSaNA-vyaMjanA zaktiyoM ke dvArA usameM artha-camatkAra bharA hai to sAdRzyamUlaka alaMkAroM ke nUtana tathA maulika prayogoM se usake sauSThava ko unnata kara diyA hai| vividha bhAvoM, anubhAvoM, sthitiyoM evaM dRzyoM ke citraNa meM usakI kAvya-bhASA sarvatra sazakta evaM samRddha banI hai| sacamuca muni kanakAmara vItarAgI mahApuruSa hI nahIM, kAvya aura kAvya-bhASA ke marmajJa vidvAna aura manISI bhI haiN|" / "jisa prakAra rAjAzrita kaviyoM ne apane AzrayadAtAoM kI prazaMsA meM rAso aura carita-granthoM kI racanA kI hai, usI prakAra jaina muniyoM ne bhI apane dhArmika siddhAntoM kI vyAkhyA karane, dhArmika puruSoM ke carita-gAna dvArA dharma kA vAtAvaraNa nirmita karane tathA apane tIrtha-sthAnoM ke prati bhakti-bhAvanA bar3hAne ke uddezya se ina rAso-granthoM kI racanA kI hai|" "jaina muniyoM evaM kaviyoM ne dhArmika aura paurANika caritroM ko AdhAra banAkara hI adhikAMza rAso granthoM kA praNayana kiyA hai| paurANika aura aitihAsika caritra ko AdhAra banAkara jo rAsa-grantha likhe gaye haiM unameM bAhubali aura neminAtha para racita racanAoM kI saMkhyA adhika hai| ina rAso granthoM meM mAnava-hRdaya ko spandita karane kI jo kSamatA hai vahI inakI lokapriyatA kA AdhAra hai|" "rAsA-sAhitya kA mahattva jaina AcAryoM evaM kaviyoM ke lie kitanA thA isakA anumAna isI se lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki dasavIM se lekara aThArahavIM zatAbdI taka saikar3oM kI saMkhyA meM rAsa-granthoM kI racanA huI hai| yadi digambara aura zvetAmbara vidvAnoM dvArA likhita vibhinna bhASAoM ke sabhI rAsa-granthoM kA Akalana kiyA jAye to unakI saMkhyA 1000 se adhika hogii| zvetAmbara kaviyoM dvArA racita adhikAMza rAsa (viii)

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kAvya prakAza meM A gaye haiM, kintu digambara vidvAnoM ke rAsa-kAvya abhI bhI beThanoM meM ba~dhe sudhI samIkSakoM kI pratIkSA meM haiN| " "upalabdha jaina rAsa - kAvyoM meM sabase pahalI jo racanA prApta hotI hai vaha hai- upadeza rasAyana raas| isake racayitA zrI jinadattasUri haiN| ye zrI jinavallabhasUri ke ziSya the| upadeza rasAyana rAsa kA racanAkAla vikrama samvat 1171 hai| isameM kula 80 chanda haiM / " "apabhraMza bhASA meM racita 'hariseNacariu' ke racanAkAra haiM- jIva kavi / hariSeNa para AdhArita isa cariukAvya kI cAra sandhiyoM meM mAnava jIvana ke udAtta mUlyoM kI saphala abhivyakti huI hai| mA~-beTe kI laukika kathA para AdhArita yaha kAvya lokacetanA ko vikasita karane tathA cintanazIla mAnava kI antazcatenA ko sanAtana satya kI ora agrasara karane meM niHsandeha eka advitIya kAvya siddha hotA hai|" " pandrahavIM zatAbdI ke saMskRta-hindI bhASA-sAhitya ke prasiddha mahAkavi brahma jinadAsa dvArA racita 'gautamasvAmI rAsa' apabhraMza bhASA kI antima kar3I gujarAtIrAjasthAnI mizrita (maru gurjara) kA khaNDa-kAvya hai jo tatkAlIna pracalita rAsa kAvyAtmaka lokazailI meM nibaddha hai| isa rAsa - kAvya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pramukha ziSya indrabhUti gautama gaNadhara ke pUrvabhava evaM vartamAna jIvana kA AkhyAna citrita huA hai / " " gautama bhagavAna mahAvIra kI anupama divyadhvani ko dhAraNa karanevAle prathama gaNadhara bana jAte haiN| unheM usI samaya mana:paryaya jJAna kI upalabdhi ho jAtI hai aura bhagavAna mahAvIra kI dezanA se jana-jana ko AplAvita kara kevalajJAna prApta kara svayaM bhI isa saMsAra se mukta ho siddha pada ko prApta karate haiN| isa rAsa ke kula 132 padoM meM dUhA, bhAsa jasodharanI, vInatInI, ambikAnI, AnandAnI, mAlhataDAnI Adi apabhraMza kAvya ke chandoM kA prayoga huA hai / " apabhraMza bhASA ke adhyayana-adhyApana ke sAtha hI apabhraMza ke aprakAzita granthoM kI pANDulipiyoM kA sampAdanana-arthAnuvAda evaM prakAzana karanA bhI apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI kI pramukha pravRtti rahI hai| isI krama meM kavi jIva dvArA racita kAvyaracanA 'hariseNacariu' kA zrImatI snehalatA jaina dvArA sampAdita aMza evaM usake artha kA tathA DaoN. premacanda rA~vakA dvArA sampAdita mahAkavi brahma jinadAsa kI racanA 'gautamasvAmI rAsa' kA isa aMka meM prakAzana kiyA jA rahA hai| hama inake AbhArI haiN| jina vidvAn lekhakoM ne apane lekha bhejakara isa aMka ke prakAzana meM sahayoga pradAna kiyA unake prati AbhArI haiN| saMsthAna samiti, sampAdaka maNDala evaM sahayogI kAryakarttAoM ke bhI AbhArI haiN| pRSTha - saMyojana ke lie AyuSa grAphiksa, jayapura tathA mudraNa ke lie jayapura priNTarsa prAiveTa limiTeDa, jayapura bhI dhanyavAdArha haiN| DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI (ix)

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 akTUbara 2003-2004 paumacariu meM 'rAma' kA vyaktitva - DaoN. hukamacanda jaina bhAratIya sAhitya meM jina mahApuruSoM ne jana-mAnasa ko adhika prabhAvita kiyA hai unameM rAma kA vyaktitva pramukha hai| rAma-kathA jana-jIvana meM prArambha se hI itanI pracalita rahI hai ki vibhinna yugoM ke kaviyoM ne vibhinna bhASAoM meM unake vyaktitva ko kaI dRSTikoNoM se prastuta kiyA hai| rAmakathA saMskRta, pAli, prAkRta, apabhraMza Adi bhASAoM meM pracalita rahI hai| Adi- kavi bAlmikI ne rAma ko Adarza mAnava, jaina kaviyoM ne unheM bhavyapuruSa evaM tulasIdAsa ne bhagavAna ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| ataH rAma kA vyaktitva bahuAyAmI ho gayA hai| jaina-paramparA meM rAmakathA ko prastuta karanevAle mahAkavi vimalasUri haiN| unhoMne apane prAkRta grantha 'paumacariyaM' meM rAma ko eka sAdhAraNa mAnava kI dRSTi se citrita kiyA hai|' AcArya raviSeNa ne saMskRta grantha 'padmapurANa' meM rAma ke sarvAMgINa saundarya ko citrita kiyA hai| unheM dayA, karuNA, prema, zIla, zakti kA khajAnA mAnA hai| 'paumacariu' meM svayaMbhU ne isI jaina-paramparA ko apanAyA hai| ataH unhoMne rAma ke vyaktitva meM lagabhaga ye hI guNa varNita kiye haiN| kintu unakI zailI evaM dRSTi meM viziSTatA hai| parAkramI bAlaka - paumacariu meM rAma ke vyaktitva kA vikAsa unakI yuvAvasthA

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 se prArambha hotA hai| kumAra-kAla meM ve jaba pitA ke sthAna para svayaM janaka kI sahAyatA ke lie cala par3ate haiM aura kahate haiM- 'tAt! mere rahate hue ApakA yuddha meM jAnA ucita nahIM hai|' unake isa kathana se eka ora pitA ke prati agAdha prema kA patA calatA hai to dUsarI ora unake parAkrama aura utsAha kA bhii| Adarza putra - rAma eka Adarza putra ke rUpa meM dikhAI dete haiN| ve vikaTa se vikaTa paristhiti meM bhI pitA kI AjJA-pAlana karate haiN| rAma-vanavAsa ke vacanoM ko sunakara lakSmaNa krodha se tilamilA uThate haiM, taba dazaratha kiMkartavyavimUr3ha ho jAte haiN| isa para rAma dazaratha ko Adarza putra ke lakSaNa batAte hae kahate haiM - _ 'putra kA putratva isI meM hai ki vaha kula ko saMkaTa-samUha meM nahIM DAlatA, vaha apane pitA kI AjJA dhAraNa karatA hai aura vipakSa kA prANa nAza karatA hai, guNahIna aura hRdaya ko pIr3A pahu~cAnevAle putra zabda kI pUrti karanevAle putra se kyA? Apa tapa sAdhe, zakti ko prakAzita kreN| he pitA! maiM vanavAsa ke lie jAtA huuN|' snehI gRhastha - pArivArika jIvana meM rAma parivAra ke sabhI sadasyoM se sneha karanevAle haiN| pitA ke samAna hI rAma apanI mAtA aparAjitA aura dazaratha kI anya rAniyoM se sneha rakhate haiN| kaikeyI ne jaba rAma ke lie vanavAsa mA~gA to rAma ke mana meM usake prati tanika bhI Akroza nahIM huaa| ve pitA kI AjJA mAnane ko saharSa taiyAra ho jAte haiN| ve mA~ aparAjitA ko bhI bahuta sneha karate haiN| vanavAsa jAte samaya ve mA~ ko DhA~Dhasa ba~dhAkara tathA anjAne meM kI gaI bhUloM ke lie kSamA mA~gakara vanavAsa ke lie ravAnA hote haiN| . rAma kA apane bhAiyoM ke prati bhI bahuta sneha hai| isIliye unhoMne bharata ko rAjasiMhAsana saharSa de diyaa| unake hRdaya meM kSaNamAtra bhI roSa yA IrSyA nahIM huI ki mere choTe bhAI ko rAjya mila rahA hai! bharata jaMgala meM jAkara unheM vApasa calane lie anunaya-vinaya karatA hai kintu rAma unheM maryAdA kA upadeza dete hue lauTA dete haiN| rAma dUsarI bAra bhI unhIM ke sira para rAjapaTTa bA~dhate haiN| lakSmaNa ke prati to unakA athAha prema hai jisakI parIkSA bhI atyadhika kaThina hai| isa bAta kA pramANa yaha hai ki lakSmaNa ko vana meM apane sAtha le jaanaa| lakSmaNa ke zakti lagane para rAma vilApa karate hue kahate haiM - 'priya! yama (mRtyu) ne tumhArA aura hamArA kyA kucha nahIM kiyA? kahA~ to mAtA gaI aura nahIM mAlUma pitAjI kahA~ gaye haiM? he vidhAtA! tumhIM batAo isa prakAra bhAiyoM kA vichoha karAkara tumheM kyA milA? tumhArI kaunasI kAmanA pUrI ho gayI?'' isa prakAra kA vilApa lakSmaNa ke prati agAdha prema kA dyotaka hai|

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 sabase mahattvapUrNa prasaMga yaha hai ki lakSmaNa kI mRtyu ho jAne para rAma lakSmaNa ke zava ko apane kandhe para DAlakara ghUmate rahate haiN|' isase bar3hakara rAma kA sneha kyA ho sakatA hai? yaha vicAra sabhI jaina rAma - kathAoM meM milatA hai, kintu jainaitara kathAoM meM nahIM milatA jo bhrAtRtva prema ke rUpa meM rAma ke vyaktitva ko nikhAratA hai| 3 patnI ke prati bhI rAma ke vyaktitva meM apanI Adarza maryAdA aura asIma prema ke sAtha lokApavAda ke kAraNa napharata yA heya bhAvanA bhI dikhAI detI hai| jaba rAvaNa sItA kA haraNakara le jAtA hai taba rAma sItA kI prApti ke lie karuNa - krandana karate haiM - 'are! merI kAminI ke samAna sundara gativAle gaja kyA tumane merI mRganayanI ko dekhA hai ? ' " rAmacaritra mAnasa ke rAma bhI isI taraha pUchate hue vyAkula haiM - he khagamRga ! he madhura zreNI! tuma dekhI sItA mRganainI ? sItA ke prati agAdha prema kA eka prasaMga aura hai / lakSmaNa ke pUchane para rAma ke mu~ha se kevala itanA nikalatA hai sItA vana meM naSTa ho gaI hai| usakI vArtA aura koI nahIM jAnatA / " maryAdA rakSaka sItA ke lie kiye gaye rAma ke karuNa - krandana meM jahA~ prema hai vahA~ dUsarI tarapha sItA- nirvAsana aura agni parIkSA ke prasaMga meM kaThoratA, AdarzavAditA, naitikatA evaM maryAdA Adi guNa unake vyaktitva meM zreSThatA lAte haiM / - rAma niSThura banakara sItA ko rAjabhavana se nirvAsita kara bhayaMkara jaMgala meM chur3avA dete haiN| isaliye ki ayodhyA kI kucha striyoM ne apane pati ke sAmane yaha tarka prastuta kiyA ki yadi itane dinoM taka rAvaNa ke yahA~ rahakara AnevAlI sItA rAma ko grAhya ho sakatI hai to eka - do rAta anyatra bitAkara ghara lauTane meM patiyoM ko Apatti kyoM ho?" isa bAta ko lekara nagara meM sItA viSayaka apavAda phailatA hai| rAma maryAdA kI rakSA lie sItA kA nirvAsana kara dete haiN| rAma kA caritra aura adhika ujAgara taba hotA hai jaba unakA mana dUSita ho jAtA hai| rAma ke mAnasa paTala para antardvandva kI rekhAe~ ubhara AtI haiM ve socate haiM - ve bar3I kaThinAI meM haiN| yadi sItA satI bhI ho to isa lA~chana ko kauna TAla sakatA hai ki vaha rAvaNa ke ghara rahakara AyI hai !" phira bhI rAma dRr3hatApUrvaka lakSmaNa ko kahate haiM- nahIM, nahIM! sItA ko nahIM rakha sakate, cAhe tuma kitanA hI prativAda karo / rAma ke vyaktitva meM antardvandva evaM dRr3hatA svayaMbhU kI maulika dena hai jo mAnasa evaM rAmAyaNa ke rAma meM nahIM milate haiN|

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 zaraNAgata-vatsala- rAma ke vyaktitva meM zaraNAgata-vAtsalya kA bhI eka bahuta bar3A guNa hai jisake mana meM dayA kA sAgara taraMgita hai| vibhISaNa bhAI ko chor3akara rAma kI zaraNa meM AtA hai to rAma use gale lagAkara kahate haiM- maiM tumheM lajjita nahIM hone dUMgA aura samagra laMkA kA rAjya tumheM duuNgaa| rAvaNa kA sira tor3akara meM use kRtAnta kA atithi bnaauuNgaa| mAnasa evaM rAmAyaNa ke vibhISaNa ko rAma se yaha spaSTa AzvAsana nahIM milatA ki maiM rAvaNa ko mArakara rAjyazrI tumhAre hAthoM meM saupuuNgaa| yaha paumacariu meM rAma ke vyaktitva kA vizeSa guNa hai jo usake vyaktitva ko Alokita karatA hai| rAma hanumAna, aMgada, sugrIva Adi ke prati kRtajJa haiN| yaha mAnakara nahIM ki ye saba apane-apane kartavya nibhA rahe haiM! balki ye becAre apanI zakti kI sImA ko pArakara mujha para upakAra kara rahe haiN| isIliye sItA kI sUcanA dene para rAma hanumAna ko gale lagAte haiN| jaba rAma vana-mArga meM bar3hate haiM to unheM surati-yuddha dikhAyI detA hai| rAma use dekhakara ha~sa dete haiM kintu unake mana meM kisI prakAra ke kuvicAra nahIM Ate haiN| yaha unake Atma-saMyama kI kaThora parIkSA hai| upakAra, dayA, socane kI kSamatA ye unake vyaktitva kA vikAsa karate haiN| ve mArga meM gire hue gRddha-pakSI ko mokSa pahu~cAte haiN| sugrIva kI mitratA nibhAne ke lie viTa sugrIva ko mArate haiN| chala-kapaTa, dAva-peMca, dhokhAdhar3I unase lAkhoM kosa dUra rahate haiN| sItA-nirvAsana ke samaya rAma jitane kaThora evaM zaMkAspada hai usase kaI gunA sarala, mRdu evaM kSamAbhAvI bhI haiN| sItA ke nirdoSa pramANita hone para ve usase kSamAyAcanA karate hue kahate haiM- kSudra nindakoM ke chala-chanda meM par3akara mujhase bar3I bhUla ho gaI hai| maiMne tumhArA apamAna kiyA hai aura bahuta du:kha diyA hai| he paramezvarI, ekabAra mujha para dayA karake merA aparAdha kSamA kara do| isa prakAra sAmAjika kSetra meM rAma ne kadama-kadama para maryAdA evaM Adarza kA nirvAha kiyA hai| sAhasI evaM parAkramI- yuddha ke pUrva rAma aMgada ko rAvaNa ke pAsa dUta banAkara bhejate haiM tAki nIti ke viruddha koI kArya na ho| rAma kA samudra se rAste ke lie prArthanA karanA yaha bhI nIti evaM maryAdA ke anurUpa hai, yadi ve cAhate to balAt ye kArya karavAyA jA sakatA thaa| kintu unhoMne aisA nahIM kiyaa| aisA karane se maryAdA, dhairya evaM nIti kA nirvAha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA jisase rAma kA vyaktitva daba sakatA thaa| kintu adhikatara rAma-kathAkAroM ne rAma ke vyaktitva ko dabane se bacAyA hai| lakSmaNa para jaba

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 zakti kA prahAra hotA hai usa samaya rAma kA hRdaya tilamilA uThatA hai, kintu dhairya kA avalambana lete hue lakSmaNa ko jIvita karate haiN| ve lakSmaNa kI preraka zakti ke rUpa meM dikhAI dete haiN| ve kabhI bhI anucita maMtraNA nahIM dete| isa prakAra yuddha-kSetra meM rAma nItimaryAdA evaM dhairya ke athAha samudra haiN| rAvaNa kI mRtyu hone para rAma ke vyaktitva kI eka aura vizeSatA dikhAI detI- sAdhAraNa vyakti to apane zatru ke naSTa hone para apane uddezya kI prApti ke lie bhAgate haiM kintu rAma aisA nahIM karate, ve lapakakara sItA ke lie nahIM jAte apitu bhAI ke vichoha para vibhISaNa ke A~sU pauMchate haiN| unheM bhaviSya ke lie Azvasta karake rAvaNa kI antyeSTi kriyA sampanna karAte haiN| mandodarI evaM anya janoM ko rAma upadeza dete haiM jisase ve vairAgya dhAraNa kara lete haiN| meghanAda, kumbhakarNa sabhI dIkSita ho jAte haiN| yaha vicAradhArA jaina rAmakathA meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM avazya pAI jAtI hai| kintu jainetara rAmakathAoM meM pAtroM kA dIkSita honA nahIM pAyA jaataa| . isa prakAra yuddha-kSetra meM rAma meM maryAdA, AdarzavAditA, dhairya, utsAha, vIratA, sahiSNutA Adi guNa dikhAI dete haiN| dharmaparAyaNa- dharma ke kSetra meM rAma lakSmaNa se hamezA Age rahate haiN| muniyoM para kiye gaye upasargoM ko dUra karane meM bhI rAma adhika kriyAzIla dikhAI dete haiN| 'purANa kathAoM meM bhI unakI adhika jAnakArI evaM ruci hai| vaha sthala bar3A hI sundara hai jahA~ rAma sItA ko vaTa vRkSa Adi una sabhI vRkSoM kA nAmapUrvaka saMketa karate haiM jinake nIce tIrthaMkaroM ne kevalajJAna prApta kiyA thaa| kisI bhI kArya ko karane ke pUrva yA bAda meM rAma jina-pUjA yA jinastuti meM saMlagna dikhAI dete haiN| viTa sugrIva kA vinAza evaM sugrIva se mitratA sthApita karane ke turanta pazcAt jinastuti ina zabdoM meM karate hai- jaya ho, tumhIM merI gati ho, tumhIM merI mati ho, tumhIM mere zaraNa ho, tumhIM mere mA~-bApa ho, tumhIM mere bandhu ho|' rAma ke vyaktitva meM kahI-kahIM ajJAnatA evaM moha bhI dikhAI detA hai, jaise- lakSmaNa kI mRtyu para rAma atyadhika vilApa karate hue pAgala kI taraha usake zava ko cha: mahIne taka lekara bhaTakate rahate haiM, taba unheM devatAoM ke dvArA pratibodhita kiyA jAtA hai| aisI hI kathA udyotana sUrIkRta 'kuvalayamAlAkahA' meM bhI AtI hai jisameM vaNik sundarI apane pati kI mRtyu ke bAda zava ko cha: mAha taka lekara bhaTakatI rahatI hai| anta meM zava meM kIr3e lagane para evaM parijanoM ke dvArA samajhAne para dAha-saMskAra karatI hai|" zava meM sar3Andha AnA evaM kIr3e laganA tathA moha evaM ajJAna kA naSTa hone jaisI hI eka kathA 'rayaNacUDarAyacariyaM' meM zaMkhapura ke viSNuzrI ke dRSTAnta meM AtI hai jisameM zava meM sar3Andha evaM kIr3e laga jAte haiN|

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 rAma ke vyaktitva ko atyadhika unnata karane ke lie kucha Asaktijanya bhAva bhI darzAye haiM- agni-parIkSA ke bAda sItA kA rAma ke sAtha Ane meM AnAkAnI karane para unakA mUrcchita honA, sItA ke sAdhvI banane para rAma dvArA muni para jhapaTanA, ityaadi| phira zIghra hI rAma ko jJAna ho jAtA hai aura ve vairAgya kI ora agrasara ho jAte haiN| candramA kalaMka se yukta hone para bhI atyadhika sundara hai| usI prakAra rAma kA vyaktitva bhI guNoM kA athAha samudra hai bhale hI usameM kucha mAnavIya kamajoriyA~ dikhAyI hoN| raviSeNAcArya, padmapurANa bhAga-1, prastAvanA DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina, prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pRSTha-534 mahAkavi svayaMbhU, DaoN. saMkaTAprasAda upAdhyAya puttaho puttattaNu ettiuM je| jaM kuluM Na caDAi vasaNa puje| jaM Niya-jaNaNaho aannaa-viheu| jaM karai vivakkhaho paann-cheu| kiM putte puNu payapUraNeNa guNa-hINe hiyy-visuurnnenn|| paumacariu, mahAkavi svayaMbhU, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, bhAga-2, sandhi 22.9.6-8. eu vayaNu bhaNeppiNu suh-smiddh| sai~ hatthe bharahaho pttu-vddh|| pa.ca. 24.10.6 kahi~ tuhu~ kahi~ hau~ kahi~ piyayama kahi~ jaNeri kahi~ jaNaNu gu| haya-vihi vicchou kareppiNu kavaNa maNoraha puNNa tu|| pa.ca. 67.3.13 tahoM Ayai~ avara vi karantahoM Niya khandhe hari-maDau vhnthoN| bhAi-vioya-jAya-ai-khAmahoM addha varisu volINau raamhoN| pa.ca. 88.10.12 he kuJjara kaaminni-gi-gmnn| kaheM kahi mi diTTha jai mignnynn|| pa.ca. 39.12.4 vaNe viNaTTha jaannii| na ko vi vatta jaannii| pa.ca. 40.12.9 para-purisu ramevi dummahilau denti paDuttara pi-ynnho| kiM rAmu Na bhuJjaI jaNaya-sua varisu vaseMvi ghareM raavnnhoN|| pa.ca. 81.3.10 aNNu Niei aNu aNu vollaavi| cintai aNNu aNNu maNe bhaav|| hiyavai Nivasai visu haalaahlu| amiu vayaNe diTTiheM jamu kevlu| mahilaheM taNau cariu ko jANai ubhaya-taDai~ jiha khaNai mhaa-nni| vahI 81.5.2-4 11.

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 12. Niya-Neha-Nivaddhau AvaDai, jai vi mahA-sai mahu mnnhoN| ko pheDeMvi sakkai laJchaNau jaM ghare Nivasiya rAvaNahoM / / pa.ca. 81.5.10 mahALa macariu 81.8.4 14. bhaNai rAmu~ 'Nau pai~ lajjAvami NIsAvaNNa laMka bhunyjaavmi|| siru toDami rAvaNahoM jiynthoN| saMpesami pAhuNau kynthoN||' pa.ca. 57.12.2-3 15. paumacariu, 23.11.3-7 16. jaM aviyappeM mai~ avmaanniy| aNNu vi duhu evaDDu praanniy| taM paramesari mahu mrusejjhi| ekka-bAra avarAhu khamejjahi / / pa.ca. 83.16.2-3 17. paumacariu, 32.4-5 18. . jaya tuhu~ gai hu~ mai tuhu~ srnnu| tuhu~ mAya-vappu tuhu~ bndhujnnu|| pa.ca. 43.19.5 19. AcArya udyotana sUri, kuvalayamAlAkahA, vaNik sundarI kathA, pRSTha-225 DaoN. premasumana jaina, kuvalayamAlAkahA kA saMskRtika adhyayana, bhUmikA, pRSTha-70 20. hukamacanda jaina, rayaNacUDarAyacariyaM kA samAlocanAtmaka sampAdana evaM adhyyn| (aprakAzita zodha prabandha) saha-AcArya evaM adhyakSa jainavidyA evaM prAkRta vibhAga sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura (rAja.)

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8 apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 dIsaMti savva NaM buha kiyae iha savvaha~ dIvaha~ dIu varu jambUNAma paDhamaha pvru| tAsu majjhi sudaMsaNu meru Thiu NaM Niyakaru ti ubbhiyau kiu| gayamaMDalu varakaMkaNaghaDiu parihiu NaM taary-mnni-jddiu| Niyahattie~ NaM so ima kahai. mA aNNu dIu gArau vhi| mahu saMpayAi~ kou ma karai aru hau~ kAsu siriM sNcri| iya rAyau vi so ajja thiu lavaNaMbuhi sevai NAi~ bhiu| tahu dAhiNi disi bhArahi visae jaNavau ji avaMtI tahi~ vse| jahi~ saravara sararuha-aMkiyae dIsaMti savva NaM buha kiye| payavAhiNi jahi~ NaM viusakahA pakkhAliya ry-ml-seyvhaa| jahi~ sAlikhetta kaNa-bhara-NamiyA pAvasakAli puNu uggmiyaa| jalu rasi vi dhaNa savvaya carahi~ pAmarayaNa suka iva jahi~ shhiN| jahi~ gAvi-mahisi vaNi rai karahi~ gorasa-pUriya Nicca ji rhhiN| ghattA- tahi~ NayarapasiddhI dhaNa-kaNa-riddhI ujjeNI NAma bhnniyaa| desiya jaNa suhayara bahusohAyara kaNayaMkiNa NaM vara tthaanniyaa||6|| mahAkavi raidhU, dhaNNakumAra cariu, 1.6 - yahA~ samasta dvIpoM meM pradhAna 'jambUdvIpa' nAma kA mahAn dvIpa hai| usake madhya meM sudarzana meru sthita hai| (vaha aisA pratIta hotA hai) mAno usa dvIpa ne apanA hAtha hI U~cA kara diyA ho| athavA mAno, usa jambUdvIpa kA meru rUpI hasta- gaja-maNDala, gaja-dantarUpI varakaMkaNoM se ghaTita ho| athavA mAno, vaha tAre rUpI maNiyoM se golAkAra jar3A huA ho| athavA mAno, vaha (dvIpa) isa merurUpI hasta ko uThAkara yaha kaha rahA ho ki 'anya koI bhI dvIpa garva ko dhAraNa na kre|' 'merI sampadA kI barAbarI koI na kare' aura maiM (sarvazreSTha hU~, ataH maiM) kisakI zobhA kA anukaraNa karU~? isa prakAra suzobhita vaha jambUdvIpa Aja bhI sthita hai| lavaNasamudra usakI bhRtya ke samAna sevA karatA hai| usake dakSiNadizA sthita bharatakSetra meM avantI nAma kA janapada basA hai| jisameM cAroM ora kamaloM se alaMkRta sarovara dikhAI dete haiN| mAno, ve buddhimAnoM kI kRtiyA~ hI hoN| vahA~ amRtajalayukta nirmala nadiyA~ pravAhita haiM, mAno, vidvAnoM kI amRta-kathAe~ hI hoM, jo karmarUpI rajomala ko prakSAlita kiyA karatI haiN| jahA~ varSAkAla meM svataH hI bAra-bAra uganevAle dhAna ke kheta bAloM ke bhAra se namrIbhUta haiM, jalAzayoM ke cAroM ora jahA~ gAya-bachar3e carA karate haiM, jahA~ pAmarajana zukoM ke samAna (madhuravANI bolate hue) suzobhita rahate haiN| jahA~ vanoM meM gAyeM-bhaiMse krIr3Ae~ kiyA karatI hai aura jo nitya hI gorasa-dugdha se paripUrNa rahatI haiN| ghattA - vahA~ prasiddha evaM dhana-dhAnya se samRddha ujjayinI nAma kI nagarI kahI gaI hai| vahA~ ke nivAsIjana bahuzobhAyukta evaM sukhI haiN| aisA pratIta hotA hai, mAno, vaha nagarI svarNa se aMkita zreSTha indrapurI hI ho||6|| anu.- DaoN. rAjArAma jaina

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 akTUbara 2003-2004 apabhraMza ke jaina kavi dhanapAla aura unakA 'bhavisayattakahA' : eka vivecana - zrI nIraja zarmA hindI sAhitya ke AdikAlIna itihAsa kA svarNa yuga agara koI mAnA jA sakatA hai to vaha hai- apabhraMza kA jaina saahity| apabhraMza bhASA aura usakA sAhitya eka janaAndolana hai jisameM saMskRta, pAli, prAkRta kI samasta paramparAoM ko nakArakara eka naI paramparA, loka-paramparA kI zuruAta hotI hai| yadyapi apabhraMza jaina sAhitya meM saMskRta granthoM meM upalabdha rAma, kRSNa, unase jur3e hue mahApuruSoM, anya puruSoM-nAriyoM kI kathAe~ hI prastuta haiM, kintu ye kathAe~ loka kI kathAe~ haiM jo paramparita kAvya tathA paramparita paddhati se alaga haTakara prastuta haiN| ina sabhI kathAoM meM mahAna-se-mahAna caritra antataH jaina dharma meM dIkSita ho nirvANa prApta karate haiN| vastutaH yaha dIkSA aura nirvANa mAnava kalyANa kI bhAvanA se prerita hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina sAhitya Andolana apane kAla meM jana-Andolana bana utthaa| ___apabhraMza jaina sAhitya meM saMskRta, pAli, prAkRta sAhitya ke kevala paramparita caritroM ko hI nahIM liyA gayA, apitu sAmAnya jIvana se bhI unhoMne caritroM ko cunaa| sAmAnya caritroM ko racanA kA nAyaka banAkara apabhraMza ke katipaya jaina kaviyoM ne bhAvI hindI sAhitya ke samakSa eka mAnadaNDa sthApita kiyaa| dhanapAla kI 'bhavisayattakahA' isI prakAra kI eka racanA hai|

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 prAcIna sAhitya meM 'kathA' zabda sAdhAraNa kahAnI aura alaMkRta kAvyarUpa ina donoM arthoM meM prayukta hai| kahAnI ke artha meM ve sabhI racanAe~ isake antargata A jAtI haiM jinameM kathA-tattva kA samAveza ho| hitopadeza, paMcatantra, mahAbhArata, rAmAyaNa, purANoM ke AkhyAna, vAsavadattA, kAdambarI, guNADhya kI bRhatkathA Adi kathA sAhitya hai| yahI nahIM caritakAvyoM ne bhI apane ko 'kathA' ghoSita kiyA, parantu saMskRta ke AcAryoM ne kathA kA viziSTa artha lagAyA hai| unake anusAra yaha eka kAvya-rUpa hai| bhAmaha aura daNDI donoM ne isakA artha alaMkRta gadya-kAvya se liyA hai| AcArya bhAmaha ne isI zreNI ke eka kAvya rUpa 'AkhyAyikA' kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| unake anusAra sundara gadya meM racita sarasa kahAnIvAlI racanA AkhyAyikA hai|' ___AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne AcAryoM ke kathana ke vAstavika marma ko udghATita karate hue niSkarSa nikAlA ki- 'kathA meM kalpanA kI guMjAiza adhika hotI hai aura AkhyAyikA meM km| eka kI kahAnI kAlpanika hotI hai aura dUsarI kI aitihaasik| paravartI AlaMkArikoM ne kAdambarI ko 'kathA' kahA hai aura 'harSacarita' ko 'aakhyaayikaa'| kAlpanika kahAnI meM sambhAvanA para bala diyA jAtA hai aura aitihAsika kahAnI meM nAyaka ke vAstavika jIvana meM ghaTita tathya kI or| parantu saMskRta se itara bhASAoM meM kathA padya meM likhI jAtI thii| prAkRta meM likhI sabase purAnI kathA guNADhya kI 'bRhattkathA' hai| yaha pUrA kathA-grantha aprApya hai para isake eka aMza ke anuvAda ke rUpa meM buddhasvAmI kA 'kathAsaritasAra' prApta hai| ina sabhI kathA granthoM kA mUla utsa guNADhya kI baDDakahA (bRhatkathA) hai jisakI mUla kathA padyabaddha thI aura vahIM se prAkRta bhASA meM padyabaddha kathAoM ke likhane kI paramparA zuru hotI hai| aisA AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI kA vizvAsa hai| dvivedI jI kA mAnanA hai ki dhanapAla kI 'bhavisayattakahA' isI kar3I kA mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| yaha mAnya hai ki dhakkar3a vaMza meM janme dhanapAla kI mA~ kA nAma dhaNasiri (dhanazrI) aura pitA kA nAma mAesara (mAyezvara) thaa| dhanapAla ne apabhraMza sAhitya ko do racanAe~ dIM'bhavisayattakahA' aura 'baahublicriu'| dhanapAla ko apanI kAvya-pratibhA para ghamaNDa thaa| apane Apa ko vaha sarasvatI kA putra (sarasai bahalladdha mahAvareNa) kahate the| DaoN. haramana yAkobI inakA samaya 10vIM zatI mAnate the| pro. bhAyANI ne 'bhavisayattakahA' kI bhASA ko dekhakara isako svayaMbhU ke bAda tathA hemacandra se pahale kI racanA batAyA hai| rAhulajI ke anusAra ye sambhavataH gujarAta ke nivAsI the| rAhulajI inakA samaya 1000 IsavI mAnate haiN| zrutapaMcamI vrata ke phala ke dRSTAnta ke rUpa meM dhanapAla ne 'bhavisayattakahA' kI racanA kii| ise prathama vyavasthita kRti mAnA jAtA hai| kathA kA pahalA bhAga zuddha gharelU DhaMga kI

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 kahAnI hai jisameM do vivAhoM ke duHkhada pakSa ko ujAgara kiyA gayA hai| isameM vaNika - putra bhaviSyadatta kI gAthA hai jo apane sautele bhAI bandhudatta se chale jAne para bhI anta meM jina - mahimA ke kAraNa sukhI hotA hai| 11 'bhavisayattakahA' eka padyabaddha racanA hai / kavi ne svAntaH sukhAya sarvajanahitAya ke lie do khaNDoM aura bAIsa sandhiyoM meM isa grantha kI racanA kI hai duI khaMDa baIsaha~ saMdhihiM, pariciMtaya nijahetu - nibaMdhahi~ / isa kathA kI ullekhanIya vizeSatA hai- laukika kathA rasa kA samAveza aura laukika carita kI sthApanA / kAvya granthoM kI paramparAgata paddhati thI- khyAtavRtta rAjAoM ke caritra ke udghATana kii| isa paramparA ko tor3akara dhanapAla ne eka madhyama varga ke sAmAnya vaNika - putra kI kathA kahakara laukika nAyaka ke caritrAMkana kI paramparA kA sUtrapAta kiyA / isa grantha kI dUsarI vizeSatA hai- dharma ke AvaraNa meM laukika tathA sAhasika premakathA kA saphala nirvAha / apane pati athavA putra Adi kI hitakAmanA hetu striyA~ aneka prakAra . ke vrata-upavAsa - pUjA-prArthanA Adi karatI haiM, AkAzadvIpa tathA devadvIpa jalAtI haiN| yaha paddhati Aja bhI loka-jIvana kA Avazyaka aMga banI huI hai| isa kRti meM bhI mA~ kamalazrI ke zrutapaMcamI vrata kA phala bhaviSyadatta ko hara prakAra se saphala banAtA hai| loka kathA aura dhArmika kathA ko ekasAtha milAkara jahA~ kavi pAThaka ko loka kathA ke sahaja rUpa se sarAbora karanA cAhatA hai vahIM AdhyAtmika rasa se ubuddha bhii| yaha jaina kaviyoM kI apanI vizeSatA rahI hai| yaha racanA isa bAta kI sAkSI hai ki dhanapAla ko gRhastha jIvana kI gaharI anubhUti thii| phalasvarUpa gRhastha jIvana kI mArmika jhA~kiyoM ke sahAre dhanapAla ne nArI jIvana kI pIr3A, santrAsa, prema, upekSA, sautiyADAha, IrSyA, kaTutA, vAtsalya, viyog2a kA atyanta manohArI dRzya prastuta kiyA hai| pati-upekSitA kamalazrI kI pIr3A kA anta nhiiN| usake jIvana kA ekamAtra sahArA usakA apanA putra bhI dezAntara jAnA cAhatA hai aura vaha bhI sauta - putra bandhudatta ke saath| putra bhaviSya se sazaMkita yAtrA kA virodha karane meM usakA kaNThAvarodha ho jAtA hai, A~khoM se A~sU Dhalane lagate haiM aura vaha vigalita vANI meM kaha uThatI hai ki- hA ! putra maiMne to svapna meM bhI isakI kalpanA na kI thI / yathA taM NisuNevi sagaggira - vayaNI / bhaNae jaNeri jaladdiya - NayaNI / hA iu putta! kAi~ pai~ jaMpiu / siviNaMta rivi NahiM mahu jaMpiu // 2.10 / / aisI sthiti meM vaha apanI vedanA ko vANI pradAna karate hue kahatI hai- eka to tumhArA bApa kupita hokara aisA dussaha dAha de rahA hai, Upara se tuma jAne ko kahate ho, bhalA

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12 apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 isa hRdaya ko kauna zaraNa degA- ekku akAraNi kuviy-viyppeN| diNNu aNaMtu dAhu tau bappeM / aNNuvi pai~ desaMtaru jNtho| ko mahu saraNu hiyai pjlNtho| 2.10 / / uparyukta aMza jahA~ eka sAmAnya-sA kathana dikhAI detA hai vahIM dhanapAla kA kAvyakauzala aura unakI abhivyaMjanA bhaMgimA isa kathana ke pIche chipI gaharI saMvedanA ko ujAgara kara detI hai| sauta sarUpA kI kuTilatA ko yAda karate hue putra bhaviSyadatta ko samajhAte hue vaha kahatI hai ki sarUpA bandhudatta ko bhI prerita kara khala bnaayegii| vaha avazya tumhArA amaMgala karegA tathA lAbha kI cintA karate hue tumhArA mUla bhI calA jAegA jai saruva duTThattaNu bhaasi| bandhuattu khala vayaNahiM vaasi| jo taTa karai amaMgalu jNtho| mUlu vijAi lAhu citNtho| 2.11 // kamalazrI sarUpA tathA bandhudatta ke kuTila caritra ko dRSTi meM rakhakara bhaviSyadatta ko aneka prakAra kA upadeza detI hai| yahA~ mA~ kI karuNA ke sAtha-sAtha eka prakAra kA sAmAjika karttavyabodha tathA usakA dAyittvapUrNa nirvAha bhI hai| vaha putra ko upadeza dete hue kahatI hai- 'zUra aura paNDita vahI hai jo yauvana-vikAra aura rasa ke vaza meM nahIM hotaa| kAmadeva se calAyamAna nahIM hotA, khaNDita vacana nahIM boltaa| dUsare kA dhana aura parastrI grahaNa nahIM krtaa| prabhu ko sammAna detA hai, dAna karatA hai| yaha kahate-kahate vaha apane duHkhamaya dina yAda kara kaha uThatI hai ki mujhe bhUla na jAnA jovvaNa-viyAra-rasa-vasa-pasari, so sUrau so pnnddiyu| cala mammaNa vayaNullAvaehiM, jo paratiyahiM Na khnnddiyu| 2.18 // nizcaya hI dekhane se yaha eka mAtA kA putra ke lie upadeza hai| para kamalazrI bhArata kI hara mA~ ko apane meM sameTe hue hai| isaliye yaha kevala upadezaparaka kAvya nahIM apitu jIvana-jagat kA yathArtha citra ukeranevAlA kAvya hai| dhanapAla kA yaha grantha rasAtmaka-bodha kI dRSTi se bhI anyatama hai| isameM vAtsalya, zRMgAra, karuNa, vIra, raudra rasoM ke sAtha-sAtha sabhI rasoM kA paripAka hai, kintu pradhAnatA hai- vAtsalya aura karuNa rasa kii| aura isa rasa kA sambhASaNa hotA hai bhakti rasa meN| karuNa rasa se ota-prota vaha dRzya adhika mArmika bana par3A hai jahA~ bhaviSyadatta dekhatA hai ki jAne kisa abhizApa ke kAraNa tilaka dvIpa phUloM se ladA hai para use sUMghanevAlA koI nhiiN| phaloM se ladakara DAliyA~ jhuka AI hai para unheM tor3akara khAnevAlA koI nhiiN| kisa viDambanA se sarovara nirjana par3e haiM, panaghaTa para panihArinoM ke nupUroM kI gUMja nahIM, vahA~ mAtra cuppI hai

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 jAi~ viraMtarAi~ ciru pANiya-hArihu titthiiN| .. tAi~ vi vihivaseNa hUa NIsadda su-dutthiN| 3.7 // nArI-saundarya ke varNana meM zRGgAra, bhaviSyadatta kI ApattiyoM-vipattiyoMvAle sthala para karuNa rasa, yuddha-varNana meM vIra tathA anta meM nivRtti tathA mokSavAle prasaMgoM meM zAnta rasa draSTavya hai| karuNa rasa kI prastuti meM dhanapAla vAlmIki ke nikaTa dikhAI dete haiN| aise aneka sthala isa kathA-kAvya meM jagaha-jagaha haiN| caritra-citraNa evaM vastu-varNana meM kavi saphala siddha huA hai| nagara-varNana meM vaha nagara ko svarNa-khaNDa batAtA hai| prakRti ke Alambanavata citraNa ke samaya vaha usakI mArmika chavi aMkita karatA hai| nArI saundarya kA nakha-zikha citraNa karate hue vaha use yuvakoM ke hRdaya ko bedhanevAlA kAmadeva kA bhAlA batAtA hai- 'NaM vammaha bhalli vidhaNasIla juNANa jnni'| kavi ke yuddha-varNana meM vIra rasa kA ojapUrNa saMcAra bhI hai| caritrAMkana meM kavi ne pAtroM ko varga-caritra (TAipa) meM vibhakta kara kucha navInatA lAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| sabhI prakAra ke sAdhu-asAdhu pAtroM meM acchAiyA~ tathA burAiyA~ donoM vidyamAna hai| sarUpA kuTila hone para bhI komala bhAvanAoM se zUnya nahIM hai| vaha apane na karane yogya karmoM para pazcAttApa karatI hai| kamalazrI zuddha hRdaya kI mahilA hai| usakA caritra uttama hai para use bhI sautiyADAha hai| bandhudatta kuTila tathA bhaviSyadatta udAtta pAtroM ke rUpa meM citrita haiN| alaukika zaktiyoM kI sahAyatA kevala sAdhu pAtra hI prApta kara pAte haiN| kavi ne yahA~ para racanA ko Adarza kI ora mor3anA cAhA hai| chandoM meM mAtrika tathA varNika donoM kA prayoga hai, yaha kaDavakabaddha racanA hai jisake anta meM ghattA diyA gayA hai| mukhya chandoM meM saMkhanArI bhujaMgaprayAta, lakSmIdhara, cAmara, pajjhaTikA, aDillA, duvaI, marahaTThA, plavaMgama, kalahaMsa aura gAthA pramukha haiN| - kathA meM prastuta alaMkAroM meM upamA, utprekSA, zleSa, svabhAvokti virodhAbhAsa Adi kA vizeSa prayoga huA hai| isakI bhASA sAhityika apabhraMza hai| isa bhASA meM svayaMbhU aura puSpadanta kI alaMkRta bhASA kA-sA pravAha hai gayaM NiphphalaM tAma savvaM vnnijj| huvaM amha gotammi jjjaavaannijj| Na jatA Na vittaM Na gitaM Na geh| Na dhammaM Na kamma, Na jAyaM, Na dehaM / Na putta kalattaM, Na iTuM Na dittuN| gayaM gayaure, dUra-dese paiTeM 13.26 //

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 kAvya meM prakRti kA citraNa kevala kAvya kI anivAryatA hI nahIM apitu prakRticitraNa ke sAmane kavi usase preraNa, ullAsa aura Ananda prApta kara svayaM kA tAdAtmya sthApita karatA hai aura mAnava hRdaya kI vividha bhAvAtmaka anubhUtiyoM ko prakRti ke sahAre uddIpta karatA hai| dhanapAla ne svAbhAvika rIti se prakRti ke Alambana aura uddIpana rUpa ko prastuta kiyA hai| priyA se bichur3a jAne para bhaviSyadatta ko asahanIya duHkha kI anubhUti hotI hai| phalasvarUpa vaha mUrchita ho jAtA hai| aise avasara para kavi apanI kalpanA ke sahAre vana kI bayAra ko thapakI dete hue dekhatA hai dUsaha piyavi oya saMtattau mucchai pttu| sIyala mArUeNa vaNi vAiu taNu appaaiu| 7.8 // uparyukta paMkti meM prakRti ke uddIpana rUpa kA citraNa huA hai| dhanapAla ke kAvya meM Alambana ke rUpa meM bhI prakRti kA citraNa vidyamAna hai| saMdhyA kA eka citra dekhiye ehai paDivaNNi karAli kAli ghbhuuyjkkhrkkhsvbhaali| vaNi visama biesi vicintu pantu taha vi huakaMpu kamala siri putt| 4.4 // __ apabhraMza jaina kaviyoM kI vizeSatA rahI hai- viSaya anurUpa bhASA nirmiti kii| aura isake lie AvazyakatA hotI hai upayukta dhvani aura zabdoM ke cayana kii| dhanapAla ke bhavisayattakahA meM gatipura aura purANapura ke rAjAoM kA varNana mere isa kathana kA sAkSI hai| dhanapAla kI bhASA avadhI bolI hai, yadyapi bhavisayattakahA kI bhASA zAstrIya bhASA nahIM para- usa para sAhityika prabhAva hai| dhanapAla kI bhASA meM kasAvaTa bhI hai aura saMskRta ke zabdoM ke prati jhukAva bhI, isaliye yaha sAhityika bhASA siddha hotI hai| katipaya vidvAnoM ne bhavisayattakahA kI bhASA ko grAmya kahA hai| isakA kAraNa hai- 'ha' kA pryog| isa sandarbha meM yAkobI kahate haiM- 'ho' ke badale 'hu~' yA 'hI' kA prayoga pazcimI apabhraMza kI vizeSatA hai| yaha saca hai ki bhASAgata pravRttiyoM ke vibhinna zabda rUpa bhavisayattakahA meM dikhAI dete haiM para kAvya racanA kA jhukAva pariniSThata apabhraMza kI ora hI hai jisameM bhASAgata parivartana ke rUpa spaSTa ho cuke the| vastutaH kAvya-bhASA sAmAnya bhASA se alaga hotI hai| kAvya bhASA kA lakSya antasa aura saMvedanA kI saghanatama prastuti to hotI hI hai sAtha hI use aise rUpa meM prastuta karane kA bhI lakSya hotA hai tAki pAThaka ko kathA yathArtha pratIta ho phalasvarUpa racanAkAra ko citrAtmaka bhASA kA sahArA lenA par3atA hai| dhanapAla isameM pIche nhiiN| dhanapAla ne jina vastuoM evaM nagaroM kA varNana kiyA hai usameM unakA hRdaya sAtha-sAtha calatA pratIta hotA hai| phalasvarUpa aise varNana citroM se bharapUra haiN| gajapura nagara kA eka varNana draSTavya hai

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 15 tahiM gayauru NAu paTTaNu jaNa jaNiyacchariu / gaNu muvi saggakhaMDu mahi avayariu / / 1. 5 / / vahA~ gajapura nAma kA nagara hai jisane manuSyoM ko Azcarya meM DAla diyA hai, mAno, gagana ko chor3akara svarga kA eka khaNDa pRthvI para utara AyA hai| kavi ne thor3e-se zabdoM meM gajapura kI samRddhi aura sundaratA ko abhivyakta kara diyA hai / " gahana vana kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai disAmaMDalaM jattha NAuM alakkhaM, pahAyaM pi jANijjae jammi dukkhaM / / 4.3 // kathA kI lokoktiyoM, sUktiyoM aura dezI zabdoM ke bahuta se prayoga hindI meM milate haiN| yathA 'kiM ghiu hoi virolie pANie' - kyA pAnI vilone (maMthane) se ghI prApta ho sakatA hai ? kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM kI dRSTi se bhI 'bhavisayattakahA' mahattvapUrNa racanA hai| kisI kAlpanika dvIpa kI yAtrA, samudra meM tUphAna se bhaTakAva, ujAr3a pradeza meM sundarI kI prApti, rAkSasa dvArA vidhvaMsa Adi pramukha kathAnaka rUr3hiyA~ haiN| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki jaina apabhraMza sAhitya ke vikAsa aura svarUpanirdhAraNa tathA apabhraMza bhASA ke nikhAra meM dhanapAla kA avismaraNIya mahattva hai| ve eka tarapha loka kI vedanA ko AtmasAta kara use vANI pradAna karate haiM, dUsarI tarapha apane kartRtva ke sahAre ve apane dharma ko loka-mana kA dharma banA dete haiN| aura ve loka-mana ke acche pArakhI bhI siddha hote haiN| dhanapAla bhAratIya sAhitya kI paramparAoM, bhAratIya saMskRti ke bhI purodhA haiN| tabhI to va mA~-beTe kI bhAvanAoM ko pAramparika DhaMga se vANI dete hue bhI use Adhunika cetanA kA paryAya banA dete haiN| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki kAlAntara meM inakA aura inakI isa racanA kA prabhAva sUradAsa Adi kaviyoM para to par3A hI, sAtha hI AdhunikakAlIna kathA sAhitya bhI dhanapAla aura 'bhavisayattakahA' se aprabhAvita nahIM raha pAyA / rasa-nirUpaNa, chanda-nirmiti, alaMkAra - Ayojana sAtha-sAtha paramparA se alaga haTakara loka-jIvana se caritroM kA cayana, unakI kathA, zabda cayana kSamatA, citrAtmaka bhASA, ukti-vakratA dhanapAla kI isa racanA ko hindI sAhitya kI amara kRti banA detI hai /

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 2. 3. kAvyAlaMkAra, pRSTha 125-28 hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla, DaoN. hajArIprasAda dvivedI, pRSTha 32 apabhraMza sAhitya- prophesara harivaMza kochar3a, pRSTha 98 c/o zrI rAjamaNi zarmA cANakyapurI, susuvAhI vArANasI- 221 005

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 akTUbara 2003-2004 17 'NAyakumAracariu' meM deza-varNana - vidyAvacaspati DaoN. zrIraMjanasUrideva mahAkavi puSpadanta (IsA kI navIM-dasavIM zatI) dvArA praNIta 'NAyakumAracariu' apabhraMza ke dhurikIrtanIya kAvyoM meM anyatama hai| isa carita-kAvya kA nAyaka rAjaputra nAgakumAra (prA. - NAyakumAra) hai| usake mAtA-pitA pRthvIdevI aura jayandhara kanakapura ke rAnI aura rAjA the| sajA jayandhara ke dUsarI rAnI bhI thI- vishaalnetraa| nAgakumAra ke sautele bhAI kA nAma zrIdhara thA, jo rAnI vizAlanetrA kA putra thaa| nAgakumAra sautele bhAI zrIdhara ke vidveSavaza apane pitA dvArA nirvAsita kara diyA jAtA hai| nAgakumAra apanI nirvAsanAvadhi meM aneka dezoM kA bhramaNa karatA hai aura apane parAkrama dvArA aneka rAjAoM, rAjakumAroM tathA rAjapuruSoM ko prabhAvita karatA hai, aneka rAjakumAriyoM ko apanI vivAhitA banAtA hai| antatogatvA pitA dvArA Amantrita hokara vaha punaH apane nagara (magadhadeza sthita kanakapura nAmaka nagara) lauTa AtA hai, jahA~ samArohapUrvaka usakA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA jAtA hai| nAgakumAra pitA dvArA prApta rAja-kAja ko kuzalatApUrvaka sambhAlatA hai| jIvana ke antima bhAga meM vaha saMsAra se virakta hokara muni- dIkSA dhAraNa karatA hai aura tapovihAra karate hue mokSagAmI hotA hai| mahAkavi ne apane isa apabhraMza kAvya meM kaI dezoM kA varNana kiyA hai, jinameM magadha deza-sthita rAjagRha, kanakapura, pATaliputra, kusumapura, mathurA, kazmIra, Urjayanta parvata-tIrtha, girinagara, gajapura pANDyadeza, ujjaina, meghapura, dantIpura Adi ullekhya haiN| ina dezoM yA sthAnoM

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18 apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 kA bhaugolika aura sAmAjika jIvana atizaya manorama aura hRdayAvarjaka hai| inameM katipaya deza aitihAsika haiM aura katipaya mithakIya kalpanA para AdhRta haiN| jJAtavya hai, aitihAsika satya aura mithakIya kalpanA kI bunAvaTa se hI kisI kAvya yA mahAkAvya yA yugavizeSa kI kathA kI racanA hotI hai| mahAkavi ne apanI kalpanAzakti se kucha dezoM aura nagaroM kA vizada varNana upasthita kiyA hai aura kucha kA kevala prAsaMgika ullekha mAtra kiyA hai| prastuta Alekha meM bhI mahAkavi ke hI racanA-prakAra kA anusaraNa kiyA gayA hai| magadhadeza- magadhadeza kI bhaugolika sthiti ke bAre meM puSpadanta nirdeza karate haiMisa saMsAra ke madhya loka meM sUrya-candra se prakAzita vizAla jambUdvIpa hai, jisake madhya meM sudarzana nAma kA meru hai| vahA~ apane priya AhAra kaseru-kanda ke lie jamIna khodate hue varAha vicaraNa karate rahate haiN| usI meru kI dakSiNa dizA meM bharata kSetra hai jisameM suprasiddha magadhadeza avasthita hai| Adhunika yA vartamAna hiMsAbahula magadhadeza se bhinna usa samaya ke magadhadeza meM aneka padmasarovara the, jinameM padma-parAga se raMjita hAthI pauMDate rahate the| vahA~ kalpataruoM se saghana vana nandana vana jaise the| dhAna kI pakI phasaloM se bhare kheta dUra-dUra taka phaile hue the| vahA~ dUdhajaise jala se bhare sarovaroM meM haMsoM aura baguloM kI paMktiyA~ sarovara ko sammAna detI-sI pratIta hotI thiiN| vahA~ kI kAmadhenu jaisI gAyeM ghar3oM ghRtamaya dUdha detI thIM aura kRSi-sampadA na kevala manuSyoM, apitu samasta jIvoM ke lie poSAhAra sulabha karatI thii| phasaloM kI bAliyA~ saghana aura puSTa dAnoMvAlI hotI thiiN| vahA~ ke pathika dAkha ke maNDapa meM vizrAma kara aura sthalapadmoM / para sokara apanI mArga-klAnti miTAte the| ve pathika kRSaka-striyoM kI madhura vANI se AkRSTa hokara svara-lubdha mRga kI bhA~ti bIca rAste meM hI ruka jAte the| mahiSoM ke sIMgoM se chilI huI Ikha ke DaNDoM se madhura rasa cUtA rahatA thaa| marakatamaNi ke samAna hare paMkhoM vAle suge Ama ke gucchoM para baiThe dikhAI par3ate the (1.6) / isa prakAra yugacetA mahAkavi puSpadanta ne magadhadeza ke varNana meM vahA~ kI unnata kRSisampadA ke sAtha hI saghana vana, sajala sarovara, phUla-phala, dUdha-dahI, parituSTa pazu-pakSI Adi paryAvaraNa ke prAkRtika tattvoM ko apanI sUkSmekSikA se lakSita kiyA hai, aura phira madhurabhASiNI kRSaka-striyoM dvArA usa deza ke pathikoM kA vAcika samAdara hotA thA, isa ora bhI mahAkavi ne saMketa kiyA hai| avazya hI, mahAkavi ko lokajIvana ke AsaMga meM prakRti ke nirIkSaNa kI sAtizaya sUkSma dRSTi prApta thii| rAjagRha- magadhadeza meM rAjagRha nagara kI aitihAsika prasiddhi rahI hai| ise prAcIna magadha-janapada ke rAjadhAnI hone kA gaurava prApta hai| isakA anya nAma 'girivraja' hai| apabhraMza

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 19 kavi AcArya puSpadanta isa nagara kA 'mAnavIkaraNa' alaMkAra dvArA manorama bimba-vidhAna karate hue likhate haiM- . svarNa aura ratnoM kI rAzi se nirmita tathA svargIya suSamA se maNDita rAjagRha magadhadeza kA uttama nagara hai| vaha purAkAla meM aisA lagatA thA, jaise- devendroM dvArA balapUrvaka pakar3a rakhane para bhI unake hAtha se chUTakara dharatI para A girA ho| isa nagara meM aneka padmasarovara the, jinameM khile hue kamala rAjagRha nagara ke netra jaise the| havA se jaba padmavana hilate the taba vaha nagara nRtya karatA-sA pratIta hotA thA aura vahA~ ke latAgRha nagara ke lukA-chipI khelane ke Azraya ke samAna the| vahA~ ke zubhra jina-mandira nagara ke hAsa-ullAsa jaise the| kAmabANa se Ahata kAmuka kabUtaroM kI cIkha ke byAja se vaha nagara cItkAra karatA-sA pratIta hotA thaa| parikhA (khAI) meM bharA huA jala usa nagara ke paridhAna ke samAna thaa| sapheda parakoToM se vaha nagara cAdara or3he hue-sA lagatA thaa| nagara ke vimAnopama bhavanoM ke zikhara AkAza cUmate hue tathA candramA kI amRtadhArA pIte hue-se dikhAI par3ate the| kuMkuma kI chaTA se nagara-bhUmi ratibhUmi jaisI bana gaI thI jisase ratisukha kI vyaMjanA ho rahI thii| sajI huI motiyoM kI lar3iyA~ nagara ke muktA-dvAra ke samAna dRSTigata hotI thiiN| vaha nagara paMcaraMge dhvajoM se raMga-biraMgA laga rahA thaa| usa ramaNIka nagara meM cAroM vargoM ke loga paraspara samabhAva ke sAtha nivAsa karate the (1.7) / yaha bAta aura hai ki mahAkavi puSpadanta dvArA varNita 'rAjagRha' aura Aja ke 'rAjagIra' meM koI sAmya nahIM hai| mahAvIra aura buddha kI zAnti-vANI se jisa nagara kA kaNakaNa mukhara banA rahatA thA use Aja kendrIya sarakAra ne hiMsAkArI AyudhoM ke nirmANa kA kendra banA diyA hai| kanakapura- mahAkavi puSpadanta ne kanakapura ko magadha janapada kA hI nagara mAnA hai| kintu, avazya hI yaha kavi-kalpita nagara hI hai| mahAkavi kI kAvya-bhASA meM suvarNa-nirmita kanakapura ke bhavanoM meM bahuraMge maNi-mANikya jar3e hue the| maNiyoM meM sUryakAntamaNi, candrakAntamaNi, marakatamaNi, sphaTikamaNi aura indranIla maNiyoM kI bahulatA thii| sUryakAntamaNi nagara-bhUmi ko tapta karatI thii| candrakAntamaNi se jharate jala se vahA~ kI bhUmi Ardra ho jAtI thii| marakatamaNi kI kAnti se nagara kI bhUmi harI dikhAI par3atI thI aura sphaTika maNi se zveta varNa kii| indranIla-maNi vahA~ kI bhUmi para apanI nIlI AbhA bikheratI thii| isa prakAra vaha nagara indrapurI ko bhI mAta karatA thA (1.14) / __ puSpadanta kI sAhityika kalA-cetanA meM kalpanA kA sarvopari sthAna hai| kalpanAzakti ke mAdhyama se hI kAvyakAra ne kanakapura kI nUtana sRSTi aura abhinava rUpa-vidhAna kA sAmarthya prApta kiyA hai| kanakapura meM maNiyoM kI kalpanA dvArA mahAkavi ne aisI mAnasika kAvya-sRSTi kI hai jisameM samRddhatara sthApatya saundarya kI mohaka ramaNIyatA kA prItikara viniyoga huA hai|

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 pATaliputra / kusumapura- prAcIna pATaliputra hI vartamAna paTanA nagara hai jo bihAra rAjya kI rAjadhAnI hai| saMskRta, prAkRta, pAli, apabhraMza, hindI Adi pramukha bhASAoM ke atirikta aneka upabhASAoM meM bhI pATaliputra kA varNana aneka rUpoM meM kiyA gayA hai| jaina saMskRti se to pATaliputra vizeSa rUpa jur3A huA hai| pATaliputra kA apara nAma kusumapura thaa| isa aitihAsika tathya ko mahAkavi puSpadanta ne bhI rekhAMkita kiyA hai / puSpadanta ke varNana ke anusAra pATaliputra athavA kusumapura rAjanItika mahattva kA nagara thA, jo prAyaH zatruoM kA raNAMgaNa banA rahatA thA ( 4.9 - 10 ) / zatruoM dvArA kusumapura ko ghere jAne kA bimbAtmaka varNana puSpadanta kI apabhraMza kAvya-bhASA meM draSTavya hai 20 paDivakkharaiyakaDamaddaNehiM, dhuyadhavaladhayAvalisaMdaNehiM / hilihilihilaMtahayavarathaDehiM, haNuhaNubhaNaMtadUsahabhaDehiM / garuyA gauDanaresareNa, aridamaNe duTThe dAieNa / kusumauru Niruddhau jamamuha chuddhau NaravarakoMtihiM ghttttiyu| harahimakaNakaMtihiM mayagala daMtihiM pellivi koTTu plottttiyu| 4. 7 / puSpadanta likhate haiM ki kusumapura meM udyAnoM kI bahulatA thI jinameM haMsa, mayUra, kokila, kapota, sugge aura bhaure vicaraNa karate the| ketakI ko bAhara se sA~pa ne bhale hI lapeTa rakhA thA, para usake antaraMga ko to bhauMroM ne hI jAnA thA / kusumapura kA udyAna indra ke nandanakAnana jaisA thaa| mahAkavi ko bhauMroM kI prakRti aura pravRtti kA sUkSma jJAna thaa| tabhI to ve likhate haiM ki Ama kI kaliyoM para bhauMrA nahIM baiThatA - aMbaiyaha mahayaru Nau NisaNNu ( 8.1), aura camelI para anurakta hokara vaha pramatta bhAva se usI ke cakkara lagAtA hai, kintu puSpoM kI vibhUti prakaTa karanevAlI jUhI ke kar3ave aura rasabhaMga karanevAle aMgoM ko bhramara kabhI nahIM cuumtaa| isa sandarbha meM mahAkavi kI chAndasapravAhinI mUla kAvyabhASA AsvAdanIya haijo jAiha rattau bhai pamattau darisiyakusumavihUiyahiM / ghattA ghattA so kayarasabhaMgai~ kaDuyahiM aMgai~ bhamaru Na cuMbai juuhiyhiN| 8.1 / / mahAkavi dvArA upanyasta saundaryamUlaka citroM meM cintana kI garimA, suSThu zabda - cayana, sAdRzya-vidhAna evaM alaMkAra - yojanA tathA sthApatya - kauzala kA mahimAmaya prayoga Adi udAttatA ke niyAmaka antaraMga aura bahiraMga tattvoM kA sanniveza bar3I hI samIcInatA se huA hai| uparyukta dezoM aura sthAnoM ke pratyakSa aura vizada varNana meM mahAkavi ne jitanI abhiruci lI hai utanI anya dezoM ke sambandha meM nahIM dikhAI hai| una sabakA varNana prAyaH nAma aura itivRttAtmaka hai|

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 mathurA jaise paurANika nagara kA bhI pratyakSa varNana AcArya puSpadanta ne nahIM kiyA hai| nAgakumAra ke yuddhAbhiyAna ke krama meM unhoMne mathurA nagara kA kevala nAmollekha kiyA hai, usakI kisI bhaugolika yA sthApatya-sambandhI vizeSatA kA citraNa nahIM kiyA hai| kazmIra deza kI bhI kevala nAma-carcA hI kI gaI hai| mahAkavi ke varNana se yaha saMketa avazya milatA hai ki kazmIra kalA-sAdhakoM aura saundaryavAdiyoM kA deza rahA hai| vahA~ kI rAjakumArI tribhuvanarati 'AlApinI' vINA ke vAdana meM atizaya pravINa thI aura nAma ke anurUpa vaha tribhuvanamohinI sundarI thii| vaha sAkSAt vAgIzvarI hI thii| svayaM vidhAtA ko bhI usake rUpa-varNana meM jhijhaka mAlUma hotI thI suya tihuyaNarai kiM vaNNijjai, taM vaNNaMtu viraMci vi jhijji| sA vINApavINa suhayArI, NaM vAIsari prmbhddaarii| ghattA- jo Nivasuyahi vi dihi jaNai AlAvaNiyai~ suMdari jinni| NiyaNayaNohAmiya-sisuhariNI, sA piyayama hosai tahoM ghrinnii||5.7|| arthAt 'AlApinI' vINA bajAne meM kuzala usa bAlamRgAkSI sundarI rAjakumArI ko 'AlApinI' vINA bajAkara jo santuSTa kara pAyegA, vaha usI kI priyatamA gRhiNI hogii| nAgakumAra ko tribhuvanarati ke bAre meM jAnakArI mathurA meM hI milI thii| eka bAra jaba vaha mathurA ke nandanavana jaise upavana meM vicaraNa kara rahA thA tabhI usane vahA~ saMgItakalA ke 'marmajJa pA~ca sau vINAvAdakoM ko dekhaa| unameM se jAlandhara ke rAjakumAra ne use kazmIra kI rAjakumArI tribhuvanarati kI zarta se avagata karAyA thA (5.7) / saMgItazAstra meM batAyA gayAhai ki 'AlApinI' vINA kA daNDa rakta candana kI lakar3I kA banA hotA thA, jisakI lambAI nau muSTi aura paridhi do aMgula kI hotI thii| isameM bAraha a~gula paridhi ke do tumbe lagate the| yaha tIna tAroMvAlI 'tritantrI' vINA thI aura aMguliyoM se bajAI jAtI thii| _yuddha-yAtrA ke krama meM hI nAgakumAra parvata-sthita Urjayanta tIrtha bhI gayA thA, jahA~ use viSaile Amra vRkSoM kA vana milA thaa| vahA~ viSamUrcchita bhauMroM se vanabhUmi kAle raMga kI ho gaI thI aura nara-kaMkAloM se aTI par3I thii| Urjayanta parvata ke sambandha meM puSpadanta ne likhA hai ki usa parvata para deva-deviyA~ krIr3A karate the| vahA~ aneka muniyoM ne kevalajJAna aura mokSa prApta kiyA thaa| vahA~ parvata-guphA meM nAgakumAra ne brAhmaNI ke rUpa meM sthApita ambikA yakSiNI ke darzana kiye the, jahA~ bemausama Ama ke per3oM meM Amra-phaloM ke gucche laTake rahate the| vaha ambikA devI zizuoM ke bhaya kA nivAraNa karanevAlI devI ke rUpa meM prasiddha thIM(7.1 evaM 11) /

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 nAgakumAra ne Urjayanta parvata se girinagara kI yuddha-yAtrA kI thii| punaH vahA~ se calakara usane gajapura aura alaMghanagara ko apane adhIna kiyA thaa| usake bAda vaha meghapura, dantIpura Adi dezoM kI yAtrA para gayA thaa| ina sabhI dezoM kA mahAkavi puSpadanta ne bhaugolika varNana nahIM kiyA hai| inakA kevala kathAkrama meM kathAvastu ke vistAra kI dRSTi se ullekha huA hai| nAgakumAra kI yuddhayAtrA ke krama meM pANDya deza, ujjayinI Adi anya kaI dezoM kI bhI carcA mahAkavi ne kI hai, kintu vahA~ ke sthAnagata vaiziSTaya kI koI bhI bAta nahIM hai| ujjayinI ke vizeSaNa meM mahAkavi ne kevala itanA hI likhA hai ki vaha nagarI nirantara saikar3oM sukhoM kI zreNIbhUta hai NivasaMteM saMteM saMtayAha~, ujjeNihiM seNihiM suhsyaahN| 8.7 // - kiSkindha-malaya pradeza ke meghapura nagara ke pratApI rAjA meghavAhana indra kA hI pratirUpa thaa| usakI putrI tilakAsundarI rati ke samAna rUpavatI aura nRtyakalA-kuzalA thii| usakI pratijJA thI ki jo zreSTha puruSa usake nRtya karate samaya usakI padagati ko samajhakara tadanukUla mRdaMga bajA sakegA vahI usakA pati hogaa| nAgakumAra ne rAjakumArI ke nRtya meM usakI padacApa se milAkara mRdaMga para thApa lgaaii| rAjakumArI ne nAgakumAra ke rUpa-guNa para mugdha hokara use apanA pati mAna liyaa| vivAha hone para donoM kI jor3I sItA aura rAma jaisI pratIta huii| isa prasaMga ko mahAkavi kI lalita kAvya-bhASA meM dekheM payacalaNamiliu vAiu muyaMgu, joiu valevi muddhai~ annNgu| to diNNa kaNNa jAiu vivAhu, sirisaMgeM NaM tuTThau vivaahu| thiu rAmai~ sahu~ rAmahirAmu, NAvai sIyai~ sahu~ deu raamu|| 8.8 // mahAkavi puSpadanta ne deza-darzana ke krama meM toyAvali dvIpa kA bhI varNana kiyA hai, jo pUrNata: mAyAnagara ke samAna thaa| Urjayanta tIrtha kI vandanA ke samAna hI nAgakumAra ne toyAvali dvIpa meM bhI jina-vandanA kI thii| vaha guNarUpI ratnoM ke nidhAna tathA saMsAra-kAnana ko dagdha karanevAle agnideva ke samAna the (8.10) / ___NAyakumAracariu' bhogaulika aura rAjanItika itihAsa kA ullekhanIya grantha hai| isake racayitA mahAkavi puSpadanta ne kathA ke byAja se bhaugolika aura rAjanItika itihAsa ke aneka tathyoM ko upanyasta kiyA hai| puSpadanta dvArA varNita deza, kSetra, nagara, grAma Adi ke varNanoM se tatkAlIna bhaugolika avasthiti kA jJAna to hotA hI hai, rAjanItika paristhiti kA bhI patA calatA hai| kAvyakAra dvArA yathA-prastuta varNana meM tatkAlIna magadha janapada kI sAmAjika, Arthika aura sAMskRtika vizeSatAoM kI sUcanA upalabdha hotI hai| 'NAyakumAracariu' kI

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 kathA mukhyataH isa kAvya ke caritranAyaka nAgakumAra kI yuddhayAtrA kI kathA hai| jAdU-vidyA kA nagara- kalpa toyAvali dvIpa kI kathA to vismayajanaka hai| usa dvIpa meM suvarNanirmita nayanAbhirAma jinamandira thaa| usake samIpa satpuruSa ke samAna vaTavRkSa virAjamAna thA, jisakI jar3eM dRr3hatA se jamI huI thiiN| zleSamUlaka alaMkAra-bimba kA Azraya lete hue mahAkavi ne vaTavRkSa kA rocaka mAnavIkaraNa kiyA hai| vaTavRkSa usa satpuruSa ke samAna thA jisake vaMza kA mUlapuruSa cirasthAyI aura yazasvI hotA hai, jo ahetuka upakAra karatA hai| jaise kavi satpuruSoM kI prazaMsA karate haiM vaise hI vaTavRkSa kapiyoM dvArA sevita thA; mUla pada 'kaisevijjamANu' hai, jisake sabhaMga zleSArtha 'kavi-sevita' aura 'kapi-sevita' donoM hI haiN| jaise satpuruSa dvijoM ko phaladAna karatA hai vaise hI vaha vaTavRkSa pakSiyoM ko apane phala kA dAna karatA thA; dvija zabda bhI vipravAcaka aura pakSIvAcaka hai| jaise satpuruSa dIna-dukhiyoM ko apane dhana se santApa-rahita karatA hai vaise hI vaha vaTavRkSa pathikoM ke zramatApa ko apanI chAyA dvArA dUra karatA thA (8.9) / usa adbhuta vaTavRkSa se ragar3akara hAthI apane gaNDa-sthaloM kI khAja miTAyA karate the| usa vRkSa para kucha kanyAe~ utaratI thiiN| ve apane Upara honevAle atyAcAroM ke lie guhAra karatI thiiN| eka subhaTa hAtha meM gadA liye unakI rakSA karatA thaa| isI krama meM mahAkavi ne AhAravidyA aura saMvAhinI-vidyA kI carcA kI hai| AhAra-vidyA bhojana sulabha karAtI thI aura saMvAhinI-vidyA AkAza meM ur3akara deza-dezAntara meM jAne kI zakti pradAna karatI thii| vidyA pradAna karanevAlI devI kA nAma sudarzanA thaa| isa prakAra, mahAkavi puSpadanta ne nAgakumAra kI yuddhayAtrA ke mAdhyama se tatkAlIna bhAratIya dezoM aura janapadoM, nagaroM aura grAmoM, parvatoM aura jaMgaloM Adi ko kathA kI AsvAdyatA ke sAtha rucira-vicitra zailI meM upanyasta to kiyA hI hai, aneka aitihAsika sAkSyoM kI sAmagrI bhI pariveSita kI hai, jisakA sAMskRtika dRSTi se anuzIlana svatantra zodha kA viSaya hai| 1. bhAratIya saMgItavAdya, DaoN. lAlamaNi mizra, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillii| pI.ena. sinhA kaoNlonI bhikhanA pahAr3I, paTanA

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 desu surammai atthi mahi ghattA- iya bhAsiya loyahi~ Thiya tiyaloyahi~ jaMbUdIu jo paDhamu thiN| tAsu ji bharahaMtari khaMDiya surasari desu surammau asthi mhi||ch|| jahi~ gAma vasahi~ bahuviularAma jahi~ jaNa Nivasahi~ pripunnnnkaam| jahi~ DhikkaraMti vasaha vi bhamaMti gAvihi~ samANa dhaNNai~ crNti| jahi~ mAhisAi~ duddhai ghaNAi~ jahi~ sahala sakusumai~ vrvnnaa| govaliyAi~ jahi~ ramiu rAsu taM pecchivi suravaru mahai vaasu| jahi~ khIrahiM pau pAlaMti NAri saviyAru Na jaMpahi~ siildhaari| puMDucchuvaNai~ jahi~ rasu bahaMti NaDayaNa iva te Nicca ji shti| Niravaddau jaNu jahi~ savvakAla macchaM dhivi Nau sari khivahi~ jaal| tahi~ poyaNapuru Nayaru vi pahANu NaM vihiNA Nimmiu dhmmtthaannu| jahi~ phalahi~ viNAmiya uvavaNAi~ te sahahiM NAi~ sjjnnjnnaaiN| jahi~ khAiya taha pANiu~ dharaMti NaM Nayarahu dAsittaNu krNti| jahi~ viviharayaNadittau vicittu pAyAru jattha ravi NAi~ chittu| goura cayAri NaM vayaNa soha Nayarahu saMjAyA ariu khoh| himavaMtakUDaNiha jahi~ gharAi~ gamaNu Na laddhau puNu rvikraaiiN| mahAkavi raidhU pAsaNAhacariu, 6.1 - isa prakAra bhASita tInoM bhedoM meM sthita evaM lokoM meM prathama jo jambUdvIpa hai usake gaGgA se vibhAjita bharata-kSetra kI bhUmi meM suramya nAma kA (eka) deza hai| vahA~ aneka vipula ArAmoMvAle grAma basate haiM, jinameM paripUrNa icchAoMvAle nAgarikajana nivAsa karate haiM, jahA~ vRSabha DhikkArate hue ghUmate haiM aura gAyoM ke sAtha dhAnya carA karate haiN| jahA~ para ghanA dUdha denevAlI bhaiMseM haiM, jahA~ para phaloM evaM phUloM se yukta zreSTha udyAna haiM, jahA~ gvAlinoM rAsa racA jAtA hai, usako dekhakara indra bhI vahA~ rahane kI icchA karate haiN| jahA~ nAriyA~ pausare baiThAkara prajA-pAlana karatI haiM, jahA~ zIladhArI nara vikArapUrvaka nahIM bolte| (jahA~) puMDra (gannoM) ke kheta rasa bahAte rahate haiM aura nitya naTajanoM ke samAna zobhAyamAna hote haiN| jahA~ loga sadaiva nirupadrava rahate haiN| jahA~ dhIvara bhI sarovara meM jAla nahIM ddaalte| vahA~ (suramya nAmaka deza meM) podanapura nAma kA pradhAna nagara hai, mAno vidhi ne dharmasthAna kA nirmANa kiyA ho| jahA~ ke upavana phaloM se jhuka gaye haiM, jisase ve (guNoM se vinamra) sajjanajanoM ke samAna zobhAyamAna haiN| jahA~ atizItala jala se pUrita saritA aura sarovara, vratoM ko mAnanevAle zAnta prakRtivAle vyaktiyoM ke samAna haiN| jahA~ kI gaharI khAiyA~ pAnI ko isa prakAra dhAraNa karatI haiM mAno nagara kA dAsIpanA kara rahI ho| jahA~ vividha prakAra ke ratnoM se dIpta vicitra prAkAra haiM, jo sUrya ke dvArA sparza kI jAtI haiN| jahA~ ke cAra gopura nagara kI mukha-zobhA ke samAna haiM aura zatraoM ko kSobha utpanna karanevAle haiN| himavanta kaTake samAna jahA~ U~ce-U~ce bhavana jinakI U~cAI ke kAraNa sUrya-kiraNeM bhI gamana nahIM kara paatiiN| anu.- DaoN. rAjArAma jaina

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 akTUbara 2003-2004 25 karakaNDacariu meM bhASA-sauSThava - DaoN. trilokInAtha 'premI' zabdoM ke saMgaThita svarUpa ko bhASA kahate haiN| zabda sthUla hote haiM aura bhAva sUkSma / isa prakAra nirAkAra ko AkAra meM vyavasthita karanA asAdhAraNa prakriyA hai / abhivyakti isI kA pariNAma hai aura abhivyakti meM bhASA kA sahayoga sarvopari hai| bhASA hI bhAvoM-vicAroM kA saMvahana karatI hai| ataH zabda hI hamArI abhivyakti ke sAdhana haiM aura artha sAdhya / yahI zabda evaM artha kAvya kA sarvasva hai- 'zabdArthau sahitau kAvyam'- bhAmaha / paristhiti, pAtra aura rasAnurUpa zabdoM ke prayoga meM hI kAvya-bhASA kA sauSThava evaM kalApUrNa AkarSaNa samAhita hai / ina zabdoM ke prayoga aura nirmANa meM kavi pUrNa svatantra hotA hai / usakA lokAnubhava jitanA adhika hogA, bhASA kA saundarya utanA hI lalita hogA / zabda ke tIna guNoM kA saMketa AcAryoM ne kiyA hai- nAda-guNa, citra guNa tathA artha- guNa / AvazyakatAnusAra kuzala kavi isake lie tatsama tadbhava, dezI-videzI sabhI prakAra ke zabdoM kA prayoga karatA hai aura apekSA hone para unheM ghisakara apanI anubhUti ke anurUpa DhAla bhI letA hai| isa prakAra vaha bhASA kA anukarttA hI nahIM, sraSTA bhI hotA hai| bhASA kavi kI apanI zailI para nirbhara karatI hai aura isa dRSTi se vaha badalatI bhI rahatI hai, kintu apabhraMza ke ina kathA - kAvyoM meM bhASA ke do rUpa dIkha par3ate haiM- eka, jisameM saMskRta - prAkRta ke kaviyoM kI bhASA ko apanAyA gayA hai, jisameM zabdoM - alaMkAroM kI bahulatA

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26 apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 hai| phalataH vaha kliSTa ho gaI hai| yaha zikSita-varga kI bhASA kA rUpa hai| dUsarI ne isa paramparA kA parityAga kara svatantra rUpa ko apanAyA hai, jisameM choTe-choTe prabhAvotpAdaka vAkya, zabdoM kI AvRtti evaM unake loka-pracalita svarUpa, vAgdhArAoM tathA lokoktiyoM aura muhAvaroM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| yaha bhASA sarala, calatI huI evaM adhika pravAhamayI hai tathA loka-jIvana kI chApa ko liye hue hai| muni kanakAmara ne apane 'karakaNDacariu'' meM isI loka-bhASA apabhraMza kA prayoga kiyA hai| phira, ina kathA-kAvyoM aura cariu-kAvyoM ke racayitA muni evaM AcArya pada-yAtrI hone se loka-jIvana tathA saMskRti se sIdhe jur3e rahate the| apane dharma kA pracAra karanA inakA prathama kartavya thaa| isI se inhoMne loka-bhASA apabhraMza ko hI apanAyA, jisase ye janatA ke samparka meM bhI bane rahe aura apane dhyeya kI pUrti bhI kara ske| prastuta kRti meM kavi dvArA prayukta bhASA meM dezI zabdAvalI kA samucita vinyAsa upalabdha hotA hai jinakA uccAraNa loka ke lie sarala hotA thA, yathA- kuMjara, maNi, kiMkaru, deva, muNivaru, vahiNi, bhAmiNi, sua, maMgalu, kuDu, kiMkiNa, kAmiNI, vaMdIjaNa aadi| aneka zabda hindI meM paryApta samatA rakhate haiM- / huyau (1.4.10) DAla (1.6.5) rukkhaho (1.14.3) Agai (1.14.4) pukkAra (2.1.9) vatta (2.1.13) guDa sakkara laDDU (2.7.1) bhaggA (3.15.10) ahIra (8.6.5) thAlu (9.2.6) kappaDa (10.20.6) 'Na' kA prayoga milatA hai, yathA- Nayana, vayaNa, taNau, NikiTTa aadi| saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM 'dvitva' kA prayoga milatA hai, yathA- ratta, muttA, putta, savva, divva, dhamma, Asatta, metti, kappa aadi| 'ha' kA prayoga bhI milatA hai, yathA- meha, muha, NAha, jalahara, payohara, dIha, vallaha, kroha aadi| 'va' kA prayoga milatA hai, yathA- kavola, vivarIu, dIva aadi| 'ya' kA prayoga milatA hai, yathA- sayala, payaNDa, kheyara, mAyaMga, sAyara, bhuyaMga, gayaNa, dharaNIyala aadi| 'sa' kA prayoga milatA hai, yathA- seya, harisu, joIsaru aadi| kAvya meM prayukta loka-pracalita aneka zabdoM ke udAharaNa isa prakAra haiM, yathAtAu, amiya, suu, paiTTha, vijju, khaNu, paDu, rajju, saMgaru, vijjA, sokkha aadi|

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 27 kahIM-kahIM kavi ne 'ai' ke pracalita rUpa ko apanAyA hai, yathA- kailAsu, daiva, vairiya aadi| zabdoM kI isa pravRtti se bhASA meM komalatA tathA lAlitya kA samAveza ho gayA hai| zabdoM kI punarukti se kAvya meM adbhuta saundarya kI sRSTi huI hai| kavi kahIM sarvanAma aura kahIM kriyA-vizeSaNa kI punarAvRtti karatA hai| isa prakAra sthAna vizeSa kA samagra citra aMkita ho jAtA hai aura isameM use pUrNa saphalatA milI hai| isa citraNa-kauzala ke sAtha kathA kI gatizIlatA bhI banI rahatI hai| ata: ise punarukti-doSa nahIM kahA jA sktaa| prathama sandhi meM aMga-deza kA varNana karate hue kavi sthAna-sUcaka sArvanAmika vizeSaNa kA aneka bAra prayoga karatA hai jahi~ saravari uggaya paMkayAi~, NaM dharaNivayaNi nnynnullyaaiN| jahi~ hAliNirUvaNivaddhaNeha, saMcallahi~ jakkha Na divva deh|| jahi~ bAlahi~ rakkhiya sAlikhetta, moheviNu gIyae~ hrinnkhNt| jahi~ dakkhai~ bhuMjivi duhu muyaMti, thalakamalahi~ paMthiya suhu suyNti| jahi~ sAraNisalili saroyapaMti, airehai meiNi NaM haMsati // 1.3.6-10 arthAt jahA~ ke sarovaroM meM kamala uga rahe haiM, mAno dharaNI ke mukha para sundara nayana hI hoN| jahA~ kisAna-striyoM ke rUpa meM snehAsakta hokara divya dehadhArI yakSa nizcala ho gaye haiN| jahA~ bAlikAe~ carate hue hariNoM ke jhuNDoM ko apane gIta se mohita karake dhAna ke khetoM kI rakSA kara letI hai jahA~ pathika dAkha kA bhojanakara apanI yAtrA ke duHkha se mukta hote haiM aura sthala-kamaloM para sukha se so jAte haiN| jahA~ kI naharoM ke pAnI meM kamaloM kI paMkti ati zobhAyamAna hotI hai, jaise mAno medinI ha~sa uThI ho| yahA~ 'jahiM' kI pA~ca bAra AvRtti kI gaI hai aura varNya-viSaya kA bAra-bAra kathana karake usase sambaddha anubhavoM ko samAviSTa karane kA prayatna dikha par3atA hai| isase tatkAlIna samAja aura aMga-deza kI samRddhi kA bhI paricaya milatA hai| yaha AlaMkArika bhASA kA saundarya sacamuca anUThA hai| isI prakAra 9vIM sandhi meM campA ke upavana meM muni zIlagupta ke Agamana para unheM dekhane ke lie jAtI huI nagara kI striyoM ke hRdaya ke utsAha kA cAkSuSa-bimba hI jaise sarvanAma kI punarukti ke sahAre sAkAra ho gayA hai| isase citraNa meM alaga hI prabhAvotpAdakatA samAhita ho gaI hai ka vi mANiNi calliya laliyadeha, muNicaraNasaroyaha~ bddhnneh| ka vi NeurasadeM raNajhaNaMti, saMcalliya muNiguNaM NaM thunnNti|

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 ka vi ramaNu Na jaMtau parigaNei, muNidasaNu hiyavae~ sai~ munnei| ka vi akkhayadhUva bharevi thAlu, airahasai~ calliya levi baalu| 9.2.3-6 sneha meM milana-AturI kA prastuta bimba bar3A vyaMjaka tathA bhAvapUrita hai| isI bhA~ti sAtavIM sandhi meM karakaNDa ke siMhala-dvIpa meM pahuMcane para vahA~ ke aizvarya kA varNana punarukti se dviguNita ho gayA hai (7.5.5-7) / rativegA ke vilApa meM prayukta pada-yojanA usake antas kI karuNa-dazA evaM rodanadhvani ko sAkAra kara dete haiM hA vairiya vaivasa pAvamalImasa kiM kiyu| mai~ Asi varAyau ramaNu parAyau kiM hiyu| hA daiva parammuhu duNNaya dummuhu tuhu~ huyu| hA sAmi salakkhaNa suTTha viyakkhaNa kahi~ gyu| maho uvari bhaDArA NaravarasArA karuNa kri| duhajalahi~ paDaMtI palayaho jaMtI NAha dhri| 7.11.9-14 yahA~ 'hA', 'vairiya', 'dummuha', 'sAmi', 'viyakkhaNa', 'NaravarasArA' Adi zabdoM meM usake hRdaya kI vedanA kI abhUtapUrva abhivyakti huI hai| phira eka vivAhitA evaM pativratA nArI ke lie usake pati ke atirikta hai hI kauna? tabhI to vaha kahatI hai maho uvari bhaDArA NaravarasArA karuNa kri| aura vaha bhI apane hAtha se pakar3akara bacAne ke lie nivedana karatI hai| yahA~ virahiNI rativegA ke khIjha, Akroza, dInatA, samarpaNa aura nivedana na jAne kitane bhAvoM ko kavi ne samAhita kara bhASA kI vyaMjanA meM cAra cA~da lagA diye haiN| yaha loka-jIvana kI anubhUti binA sambhava hI nhiiN| isase muni kanakAmara kI loka-jIvana meM gahana paiTha spaSTa hotI hai| dhAr3IvAhana aura karakaNDa ke yuddha ke bIca Akara padmAvatI pitA-putra ko eka-dUsare kA paricaya karAkara rokatI huI, pati ke pAsa khar3I hotI hai (3.20), campA-nareza use dekhate haiM- yaha mohaka bimba bhalA kisake hRdaya ko taralakara bhAvoM se nahIM bharegA! yahA~ nayanoM ke mauna saMvAda meM hiye ke anagina bhAvoM kI hI abhivyakti nahIM huI hai, anagina upAlambha aura gilave-zikave hI nahIM kaha diye gaye haiM, balki itane lambe vichoha kI akatha vyathA bhI vyaMjita ho gaI hai aura anta meM pati-patnI ke rizte kI pavitratA, gambhIratA evaM niSkalaMkatA kA marma bhI bhalI prakAra spaSTa ho gayA hai, yaha kavi kI bhASA-zailI kA hI lAlitya hai sA diTThiya caMpaNaresareNa, gaMgANai NaM rynnaayrenn| 3.20

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 zabdADambara-rahita sarala aura saMyamita bhASA meM jahA~ kavi ne gambhIra bhAva abhivyakta kiye haiM vahA~ usakI zailI adhika prabhAvI ho gaI hai| nauvIM sandhi ke cauthe kar3avaka meM rotI huI strI ke vilApa kA kAraNa jAnakara jaba karakaNDa saMsAra kI asAratA tathA kSaNabhaMguratA kA pratipAdana karatA hai, vahA~ isa prakAra kI bhASA-zailI ke darzana hote haiM- 'dhik dhik yaha martyaloka bar3A asuhAvanA hai| zarIra kA bhoga hI mAnava ke duHkha kA kAraNa hai| yahA~ samudra ke tulya mahAn duHkha haiM tathA bhogoM kA sukha madhu - bindu ke samAna hai, atyalpa hai| hAya yahA~ mAnava du:kha se dagdha-zarIra hokara burI taraha karAhatA huA maratA hai| aise saMsAra meM nirlajja aura viSayAsakta manuSya ko chor3a aura kauna prIti kara sakatA hai ? 29 isI prakAra anitya - bhAvanA ke nirUpaNa meM ( 9.6) nArI ke saMketa bhI vairAgyotpatti kAhI mUla hai, kyoMki jisa prakAra hathelI para rakhate hI pArA gala jAtA hai usI prakAra nArI virakta hokara kSaNabhara meM calI jAtI hai jar3a sUyai karayali thiu galeu, taha NAri virattI khaNi calei / hathelI para pAre kI taraha kahakara nArI ke kSaNika saMga-sukha kI prabhAvI vyaMjanA yahA~ huI hai| vItarAgI kavi kA yaha aprastuta vidhAna bar3A sArthaka tathA usakI pravRtti ke anurUpa sarvathA saTIka hai| bhASA ko bhAvAnurUpa banAne ke lie kavi ne dhvanyAtmaka zabdoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai| isase bhAva kI utkRSTa vyaMjanA to ho hI gaI hai, vAtAvaraNa kA saMjJAna bhI tatsambandhI dhvani-bimba se ho jAtA hai| cauthI sandhi meM jaba hAthI sarovara meM kamala lene AtA hai taba usake kAnoM kI jhalamala dhvani, jala ke hilane kI dhvani, sU~Da meM jala bharakara idhara-udhara uDelane kI usakI prakriyA tathA kamaloM ko tor3ane kI dhvani se eka anUThe vAtAvaraNa kA sRjana ho jAtA hai sarovare pomai~ levi kariMdu, samAyau pavvau NAi~ samuhu / jhalAjhala kaNNaraeNa saraMtu, kavolacueNa maeNa jharaMtu / supiMgalaloyaNu daMtahi~ saMsu, caDAviyacAvasamuNNayavaMsu / dUrehakulAi~ sudUre karaMtu, disAmuha suMDajaleNa bharaMtu / 4.6.4-6 yahA~ dhvani-bimba to upasthita huA hI hai, do-do zabdavAle chanda meM bhI usakI laya evaM gati meM eka AkarSaNa ApUrita ho gayA hai| tIsarI sandhi ke 18veM kar3avaka yuddha vAtAvaraNa kA citra darzanIya hai| aise aneka dhvanyAtmaka zabdoM kA saphala prayoga yahA~ dekhe hI banatA hai, yathA- gulagulaMta, hilahilaMta, dharaharaMta, pharaharaMta, tharaharaMta ( 3.14), bhajjaMti, gajjaMti, tuhaMti, phuhaMti, moDaMti, tAraMti ( 3.14), bukkaraMti (4.5) ; bhuMbhukkar3a, khalakhala (4.24), phukkarivi (5.27 ) Adi /

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 bhASA ke utkarSa evaM viSaya ko AkarSaka banAne ke lie kavi choTe-choTe hRdayasparzI vAkyoM evaM subhASitoM kA prayoga karatA hai| isa sUktyAtmaka vidhAna se jahA~ bhASA meM saundarya kA samAveza huA hai vahA~ varNana yA kathana meM bhI loca A gayA haiM- saMsAra meM sabhI prANI lobha ke vazIbhUta hokara kAma karate haiM / phira, prAyaH yaha bhI nahIM dekhate ki kArya kaisA hai ? yahA~ mAtaMga karakaNDa kA pAlana karatA hai aura use sabhI prakAra kI vidyAe~ sikhAtA hai, kyoMki isa prakAra use muni ke zrApa se mukti milegI aura vaha punaH vidyAdhara ho jaayegaa| isa prakAra yaha sUkti bar3I sArthaka aura saTIka hai 30 loheNa viDaMviu sayalu jaNu bhaNu kiM kira cojjai~ Nau karai / 2.9.10 isI prakAra chaThI sandhi ke pA~caveM kar3avaka meM mAdhava - madhusUdana ke vaira ke dRSTAnta meM mAdhava ke dIna-hIna ho jAne para kisI ke dvAra para na jAne kI bhAvanA se kahatA hai- apane kauroM kA viSa khAkara mara jAnA acchA, para durjana ke ghara kiMkara honA acchA nahIM- isameM usake svAbhimAna kA bhAva nihita hai vari kavalahi~ khAivi visu muyau, Na dujjaNaghari kiMkara huyau / 6.5.6 aise hI kiu vijjAvaMtaho saMgu jeNa, suhasaMpai labbhai Naraho teNa / 2.13.1 - vidyAvAna kA saMga manuSya ko sukha-sampatti kA lAbha pahu~cAtA hai / vidyA vihIna - ko kabhI apanA mitra nahIM banAnA cAhiye / jagi karuNavaMtu aimaNNaNijju, kaha hoi Na sajjaNu vaMdaNijju ! 6.6.3 jagat meM karuNAvAn sajjana kyoM na ati mAnavIya aura vandanIya hoveM ! - so suaNu parAyau asai bhojju, uvayAru karai kira kavaNu cojju / 7.15.6 jo sajjana puruSa parAyA bhojana karatA hai, vaha usakA upakAra kare, isameM Azcarya hI kyA hai? kiM kiM Na karai mayaNaaMdhu ! 10.7.5 kAmAndha manuSya kyA-kyA nahIM karatA ! muhAvare tathA lokoktiyoM ke prayoga se karakaNDacariu kI kAvya-bhASA jIvanta ho gaI hai| ise bhASA meM svata: hI eka loca evaM saMjIvanI-zakti kA prAdurbhAva ho jAtA hai| bhASA ko samartha banAne meM muhAvare tathA lokoktiyoM kA upayoga bar3e mahattva kA hai| lokokti meM sAgara bharane kI pravRtti kAma karatI hai| cU~ki apabhraMza ke adhikAMzataH kavi AcArya yA muni hone ke kAraNa padayAtrI hone se loka-jIvana aura saMskRti se sIdhe jur3e hote haiN| lokokti loka-jIvana kI AcAra saMhitA hotI hai| anubhava aura abhyAsa kA navanIta usakI bejor3a nidhi hotA hai| lokokti kA rUpa saMjJA

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 kI bhA~ti tathA muhAvare kA kriyA kI bhA~ti hotA hai| muhAvarA vaha gaThA huA vAkyAMza hai jisase kucha lakSaNAtmaka artha nikalatA hai| ye loka-jIvana ke pracalita ve sikke haiM jinakA mUlya kabhI nahIM bdltaa| inake prayoga se kavi kI abhivyaMjanA-kuzalatA kA paricaya milatA hai| karakaNDacariu meM yadyapi inakA prayoga bahuta adhika nahIM huA hai, lekina jo huA hai usameM eka saMjIdagI aura vyaMjakatA lakSita hotI hai| ___ cauthI sandhi ke 15veM kar3avaka meM 'ciMtAvivaNNu thiu maMdasau' - phIkA mukha honA tathA 'karu vayaNe Nivesivi Niu thiyau' - hAtha para mu~ha rakhakara baiThanA ke dvArA karakaNDa kI cintAmagna mAnasikatA ko vyakta kiyA gayA hai| siMhAsana ke Upara kI gA~Tha ko tur3avAne para jo vikRti jina-pratimA meM A gaI usase usakA cintAmagna tathA udAsa ho jAnA svAbhAvika hai| kyoMki ise vaha dhArmika aparAdha-bodha se svIkAra karatA hai| isI sandhi meM 17veM kar3avaka meM deva ke Atma-paricaya meM bhUdharoM ko cUra-cUra karane kI bAta usakI zakti ke pradarzana ke nimitta paryApta hai- 'musu-mUrami bhUdhara vipphurNt'| . pA~cavIM sandhi ke 14veM kar3avaka meM hAthI ke krodha evaM Akroza ko vyakta karane meM usakA mukha mor3akara senA ko dekhanA bar3A saTIka hai, jo isa muhAvare ke dvArA hI sAkAra ho sakA hai- 'avaloiya kariNA muhu vlevi'| aise aneka sArthaka muhAvaroM kA prayoga isa kRti meM huA hai, yathA1. payabhAreM meiNi NiddalaMtu- pRthvI ko rauMdanA .. (5.14.4) 2. heTThAmuhu~ lajjai~ huu khaNammi- lajjA se mu~ha nIcA karanA (5.16.8) 3. dharaNiyale NivaDiu siru dhuNaMtu- sira dhunanA (6.7.4) 4. pariphuriyau taM maho vayaNe- mukha para raMga A gayA (6.9.6) 5. karayalakamalahi~ sulaliyasaralahi~ uru haNai- chAtI pITanA (7.11.7) 6. hiyavai~ takkhaNe saMcaDiu- hRdaya para car3ha gayA (7.14.10) 7. haNaMti do vi kukkhiyA- koMkha ko kUTanA (9.3.6) 8. kara maulivi savvau tahi~ thiyAu- hAtha malanA (10.24.6) kAvya kI abhivyakti meM bhASA kI zabda-zaktiyoM kA bhI apanA mahattva hotA hai| kathana meM vakratA tathA camatkAra kI sRSTi inhIM ke dvArA hotI hai| ye zaktiyA~ tIna kahI gaI haiMabhidhA, lakSaNA aura vyNjnaa| abhidhA kA prayoga sAmAnya kathanoM meM hotA hai| para, kAvya kI dRSTi se lakSaNA aura vyaMjanA hI adhika prayojanIya haiN| astu, 'lakSaNA' zabda kI vaha zakti hai jisake dvArA mukhyArtha kI bAdhA hone para rUr3hi yA prayojana ko lekara mukhyArtha se sambandha rakhanevAlA anyArtha lakSita hotA hai| aise zabda ko lAkSaNika zabda tathA usake artha ko

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 lakSyArtha kahate haiN| yathA- kavi dhAr3IvAhana ke guNoM kA varNana karatA huA kahatA hai- usakA hAtha dhana dene ke lie pasaratA to thA, kintu usakA dhanuSa prANI kA vadha karane ke lie sarasaMdhAna nahIM karatA thA dhaNu devae~ pasarai jAsu karu, Nau pANivahevvaI dharai sru| 1.5.5 - yahA~ na to hAtha apane Apa dhana dene ke lie pasaratA hai aura na dhanuSa svayaM vANasaMdhAna karatA hai, balki karanevAlA to rAjA hai| isa prakAra kathana karake kavi ne camatkAra paidA kara diyA hai| yaha camatkAra lakSaNAjanya hone se yahA~ lakSaNA-zakti hai| phira, 'pasaranA' (pasAranA, phailAnA) zabda pairoM ke sambandha meM prayukta hotA hai, hAthoM ke sAtha nhiiN| yahA~ kavi adhika se adhika hAthoM ko bar3hAkara dhana dene kI bAta kahatA hai| isI se lakSaNA-zakti hai| ___ dUsarI sandhi ke 18veM kar3avaka meM prayukta 'bujjhu' zabda meM lakSyArtha hai| isakA prayoga mana-buddhi se bhalI prakAra samajhane tathA nirNaya lene ke lie kiyA gayA hai| karakaNDa ko vaNika ne jo ucca puruSa kI kahAnI sunAI usake marma ko hRdayaMgama karane ke vicAra se isa zabda kA prayoga huA hai| ata: lakSaNA-zakti haieha ucca kahANI kahiya tujjhu, guNa sAraNi puttaya hiyai~ bujjhu / 2.18.8 madanAvalI ke citrapaTa ko dekhate hI karakaNDa ke hRdaya meM madana kA vANa praviSTa ho gayA tahiM rUu salakkhaNu teNa diTTha, NaM mayaNavANu hiyavae~ paiTTha / 3.4.10 madana (kAmadeva) kA zarIra to puSpoM kA banA hotA hai, vaha dikhalAI nahIM detA,. balki usakA prabhAva indriyoM ke mAdhyama se manuSya ke zarIra para hotA hai| yahA~ hRdaya meM bANa ke praviSTa hone kA tAtparya rAjA ke Asakta hone se hai| isI se lakSaNA-zakti hai| jaba madanAvalI aura karakaNDa kA vivAha hotA hai mAtA padamAvatI A jAtI hai| vivAha se gadgada hokara vaha use AzIrvAda detI hai ciru jIvahi NaMdaNa puhaiNAha, kAliMdI surasari jAva vaah| 3.9.4 arthAt jaba taka gaMgA-jamunA kI dhAra baha rahI hai, ciraMjIva ho| gaMgA-jamunA to yugoM se baha rahI hai aura bahatI rhegii| lekina koI vyakti yugoM taka jIvita nahIM raha sktaa| lekina mAtA-pitA aura gurujanoM kI aisI hI kAmanA hotI hai, isI se aisA AzIrvAda diyA jAtA hai ki bahuta dinoM taka ciraMjIva rhe| isaliye lakSaNA-zakti hai| rativegA se bichur3ane ke bAda samudra meM kanakaprabhA use dekhakara mugdha ho gii| isI bhAva kI abhivyakti ke lie kavi ne 'hiyavai~ saMcaDiya' (7.14) arthAt vaha usake hRdaya para car3ha gayA, usako pasanda A gayA, ata: usakI anurakti ke bhAva ko yaha kahakara vyakta kiyA gayA hai|

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 isI prakAra 'huo gharu buddhisamiddhihe jo vi' ( 8.6.7 ) arthAt suA buddhisampatti kA ghara ho rahA thA tathA 'bhattIbhareNa maNu jAsu bhiNNu' (10.5.8) arthAt usakA mana bhakti ke bhAra se bhara rahA thA, meM lakSaNA - zakti kA prayoga huA hai / 33 jaba abhidhA tathA lakSaNA apanA-apanA artha spaSTa karake virata ho jAtI haiM, kintu phira bhI vaktA kA abhiprAya spaSTa nahIM hotA taba zabda kI vyaMjanA-zakti kA prazraya liyA jAtA hai| isase prApta artha ko vyaMgyArtha aura zabda ko vyaMjaka kahA jAtA hai / yathAjaba karakaNDa madanAvalI ke citra para mugdha ho gayA taba usa manuSya ne itanAbhara kahA- vaha kamaladalAkSI zazivadanA Apake karatala ko apane kara pallava meM grahaNa kare - sA kamaladalacchI sAsivayaNa tau karayalu karapallave dharau / 3.7.10 yahA~ kara ko kara meM dharane kA tAtparya vivAha hone (pANigrahaNa) se hai| isI kI vyaMjanA bhI gaI hai| aise hI dUsarI sandhi ke cauthe kar3avaka meM zarIra ko tRNavana- 'taNuvaNe' kahakara isakI kSaNabhaMguratA kA saMketa kiyA gayA hai| isI meM muni dvArA vidyAdhara ke lie 'bhagor3e' (bhagga) zabda kA prayoga karake usakI nirAzAjanya manaH sthiti kI vyaMjanA kI gaI hai| prabandha-kAvya meM alaMkAra - yojanA kA bhI vizeSa mahattva hai| bhAvoM kI sphuTa abhivyakti aura vastu ke utkarSa citra yA bimba ko abhivyaMjita karane ke lie alaMkAra Avazyaka hI nahIM, anivArya bhI haiN| yadi kalpanA bhAvoM ko jagAtI hai to alaMkAra unheM rUpa pradAna karate haiN| ye bhAva ke pIche-pIche calate haiN| vAstava meM sIdhI-sAdI bAta meM AkarSaNa kama dikhAI detA hai, alaMkAra-yojanA se usakA camatkAra bar3ha jAtA hai| isI se kAvya-bhASA meM inakA mahattva hai| kavi apanI ukti ko manohara tathA adhika prabhAvapUrNa banAne ke lie bhAvoM meM alaMkAroM kA prayoga karatA hai| isake lie vaha aprastuta vidhAna kA prazraya letA hai / ina aprastutoM kA bhAva tathA paristhiti ke anukUla honA paramAvazyaka hai| inakI sArthakatA isI meM hai ki ye bhASA ke prayoga meM svataH A jAye / prayatnapUrvaka lAye gaye alaMkAroM se bhASA bojhila ho jAtI hai| prastuta kAvya meM ve sahaja Aye haiM aura zabdAlaMkAra tathA arthAlaMkAra donoM prakAra ke haiN| inake aprastuta - vidhAna meM paramparAgata upamAnoM ke sAtha nUtana evaM maulika upamAnoM ke prayoga bhI darzanIya haiN| tabhI to bhAvAbhivyaMjanA tathA vastu-niyojana meM sauSThava ApUrita ho gayA hai| zabdAlaMkAroM prayoga kiyA hai, yathA kavi ne anuprAsa ke atirikta zleSa tathA yamaka alaMkAra kA bhI ke vi saMgAmabhUmIrase rattayA, saggiNIchandamaggeNa saMpattayA / 3.14.8 yahA~ 'saggiNI' zabda meM zleSa hai arthAt koI vIra saMgrAma-bhUmi meM anurakta, svarga

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34 apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 vAsinI apsarAoM ke abhISTa mArga ko prApta hue| zleSa se kavi ne sragviNI chanda kA bhI nAma-nirdeza kiyA hai, jisameM usane racanA kI hai| isI prakAra 'sUru' tathA 'pahara' meM zleSa alaMkAra hai, yathA tA ettahiM ravi atthairi gau, bahupaharahiM NaM sUru vi suyu| 10.9.4 arthAt itane meM sUrya asta ho gyaa| bahuta paharoM ke bAda thakA sUrya mAno so gayA ho yA bahuta prahAroM se mAno zUravIra so gayA ho- sUru= sUrya, zUravIra; pahara= pahara, prhaar| __ prakRti, nagara-varNana Adi meM kavi apanI maulika udbhAvanA se aise aprastutoM (upamAnoM) kA vidhAna karatA hai ki pAThaka ekadama naye dharAtala para pahuMcakara naye anubhava se saMpRkta ho uThatA hai| usakI kalpanAzakti bar3I prabala hai| ekasAtha aneka utprekSAoM kI vaha jhar3I-sI lagA detA hai jisase naye-naye bimba upasthita ho jAte haiN| kSaNamAtra meM guNa, dharma evaM rUpa-sAmya ko dyotita karanevAle aneka upamAna use sUjha jAte haiN| usakI sUkSma nirIkSaNa kSamatA aura maulikatA para daMga raha jAnA par3atA hai| siMhAsana kI gA~Tha ke TUTate hI jalavAhinI ke nikalane para kavi kI utprekSAoM kA bimba darzanIya hai gurughAyavaDaNe Niggaya phuliMga, NaM kohavasai~ ahijlnnliNg| tahe gaMThihe vayaNaho bahalaphAra, tA Niggaya takkhaNi slildhaar| paDhamau bhuMbhukkar3a Niggamei, NaM meiNi bhIe~ uvvmei| NiggaMtI bAhiri sA vihAi, mahi bhiMdivi phaNivaighariNi nnaa| parisahai sA vi bhUmihi~ milaMti, gaMgANai NaM khalakhala khlNti| pasaMratie~ tAe~ khaNeNa bhavvu, taM bhariyau layaNu jaleNa savvu / NaM amiyakuMDu bahurasajaleNa, NaM dhammasAru thiu jlchlenn| 4.14.2-8 arthAt TA~kI kI bhArI coTeM par3ane se cinagAriyA~ nikalane lagIM, mAno zeSanAga ke krodhavaza jala uThane ke cihna hoN| phira mukha se bhuka-bhuka karatI huI bhArI jala kI dhAra nikalI mAno medinI bhaya se vamana karane lagI ho; mAno pRthvI ko bhedakara nAgendra kI gRhiNI nikala par3I ho| bhUmi meM milakara vaha aisI zobhAyamAna huI mAno gaMgA nadI khalakhalA rahI ho| usane eka kSaNa meM hI sAre layaNa ko jala se bhara diyA mAno vaha bahuta rasoM ke jala se bharA amRtakuNDa ho athavA jala ke bahAne se dharmasAra bharA ho| ye sabhI upamAna nUtana aura maulika haiN| isI prakAra campA nagarI kA varNana aneka upamAnoM se khila uThA hai| vahA~ jinamandira aise zobhAyamAna haiM mAno abhaMga puNya ke puMja hoM jiNamandira rehahiM jahiM tuMga, NaM puNNapuMja Nimmala ahNg| 1.4.3

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 yaha navyatA jaina dharma ke anurUpa bar3I bhavya hai| ghara-ghara rezamI patAkAoM ke ur3ane ke lie mAno AkAza meM zveta sarpa salavalA rahe hoM, kI parikalpanA anUThI hai __NaM seyasappa Nahi slblNti| yahA~ gatyAtmaka saundarya avalokanIya hai| utprekSAoM ke bahulaza: prayoga se aisA lagatA hai jaise karakaNDacariu ke kavi kI isameM adhika ruci hai| use utprekSAoM kA kavi kahA jA sakatA hai| paramparAgata upamAnoM ke sandarbha meM bhI usakI kalpanA anUThI hai, yathA jahiM saravari uggaya paMkayAi~, NaM dharaNivayaNi nnynnullyaa| 1.3.6 kabhI naharoM meM khile kamaloM ko dekhakara medinI ke ha~sane kI parikalpanA karatA hai| jahiM sAraNisalili saroyapaMtti, airehai meiNi NaM hsNti| 1.3.10 .. padmAvatI ke nakha-zikha varNana meM paramparAgata upamAnoM kA yathAvat Akalana kiyA gayA hai| lekina sira para lahalahAte kAle kezoM ke lie usakI sUjha ekadama nUtana hai, maulika hai aliNIlakesa siraruha ghulaMti, muhaiMdubhayai~ NaM tama milNti| 1.16.14 mAno mukha-canda ke bhaya se andhakAra kA~pa rahA ho| 'mukha sasi Dara roisi aMdhArA'- vidyApati kI ukti jaise yahIM se lI gaI hai| 'karakaNDa ke janma lene para kavi kI eka hI upameya ke lie tIna-tIna upamAnoM kI parikalpanA sacamuca prazaMsanIya hai, aise putra ko pAkara mAtA apane sAre kaSToM ko bhUla jAya, isameM Azcarya hI kyA? teM jAyae~ tahe vIsariu dukkhu, NaM aDavihe jAyau kpprukkhu| NaM meiNi bhiMdivi mahihariMdu, NaM jAyau NiyakulaNahi chnniNdu| 2.1.3-4 aura jaba akasmAt kAle raMga kA mAtaMga use uThA letA hai taba vaha kalpanA karatA hai mAno kAle nAga ke phana para maNi camaka rahI ho tahiM karayali thakkau soha dei, NaM phaNivaimatthai~ maNi shei| 2.1.8 aise hI 20veM kar3avaka meM jaba hAthI jala se bhare ghaTa ko sUMDa meM lekara calatA hai taba kavi kI sUjha nirAlI hI parilakSita hotI hai aura gatizIla bimba bana jAtA hai- mAno pUrNacandra parvata ke zikhara para cala rahA ho sa puNNau kuMbhu kareNa karaMtu, chaNiMdu NaM pavvayasiMgu srNtu| 2.20.5 puna: tIsarI sandhi ke 7veM kar3avaka meM karakaNDa-madanAvalI ke vivAha ke uparAnta vara dvArA vadhu ke mukha-paTa ko ughAr3A gayA mAno usake mana ke moha-paTala ko ughAr3a diyA gayA ho

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36 apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 ghADi mahavaDu vihiM jaNAha~, NaM mohapaDalu taggaya maNAha~ / mUrta kA yaha amUrtikaraNa to ekadama nUtana hai| sacamuca kavi kI kalpanA bahuta U~cI ur3akara saTIka upamAna khoja lAtI hai| gaMgAjI ke jala kI kuTila dhAra aisI zobhAyamAna thI mAno zveta bhujaMga kI mahilA jA rahI ho sA sohai siyajala kuDilavaMti, NaM seyabhuvaMgaho mahila jaMti / 3.12.6 yaha bhI nUtana kalpanA hI hai aura gatyAtmaka saundarya kI sRSTi karatI hai| sarvAMga saundarya kI vyaMjanA ke lie kavi svarga ke Tukar3e kI kalpanA karatA hai - etthatthi avaMtI NAma desu, NaM tuTTivi paDiyau saggalesu / 8.1.6 yahA~ avanti nAma kA deza hai mAno svarga kA eka Tukar3A TUTakara Apar3A ho khile hue kamaloM se yukta sarovara ko nihArakara kavi adbhuta kalpanA karatA haimAno AkAza apane sundara tArAmaNDala - sahita pRthvI para A gayA ho kamalAyaru rehai aisutAru, NaM dharahi~ samAgau Nahu sutAru / 10.2.3 aura jaba dhanadatta nAma kA gopa usameM ghusakara kamala tor3a letA hai taba kavi kI sUjha ke saundarya para 'vAha-vAha' kahe binA nahIM rahA jA sktaa| vaha kahatA hai- sarovara meM se kamala kyA tor3A, mAno usakA sira kATa liyA ho! jaise sira ke kaTa jAne se mAnava yA kisI jIva kI AkRti vikRta ho jAtI hai, vaise hI sarovara rUpahIna ho gayA jala paisivi laiyau pomu teNa, NaM khuDiu sarovara siru khaNeNa / 10.2.8 kAvya ke anta meM karakaNDa jaba muni ke upadezoM se tapazcaraNa grahaNa karatA hai aura apane sira ke ghu~gharAle kezoM ko ukhAr3akara pheMkane lagatA hai taba kavi kalpanA karatA haimAno, salabalAte bhujaMgoM ko pheMka rahA ho, sira se alaga hue kAle ghu~gharAle bAloM ke lie isa aprastuta - vidhAna meM kaisI saTIka vyaMjanA hai, dekhe hI banatI hai| eka ora karuNAjanya duHkha hai to dUsarI ora kezoM kI gatizIla sundaratA / nisandeha kavi kI kalpanA-pravaNatA para mugdha honA hI par3atA hai uppADiya kuMtala kuDilavaMta, NaM kammabhuvaMgama salavalaMta / 10.23.9 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki kavi ne utprekSA alaMkAra kA bahulazaH prayoga kiyA hai, cAhe vaha nagara yA prakRti kA nirUpaNa ho, cAhe rUpa athavA vairAgya kI sthiti kA citraNa / usane sarvatra naye aura maulika upamAnoM kI parikalpanA kI hai| inakI eka vizeSatA yaha hai ki ye loka-jIvana meM se utane grahIta nahIM hai jitane prakRti ke antarvAhya pariveza meM se / paramparA haTakara inakA cayana vItarAgI mahApuruSa kI bhA~ti ekadama naye sandarbhoM meM kiyA gayA hai| yaha

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 isa mahAkavi kI sUkSma nirIkSaNa zakti evaM kArayitrI - pratibhA kI advitIya sUjha hai| isake kAvya ke saundarya ko bhI eka nUtana AyAma pradAna kiyA hai| isaliye isa kavi ko utprekSAoM kA anUThA kavi kahane meM koI atizayokti nahIM / vastutaH utprekSA meM kalpanA ko adhika svAtantrya aura vikasita rUpa se sphuTa bhAva-bhUmi milatI hai, jisameM koI roka-Toka nahIM hotI, jahA~ vaha kalpanA ko jagAne meM sahAyaka hotI hai, kahIM bhAvoM kI unmukta abhivyaMjanA ke lie spaSTa evaM sphIta bimba sAmane lAtI hai| 37 anya sAdRzyamUlaka alaMkAroM meM yahA~ upamA aura rUpaka kA bhI aisA hI sajIva evaM saundaryavardhaka niyojana huA hai / yathA- ujAr3a upavana ko mUrkha manuSya ke samAna kahanA, jisakA na to koI mata hotA hai aura svayaM bhI vaha nIrasa hotA hai, kitanA saTIka aura sArthaka hai, darzanIya hai tAdi uaaNu DhaMkharukkhu, mayarahiyau NIrasu NAi~ mukkhu / 1.14.2 aise hI rAjamahala ko himavanta ke zikhara ke sAmana kahakara eka sAkAra bimba hI khar3A kara diyA hai teM diTTha rAyaNikeu tuMgu, ajhmaNaharu NaM himavaMtasiMgu / 3.3.3 aura madanAvalI kI virahajanya kRza deha ko kRSNa pakSa kI candra-rekhA kI upamA denA bhI atIva sArthaka hai vihalaMghala gayakala jhINadeha, kasaNammi pakkhi NaM caMdaleha / 3.6.5 kintu, rAjA ke cunAva hetu nikalanevAle hAthI kI upamA sacamuca navyatama aura unmeSa-zAlinI hai- hAthI mastI se cala rahA hai, vaha kAna hilA rahA hai tathA apanI sU~Da DulA rahA hai, jaise koI premI apanI vilAsinI ke ghara se nikala rahA ho - gharAu viNiggau vAraNu tuMgu, vilAsiNigehaho NAi~ bhuyaMgu / 2.20.3 vidyAdharI kA apane priya madanAmara khecara ko dekhakara prema - vihvala hone kI hRdayasparzI vyaMjanA upamA ke prayoga se hI citrita ho sakI hai- vaha pavana se Ahata kelI ke samAna kA~pa uThI, ekasAtha prema mizrita AzaMkA se prakampita honA prathama milana kI naisargikatA ko dRSTi - gocara kara rahA hai Diya vAyAhava keli va kaMpaviya / saMsAra ke prati anAsakti aura vairAgya kI mana:sthiti meM duHkhoM ko samudra ke samAna tathA bhogoM ko madhu - bindu ke sadRza kahanA bar3A svAbhAvika aura manovaijJAnika hairayaNAyaratullau jetthu dukkhu, mahubindusamANau bhoyasukkhu / 9.4.8

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 para stanoM ke lie pIva se bhare hue phor3oM, sadRza kI abhivyakti to bhoga ke prati ghRNA-bhAva se bhara detI hai guNudIsai kavaNu uroruhAha~, paripUriya pUyae~ vnnnnihaahN| jina-pratimA ke siMhAsana kI gA~Tha ko tur3avAne para karakaNDa kI udvigna mAnasikatA kA citra mAlopamA ke sahAre atIva vyaMjaka bana gayA hai, jaise- vajra ke prahAra se mahIdharendra, sainyabhagna ho jAne se surendra aura kezarI ke nakhoM se vidIrNa hAthI khinna ho jAtA hai| udAsa mana ho jAne se jaise usakI sArI tana-mana kI zakti lupta ho jAtI hai, vaha AtmaglAni se karAha uThatA hai, ye sAre bhAva citrita ho gaye haiM NaM kulisaNihAe~ mahihariMdu, NaM bhaggae~ vale thiu suravariMdu, NaM mayagalu kesariNahavibhiNNu, thiu Naravai tahiM dukkheNa khinnnnu| 4.15.3-4 inake atirikta aneka paramparAyukta upamAnoM ko bhI kavi ne yahA~ prayukta kiyA hai, lekina nUtana prakAra se jisase vyaMjanA meM utkarSa A gayA hai, yathA-- muhakamalu saMjAyau rtupplsrisu| 3.13.10 mukha rakta-kamala ke samAna lAla ho gyaa| yaha krodha ke anubhAva kI sundara abhivyakti hai| isI prakAra airAvata kI sUMDa ke samAna dIrgha bhujazAlI karakaNDa ke zakti chor3ane para usakI adbhuta bahAdurI evaM sAhasa kI nidarzanA huI hai airaavikrdiihrbhueh| layaNa ke Upara kI vAmI ko cUr3AmaNi ke samAna kahane meM apanA alaga hI AkarSaNa haitaho layaNaho uppari girivarammi, cUr3AmaNi NaM mauDaho sirmmi| 4.4.4 . hAthI kI rIr3ha ko car3hAe hue cApa ke samAna kahanA usake zaktizAlI rUpa ko citrita karatA hai . caDAviyacAvasamuNNaya vNsu| 4.6.6 vidyAdharoM ko candramA ke samAna sundara aura sUrya ke samAna tejasvI kahanA nizcaya hI sArthaka hai ssikNtdivaayrpurdhaam| 5.4.2 vairAgya hone para karakaNDa kA striyoM ko tRNavat ginanA sahaja hai tiNasamau gaNivi aNteuraaiN| 10.23.10 rUpaka alaMkAra kA prayoga bhI prastuta kAvya meM sthAna-sthAna para bar3A bhavya evaM

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 39 utkarSamaya hai| yathA- prathama sandhi ke 6The kar3avaka meM padmAvatI ko dekhane para use kAmarUpI vRkSa kI eka phalI huI DAla kahanA nisandeha kisI vizeSa abhiprAya se ApUrita hai aura vaha abhiprAya hai kAma-vimugdha hone kaa| tabhI to kAma kI DAla ko phalI-phUlI kahakara yauvana se gauravAnvita batAyA gayA hai kaamviddvipriphliyddaal| 1.6.5 isI prakAra zarIra para tRNavana kA Aropa usakI kSaNabhaMguratA ko abhivyakta karane ke lie sArthaka prayoga hai kohANalu sAmahi sAmisAla, mA pasarau taNuvaNe sylkaal| 2.4.7 ___ - krodha kI agni se yaha svataH bhasma ho sakatA hai| bhagavAn jinendra kI stuti meM unheM sarvazaktivAn kahakara namana karanA sAMsArika jIva ko ucita hI hai, kyoMki ve karmarUpI vRkSa ko kATanevAle kuThAra haiM- 'kammaviDa vichiMdaNa kutthaar'| pAparUpI bhujaMga ko damana karanevAle dineza haiM- 'paavtimirpheddnndinnes'| rAgarUpI bhujaMga ke damana karane ke lie maMtra haiM- 'rAya bhuvNgmdmnnmttN'| madanarUpI Ikha kI pirAI ke lie uttama yaMtra haiM- 'mynnikkhupiilnnsujNtt'| sajjanoM ke manarUpI sarovara ke rAjahaMsa haiM- 'bhaviyaNamaNasara raayhNs'| ina sabhI amUrta kA mUrtikaraNa draSTavya hai| isI prakAra 9vIM sandhi ke 18veM kar3avaka meM muni zIlagupta ko krodharUpI agni ke bujhAne ke lie megha kahanA- 'kohaaijlnnviddmnnmeh'| kAmarUpI kirAta ke hRdaya ke zalya- 'kAmakirAyaho hiyysll'| moharUpI bhaTa ko parAjita karane ke lie malla- mohabhaDaho paDikhalaNamalla- meM bhI amUrta kA mUrtikaraNa pUjya sandarbha meM saTIka hai| aise hI dharmarUpI vRkSa ko poSita karane hetu vratarUpI jala se sIMcanA atIva sAragarbhita hai dhammataru vayajalai~ siMciyau, vaDDhei sutthiyu| dharma aura tapazcaraNa kI sthiti meM inakA prayoga bar3A preraka aura upadezAtmaka hai, yathA- muktirUpI vadhU- 'sAsayavahu' (9.23.10), cintArUpI agni- 'ciMtANala' (10.6.4), karmarUpI bhujaMga- 'kammabhuvaMgama' (10.23.8) evaM nirvANarUpI vilAsinI'NivvANavilAsiNi' (10.25.7) / astu, niSkarSataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki karakaNDacariu kI kAvya-bhASA pariniSThita

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 apabhraMza hai| saundarya ke vividha upAdAnoM kA samucita prayoga karake usake kavi ne use bhAva aura paristhiti ke anurUpa banAkara apane prabandha ko sAmAnya sahRdaya ke lie bhI sahaja tathA sarasa banA diyA hai| muhAvaroM aura sabhI prakAreNa sArthaka zabdoM ke prayoga se use jIvanta banAne kA saphala prayAsa kiyA hai| zabda kI lakSaNA-vyaMjanA zaktiyoM ke dvArA usameM artha-camatkAra bharA hai to sAdRzyamUlaka alaMkAroM ke nUtana tathA maulika prayogoM se usake sauSThava ko unnata kara diyA hai| vividha bhAvoM, anubhAvoM, sthitiyoM evaM dRzyoM ke citraNa meM usakI kAvya-bhASA sarvatra sazakta evaM samRddha banI hai| sacamuca muni kanakAmara vItarAgI mahApuruSa hI nahIM, kAvya aura kAvya-bhASA ke marmajJa vidvAn aura manISI bhI haiN| karakaNDacariu, kavi kanakAmara, sampAdaka- DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, dillii| 49-bI, Aloka nagara AgarA - 282 010

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 akTUbara 2003-2004 41 apabhraMza ke jaina rAsA-kAvya paramparA aura prayoga __- DaoN. gadAdhara siMha 'rAsa' ke lie rAsa, rAso, rAsaka, rAsu, rAsaDa, rAsA Adi aneka payAryavAcI zabda prApta hote haiN| kucha vidvAnoM ke anusAra jinameM narottama svAmI mukhya haiM, vIra-rasapUrNa kAvya ko 'rAso' aura vIra rasa se bhinna bhAvanAoM ko vahana karanevAle kAvya ko 'rAsa' kahate haiN| 'rAsa aura rAsAnvayI kAvya' ke sampAdaka-dvaya sarvazrI DaoN. dazaratha ojhA evaM dazaratha zarmA ne narottama svAmI ke mata se asahamati vyakta karate hue kahA hai ki- "rAsa, rAsaka aura rAso ekArthavAcI haiN| inameM koI bheda nhiiN|' ina vidvAnoM ne apane nirNaya kA AdhAra 'bharatezvara bAhubalIrAsa', revaMtagiri rAsa', 'nemirAsa', 'AbUrAsa', 'kali rAsa', 'candanabAlA rAsa', 'samarA rAsa' Adi ko banAyA hai jinameM rAsahaM, rAsau, rAso, rAsa, rAsaka Adi zabda kisI vizeSa bhAvanA kA dyotana na kara sAmAnya artha meM hI vyavahRta hue haiN| ina donoM matoM meM sampAdaka-dvaya kA siddhAnta adhika paripakva pratIta hotA hai| rAsa-paramparA kA prArambha apabhraMza-yuga se bahuta pUrva hI ho cukA thaa| isakA ullekha 'agnipurANa', 'viSNupurANa', 'bhAgavatapurANa' Adi purANa-granthoM meM prApta hotA hai| isa samaya taka apabhraMza meM sAhityika racanAoM kA praNayana prArambha nahIM huA thaa| ina purANa-granthoM meM nRtya evaM gAna ke artha meM 'rAsa' pracalita the|

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42 . apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 rAsa' zabda kA udbhava kaba huA aura isakA sabase prAcInatama ullekha kisa grantha meM huA hai, isakA uttara denA bar3A kaThina hai| bANa ke harSacarita' meM rAsaka padoM kA ullekha huA hai azlIla rAsaka padAni gaayntyH|| harSa ke janma ke samaya striyoM dvArA azlIla rAsaka-padoM kA gAyana huA thaa| ina azlIla padoM ko sunakara viTa aise prasanna ho rahe the mAno unake kAnoM meM amRta cuvAyA jArahA ho| isa kathana se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki ye rAsaka-pada azlIlatA kI sImA taka pahu~ce hue zRMgAra-rasaparaka hote the| sambhava hai, kucha aise bhI rAsaka pada hoM jo azlIla na hoM, kintu ye geya avazya the isameM sandeha nhiiN| 'harSa' meM 'rAsaka' ko 'maNDalI-nRtya' ke artha meM bhI grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| harSa ke janma ke samaya rAsa-maNDaliyA~ ghUma-ghUmakara nRtya karatI cala rahI thiiN| unake ghUmane ke samaya aisA laga rahA thA mAno Avata-samUha ghUma rahA ho- . sAvarta iva rAsaka mnnddlaiH||' 'harivaMza purANa' meM "hallIsaka krIr3A' kA ullekha 'maNDala-nRtya' ke rUpa meM huA hai| zarad Rtu kI zubhra jyotsnA ko dekhakara kRSNa ke hRdaya meM 'hallIsaka nRtya' karane kI icchA jagatI hai aura isa prakara gopiyoM ke sAtha ve vividha prakAra kI krIr3Ae~ karate haiM tAstu paMktIkRtAH sarvA ramayanti mnormm| gAyantyaH kRSNacaritaM dvandvazo gopa knykaaH| evaM sa kRSNo gopInAM ckrvaalairlNkRtH| zAradISu sa candrAsu nizAsu bhubhude sukhii|| isI krIr3A ko 'hallIsaka' kahate haiM kyoMki hallIsaka meM bhI maNDalI nRtya hotA hai| 'rAsa' ke lie 'hallIsaka' zabda kA prayoga anya kisI bhI purANa-grantha meM prApta nahIM hotaa| vAtsyAyana ke 'kAmasUtra' meM isakA ullekha avazya milatA hai| kAmasUtra meM 'hallIsaka' ke sAtha-sAtha 'rAsaka' zabda bhI prayukta hai hallIsaka kriiddnkairgaaynaiynairlaattraaskaiH| rAgalolArdra nayanaizcandramaNDala viikssnnaiH|| isakI TIkA yoM dI gaI hai "hallIsaka kriiddnkairiti| hallIsaka krIDanaM yeSu giitessu|"

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 yathokrama maNDalena ya yatstrINAM nRttaM hallIsakaM tu tt| netA tatra bhavedeko gopastrINAM yathA hriH| lATa raaskairnyonydeshiiyaiH| teSAM atytvaadgiitvishessnnmett|| isa TIkA se jJAta hotA hai ki 'hallIsaka' meM striyA~ maNDala banAkara nRtya karatI thiiN| 'jaya maMgalA' kI isa TIkA ko AcArya hemacandra ne apane 'abhidhAna cintAmaNi' nAmaka grantha meM uddhRta kiyA hai| unhoMne apane 'dezInAmamAlA' meM 'hallIsaka' kA artha 'rAsaka' bhI batAyA hai| bhoja ke 'sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa' ke anusAra 'hallIsaka nRtya' tAlabandhavizeSayukta 'rAsa' kahalAtA thaa| tadvidaM hallIsakameva tAlAbandhavizeSayuktaM rAsa evetyucyte| 'sarasvatI kaNThAbharaNa' ke TIkAkAra zaMkara ne likhA hai aSTau SoDazadvAtriMzadyatra nRtyanti naaykaaH| piNDIbandhAnusAreNa tannRtaMrAsakaM smRtm|| - arthAt ATha, solaha yA battIsa manuSya jahA~ piNDI-bandha banAkara nRtya kareM vahI 'rAsa' kahA jAtA hai| 'harivaMza' ke bAda 'viSNu purANa' meM rAsalIlA kA vistRta varNana hai| usa samaya taka 'rAsa-nRtya' kA pUrNa vikAsa ho gayA hogaa| isa purANa meM zarada kI zubhra rajanI meM kRSNa kA gopiyoM ke sAtha 'rAsa-maNDala' banAkara nRtya karane kA bar3A bhAvapUrNa citraNa huA hai| isa nRtya meM pratyeka prANI kA hAtha kRSNa ke hAtha meM rahatA thA hastena gRhya cakrakAM gopInAM rAsamaNDalam / cakAra tatkara sparza nimIlataMdRgaM hri||' nRtya ke sAtha-sAtha gIta bhI isakI vizeSatA thI rAsa geyaM jagau kRssnn| 'harivaMza purANa' ke 'hallIsaka' aura 'viSNu purANa' kI rAsalIlA kA vyApaka aura vistRta varNana zrImadbhAgavat kI 'rAsapaJcAdhyAyI' meM huA hai|' Age calakara bhI rAsa ko nRtya-vizeSa ke hI artha meM samajhA jAtA rhaa| 'vIsaladeva rAso' meM rAsa meM gIta, vAdya

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44 apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 tathA nRtya-- tInoM ke upayoga kI bAta kahI gayI hai sarasatI sAmaraNI karau hau psaau| rAsa pragAsau~ bIsala-de-rAu / / khelA~ paisai maaNddlii| Akhara Akhara ANAje jodd'i| xxx gAvaNahAra mAMDai ra gaaii| rAsa kai (sama) yaha ba~salI baaii|| tAla kai samacai ghuughttii| mA~hilI mA~DalI chIdA hoi|| bAralI mA~DalI . maadhnnaa| rAsa pragAsa INI vidhi hoi|| isa vivecana se spaSTa hai ki 'rAsa' eka prakAra kA loka-nRtya thA jisameM maNDalI bA~dhakara strI-puruSa vAdya kI tAla para gIta ke sAtha nRtya karate the| Aja bhI 'saMthAla-nRtya' aura 'bhA~gar3A-nRtya' isI prakAra ke nRtya vizeSa haiN| loka-mAnasa kA jhukAva isa nRtya vizeSa kI ora adhika dekhakara sAhitya ne eka vizeSa vidhA ke rUpa meM ise svIkAra kara liyA aura kAlAntara meM yaha bhAva-vizeSa kI sImA meM na ba~dhakara vividha bhAvoM kA samarthavAhaka bnaa| ataH 'rAsa' kA udbhava vizuddha sAhitya se na hokara loka-nRtya se huA hai, yaha nirvivAda hai| sAhitya aura kAvya zAstra meM 'rAsa' ko tIna arthoM meM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai- 1. nRtya ke artha meM, 2. rUpaka-bheda ke rUpa meM aura 3. chanda-vizeSa ke rUpa meN| 'karpUramaMjarI' (4.10) meM 'daNDarAsa' kA aura 'upadeza rasAyana rAsa' meM 'tAlarAsa' aura 'lauDarAsa' kA ullekha huA hai tAlarAsu viditi na rynnihiN| divasi vi lauDArasu sahuM purisihi||" caudahavIM zatAbdI meM likhita 'saptakSetri rAsu' meM do prakAra ke rAsa kA varNana haitAlA rAsa aura lakuTa raas| 'tAlA rAsa' bhAToM dvArA par3hA jAtA thA aura 'lakuTa rAsa' nRtya ke sAtha-sAtha krIr3ita hotA thaa| sambhava hai, isameM do choTe-choTe DaNDe bhI rahate hoN| tIche tAlArAsa paDai bahu bhAra pddh'taa| anai lakuTa rAsa johai khelA nAcaMtA / /

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 45 samarA rAsa (saM. 1376) dvArA jJAta hotA hai ki 'lakuTa rAsa' meM gIta-nRtya ke sAtha abhinaya bhI hotA thA jalavaTu nATaku navaraMga e rAsa lauDa rAsa e|" nRtya karate samaya nRtyAMganAoM kI ghAgharI meM lage hue ghugharU jhamaka-jhamaka uThate the khelA nAcai navala pare ghAghari ravu jhmki| acariu deSiu dhAmi yaha kaha cittu na cmki||4 isa prakAra 'rAsaka' nRtya ke eka bheda ke rUpa meM sAhitya meM gRhita thaa| isI kA kramaza: vikAsa huA aura AcArya hemacandra ke samaya meM Akara isane 'geya kAvya' kI pratiSThA prApta kara lii| AcArya hemacandra ne 'rAsaka' ko apane 'kAvyAnuzAsana' meM geya kAvya ke antargata sthAna diyA hai| unakA 'rAsaka' se tAtparya sambhavata: nATakoM ke bIca gAye jAnevAle 'gItoM se thaa| AcArya zrI ne 'mANikA', 'rAmAkrIDa' Adi geya uparUpakoM ke abhinaya ke lie 'bhASyate' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai RtuvarNana saMyuktaM rAmAkrIDaMtu bhaassyte||5 'sandeza rAsaka' meM bhI 'bhAsiyaI' zabda AyA hai jisakI vyAkhyA meM kahA gayA hai"vastutaH bhA~DoM dvArA nauTaMkiyoM meM gAye jAnevAle gItoM ke lie 'rAsaka' zabda prayukta huA hai|' AcArya kSemendra ne 'rAsaka' kA artha gvAloM kI krIr3A tathA bhASA meM zRMkhalAbaddha racanA honA likhA hai kriiddaasugodudaamshRNkhlike||" hemacandra ke ziSya rAmacandra ne 'nATya darpaNa' meM 'rAsaka' kA lakSaNa hemacandra ke lakSaNa se kucha bhinna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai, kintu unheM bhI usakA nRtya-gItavAlA rUpa mAnya hai SoDazaM dvAdazASTau vA yasmin nRtyanti naayikaaH| piNDI baMdhAdi vinyAse rAsakaM tdudaahRtm| piNDanAt tu bhaveta piNDI gumphanAcchaMkhalA bhavet / bhavenAd bhedyako jAto latA jaalaapnodtH| kAminIbhirguvImartuzceSTitaM yata nRtyte| rAmAivasantabhAsAdya sa zeSo naattyraaskH|| 'rAsaka' ko rUpaka kA eka bheda mAna jAtA rahA hai| bharata ke 'nATyazAstra' meM lAsya-nRtya ke dasa aMgoM kA ullekha to hai, kintu unameM 'rAsaka' kA ullekha nahIM hai

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46 apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 geyapadaM sthita pAThyabhAsInaM puSpagaNDikA / pracchedakatrimUDhAraMtyai saindhavaM ca dvimUDhakam // uttamottamakaM caiva ukta pratyuktameva ca / lAsye damavidhaM hyetadaGganirdeza lakSaNam // 'agnipurANa' (adhyAya - 328) nATaka ke 27 bhedoM meM rAsaka kA ullekha huA kintu purANakAra ne usakI vyAkhyA yA usakA koI lakSaNa vahA~ prastuta nahIM kiyA / 'dazarUpaka' kI 'avaloka TIkA' meM nRtya ke sAta bhedoM- DombI, zrI, gaditaM, mANa, mANI, prasthAna, rAsaka-inameM rAsaka kA ullekha haiM kintu ise rUpaka ke bheda ke rUpa meM nahIM liyA gayA hai| abhinavagupta kI 'abhinava bhAratI' meM bhI 'rAsaka' kA sambandha nRtya - gIta se jor3A gayA hai, kintu vahA~ bhI ise uparUpaka nahIM mAnA gayA hai| Age calakara 'rAsaka' ko uparUpaka ke bhItara parigaNita kara liyA gyaa| AcArya vizvanAtha ne spaSTa rUpa meM 'rAsaka' ko uparUpaka ke bhItara sthAna diyA hai| 'sAhitya darpaNa' meM uparUpaka ke 18 bheda mAne gaye haiM toTaka, nATikA, saTTaka, zilpika, karNa, durmallikA, prasthAna, mANikA, mANI, goSThI, hallIsaka, kAvya, zrI, gadita, nATyarAsaka, rAsaka, ullopyaka aura prekSaNa | 'rAsaka' eka chanda-vizeSa ke artha meM bhI prayukta huA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne isakA lakSaNa prastuta karate hue likhA hai- dAmAtrAno rAsake dai arthAt rAsaka chanda meM 18 mAtrA + la la la= 21 mAtrAe~ hotI haiM aura 14 para yati hotI hai / 'rAsaka' se milatA-julatA eka. 'AbhANaka' chanda bhI hai jisameM bhI 21 mAtrAe~ hotI haiN| prArambha meM ye donoM eka hI chanda the, kintu bAda meM ye bhinna-bhinna ho gae / 'sandezarAsaka' meM inheM alaga-alaga batAyA gayA hai| 'rAsaka' chanda 'sandarbha rAsaka' kA mukhya chanda hai aura isakA tRtIyAMza isI chanda meM likhA gayA hai| aisA jJAta hotA hai ki prArambha meM 'rAsaka' nAmadhArI sabhI kAvya grantha isI chanda meM likhe jAte the, kintu kAlAntara meM jaba yaha vizeSa kAvya rUpa bana gayA taba chanda kA bandhana DhIlA ho gayA aura yaha bhinna-bhinna chanda meM racA jAne lagA / zrI jinadatta sUri kI 'carcarI' meM 21 mAtrAoM kA rAsaka chanda prayukta hai kintu unhIM kA 'upadeza rasAyanarAsa' 16 mAtrAoM ke 'paJjhaTikA' chanda meM hai| isI prakAra 'bIsaladeva rAsa' meM bhI kisI anya geya chanda kA prayoga hai| virahAGka ne apane 'vRttajAtisamuccaya' (4137, 38 ) meM do prakAra ke rAsaka chanda mAne haiM- prathama kaI dvipadI athavA vistArita ke yoga se rAsaka banatA hai aura anta meM 'vicArI' hotA hai athavA dUsare meM aDilla, dohA, ghattA, raDDA athavA DholA chanda huA karate haiN| svayaMbhU ne (svayaMbhU chandasa 8.42 ) meM rAsaka kA lakSaNa dete hue likhA hai ki jisa kAvya meM ghattA, haDDaNiyA, paddhaDiyA tathA dUsare sundara chanda Ave tathA jo janasAdhAraNa ko manohara

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 se pratIta ho, vaha rAsAbandha hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki 'rAsaka kAvya' chanda - vizeSa ke bandhana mukta gae the aura unameM vividha prakAra ke chanda prayukta hone lage the / prArambha meM ina kAvyoM kA kalevara choTA hotA thA aura isI kAraNa ye abhineya bhI hote the, kintu Age calakara inakA kalevara bar3A ho gayA aura carita-granthoM se spardhA karane lge| phalataH carita-granthoM kI taraha ye bhI khaNDoM meM vibhAjita hone lage aura inameM vibhinna chanda svacchandatA se prayukta hone lge| 'pRthvIrAjarAso' isI prakAra kA 'rAsa kAvya' hai / jaina rAsA - sAhitya 47 rAsA - sAhitya kA mahattva jaina AcAryoM evaM kaviyoM ke lie kitanA thA, isakA anumAna isI se lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki dasavIM se lekara aThArahavIM zatAbdI taka saikar3oM kI saMkhyA meM rAsa-granthoM kI racanA huI hai| yadi digambara aura zvetAmbara vidvAnoM dvArA likhita vibhinna bhASAoM ke sabhI rAsa-granthoM kA Akalana kiyA jAye to unakI saMkhyA 1000 se adhika hogii| zvetAmbara kaviyoM dvArA racita adhikAMza rAsa-kAvya prakAza meM A gae haiM kintu digambara vidvAnoM ke rAsa-kAvya abhI bhI beThanoM meM ba~dhe sudhI samIkSakoM kI pratIkSA meM haiM / jaina kaviyoM dvArA likhita rAsa-kAvya-paramparA kA prathama puSpa kauna hai, yaha batAnA Aja bar3A kaThina hai| AcArya devagupta ke 'navatattva prakaraNa' ke bhASya meM bhASyakAra abhayadeva sUri (saM.- 1128) ne do rAsa-granthoM kI sUcanA dI hai anayozca vizeSa vidhirmukuTa saptamI sandhi bAndha mANikya | prastArikA pratibandha rAsAkAmyAmavaseya iti / / " arthAt caturdazI kA bhakta zrAvaka 'mukuTa saptamI' evaM 'mANikya prastArikA' nAmaka rAso kAvyoM kA sevana kreN| zrI abhayadeva sUri kA samaya anumAnataH vi. saM. 1167 ke Asa-pAsa hai / ataH ina donoM rAso kAvyoM kI avasthiti 11vIM zatAbdI meM rahI hogI / upadeza rasAyana rAsa upalabdha jaina rAsa - kAvyoM meM sabase pahalI jo racanA prApta hotI hai vaha hai- upadeza rasAyana raas| 2" isake racayitA zrI jinadatta sUri haiN| ye zrI jinavallabha sUri ke ziSya the| upadeza rasAyana rAsa kA racanA kAla vikrama samvata 1171 hai| isameM kula 80 chanda haiN| zrI jinadatta sUri saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza tInoM ke vidvAna the| inakI tIna racanAe~ upalabdha haiM- 1. upadeza rasAyana rAsa, 2. kAla svarUpa kulaka tathA 3. carcarI / grantha kI samApti para kavi ne kahA hai ki jinadatta kRta ihaloka tathA paraloka ke lie sukhakArI rasAyana ko jo zravaNarUpI aMjali se pIte haiM, ve manuSya ajara-amara ho jAte haiM

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48 iha jiNadattu vaesa rasAyaNu iha-paralo yaha sukkhaha bhAyaNu / kaNNa jalihi piyaMti ji bhavvaiM te havaMti ajarAmara savvaI / / 80 / / isa rAsa meM paJjhaTikA-paddhaTikA chanda kA prayoga huA hai| ambA devI rAsa evaM antaraMga rAsa apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 gyArahavIM zatI meM likhita ina rAsa granthoM kA ullekha milatA hai kintu ina granthoM ke avalokana kA saubhAgya abhI taka kisI ko prApta nahIM huA hai| bArahavIM - terahavIM zatI rAsasAhitya racanA ke lie atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| isa kAla meM vividha bhAvanAoM se samanvita atyanta sundara-sundara rAsa-kAvyoM kA praNayana jaina kaviyoM ne kiyaa| inameM bharatezvara bAhubali ghora rAsa (vajrasena sUri, vi.saM. 1241 buddhirAsa, zAlibhadra sUri ), candabAlArAsa (kavi Asagu, vi.sa. 1271 lagabhaga), neminAtha rAsa ( sumati gaNi) ityAdi mahattvapUrNa haiN| 18vIM zatI taka rAsa - kAvyoM ke praNayana kI dhArA anavarata rUpa se pravAhita hotI rhii| ina kAvyagranthoM kA mahattva kathya kI dRSTi se to hai hI, bhASA evaM zilpa ke svarUpa ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se bhI bahuta adhika hai| jaina rAsA - kAvyoM kA jIvana-darzana jisa prakAra rAjAzrita kaviyoM ne apane AzrayadAtAoM kI prazaMsA meM rAso aura carita-granthoM kI racanA kI hai, usI prakAra jaina muniyoM ne bhI apane dhArmika siddhAntoM kI vyAkhyA karane, dhArmika puruSoM ke carita- gAna dvArA dharma kA vAtAvaraNa nirmita karane tathA . apane tIrtha-sthAnoM ke prati bhakti-bhAvanA bar3hAne ke uddezya se ina rAso-granthoM kI racanA kI hai| ye rAso-grantha aitihAsika bhI haiM aura kalpanA - prasUta bhI, kintu kalpanAjanya rAsa granthoM kI saMkhyA atyalpa hai| jaina muniyoM evaM kaviyoM ne dhArmika aura paurANika caritroM ko AdhAra banAkara hI adhikAMza rAso granthoM kA praNayana kiyA hai| paurANika aura aitihAsika caritra ko AdhAra banAkara jo rAsa grantha likhe gae haiM unameM bAhubali aura neminAtha para racita racanAoM kI saMkhyA adhika hai| ina rAsA -granthoM meM mAnava hRdaya ko spandita karane kI jo kSamatA hai vahI inakI lokapriyatA kA AdhAra hai / prArambha meM ina rAsA - kAvyoM kA kalevara kSINa huA karatA thA / sambhavataH abhineyatA ko dRSTi meM rakhakara hI aisA kiyA jAtA thA / ye rAsa mandiroM meM nRtya-gIta ke sAtha abhinIta hote the, kintu Age calakara bar3e-bar3e rAsa-kAvya likhe jAne lge| isa prakAra rAsa kAvyoM

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 49 meM kavi kI dRSTi yadyapi dhArmika evaM naitika upadeza dene para adhika rahatI thI, phira bhI caritroM ke manovaijJAnika pakSoM ke udghATana kI ora bhI vaha kama sajaga nahIM rahatI thii| isa kAraNa ye rAsa kAvya carita-kAvyoM ke atyadhika nikaTa A ge| kula milAkara viSaya-sukha kI ni:sAratA siddhakara vairAgya evaM mokSa kI ora manuSya ke mana ko unmukha karanA ina rAsa kAvyoM kA lakSya hai| caritra hI jIvana hai aura saMsArarUpI viSaya-sindhu se pAra karane ke lie dharma hI sudRr3ha jalayAna hai| dharma AtmA kA svabhAva hai aura isa svabhAva ko prApta karanA hI jJAna, dhyAna evaM tapazcaraNa kA sAra hai| ratnatraya ko dhAraNa kara Atma-kalyANa kI sAdhanA kI ora agrasara karane kI preraNA pradAna karanA hI ina rAsA granthoM kA lakSya hai| . darpa kA vaha svara jo hemacandra ke vyAkaraNa meM sunAI par3A thA, usakI pratidhvani bhI ina rAsA granthoM meM sunAI par3atI hai parasa Asa kiNi kANa kIjai, sAhasa saiMvara siddhi vriiji| hIu~ anaya hAtha hatthIyAra, ehaji vIra-taNau parivAra // 2 - dUsaroM kI AzA kyoM kI jAya? sAhasa se svayaM hI siddhi ko varaNa karanA caahie| anaya (anyAya) ke viruddha lar3anevAlA hRdaya aura hAtha meM hathiyAra hI to vIroM kA parivAra hotA hai| AsaktipUrNa mAnava ko vIratva evaM naitikatA ke khule vAtAvaraNa meM sAMsa lene kI preraNA ye rAsA-grantha dete haiN| zRMgAra kI paMkila bhUmi se Upara uThakara zAnti kI madhumati bhUmikA meM AtmA ko pratiSThita karanA hI rAsokAroM kA uddezya hai| rAsA aura rAsAnvayIkAvya, saM.- DaoN. dazaratha ojhA aura dazaratha zarmA, prakAzakanAgarI pracariNI sabhA, kAzI, saM. 2016, pRSTha-2 harSacarita, bANabhaTTa, pra.- nirNaya sAgara presa, mumbaI, paMcama saMskaraNa, pRSTha-132 vahI, pRSTha-130 harivaMza, 20.25, 35

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. kAmasUtra- jayamaMgalA TIkA, saMpA.- devadatta zAstrI, pra.- caukhambhA saMskRta sirIja, vArANasI, 1964, IsavI, pRSTha-377 vahI, zrI viSNupurANa 5.13.50 vahI, 5.13.51 zrImadbhAgavata, ska. 10, adhyAya-3, zloka-20 bIsaladeva rAso, nAlha, saMpA.-satyajIvana zarmA, pra.-nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA, kAzI, pRSTha-5 upadeza rasAyana rAsa, jinadatta sUri, saMgRhIta-rAsa aura rAsAnvayIkAvya pra.- nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA, kAzI, pRSTha-8 saptakSetri rAsu- prAcIna gurjara kAvya saMgraha, pRSTha-52 samarArAsa-vahI, pRSTha-36 vahI, kAvyAnuzAsana, hemacandra, 8.4 hindI sAhitya kA vRhat itihAsa, sampAdaka- DaoN. rAjabalI pANDeya, prakAzakanAgarI pracariNI sabhA, kAzI, prathamAvRtti, pRSTha-414 anekArtha saMgraha-koSa, hemacandra nATyadarpaNa, pra.-oriyaNTala insTITyUTa, bar3audA- 1929 I., pRSTha-214 navatattva prakaraNa bhASya, abhayadeva sUri, pRSTha-51 apabhraMza kAvyatrayI, saM.- lA.ma. gA~dhI, prakAzaka- oriyaNTala iMsTITyUTa, bar3audA, san 1927 I. meM saMkalita rAsa aura rAsAnvayI kAvya, sampAdaka- DaoN. dazaratha ojhA aura DaoN. dazaratha zarmA, prakAzaka- nAgarI pracariNI sabhA, kAzI, saM.-2016 pRSTha-61 bharatezvara bAhubali rAsa, zAliprabhaprasUri, pada saMkhyA-106 17. 18. 19. 20. 22. adhyakSa, snAtakottara bhojapurI vibhAga vIra ku~varasiMha vizvavidyAlaya, ArA, bihAra

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37949 Rait 15-16 3706 2003-2004 51 LORD KRISHNA IN JAIN-KRISHNA KATHA LITERATURE with special reference to Ritthanemi Caria Dr. Yogendra Nath Sharma 'Arun' LORD KRISHNA IN JAIN-KRISHNA-KATHA-LITERATURE with special reference to Ritshanemi Caria There is no doubt that the ancient culture and tradition of learning in India, has shown light to the whole world in discovering the human-values. In India, we have two great epics of the world, one is "Ramayana" by Adimahakavi Valmiki and the other is "Mahabharat' by Mahakavi Ved Vyas. Both these epics have a great impact on the Indian society as well as on the whole world, as is characterized by the fact that both of these confine themselves more to external action than to internal feelings. The most important and valuable part of Mahabharat is "Gita-updesh' i.e. teachings of Lord Krishna to Arjuna in the battle field of Kurukshetra, through which, Lord Krishna speaks about the Philosophy of life and the Reality of "Bhakti' "Karma' and "Gayan'. The Incarnation Theory i.e. 'Avatarvad Truly speaking, the theory of Incarnation i.e. 'Avatarvad' is the

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52 379421 YT 15-16 foundation- stone of "Bhagvad Gita' which is very important and popularly known part of the Mahabharat. According to this theory of incarnation, Lord Vishnu, incarnates as and when there is "Unrighteousness' i.e. "Adharam' on the earth. Like "Bhagavata' Purna (IX, 24, 56); in "Gita' too, there is a mention of the 'Avtar' i.e. the incarnation of Lord Vishnu. "yadA yadA hI dharmasya glAnirbhavati bhArata! abhyutthAnamadharmasya tadAtmAnaMsRjAmyaham !!" / i.e."Yada-Yada hi dharmasya galnir bhavati bharta abhyutthanam adharmasya tadatmanam srjamyaham." "Whenever there is a decline of righteousness and rise of unrighteousness, O Bharat (Arjuna), then I send forth (create incarnate) Myself.' According to Hindu-Mythology, "Avatar' means descent. The Divine, comes down on the earthly plain to raise it to a higher level. God descends and man rises. The purpose of the "Avatar' is to inaugurate a new world, a new "Dharma'. By his teaching and example, He shows how a human being can raise himself to a higher grade of life. "Gita' speaks about the cause of 'Avatar' as: "paritrANAya sAdhUnAM vinAzAya ca duSkRtAm! er sitenuaterfer Fraifa yt-n!!!''2 i.e. ""Paritranaya Sadhunam, Vinasaya cha duskritam. Dharma samsthapanarthaya, Sambhavami yuge-yuge". "For the protection of the good, for the destruction of the wicked and for the establishment of righteousness, I come into being from age to age.' According to Hindu-Mythology, it is the function of God as Vishnu, the protector to establish right, when wrong prevails." This incarnation theory is the basis of all the Hindu-worshippers of Lord Vishnu. This theory of incarnation i.e. "Avatarvad' is so much popular

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379491 R 15-16 53 throughout India that every human being believes in God Vishnu, taking "Avatar" as when there is unrighteousness on earth. According to Hindu-faith, the Avatar fulfils a number of functions in the cosmic process. The concept is based on the belief that there is no opposition between spiritual life and life in the world. According to "Avatarvad', Lord Vishnu takes birth like an ordinary man on this earth and does "Leela', i.e. actions to establish the "Dharma' with "Truth'. There are ten "Avatars' of Lord Vishnu, the most popular two being Lord Rama and Lord Krishna. "Vishnu Puran' gives the details of Lord Vishnu's Avatar as "Krishna' with the story of Krishna, the son of Shri Vasudeva and Devaki. "tato'rivala jagatpadama bodhayAcyuta bhAnunA! dacht ga h e t faxri Elc4-7!!" i.e. ""tatoakhil jagtpadma bodhayachuta bhanuna. Devaki purva mansyayma vibhutam mahatmana." "Then, to fulfil the wishes of world, Lord Vishnu descended on earth as sun, from the womb of Devaki.' "Vishnu Puran' clears that Lord Vishnu Himself comes to earth as the son of Vasudeva and Devaki, but He Keeps them aware of His divine self too: "phullendIvara patrAbhaM caturbAhumudIkSyatama! spt achaerei ori peranach gc6f97:!!''s i.e. ""Fullendivar patrabham chatur bahumudikshytam. Shrivats vakshasam jatam tustavak dumdubhih." "Like the beauty of bloomed lotus, having four arms and the sign of Shrivats on the chest, when Lord Vishnu descended on earth, Vasudeva prays Him.' The great Indian Philosopher Dr. S.RadhaKrishnan writes "Krishna as an Avatar or descent of the Divine into the human world discloses the condition of being to which the human souls should The birth of the birthless means the revelation of the mystery in the soul of man."

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54 379UT SR 15-16 It is worth mentioning here that incarnation of Lord Vishnu in Rama is called "Ansha-avatar' i.e. partial incarnation with only 12 "Kalas' i.e. Degrees or Anshas, while that of Krishna is called "PurnaAvatar' i.e. total incarnation with all the 16 "Kalas' i.e. Degrees or Anshas. Also, Rama is called ""Marayada Purshottam", while Krishna is called ""Leela Purshottam". Both of them, as "Narain' or "Brahma', act as an ordinary human being for the establishment of Dharma and to fight out the evil on the earth. Thus, Hindu-society regards this incarnation theory to be a process of ascent of "Nar' (Human being) to the supreme "Naraina' (the God, i.e. Vishnu) as in Mahabharat (Udyoga-Parva) and afterwards in several books.8 The Mahabharat: Source of Krishna-Katha The great and the oldest, as well as, longest epic poem "Mahabharat' has got its significance not only for India, but for the whole world. The renowned scholar of Indian-Philosophy Monier-Williams speaks very high of this unique epic poem of India- "The great Epic, however, is not so much a poem with a single subject as a vast encyelopaedia or the source of Hindu-Mythology, legendary history, ethics, and philosophy." Though, there are many references, available in Rig Veda regarding Krishnalo, but for the first time, a very vast and detailed description of Krishna has been made in the Mahabharat; wherein Krishna is a friend of the Pandavas; is a successful politician and above all, the incarnation of Lord Vishnu. It is also worth mentioning here that for the first time, a comprehensive life-story of Krishna is made available in "Harivansh Purana', which is a supplement of the epic Mahabharat.11 The lifestory of Krishna is also available in Brahma Purana, Vishnu Purana; Bhagvata Purana; Brahma Vaivart Purana and Agni Purana, though, quite different in all the Puranas. Indeed this oldest epic of India, the Mahabharat has truly been a source of inspiration for Indian-society. The well known and renowned scholar of Hindu-Mythology, C. Raj Gopapachari speaks very high of Mahabharat- ""The Mahabharat discloses a rich civilization and a highly evolved society which, though of an older world,

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379421 Yra 15-16 55 strangely resembles the India of our own time, with the same values and ideals."12 The Mahabharat portraits Krishna in four main images. (1) the Scholar of Vedas, (2) renowned Politician as well as diplomat, (3) an outstanding Hero of the battle field, (4) outstanding Philosopher and teacher of religion. "veda vedAMga vijJAnaM balaM cApyadhikaM tathA! zuri alan fent sentita farge:anmarca!!''13 i.e. "Ved vedang vigyanam balam chapyadhikam tatha. Nranam Lokehiko-anyosti vishishtha keshavadrate.' * All these images have been popular amongst the poets later on, too. The main source of the story of Krishna is definitely the Mahabharat and its supplement called "Harivansh Puran'. A well known scholar of Krishna-Katha Dr. Sarojini Kulshrestha writes in this regard- ""Very detailed description of Sri Krishna has been made in Mahabharat and Harivansh, a supplement of it. Harivansha depicts the early life of Krishna where as in Mahabharat, later half of the life of Krishna is depicted. The whole of Krishna's story is available in "Bhagavat Puran'."14 The Bhagavat Sect accepts Krishna as "Purna-avtar' i.e. total incarnation of Vishnu- "Ta aitohol: : burg 4017 Folej i.e. "Ete Chanshkalah Punsha Krishantu Bhagwan Swayam', where as all other, including Rama, are called "Ansha-avatar' i.e. partial incarnation of Vishnu's. Thus, the story of Krishna has been very widely accepted and depicted in literature in almost all the Indian languages by the poets from time to time. Tradition of Krishna-Katha in Indian Literature Undoubtedly, the origin of Indian Krishna-Katha-tradition is the great epic of Ved-Vyasa's "Mahabharat' and its supplement, called ""Harivansha Puran'. Besides, "Mahabharat', this tradition goes a long way with other "Puranas' like Bhagwata-Purana; Padma Purana; Vishnu Purana; Brahma Purana; Devi Bhagwata; Agni Purana and

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56 37942 T 15-16 Brahma-Vaivarta Purana; though most important are the two i.e. Bhagavata Purana and Harivansha Purana. 16 This very rich tradition of Krishna-Katha i.e. the story of Lord Krishna has been honoured and accepted whole-heartedly by the poets krit, Apbharamsa and Hindi, along with all the modern languages in India. The Theory of "Shalaka-Purusha' in Jainism Jainism has a very unique tradition of "Shalaka-Purush', according to which, there are "63' (Sixty Three) most revered and great persons, whom Jains pay their highest regards and offer "PUJA' likewise the supreme god in Hinduism. These sixty three "Shalaka Purush' are as under: 1) 24 Tirthankars: The highest and top most persons. 2) 12 Chakravartees. 3) 9 Baldevas; 9 Vasudevas and 9 Prati Vasudevas. According to this theory, Rama and Krishna are in the gin and 9th set of Baldev, Vasudev and Prati Vasudev, and hence, the life story of these two, became acceptable to the Jain-poets, who took the basis from "Ramayana' and "Mahabharat' but depicted the life-story as per the principles of Jainism with alterations to suit them. Because of this ""'Tri Shasthi-Shalaka-Purush" theory of Jain Religion, the Jains could accept "Rama and Krishna' as their "Pujaya Purush', alongwith Tirthankar Rishabhadev and Tirthankar Mahavira and other twenty two Tirthankars with all the twelve chakravrtees etc. The names of all these sixty three "Shalaka Purushas' are as follows: 24 Tirthankars (1) Rishabh, (2) Ajita, (3) Sambhava, (4) Ahinandan, (5) Sumati, (6) Padmaprabha, (7) Suparshava, (8) Chandraprabh, (9) Suvidhi, (10) Pushapadanta, (11) Sheetal, (12) Shreyansa, (13) Vasupujaya, (14) Vimal, (15) Anant, (16) Dharma, (17) Ashanti, (18) Kuntudhar, (19) Malli, (20) Munisuvarta, (21) Nami, (22) Arishasthnemi, (23) Prashava Nath and (24) Vardhman Mahavir.

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379991 HR 15-16 12 Chakravaties (1). Bharat, (2) Sagar, (3) Magadh, (4) Sanat Kumar, (5) Shanti, (6) Kuntum, (7) Aar, (8) Shubhom, (9) Mahapadama, (10) Irisen, (11) Jay and (12) Bhramdutt. 9 Baldevas, 9 Vasudevas and 9 Prati Vasudevas in each set of three as follows: 1) Baldevas (i) Aial, (ii) Vijal, (iii) Bhadda, (iv) Suprabh, (v) Sudhan, (vi) Anand, (vii) Nandan, (viii) Padam i.e. Ram, (ix) Balram 2) Vasudevas (i) Tivitha, (ii) Divitha, (iii) Shyambhu, (iv) Purisuttam, (v) Purishsheeh, (vi) Purishpundariya, (vii) Dutt, (viii) Narayan i.e. Laxman, (ix) Krishna. 3) Parti Vasudevas (i) Ashwagreeva, (ii) Tarak, (iii) Merak, (iv) Madhukaitavh, (v) Nishumbh, (vi) Bali, (vii) Prahlad, (viii) Ravan and (ix) Jarasandh. Because of this very unique tradition of these ""TrishasthiShalaka-Purushas", the whole concept of Jain-Rama-Katha and JainKrishna-Katha is changed. Jain poets have accepted both Rama-Katha and Krishna-Katha, but there is very much difference, as compared to that of Ramayana and Mahabharat. This is why, the character of Rama and that of Krishna has been totally different from the Hindu tradition in Jain tradition. Both Rama and Krishna perform Puja i.e. Worship of Lord Rishabh Dev, the first Tirthankar and visit temples as well as other places of Jainworship The Jain Tradition of Krishna-Katha Whatever ethical differences were there, the Jain poets have accepted both Rama-Katha and Krishna-Katha with a sense of deep devotion and made them source of Jain Philosophy, Religion, Society, Politics and Arts in their times. The Jain doctrine of "Ahimsa' i.e. Non-violence, truth i.e. "Satya', Love i.e. "Prem', have been so nicely mixed with the story of Krishna, that the Jain-Krishna-Katha has become totally different to that of the Hindu-Krishna-Katha. Still, it is

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58 37949'raf 15-16 very much relevant from the point of view of the History of Indian literature, as well as, the development of Jain Philosophy and Ethics. We have a very rich tradition of Krishna-Katha in Jain literature, but, unforunately, very few books are available today, because, the old manuscripts could not be preserved, when the invaders invaded this country, destroying the treasure of old books and manuscripts. - The oldest known epic, named as "Harivansh-Purana' written by Mahakavi Jinsen in 841 Vikarmi i.e. 784 A.D. Dr. H.C. Bhayani gives a detailed list of Jain tradition of Krishna-Katha literature in Prakrit-Apbhramsa, as well as in Sanskrit as under :17 Work Language 1. Pauma Caryiya Prakrit Not available Prakrit Not available Apbhramsa Author Theme 1. Vimalsuri 1. Ramayana (1st or 3rd cnetury) 2. Harivansha 2. Viaddha 2. Harivamsha (Vidagdha) 3. Bhadda (Bhadra) Harivamsha 4. Bhaddasa Krishna (Bhadrasva) Balachorita Not available Sanskrit Not available Prakrit 5. Pushpandant Harivamsha Uttar Purana Prakrit 6. Coumuha Harivamsha Not available Apbhramsa (Chaturmukh) 7. Jinasen (783-84) Harivansha Harivansa Purana Sanskrit 8. Gunabhadra Harivansa Uttar Purana Sanskrit (C-850) Another Jain scholar Dr. Devendra Kumar Jain also gives a detailed account of Jain-poets, who have written "Harivansha' i.e. the story of Krishna in Sanskrit, Prakrit and Apbhramsa language. 18 (1) Dharmakirti, (2) Shrutakirti, (3) Sakalkirty, (4) Jaisagar, (5) Jinadasa and (6) Mongras wrote epic-poems in Sanskrit named "Harivansha Purana'. Othe Jain-poets viz.

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379491 R 15-16 59 (1) Shri Bhushan, (2) Shubh Chandra, (3) Vadichandra, (4) Jayanand, (5) Vijayagani, (6) Dev-Vijay, (7) Devprabh, (8) Dev Bhadra and (9) Shubh-Vardhan alos wrote epic-poems named "Pandava Purana' in Sanskrit. Some other viz Sooracharya, Udaiprabha, Kirtiraj, Gunvijay, Hem Chandra, Bhoj Sagar, Tilakacharya, Vikaram Narsingh, Harisen and Nemidatta wrote books named "Neminath Charita', also in Sanskrit, depicting the character of Krishna in one or the other way, alongwith Tirthankar Neminath. Jain poets who wrote their epic poems in Prakrit are (1) Ratnaprabh, (2) Guna Vallabh and (3) Guna Sagar. And lastly, the Jain poets; who wrote Jain-Krishna-Katha in Apbhramsa are (1) Mahakavi Swayambhu Dev, (2) Dhawal, (3) Yash-Kirti, (4) Shurta-kirti, (5) Hari Bhadra and (6) Rayeedhu. This clearly goes to establish the popularity and acceptability of Hindu-Krishna-Katha amongst Jains. Apart from this, Mahakavi Jinasen, Gunabhadra, Hem Chandra and Pushpadant are the renowned Jain poets, who have made the "Krishna-Katha' from the Mahabharat, a part of their epic, called ""Mahapuranas", composed in Sanskrit, Prakrit and Apbhramsa. Still, numerous manuscripts, entitled "Harivansha Puuana', "Aristanemi Charit' or "Nemi Charit', "Pandava Purana' and "Pandava Charit' are there in the old treasure of temples and museums throughout India, which need a special and immediate attention of Researchers in India and abroad. Jain Poets and Hindu Krishna-Katha It is notable that the Jain-poets, though accepted the "KrishnaKatha' from the "Mahabharata' and the other "Puranas' such as "Bhagwat Purana' and "Vishnu Purana', made some very vital and important changes in the traditional story and also in the characters. I would like to mention some very very vital changes, that have altered the basic colour and concept of Jain "Krishna-Katha'. (1) The Birth of Krishna According to Hindu-mythology, Lord Krishna was born, as an incarnation of "Vishnu', on the gih day of "Bhadrapada', month in Dark-half i.e., "Astami tithi, Krishna paksha, Bhadrapad masa' in

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60 37947 97 15-16 "Dwapar Yug'. This august day is celebrated by the Hindus as ""Krishna Janamastami" throughout India and abroad. But the Jain poet Mahakavi Swayambhu Dev, in his epic "Rithanemi Chariu' has changed this date. "bhaddavaho caMdiNi - bArahamae diNe suhihiM diMtu ahimAna-siMha! uppaNu jagaddaNu asura vimaddaNu kaMsa ho matthA, sUla jih!!''|" i.e. ""Bhaddavaho chandini-barahmaye dine suhihin dintuahima-sinha. Uppanau jagddnu asur vinaddnu kansaho matha-sool jih". ""Krishna was born on twelfth day of Suklapaksha of Bhadra like a knife in the fore-head of Kansa". Thus, the Jain poets have changed the established fact of Krishna's birth amongst the Hindus. (2) Number of Devaki's Sons According to Hindu-story of Krishna, Devaki, wife of Vasudev and sister of Kamsa, the ruler of Mathura, gave birth to eight sons and Krishna was the last of them i.e. gih son of Vasudev and Devaki, who killed Kamsa.20 But the Jain poets have changed this mythological concepts of Hindu Krishna-Katha, saying that Krishna was the seventh son of Vasudev and Devaki. Mahakavi Pushpadant, in his epic work ""Mahapurana" declares Krishna to be the 7th son of Devaki. "aNatta laheppiNu vuTTi sokkhu, chaha caramadeha jAhiMti mokkhu! Hry, h3 clas, argca, HEB DHE 49263!!" 78 Tue hi hafa HGR3, ARUT charts at 317413!!21 i.e. ""Annatt laheppinu wudhi sokhu, Chhah charamdeh jahinti mokhu. Sattamu sua hosai vasuava, jar sandhua kansahu dhumkeu". And ""Kanhu masi sattami saja you, maran kankhiru kansnadyahu". ""With pleasure and worldly achievments, Six sons (of Devaki) will attain "Moksha' (Death). The seventh son of Vasudev would kill Kamsa". "Likewise, Swayambhu Dev in his epic "Rithanemi Chariu' accepts this concept of Jain-poets, saying Krishna 7th son of Devaki,

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39991 yraf 15-16 61 "sattamau tuhArau raNe khayagArau, mahurAhiva-magahAhivahaM! Afs-fuifE TUIGETE GETUIGETE ETHs ufers OperaE!!"22 i.e. ""Sattamau tuharau rane khaygarau mahurahiv-magahahivaham. Mahi-nini-rayandadhaham, pattnibandham Tosai pathiu pathavahom." ""O Devaki! Your "seventh' (son) would kill the king of Mathura (Kansa) and Magadh (Jarasandh)". Though, Jain-poets have made so many changes in the traditional story of Krishna from "Mahabharat' and from different "Puranas' of Hindus, but the original source of the story is Mahabharat. Dr. Vishnu S. Sukathankar speaks as- ""These are really speaking, narratives covered by the Mahabharat of Hindus."23 Here, I would like to mention that inspite of their differences with the Hindus and Hindu-mythology, the Jain poets accepted the "Hindu' Names, as well as, most of the episodes of "Mahabharat' in their original form. For example, Swayambhu Dev calls "Krishna' as 'jagaddaNu' (Janardan), 'nArAyaNu' (Narayana). 'hari'(Hari) 'goviMdu' (Govinda), 'viNhu' (Vishnu), 'vAsueva' (Vasudev), 'uviMda' (Upendra), 'mAhava' (Mahava), ATTEST' (Madhusudan). This shows their knowledge of "Mahabharat' and also respect towards Hindu-mythology. Most of the Jain poets wrote in Apbhramas language, which was the language of Hindus, Bodhas, Muslims and Jains. The Jain-religious books have been written in Prakrit- Apbhramsa, which inc different Puranas, charitas, strotas, Aakhayans, Kathas to popularize Jainism by Digamber Jain poets.24 Adi Mahakavi of Apbhramsa: Swayambhu Dev Mahakavi Swayambhu Dev is regarded as "the Adi Mahakavi of Apbhramsa' as Mahakavi Valmiki is regarded ""Adikavi of the world". Though Swayambhu Dev was Jain, but he was not a "fanatic' poet to follow his religion blindly. This is why, he shows great regards to Hindu-religion and Hindu-Gods too. He owes to Goddess "Saraswati', the highest goddess of learing as well as to Hindu scholars as under:

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37792 YR 15-16 "tahiM avasari sarasai dhIravai! kari kavvu diNNa maI vimalamai!! iMdeNa samappiyau vAyaraNu! rasu bharaheNa vAseM vittha raNu!! furctur G. Tel. Teta! afstofa 3 richia!! bANeNa samappiu dhaNadhaNau! taM akkharaDaMbarU uppaNau!!''25 i.e. "Tahim avasari sarsai deervai, kari kavuv dinnmayin vimalami. Inden samappiyayu vayaranu. Rasu bharhen vasen vitharanu. Pingalen chhand-paya-patharu. Bambhahe damdinihin alankaru Banen samappiu ghanghanau. Tam akhardambaru uppanau". At that time "Saraswati blessed the poet asking to start his poem with that wisdom, given by her to him. Indra gave him Vyakaran (Grammer); Bharat gave him "Rasa', Vyasa taught him to enlarge the story; Pinglacharya gave him metre of the poetry; Bhamah and Dandi taught him "Alankar-shastra'. (figures of speech); Banabhatta gave him the glossary." This shows the greatness of Swayambhu Dev, who pays his best regards to his predecessors for their debt on him, without any reservation or religious bias. Dr. H.C. Bhayani, a renowned critic and scholar says- ""Puspandanta, who along with caturmukha and Swayambhu constitutes the big trio of Apbhramsa poetry, mentions him besides caturmukha, Harsa and Bana, and speaks reverently of him as a great Acarya surrounded by thousands of friends and relatives. "26 Mahakavi Swayambhu Dev has earned highest respect as a Jain-poet by the scholars. Dr. Kailash Chandra Shastri holds him to be "Valmiki' and "Vyas' of Apbhramsa "Ramakatha' and Krishna Katha' respectively, who has his influence upon every poet in Indian-Literature after him.27 Mahakavi Swayambhu Dev is the author of Jain Krishna-Katha-epic ""Rithanemi Chariu", also called "Jain-Mahabharat'. Krishna in Jain Krishna-Katha As already explained, Jain poets accepted "Rama' and "Krishna' as "Shalaka Purush' and not as incarnation of Vishnu, like Hindus. This has made the characters of Rama and Krishna totally different

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379991 R 15-16 from those of "Ramayana', "Mahabharat' and "Harivansh Purana' or other "Puranas' of Hindu-tradition. But, because the original source of Krishna-Katha is undoubtedly the "Mahabharat', the Jain Poets could not change the basic character of Krishna. Basically Mahakavi Swayambhu Dev has painted the character of Krishna as a "Supernatural Power' having highly divine virtues to protect the common man from evils and sin, side-by-side to destory the wicked elements which make mankind suffer in this world. In his famous epic poem "Rithanemi Chariu', Swayambhu Dev goes to paint a very dynamic character of Krishna and also of Balram, his brother. We find three fold character of Krishna in Jain literature, which includes (1) Childhood actions called the ""Bal-leela", (2) Political advisor of "Pandavas' especially of "Arjun', the beloved friend as well as devotee of Krishna and (3) Diplomatic wisdom of Krishna. Surprisingly, the Jain poets did not touch the actions of Krishna's young age i.e. his love with Radha and other Gopikas of Gokul and also ""Rass-Leela", which has been a prime attraction of KrishnaKatha to the Hindus. I would like to elaborate these three folds of the Krishna's character here giving examples from the epic poem of Mahakavi Swayambu Dev. (1) Childhood Action i.e. "Bal-Leela' of Krishna As I have already explained, Jain poets are of the view that Krishna was born on 12th day of "Bhadra' month in "Bright half i.e. "Shukla Pakasha' and not on the 8th day of "Dark half of the same month. Also, they are of the opinion that Krishna was the "Seventh' son of Devaki, and not the "Eighth' as said in Mahabharat and other Hindu-Puranas. Still, some popular episodes of Krishna's childhood have been depicted by the Jain poet Swayambhu Dev, nearly same as we find them in "Harivansha' or "Bhagwat Purana', which clearly shows the impact of Hindu-Krishna-Katha on Swayambhu Dev. But, Swayambhu Dev in his "Rithanemi Chariu' calls "Kamsa', the ruler of Mathura, as a "disciple' of Vasudev who gave his sister "Devaki' to Vasudev as "Guru-Dakshina'.

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64 This relationship of Vasudev and Kamsa is very strange, and it is no where found in "Mahabharat' or in any Hindu Book. Mahakavi Swayambhu Dev says "kuruvaMsuppaNNI sasapaDivaNNI devai Niya samANa parigaNevi ! dijjai vaeva ho, jiNa-paya-sevaho, kaMse gurU - dakkhiNNa bhaNevi !!"28 "Kuru-vanshuppanni saspadivanni devai niy saman pariganevi, Dijjai vasuavaho, jin paysevaho, Kamsa gurudakkinn bhanevi". ""Born in Kuru-vansha, Devaki has been given as his sister, to Guru Vasudev, a servant of Jina's feet, by Kamsa as Gurudakshina". i.e. apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 This is really very typical that "Kansa' being a disciple of Vasudev, first gave his sister to him and afterwards, killed his six sons and alos wanted to kill the seventh son "Krishna', who was saved by Vasudev. As in "Mahabharat' and "Bhagwat Purana', Vasudev took newly born child i.e. Krishna from Mathura to Gokul to replace him with the daughter of Nanda and Yashoda. Same episode is here in "Rithanemi Chariu' by Swayambhu. Here Jain poet Swayambhu hints that child Krishna is nothing but the "Incarnation of Vishu' with all his signs. "sayasIha-parakkamu atulabalu ! siri-lacchaNa-laMkSiya-vacchayalu !! suhalakkhaNa lakkhAlaMkiyau ! vihaDevi paoli kavADa gau !! NArAyaNa, calaNaM guTTha- hau ! vihaDe vi paoli kavADa gau ! ! hari deppiNu laiya jasoya suya! halaharU vasueva kayattha kiya!!'' 29 ""Sayaseh-parkkamu atul balu. Siri lachhan-lankshiy-vachhyalu. Suhlakkhan-lakkhalankiyau. Atthuttarsaya-vamankiyau. Narayan-chalangutth-hau Vihadevi payoli-kavad gaue Hari deppinu layai jasoy-sua. Halharu vasuava kayathakiya." ""Having power of hundred lions and having sign of Laxmi on his chest with auspicious pictures with 108 names, born Krishna. The doors of the prison were opened by the leg of Narain (Krishna). Then Vasudev took Yashoda's daughter, giving his son. Both Balbhadra and Vasudev were obliged thus." i.e.

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37942 Hra 15-16 Jain poet Swayambhu, accepts almost every incident of Krishna's .childhood as depicted in Hindu Puranas, espcially in ""Harivansha" and ""Bhagwat Purana", which is evident from the 5th chapter i.e. "Sarga' of his epic poem ""Rithanemi Chariu". 30 This clearly shows the impact of Mahabharat on Jain-Krishna-Katha. I would like to quote only one famous incident of a demon lady called 'Pootana' sent by Kamsa to kill Krishna from Mathura to Gokul. The demon lady Pootna had posion on her breasts and wanted to kill the baby-Krishna by feeding him. Here, Jain-poet Swayambhu Dev hints at the Supernatural power and Being of Krishna, when the demon lady requested Krishna to forgive her. "vAsueu vasueva ho NaMdaNu! hari-uvidaM-goviMda jaNaddaNu! . paumaNAi mAhava mahusUyaNa! kaMsa ho taNiya vijja hauM pUyaNa!! T54 U UW HUISHU Arf! Turqut-au-uht forarfe!!"'31 i.e. "Vasuau vasuavho nadanu, Hari-uvid-govind janaddanu Paumnai mahav mahusuyan, Kansho toniy vijj haun pooyon. Gaiya na aimi, Jami na marahi, thanvan veyan-pasaru nivarahi." "O, Vasudev, son of Vasudev, Hari, Upendra, Govind, Janardana, Padmanath, Madhava, Madhusudana, I am a Vidya, sent by Kansa, don't kill me. I will not return here any more. Forgive me this time, O Lord." This episode goes to prove that Jain Krishna Katha has an impact of Mahabharata to a great extent, though Jainism is opposed to the theory of incarnation. Mahakavi Swayambhu Dev also depicts the famous "Govardhan Leela" in which Krishna saves the local residents of Gokul from the curse of Indra, the god of rains, by holding up the large mountain named 'Govardhan' on his finger. 32 Likewise, 'Swayambhu Dev depicts "Kaliya Naga-leela" in which Krishna kills a dreaded cobra in river yamuna, named "Kaliya Naga" and thus, saves the people.13 Both Balarama and Krishna kill Kamsa at Mathura. Swayambhu Dev takes very much interest in this episode, because

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 Kamsa is a symbol of violence i.e. 'Himsa', the greatest sin on earth and the poet preaches the basic ideal of Non-violence. 66 Thus, we find that there is no much change in the character of Krishna in Jain Krishna-Katha with that of the Mahabharata and Bhagwat Purana, so far the childhood of Krishna is concerned, except some minor changes in poetic-description of the story. Jain poet like Jin Sena, Gunbhadra, Pushpadanta and Swayambhu Dev treat "Jarasandh" as the main enemy of Krishna being 9th "Prati Narayan". 2) Political advisor of the Pandavas After killing Kamsa, the ruler of Mathura, both Balarama and Krishna marry Rewati and Satyabhama respectively. Thus, the first chapter of Krishna's character is over and the second one of a young politician begins. When Jarasandh came to know about the death of his son-in-law Kamsa, through his daughter, the wife of Kamsa, Jarasandh invaded on Krishna to take revange of this killing. Jain Poet Swayambhu Dev, being a strong supporter of 'Ahimsa' i.e. Non-violence, imagines a unique situation here which proves Krishna, a true politician and well-wisher of his fellowmen. When Krishna thought that Jarasandh was very much powerful and the fight with him would prove disastrous for the poor and innocent people of Mathura; Krishna decided to leave Mathura with his followers to Dwarika34. In this way, Krishna saved his men from inevitable destruction and violence too. Here, both Balarama and Krishna lived peacefully in Dwaravati. Thus, Jain poet Swayambhu depicts Krishna as a matured politician, who could save his men from the sure destruction of war. In 'Mahabharat' too, Krishna is not in favour of war and he tries his best best to avoid it. At this stage, Swayambhu Dev brings in Pandavas, who having been deceived in 'gambling', are victims of their treachery. The Pandavas come to Dwarawati and "seek the help" and advice of Krishna. "gae paMDava dArAvaihe thiya! govideM suhi paDivatta kiya!!'' 35 i.e. "Gaye Pandav daravaihe they, govinde suhi padivatta kiy."

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379991 HR 15-16 67 "Then Pandavas went to Dwarawati and asked Govind to advise them." Here, Krishna comes as a true politician and well-wisher of Pandavas. He sends an emissary to avoid the war between brothers, the Pandavas and Kauravas, but does not succeed in his mission. Once again, Krishna sends a messenger to have Karna back with Pandavas in Kurukshetra-war of Mahabharat. Jain poet treats Krishna as a true diplomat here, when he persists Karna to be with his brothers, rather than with the Kauravas, under the leadership of Duryodhan. Though Karna refuses to oblige Krishna, but this is truly a displomatic approach of Krishna 36 According to Jain Krishna-Katha, the character of Krishna has been of a true Friend, Philosopher and Guide from the beginning to the end of Mahabharata-war. After the war, Krishna pays due respects to everybody from both Camps, whether he is winner or looser and returns to Dwarawati. Krishna, in Jain Krishna-Katha, kills Jarasandh, who also fought in the Kurukshetra-war with Kauravas against Krishna and Pandavas. Because, in Jain tradition of 63 'Shalaka Purushas' Krishna and Jarasandh are 9th Narain and Prati-narain respectively, Krishna kills Jarasandh. ghanto-osa Mie HHA PURA CET HIEVIS! 31EF 37 gifUTS AMTE HTET HTEUTS!!??37 i.e. "Kuru-pandav delehin sammattahin ran-ras vahay shanain. Abhittai uttar dahinahin magah mahav sahnain." "After the Kaurava-pandavas war has been fought to an end, Madhava i.e. Krishna killed the king of Magadha, i.e. Jarasandh with his army". Thus, Krishna has become the Hero of Jain-Krishna-Katha which is different from that of the Mahabharata of Hindus, in which Krishna kills Kamsa, the ruler of Mathura. 3) Diplomatic Wisdom of Krishna The Jain tradition of Krishna-Katha, has depicted the character of Krishna in a very strange and different manner, showing him as a

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 'Diplomatic' person, who wants to capture the power from his brother. According to Jain tradtion, Krishna is brother of Nemi, the 22nd Tirthakar in Jain-mythology. When Krishna, after the Kurukshetra-war between Pandavas and Kauravas, returns back to Dwarawati, he realizes that his brother Nemi is much more powerful than him and it would be difficult for him to defeat his brother Nemi to become the ruler, Krishna is very much worried and he plans to divert the thinking of Nemi by hook or by crook. Krishna does praise his brother Nemi to gain his confidence. 68 "maNai jagaddaNu kavausaNehau ! hau dhaNNau jasu bhAyarU ehau!!' "Mani Janaddanu Kavau sanehau have jasu Bhayaru ahau". "I, Janardana, have love towards my brother, whom I consider to be my fortune." 9938 i.e. Thus, praising his brother Nemi, the natural king-designate, Krishna wins his faith and then plays a trick to gain the kingship. According to his diplomatic plan, Krishna puts forth a proposal before his elder brother Nemi, for his marriage. "aho aho kAmapAla jagasAra ho! vijjai pANigahaNa kumAra ho!!" " i.e. "Aho aho kampal jagsaraho, Vijjai pani-gahan kumarho." "The Kamadeva, the ultimate aim of the world, is winner and wants to make the Kumar Nemi marry.' "1 On the auspicious day of marriage of Nemi, Krishna sends some persons from the forests, who had very pitiable look. Nemi gets moved and decides to become a Samnyasi. Thus, Krishna gets the throne and Nemi becomes a saint, accepting Jainism. This move of Krishna is considered as his diplomatic win to get the throne, but to me this seems a deliberate attempt of Jain poets to undermine the moral character of Krishna and to elevate the status of Nemi, who is the 22nd 'Tirthankar of Jains'. Thu, we may have a definite conclusion that the Jain-KrishnaKatha-literature by the Jain poets did have an impact of Mahabharata and other Hindu Puranas on it, but due to their religious and mythological tradtions, the Jain poets could not accept Krishna as God or incarnation of Vishu, the Lord of Hindus.

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 69 Every Jain-poet takes the story of Krishna from the oldest origin i.e. the Mahabharata and also from Bhagavata-Purana, Vishnu Purana, Brahma Purana etc; but everyone narrates the story in the colour of Jainism. Dr. Sankata Prasad Upadhyay came to the conclusion that 'Every element of Jainism has been narrated in Rithanemi Chariu by Swayambhu Deb and in doing so, the poet never cared to have the nobility of the character of Krishna be saved.40 Whenever, the poet finds place, he throws light on Jain-Philosophy and Jain-Religion, forgetting, the flow of original story. Thus, it is very interesting to note that though the Jain tradition of poets, is apposed to Hindu traditions of incarnation of God Vishnu; Poets depict the story of Krihna's childhood and Kurukshetra-war, but in their own style. Jain-Krishna-Katha has been a source to popularize the Jainism amongst the masses by the Jain poets. In this regard, I would like to cite some examples, so that it may be clear to the readers, how the Jain poets adopted Hindu-traditions and the stories of Lord Rama and Krishna, to spread the religious thinking in the masses. Renowned scholar Dr. Sankata Prasad Upadhyay writes- "The atmosphere in all the Jain mythological-epics is coloured by the Jain-Ideals and Jain-Philosophy. Almost evey character ultimately becomes the follower of Jainism".41 Mahakavi Swayambhu Dev, when begins the epic-poem "Rithanemi Chariu", prays the 22nd Tirthankaer' NEMI and not the goddess Sarswati, like Hindu poets. "paMNamAmi NemititthaMkara ho! haribala-kula- Nahayala - sasahara ho !!'42 "Panamani nemitithankarho. Hari Bal-kul-nahayal-sashar ho." "I pray to tirthankara Nemi, who is like a moon in the sky of the Narayana and Balbhadra's lineage". i.e. The most significant thing is that there is No description of killings of any animal by any king in hunting because Swayambhu Dev has firm faith in 'Ahimsa', the prime doctrine of Jainism.43 According to Jain tradition of Digambara Sect, when Tirthankar is born, his mother has 16 dreams in the following night. Swayambhu Dev describes these 16 dreams by the mother of Tirthankara Nemi in his epic poem 'Rithanemi Chariu'.

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379491 Hra 15-16 "caMdakaMtapaha-dhavaliyadhAme, jAmiNi jAme pacchima jAe! Terrichtaf forclTG HIMERA fauts facs frang!!?-- i.e. "Chandkantapah-dhavaliyadhame jamini jame pachhim jae. Pallankavari niddagayae solah sivinain dithain sivae." "Shivadevi dreamt sixteen dreams in the last phase of night in her glorious palace which was looking white in the light of Chandra Kant mani i.e. Jewel". At anthor place, Swayambhu Dev depicts Kunti worshipping 'Rishabh Jin', the first Tirthankar in Jain temple with her sons, the pandavas. Swayambhu Dev speaks of Panch Mahavratas: Anu Vratas, Gun-vratas; Charitrya and Samyakatva; which are the main ideals of Jainism. Thus, we can very safely say that Jain poets have accepted 'Mahabharat' and other Hindu Puranas for the Krishna-Katha because it was very much popular among the masses throughout the country, but used it for spreading their religious ideals and their philosophy among the common masses. In this way, the oldest epic of India, the Mahabharata has been a strong basis for the Jain poets to spell their mythological and religious thinking into poetry. Bhagavad Gita: Adhyay-4, Shlok-7 (Gita Press, Gorakhpur) IBID: Adhyay-4, Shlok-8 Bhagavad Gita: S. Radhn Krishnan, Page 155 Vishnu Purana: Fifth Book/Third Chapter/Shloka-2 (V/III/2) IBID: Shloka-8 (V.III.8) Bhagavada Gita : S. Radhakrishnan, Page 156 "vAsudevArjunau vIrau samaveto mahArathau, nara nArAyaNau devau pUrva devAviti zrutiH" (ZETT 48, 49,19) i.e. "Vasudevarjunau veerau samvetau maharathau, Nar Naryhanau devau poorvadevairiti shvutihi, "Mahabharat, (Udyogparva, 49,19)

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37999 15-16 71 8. 9. 4. 16. 17. Bhartiya Ishwarvad: Pandey Ramavatar Sharma, Page-446 (Hindi Book) Indian Wisdom : Monier Monier Williams, Page-370 Rigveda: 8/85/1-7, 1/11/16/7; 8/95/1-15 and 4/16/13. Adhunic Krishna Kavya: Dr. Ram Sharan Gaur, Vibhuti Pub. Delhi, Page-43 Mahabharat: C. Rajagopalachari, Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan, Mumbai, Page-6 Mahabharat: Sabha Parva. 38/19 Hindi Sahitya main Krishna: Dr. Sarojini Kulshrestha, Rajya Shri Prakashan, Mathura, Page-5 Bhartiya Krishna Kavya Aur Soorsagar: Dr. Nagendra, Surya Prakashan, New Delhi, Page 1 Mahakavi Swayambhu: Dr. Sankata Prasad, Bharat Prakashan Mandir, Aligarh-1969, Page-65 Paum Chariu: Ed. Dr. H.C. Bhayani, Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan, Mumbai, Page-16-17 (Introduction) Rithanemi Chariu: Ed. Dr. Devendra Kumar Jain, Page-34 (Introduction) Rithanemi Chariu: Ed. Dr. Devendra Kumar Jain, Jadav Kand, 4/11 Hindi Sahityamain Krishna: Dr. Sarojini Kulshresth, Page-6 Mahapurana of Pushpadant: Ed. Dr. P.L. Vaidya, Manik Chand Digamber Jain Granthmala, Mumbai, 1941, Sandhi 84, 16/3-4 and 85/1-7 Rithanemi Chariu: Ed. Dr. Devendra Kumar Jain, 1/4/10 Mahabharat (Adiparva): Ed. Dr. V. Sukarthankar, Bhandarkar Orinetal Research Instt. Puna, 1927, Page-25 (Introduction) Mahakavi Swayambhu: Dr. Sankata Prasad Upadhyay, Page-7 Rithanemi Chariu: Ed. Dr. Devendra Kumar Jain, 1/1/4-7 Paum Chariu: Ed. Dr. H.C. Bhayani, Page-29-30 (Introdcution) Rithanemi Chariu: Ed. Dr. Devendra Kumar Jain, Page-7 (Introduction) 19. 20. 25. 26. 27.

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2 2 2 2 2 2 3 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. IBID V/7/15-18/8 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. Rithanemi Chariu: Ed. Dr. Devendra Kumar Jain, IV/5 IBID IV/1-4/9-10/13-14 IBID V/1-2 Rithanemi Chariu: Ed. Dr. Devendra Kumar Jain, V/5/5 to 10 apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 IBID V/13-16/4 and VI/2/11-16/3 Rithanemi Chariu: Ed. Dr. Devendra Kumar Jain, VIII/14/1-16/ 15 Adi Purana: Ed. Dr. P.L. Vaidya, 33/7 IBID, 35/15 Rithanemi Chariu: Ed. Dr. Devendra Kumar Jain, 92/1 IBID-96/5/4 Rithanemi Chariu: Ed. Dr. Devendra Kumar Jain, 96/6 and 96/ 13 Mahakavi Swayambhu Dr. Sankata Prasad Upadhyay, Page 211 IBID, Page-94 Rithanemi Chariu: Ed. Dr. Devendra Kumar Jain, 1/1/1-2 Mahakavi Swayambhu Dr. Sankata Prasad Upadhyay, Page 180 Rithanemi Chariu: Ed. Dr. Devendra Kumar Jain, 1/8/3 Retd. Principal 74/3, New Nehru Nagar ROORKEE-247667 (INDIA)

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 akTUbara 2003-2004 kairAya jIvakiu 'hariseNacariu' apabhraMza bhASA meM racita 'hariseNacariu' ke racanAkAra haiM 'jIva kvi'| inake viSaya meM vistRta jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai| prastuta grantha kI pratilipi kI prazasti meM pratilipikAra kA samaya samvat 1551 (IsvI 1494) hai, ata: jIva kavi kA samaya samvat 1551 se pUrva to hai hii| kavi ke vyaktitva sambandhI prAmANika sAmagrI ke abhAva meM bhI kAvya ke anuzIlanAtmaka adhyayana se vidita hotA hai ki ve vividha vidyAvijJa evaM pUrvavartI sAhitya ke marmajJa vidvAna the| sAmAjika jIvana ke vividha pakSoM ko loka-bhASA meM vyakta karake jIvana mUlyoM ke prati loka ko jAgRta karane meM kavi saphala hue haiN| inakA kAvya sabhI rasoM se AplAvita tathA vibhinna alaMkAroM se suzobhita hai| hariSeNa para AdhArita isa cariukAvya kI cAra sandhiyoM meM mAnavajIvana ke udAtta mUlyoM kI saphala abhivyakti huI hai| "mA~-beTe kI laukika kathA para AdhArita yaha kAvya lokacetanA ko vikasita karane tathA cintanazIla mAnava kI antazcetanA ko sanAtana satya kI ora agrasara karane meM niHsandeha eka advitIya kAvya siddha hotA hai| isaliye yaha kAvya mAtra hariSeNa kA hI caritra nahIM hai balki bhAratIya jIvana ke itihAsa aura saMskRti kA Akara grantha hai|"

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74 apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 hariseNacariu - kavirAya jIva om namo viitraagaay| jiNasAsaNe duriyapaNAsaNe aho jaNa kaNNu muhuttau dehu| vimalujjalu tauNimmalu ihu hariseNaho cariu suNehu / / paNaveppiNu jiNavarU tavavimalu suramauDa NihiTTha crnnjuylu| risi vaMdivi uttama joyadharA je asuhakamma ninnaasyraa| 5. aNubhovaMtAha duriyadalaNA lai ciMtami kA vi dhmmsvnnaa| dhaNavihau natthi kiMpi vi karami jaM devi supattaho uttrmmi| 10 ciMtaMtu rattidiNu jhINataNu tau karivi na sakkami diinnmnnu| vihu eyahu vi ikkuvi NAhi kiu navi dANi na saMjami Niya vitttthu| appANau vaMciu mUDhaeNa jaNa dhaNayara vAsA luddhenn| annuvi kai vAu samuvvahami vuhayaNe appANau uvhsmi| navi yANami chaMdu na vAyaraNu navi geu na lakkhaNu na vikrnnu| navi sulaliya vANi Naviya harisu kai sIhahaM jaMvU sama srisu| paraloya kajji Navi kittimau paNavami pamesaru prmpu| pai jiNavaraNAha dhuNatAha pAvakkhau hoi sunntaah| 15 rai mai sui suhu Arou dhaNu aha suravai bhavaNi bhoyrvnnu| paNavaMtaha paI tihuyaNatilau pAvijjai siddhi sukkhnnilu| ghattA- vimalujale saccha suNimmale jo avagAhevi tavajala nnhaau| jiNacalaNihi muNivaravayaNihi taho saMpattu tittha phala saau||1||

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 saMpA. - anu. - 75 hariSeNacarita zrImatI snehalatA jaina ( om namo vItarAgAya / ) he manuSyoM! pApoM kA vinAza karanevAle arhatdeva ke zAsana meM kAnoM ko do ghar3I kA samaya do / nirmala, ujjvala va tapazcaryA se vizuddha ina hariSeNa kA caritra suno| tapasyA se nirmala, devoM ke mukuTa se gharSita caraNayugala hai jinake aise jinavara ko praNAma karake uttama yoga ke dhArI, azubha karmoM kA vinAza karanevAle munivara kA stavana karake (mujha) bhogate huye ke pApoM ko naSTa karane ke lie lo maiM kucha dharma sunane ke lie vicAra karatA hU~ se Ahata maiM aura kucha bhI nahIM kara sakatA jo supAtra ke lie dekara pAra utara skuuN| rAta-dina yahI cintA karatA huA kRzakAya va zokagrasta mana vAlA maiM tapa karane ke lie bhI samartha nahIM huuN| ina donoM meM se maiMne eka bhI nahIM kiyaa| nA hI dAna meM aura nA hI saMyama meM svayaM ko praviSTa kiyA / jana, dhana, ghara aura vastra ke lobha se mujha mUrkha ne apane Apa ko ThagA / mUrkha kaviyoM ke zabdoM ko maiM DhotA hU~ tathA paNDita logoM meM maiM ha~sI karavAtA huuN| nA maiM chanda zAstra jAnatA, na zabda zAstra, nA hI gIta, na vastu kA svarUpa aura na vikSepaNa / vAnara, siMha aura gIdar3a ke tulya maiM nA hI sundara vANI jAnatA hU~ aura nA hI prasannatA jAnatA hU~ / itara jana ke lie karane yogya kArya se kIrtivAn nahIM huA maiM utkRSTapadavI paramezvara ko praNAma karatA huuN| he jinavara svAmI! ApakI stuti karate hue aura sunate hue jIva ke pApoM kA nAza hotA hai| he tribhuvana tilaka ! Apako praNAma karanevAloM ko prIti, buddhi, nirmalatA, zAnti, nirogatA, dhana aura indra ke bhavana meM ramaNIya bhoga tathA sukha ke Azraya aNimA Adi zaktiyA~ prApta hotI hai| ghattA - jisane vizuddha, dIpta, svaccha tathA pUrNarUpa se nirmala tapazcaryA rUpI jala meM avagAhana kara snAna kiyA hai, jinavara kI prathA va munivara ke vacanoM meM usako tIrthoM kA madhura phala samyak rUpa se prApta huA hai|

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76 apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 (1.2) raNe dhaNau jiNivi dahavayaNa pahu pupphavai vimANi ArUDhu lhu| kaMcaNa maNi rayaNa phuraMtiyahe laMkahi savaDammuhu jaMtu Nahe / pekkhai girisihari samujjalaI dhavalajja kuMbha sasi nnimmlii| taM Niyavi pavulliu dahavayaNu vibhau jaNaMtu viyasiya vynnu| 5. iu kAi tAya accubhuyaI girisiharihi kusumaI sNbhuyiN| to bhaNai piyAmahu tuTThamaNu iu Navahi vaccha tuhu pnnytnnu| Navi Ayai kusumai saMbhuyai jiNabhavaNaiM dhavaluddhaa' ddhyi| ghattA - giri vivarahi pavvasiharihiM jagi sakriyatthe hrisennenn| suhadesihiM rammapaesihiM kiya mahi bhavaNa NiraMtareNa // 2 // (1.3) aliula ghaNa kajjalu kisaNataNu puNu bhaNai dasAsaNu tutttthmnnu| ko puNu ehau sakiyattha Naru vitthariu jAsu jage jasu pvru| kiya bhavaNa niraMtaru jeNa mahi tahu taNiya kitti mahu tAya khi| to bhaNai sumAli rahasabhariu suNi dahamuha hariseNaho criu| paNavevi siddha puNu kahami kaha kaMpilla nayari vahujaNa vsh| kaMcaNa maNi rayaNa visAlasirI riddhie savisesai dhnnypurii| Niu nAmi visaddha parivasai riu sinnu payAvaho jasu lhsi| ahimANi dANi vikkamia jau paradAra parammuha sccru| taho vappa mahAivi guNapavarA aMteura uttima ruuvdhraa| tahe taNaiu arijaya siriNilau uppaNNu puttu jaga kultilu|. 10. ghattAhna meM jammenteNa pavahateNa vahari gharaha uppAyau taasu| suhi viyasiya vaMdhava harisiya teM hariseNu nAu kiu taasu||3||

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 77 (1.2) (rAvaNa ke Azcarya kA dAdA sumAli dvArA samAdhAna) rAjA rAvaNa yuddha meM dhanada ko jItakara puSpaka vimAna ke Upara zIghra cddh'aa| vaha svarNa, maNi evaM ratnoM se prakAzita huI laMkA ke sammukha jAtA huA AkAza meM candramA ke sadRza svaccha va zveta kalaza ke samAna atyanta ujjvala parvata ke zikharoM ko dekhatA hai| unako dekhakara rAvaNa ne Azcarya utpanna karane vAlA vikasita vacana kahA he tAta! parvata ke zikhara para puSpa utpanna hone vAlA yaha adbhuta Azcarya kyA hai? taba santuSTacitta dAdA kahate haiM- he vatsa! jhuke huye zarIra se tuma inako praNAma kro| ye utpanna hue puSpa nahIM haiM, ye jinAlaya meM hilatI huI zveta dhvajAe~ haiN| __ ghattA- jaga meM satkarma meM sthita evaM bAdhA rahita hariSeNa ne apane sundara va manohara deza va pradeza meM parvata kI kandarAoM para va parvata zikharoM para jinamandira banavAye haiN| (1.3) (rAvaNa dvArA dAdA se hariSeNacaritra sunAne ke lie kahane para dAdA sumAli dvArA kathA prArambha) bhramarasamUha evaM kAjala ke samAna pragAr3ha kRSNavarNa zarIra tathA santuSTamana rAvaNa punaH kahatA hai- nizcaya se aisA kauna samartha puruSa hai jisakA zreSTha yaza jaga meM phailA huA hai| jisane pRthvI para lagAtAra jinamandira banavAye haiN| he tAta! Apa unakA yaza mujhe btaaveN| taba prasannatA se bhare hue sumAli kahate haiM, he dazamukha! tuma hariSeNa kA caritra suno __siddhoM ko praNAma kara maiM sampUrNa kathA kahatA huuN| svarNa, maNi evaM ratnoM kI vizAla zobhA evaM samRddhi meM asAdhAraNa dhanapurI kapila nagarI meM bahuta loga nivAsa karate haiN| vahA~ visaddha (vizeSazabda- siMhadhvaja) nAmaka rAjA rahatA hai, jisakA pratApa duzmana ke sainya samudAya taka prakaTa hotA hai| jo abhimAnI, dAnI, parAkramI tathA parastrI se vimukha caritravAn hai| usakI mahAdevI vaprA ranivAsa meM zreSTha guNa va sundara rUpa dhAraNa karanevAlI hai| usake komala zarIra, zatrujayI, aizvaryavAna tathA kula va jaga kA AbhUSaNa putra utpanna huaa| ghattA- janma lete hI jisake prabhAva se duzmana ke ghara meM Dara paidA huA, mitra praphullita hue, sambandhI Anandita hue, isIliye usakA nAma hariSeNa kiyA gyaa|

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 (1.4) hariseNu kumAru kAlu gamai sahu vayasa juvANahi sahuM rmi| kIlai vara muravihi pekkhaNehi gaMdhavva geyau dikkhnnehi| AraMbha parakkama NADaehi ucchitta calaNa sNdhaaddehi| maddala mau dacchaNNANiehi dAvai pauga pddihaanniehi| 5. AlAvaNi tisara vINa muNai taM millivi kaNaya daMDa gunni| asi musala musuMDhi sutti varai nahi bhAmivi jhiMdullau dhri| jANai parahattha daccha gamaNu Naha laMdhaNu vijja ravetta krnnu| gAruDU nimittu sAmuhu~ tahA suya rAya sattha sambandha khaa| dappu dhuravara turaMga damai kIlIkilu jalu jaMti rmi| 10. ghattA - vara bhavaNihi maNi rayaNihi kuMDala mauDa sohasiya saaru| nara viMdahi matta gayaMdahiM ramai bhoya hariseNu kumaaru||5|| (1.5) itthaMtari punna pavahiyaha paDivaNNa diyaha atttthaahiyhu| to vappAeva paiTThamaNe Aesu dei niya bhiccjnne| saMjuttahu jiNavararahu turiu maNikaMcaNa rayaNahiM vipphuriu| sovaNNadaMDa dhayadhuyadhavalu vara kiMkiNi ghNttaarvmuhlu| jiNa paDima susohiu vimalapahu jeM Nayaraho majjhe bhamai rhu| 5. ghattA - payasiyavahu caMdaNarasiNa lahu vara bhavaNihi soha krehu| paisaMtaho jiNavaraNAhaho aggai kaMcaNa klsggehu||5||

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 (1.4) (hariSeNa kumAra kI yuvAvasthA kI krIr3Ae~) hariSeNa kumAra yuvAvasthA ko prApta hone para samavayaskoM ke sAtha krIr3A karatA hai| tamAze meM dekhane para mRdaMga ke sAtha gandharva-gIta se kIlita kara detA hai| nipuNa, jJAnI va pratibhAzAlI vaha prayatna va balapUrvaka uThe hue donoM caraNoM kI nATyakalA se muraja sahita jIvoM ke AcAra-vicAra dikhAtA hai| __ AlApanI va tIsara vINA (bajAne kA) apane mana meM vicAra karatA hai| phira usako chor3akara bANoM kI char3iyoM ko ginatA hai| khaDga, mUsala, musaMDhi va sIpa kA varaNa karatA hai| unako AkAza meM gaiMda kI taraha ghumAkara grahaNa karatA hai| lakar3I ke upakaraNa se gamana kriyA meM dakSa vaha AkAza va nagaroM ko lA~dhane kI vidyA, (sA~pa ke viSa ko utArane vAlA) gArur3amaMtra, sAmudrika zAstra tathA zubharAga se sambandhita kathA zAstroM ko jAnatA hai| parAkrama se dhurA ko vahana karane meM dhurandhara vaha ghor3oM ko vaza meM karatA hai tathA kilakArI mArakara jalayaMtra se krIr3A karatA hai| ghattA- maNi kuNDala kI zobhA ko acchI taraha prApta vaha zreSTha hariSeNakumAra maNi ratnoM se nirmita sundara bhavana meM janasamUha evaM matavAle hAthiyoM sahita bhogoM ko bhogatA hai| (1.5) (rAnI vaprA kA aSTAhnikA parva para jinaratha ghumAne kA Adeza) isI bIca puNya bahAnevAlA aSTAhnikA ke dina aaye| taba mana meM Anandita vaprAdevI prasanna mana se apane Azrita janoM ko Adeza detI hai| jo jinapratimA se suzobhita ratha nagara ke bIca svaccha mArga para ghUmatA hai usa svarNa, maNi evaM ratnoM se jagamagAte hue svarNadaNDa, hilatI huI zreSTha zvetadhvajA, kSudraghaNTikA va ghaNToM ke tumula kolAhala vAle jinavara ke ratha ko zIghra joto| ghattA- atyAdhika dIpta candana Adi dravyoM se jinAlayoM meM zIghra zobhA kro| praveza karate hue jinasvAmI ke Age svarNakalaza dhAraNa kro|

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80 5. ghattA 5. 10. apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 (1.6) aNikkuvi jovvaNa ahiya siyA NAmeNa lacchi naravaihi piyA / sai iMdaho kAmiNI jaha varai pahu tAya samANu bhoya ramai / sA kAma kisoyarI miganayaNA uttaMga pauhara sasivayaNA / aNurAya rAya samANuu naravaihi cittu vasi tAi kiu / jAvi ra liTThiyau pahu viNNattu sAmi mahu bhamau rahu / unbhami piya rahi sohaggadhau je hoi savattihi majjhi jau / tahi paNa bhaMgu Navi teNa kiu bhAmahi rahu naravai vuttu iu / etthaMttari vappahi ghare kahiya vatta varu lacchihi dinnu / teM vayaNeM ai dussahaNeM NAvai tahe uru sattihi bhinnu // 6 // (1.7) tiM parihava vayaNu suNevi khaNe ummAhau vappahi jAu maNe / aNavara aMsu dhArahiM muyai viddANI vivaNa deha ruai / muhakamalu nivesivi vAmakare hima hayasu kamaliNi jihava sare / nIsasivi sadukkha puNu bhaNar3a ko mAi kuDila cittai muNai / aviveiya rAeM kAi kiu pahu millivi kucchiya paheNa thiu / ittauDa kAlu avichinna pahu' mahu paDhamu bhavaMtau Asi rahu / so evahi majjha bhaggu pasaru sA kAmiu lacchihe teNa varu / ivvahi maI kAi jiyaMtiyaI avamANa mANa paricattiyaI / jai paDhamu bhavIsai rahiNa jiNu to hosai majjhi pavitti puNu / aha na bhamai nicchau karivitthiyA duvihe AhAra Nivitti kiyA / ghattA - Nicchiya mai vajjiya rai mukkA haraNa bharaNa sAtaNha / viddANiya komANiya duddiNai nAi sasi jonha // 7 //

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 (1.6) (visaddha rAjA kI dUsarI patnI lakSmI dvArA apane saubhAgya-sUcaka ratha ko pahale ghumavAnA) rAjA ke eka dUsarI bhAryA bhI thI jo tAruNya meM adhika prakhara va nAma se lakSmI thii| jaise indra apanI kAntA kA varaNa karatA hai vaise hI rAjA usake sAtha bhoga bhogatA hai| vaha sundara yuvatI, mRganayanI, unnatapayodharA aura candramukhI thii| anurAga aura rAga se usane rAjA kA citta apane vaza meM kara liyaa| ___ svAmI ko AnandotsAha meM sthita jAnakara usane nivedana kiyA ki he svAmI! merA ratha ghuume| saubhAgya sUcaka ratha meM pati ke paribhramaNa karane para nizcaya se sauta ke bIca merI jIta hotI hai| taba rAjA ne usake sAtha prema bhaMga nahIM kiyA au yaha kahA ki ratha ghumaao| ghattA- isI bIca meM lakSmI ke lie diye hue varadAna kA samAcAra kisI ne vaprA ke ghara meM khaa| una ati asahanIya vacanoM se usakI chAtI mAnoM trizula se vidArita huii| (1.7) (mAna se rahita vaprAdevI kA AhAra tyAga karanA) parAbhava ke isa kathana ko sunakara kSaNamAtra meM vaprAdevI ke citta meM atyanta pIr3A utpanna huii| zokAtura va mlAnazarIra vaha nirantara A~sUoM kI dhArA chor3atI hai aura rotI hai| tAlAba meM hima se Ahata kamalinI kI taraha vaha mukhakamala ko bAyeM hAtha para sthApita kara nizvAsa lekara duHkha sahita puna: kahatI hai ki mAyAvI ke kuTila hRdaya ko isa prakAra kauna jAnatA hai| avivekI rAjA ne yaha kyA kiyA? supatha ko chor3akara nindita patha meM sthita huaa| itane samaya se mArga meM merA ratha lagAtAra pahale ghUmatA rahA hai| usa kAmuka lakSmI ke lie usake dvArA jo abhISTa hai isa samaya vaha mujha parAjita kA prabhAta hai| aba tiraskAra va mAna se parityakta merA jIvita rahane se kyA prayojana? yadi rathavAna pahale jinavara ko ghumAvegA to merI punaH pravRtti hogI aura nahIM ghUmatA hai to nizcita rUpa se apane ko sthita karake merI do prakAra ke AhAra se nivRtti kI gyii| ghattA- prema se rahita, grahaNa va poSaNa kI vA~chA se tyakta mujha nisteja kA durdinoM ke candra prakAza ke sadRza kaunasA mAna rhaa|

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82 5. 10. 5. apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 ghattA (1.8) etthantari kalaguNa patta dharu dhaNuveya geya lakkhaNa pavaru / guru pAsaho Aiu Niya bhavaNi hariseNeM diTTha tAma jaNaNi / ummukka kaDaya NibbhUsaNiya pekkhevi mAi vivaNammaNiya / siru lAiva calaNihi tAhi TThiu kahi parihau tau ki' aMbi kiu / ko jalaNi jalaMta naru caDiu ko ajju kayaMtaho muhi paDiu / kiM visahara vayaNihi chuchu karu avaloiu kAleM ko vi naru / kahi vAhi davatti mahiyai dhari pheDemi mAi je tujjhu ari / mAsu viNi bhuadaMDayarA mahu mANusa mitte kavaNadharA / ghattA - paharaMtavi aivalavaMtavi raNi jamarAyaho darisami paMtthU / hayale bhuaNe mahIyali ko tau parihau karaNa samatthU // 8 // (1.9) viddANiya naliNi va viNu jaleNa AsAsiya putta vayaNajjaleNa / maNi harisa visAu samuvvahai hariseNaho vatta mAya kahai / navi mahuyara parihau naviya ari parihaviya putta hau tau piyari / ittauDa kAlu avicchinna pahu mahu paDhamu bhavaMtau Asi rahu / ivvahi puNu bhaggau mahu pasaru sakAmiu lacchihi teNa varu / kiu Nicchau mahimahi kajji maiM navi hauM lajjAvami putta paI / tau vayaNe nisuNi kAi karami kiM tala pIyAli paisarami / ahi toDivi jima muNAla dalami kiM sesaho phaNa kaDappu mlmi| kiM meru mahAgiri uddharami kiM dharaNi sasAyara vasi karami / kiM nivaDai garalu bhuaMgamaho khau ANami thAvara jaMgamaho / vullijjai jaM nau kijjai aliu na bhAsami payaDau vuttu / jai na bhamai' mahu raha aggar3a to hauM aNasaNi marami Nittu // 9 //

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 83 (1.8) (mA~ kI tiraskRta avasthA dekha hariSeNa kA krodhita honA) taba isI bIca manohara guNoM kA dhArI dharnuvidyA va gIta gAne kI kalA ke viSayoM meM zreSTha guru ke pAsa se Aye hue hariSeNa ne apane bhavana meM mA~ ko dekhaa| kar3e Adi AbhUSaNoM se rahita udAsacita mA~ ko isa prakAra dekhakara usake caraNoM meM sira lagAkara sthita huA (aura bolA) he mAtA kaho- kisane ApakA tiraskAra kiyA hai? kauna manuSya jalatI huI Aga meM car3hA hai| kauna Aja yamarAja ke mukha meM girA hai| kisane sarpa ke mukha meM hAtha DAlA hai| kauna manuSya mRtyurAja ke dvArA dekhA gayA hai| mujhako zIghra kaho kaho, he mA~ jo tumhArA duzmana hai maiM usako pakar3a kara naSTa karatA huuN| jisake donoM bhujadaNDa hai usa mere jaise manuSya kA isa dharatI para kyA mahattva hai? tumhAre vacanoM ko sunakara maiM kyA karU~? kyA nIce pAtAla meM praveza karU~ athavA kamala-nAla kI taraha tor3akara Tukar3e-Tukar3e kara duuN| kyA zeSanAga ke phaNa samUha ko masala duuN| kyA mahAna meruparvata ko Upara uThA luuN| kyA pRthvI aura candrakiraNoM ko vaza meM kara luuN| kyA sA~pa kA jahara nIce gira gayA hai usake nAza ke lie calane vAle pahAr3a ko laauuN| ghattA- prahAra karate hue atyadhika balavAna ko bhI yuddha meM yamarAja ke lie rAstA dikhAtA huuN| nabhatala aura pRthvItala rUpa isa loka meM tumhArA parAbhava karane meM kauna samartha hai? (1.9) (visaddha ke dvArA kiye gaye tiraskAra se vaprA kA anazanapUrvaka maraNa karane kA kathana) jalarahita kamalinI kI taraha mlAna mana putra ke vacanajala se Azvasta kI gaI mA~ mana meM harSa va zoka ko dhAraNa karatI hai aura hariSeNa ko apanI bAta batAtI hai| nA hI merA koI anya tiraskAra karane vAlA hai aura nA hI vairii| he putra! maiM tumhAre pitA ke dvArA tiraskRta huuN| itane samaya se mArga meM merA ratha lagAtAra ghUmatA rahA hai| usa kAmuka lakSmI ke lie usa rAjA ke dvArA jo abhISTa hai vahI nizcita rUpa se abhI mere parAjita hone kA prabhAta hai| isake lie maiMne nizcaya se aisA gaurava kArya kiyA hai ki maiM tumako zarmindA nahIM hone duuNgii| ghattA- jo bolA jAtA hai vaisA hI kiyA jAtA hai| vyakta kI gayI bAta ke lie maiM jhUTha nahIM boltii| yadi merA ratha pahale nahIM ghUmatA hai to nirantara anazanapUrvaka mruuNgii|

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84 apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 (1.10) taM NisuNivi jaNaNihe dukkhahau ukkhaya visANu jaha mttgu| daMDAhau jaha bhuaMgu valai pasaraMtu rosu puNu puNu' khli| karu karihi NisAmivi paribhamai rosANalu hiyaDai vijjhvi| ciMtai kumAru vi to vivaNa maNu kaha tAe sahu ADhattu rnnu| 5. jAsu vi ghari ikkahi vIsamiu kiu tAsu vi viruvau vvhriu| kiM puNu jaNeru piya paramaguru kaha taha savaDammuhu vUDha kru| kahi ehai saMkaDi hauM paDiu navi riu pavara cakke smovddiu| asi pharasu kuMta bhaDa thaDa nivaho nara sira kavaMdha nccNtyho| uddhAivi rahasa samunbhariu navi hariya gaya kuMbhihi uvddiu| ettahi piu ettahe mAyaDiyA vihi kiM samANu mai thaTTi kiyaa| 10. ghattA- parihau kiu jai vi sahami piuM to phuDU jaNaNihi hoi viptti| haya jammaho dukkhiya kammahu to mahu vihaliya jaggiya rati / / 10 // (1.11) ciMtevi ema hariseNu maNi gau caMpAranni paiTTha khnni| vahu taru girikaMdari Nijjharihi kapphADihi layaNa' laayhrehi| villIlaya taru vAvaya gahaNu navi sUru na dIsai navi gynnu| vammiya siha ruggaya nayavi ahi phaNimaNi ujjoe bhamai mhi| katthai vahu vAnara vukkarahiM katthai maiMda saya guNjrhi| katthai disi dhUma dhAra tau taru saMghaho TThiya laggu du| katthai bhuMDiNi dADhAlaehi vArAha khayAla lyaalehi| katthai karivara pasaru pahu kaDamaDa karaMti' taruvaraha vhu| 10 katthai ajayara suMsuM kariu katthai taracchU lalluya rddiu| katthai giri taru mUlehi sahiu AraNNa mahisa siMgu llliu|

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 85 (1.10) (hariSeNa ke mana meM mAtA va pitA ke pakSa ko lekara arntadvandva) yaha sunakara mA~ ke duHkha se Ahata vaha hariSeNa sIMga ukhar3e hue matavAle hAthI ke samAna va lAThI se prahArita sA~pa kI taraha durjanoM ke prati bAra-bAra apane krodha ko phailAtA huA apane meM lauTatA hai| hAtha meM hAtha rakhakara bhaTakatA hai aura hRdaya kI krodhagni ko bujhAtA hai| usake bAda bhI zoka santapta hariSeNakumAra mana meM socatA hai ki pitA ke sAtha kisa prakAra yuddha prArambha ho| jisake ghara meM eka ke dvArA bhI asamAnatA kI gayI hai usake hI ghara meM kutsita AcaraNa kiyA gayA hai| jaba nizcaya se pitA priya va parama guru hai phira kisa taraha unake sAmane vicAra karane vAlA bnuuN| isa samaya maiM kisa saMkaTa meM par3a gayA hU~ ki atyanta priya ke cakra ke sammukha hI bar3hA huA huuN| - rAjA ke talavAra, pharase va bhAle sahita nAcate hue va prasannatA se bhare hue yoddhAjana samUha ke rUNDa-muNDa vega se jAkara nUtana haritavarNa hAthI ke gaNDa sthala para jhuka gaye haiN| eka tarapha pitA hai to eka tarapha mA~ hai| donoM ne samAna rUpa se mujhe Anandita kiyA hai| ___ghattA- yadi pitA ke dvArA kiye gaye tiraskAra ko sahana karatA hU~ to spaSTa rUpa se mAtA kA maraNa hotA hai| janma se hI dayanIya, bhAgya se duHkhI to bhI vihvalatA yukta mere lie rAta meM jAgI hai| (1.11) (hariSeNa kA campAnagarI ke jaMgala meM pahu~canA tathA campAnagarI ke jaMgala kA varNana) hariSeNa mana meM isa prakAra vicAra kara zIghra campAnagarI ke jaMgala meM pahu~ca gyaa| vahA~ anekavRkSoM, parvata-kandarAoM, jharanoM, guphAoM vallI-latAgRhoM evaM gahana guccha-vanaspati kI latA va vRkSoM ke vyApta hone se nA hI sUrya dikhAyI detA thA nA hI aakaash| kavacadhArI rugNa sA~pa jhukakara tathA phaNa kI maNi ke prakAza sahita zeSanAga pRthvI para ghUma rahe the| kahIM para aneka vAnara hU~ hU~ kara rahe the| kahIM para bahuta sAre zera garaja rahe the| kahIM para vRkSa samUha para dAvAgni lagI thI jisase dasadizAoM meM dhUA~ phailA huA thaa| kahIM para bar3I bar3I dAr3hoM se yukta sUkara va sUkarI kandarAoM meM apane svara meM lIna the| kahIM para hAthI rAste meM phaile hue vRkSoM para bahuta utpAta kara rahe the| kahIM para ajagara tUM tUM kara rahe the| kahIM para lakkar3abagghA aspaSTa AvAja meM cillA rahe the| kahIM para parvata va vRkSa ke nIce jaMgalI bhaise sIMga se krIr3A kara rahe the|

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86 apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 ghattA- taru maggihi gayaNa valaggihi sarala tamAla tAla scchnnnnu| vahuviha gaya sIha niseviu hariNahi bhAviu ehau vaNu hariseNu vnnnnu||11|| (1.12) taM pekkhivi bhIsaNi aDai vaNe hariseNaho gaNNu vi nAhi mnne| laghaMtu joi giri kaMdaraI puNu aggai pekkhai srvrii| suha salilai siya kusumujjalaI uvavaNaiM gaMdha saya primliN| pekkhevi maNoharu rUu tasu uvasamahiM je vi katthAya psu| jo jaMtau raha gaya vAhaNehi dhaya chatta turaMgama saahnnehi| so ivvahi kamma vaseNa tahi ikkallau calaNahi bhamai mhi| sama visama dulaMghai duttaraI kANaNaI khayAlai uttri| aviula cittu maNi vigaya bhau sayamaNNuhi yAsau teNa guN| 10 ghattA- ikkaMgu vi siyai na muvvai thiu tAvasa vaNu bhUsiu nnaai| ravi vayaNau kiraNau bhAsiyau jIviu kiMpi udesiM gaai||12||

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 ghattA- AkAza kI ora unmukha, sarala, tAla-tamAla vRkSoM se AcchAdita mArga vAle, aneka prakAra ke hAthI va siMha se Azrita, hariNoM se sundara lagane vAle aise vana meM hariSeNa phuNcaa| (1.12) (hariSeNa va jaMgala ke pazuoM meM paraspara AdarabhAva tathA hariSeNa kA tApasavana meM gamana) usa bhISaNa jaMgala ke AvAsa sthala meM unako dekhakara bhI hariSeNa ke mana meM Adara kA abhAva nahIM thaa| uchalatA kUdatA huA giri-kandarAoM ko dekhatA hai| punaH Age madhura jalayukta tAlAboM va sugandhita-gandha vAle kamala-puSpa ke udyAnoM ko dekhatA hai| jo bhI pazu kahIM se Aye hue haiM ve usakA manohara rUpa dekhakara zAnta ho jAte haiN| . jo ratha, hAthI, ghor3e, vAhana Adi sAdhanoM para chatra va dhvajA sahita jAtA thA vaha hariSeNa aba usake karma ke adhIna akelA hI pairoM se pRthvI para ghUma rahA hai| samatala va U~ce nIce tathA durlaghya aura kaThinatA se pAra kiye jAne vAle jaMgala vaphAoM ko pAra karatA hai| taba zAnta citta va bhayarahita mana vaha zatamanya (tapasvI) ke Azrama kI tarapha gyaa| ghattA- jo apane aizvarya ke eka bhI sAdhana ko nahIM chor3atA hai vaha hariSeNa tApasavana ko zobhita kiye hue sthita thaa| sUrya kiraNa ke samAna prakAzayukta vacanoM se 'jIva' kavi isa prakAra apane upadeza meM gAyana karate haiN| kar3avaka 2. 1. kA. dhavalubbha 2. ka. gpavarihi kar3avaka 5. 1.ka. valu (dha chUTa gayA hai|) kar3avaka 7. 1. ka. mahu (ka. 1.9.4 meM bhI pahu hI hai|) kar3avaka 8. 1.ka. takiu (zabdakrama parivartana) kar3avaka 9. 1. jai na bhamai ka prati meM chUTa gayA haiM, kha prati se liyA gayA hai| kar3avaka 10. 1. puNu ka. prati meM chUTa gayA hai, kha se liyA gayA hai| 2. ka. NaccaMtavihi kar3avaka 11. 1.ka. layala 2. ka. kaDati

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88 apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 jahiM vaMchai NiyamaNammi jammaNa dharu - kurubhUmi va suNicca suhadAiNi / jiNavANi va savvaha~ maNatosiNi / NaM jasavitti - buha - giha- paMkiyA / jAhi Nievi mahAmuNi lubbhai / NaM puri kamalAsaNahu sahoyari / bahuvANiyajuya NaM maMdAiNi raMgabhUmi NaM NavarasaposiNi sAyaraputti va rayaNahi~ laMkiya sai~ cittu va paraNaraha~ Nara bujjhai cau - goura- duvAra laggaMbari sAlattayaveDhiya varabhAmiNi parihA - jalayara - jIva- suhAyari kiM vaNNijjai jahi~ puNu suravaru ghattA- tahi~ NIr3a-sayANau bahuguNaThANau rANau balu pAlaMku puNu / be-pakkhahi~ Nimmalu gayalaMchaNamalu sayalAlau so Namiya- jiNu // 7 // AvaTTiya jahi~ layA bahuari / vaMchai NiyamaNammi jammaNa dharu / mahAkavi raithU dhaNakumAracariu 1.7 vaha ujjayinI nagarI vividha prakAra ke vyApAriyoM se yukta hai, mAno jalabahulA mandAkinI - gaMgA hI ho| vaha kuru- bhogabhUmi kI taraha nitya sukhadAyinI hai athavA mAno, navarasoM ko posanevAlI nATyazAlA hI ho| jinavANI ke samAna jo sabhI ke mana ko santuSTa karanevAlI hai athavA, mAno, ratnoM se alaMkRta sAgaraputrI lakSmI hI ho| athavA mAno, vaha yazovRttivAle budhajanoM ke gRhoM kI paMkti hI ho| jahA~ ke vyakti apane citta ke samAna hI dUsaroM ke citta ko samajhate haiM aura jise dekhakara mahAmuni bhI lubdha ho uThate haiM / vaha ujjayinI uttama cAra gaganacumbI gopura-dvAroM se yukta hai| mAno, vaha kamalAsanabrahmA kI nagarI kI sahodarI purI hI ho| vaha vizAla tIna koToM se veSTita hai| vahA~ jalacarajIvoM ko sukha pradAna karanevAlI parikhA hai, jahA~ bahuta Avarta aura latAe~ haiM / usa nagarI kA kyA varNana kiyA jAya, jahA~ indra bhI janma lene kI icchA apane mana meM dhAraNa karatA ho / ghattA- vahA~ nIti-nipuNa, guNa-sthAna, prajApAlaka, donoM pakSoM se ujjvala (arthAt kula - jAti se ucca ), apayazarUpI lA~chana- malarahita, sampUrNa kalAoM ke ghara ke samAna tathA jinadeva ko namaskAra karanevAlA ( avanipAla nAmakA ) rAjA rAjya karatA thA // 7 //

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 akTUbara 2003-2004 89 gautama svAmI rAsa - mahAkavi brahma jinadAsa saMpA.- DaoN. premacanda rA~vakA 15vIM zatAbdI ke saMskRta-hindI bhASA-sAhitya ke prasiddha mahAkavi brahma jinadAsa dvArA racita 'gautama svAmI rAsa' apabhraMza bhASA kI antima kar3I gujarAtI rAjasthAnI mizrita (maru gurjara) kA khaNDa kAvya hai; jo tatkAlIna pracalita rAsa kAvyAtmaka loka-zailI meM nibaddha hai| isa rAsa-kAvya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pramukha ziSya indrabhUti gautama gaNadhara ke pUrva bhava evaM vartamAna jIvana kA AkhyAna citrita huA hai| rAsa kA pUrvArddha indrabhUti gautama ke pUrva bhava se sambandhita hai| pUrva bhava meM labdhividhAna vrata (bhAdrapada zu. 1,2,3) kA vidhivat pAlana karane se gautama vartamAna bhava meM apane samaya kA zreSThatama vidvAna banatA hai| rAsa ke uttarArddha meM indra vedapAThI gautama se usakI vidvattA kI parIkSA karatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI dharma-sabhA meM pahu~cane para, bhagavAna mahAvIra ke uttuMga mAna-stambha ke dekhane mAtra se gautama kA abhimAna dUra ho jAtA hai aura usakI zaMkAoM kA sahaja hI samAdhAna ho jAtA hai| taba gautama bhagavAna mahAvIra kI anupama divyadhvani ko dhAraNa karanevAle prathama gaNadhara bana jAte haiN| unheM usI samaya mana:paryaya jJAna kI upalabdhi ho jAtI hai aura bhagavAna mahAvIra kI dezanA se jana-jana ko AplAvita kara kevalajJAna prAptakara svayaM bhI isa saMsAra se mukta ho siddha-pada ko prApta karate haiN| isa rAsa ke kula 132 padoM meM, dUhA, bhAsa jasodharanI, vInatInI, aMbikAnI, AnandAnI, mAlhaMtaDAnI Adi apabhraMza kAvya ke chandoM kA prayoga huA hai| yahA~ gautama svAmI rAsa kI sampAdita racanA kA mUlApATha prastuta hai

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00 apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 ||vstu|| zrI vIra jiNavara, vIra jiNavara, pAya prnnmesuN|| sarasati svAmiNi vinavU, budhi sAra haM vegimaaNgu|| zrI sakalakIrati pAya praNamIneM muni bhuvanakIrati guru sAra vaaNdu| rAsa karIsuM ati niramalo, gautama svAmI dev| brahma jinadAsa kahe ruvaDau, janami janami karUM sev||1|| ||bhaas jsaudhrnii|| mahAvIra svAmI pUchIyA, zreNika gunnvNt| gautama svAmI taNau carita, kaho jyvNt||1|| jambUdvIpa majhArisAra, bharata khetra jima jaanno| kAsI desa majhAri sAra, vANArasIya pkhaanno||2|| visvasena tINeM nayari rAya, rAjya kare svishl| visAlAkSIya rANI nAma, saubhAgya rUpa mAla // 3 // rAjA moha dhare apAra, sukha bhogave cNg| krIDA vinoda kare apAra, ApaNai mana rNg||4|| eka vAra bahu rUpa sAra, hoi sarasa apaar| sabhA sahita rAjA sAMbhali, rIjhayo svicaar||5|| gaukhi baiThI rANI suMdarI, jAvi vali saar| rUpa dIkhA tihA atti ghaNAM, moha upano apAra / / 6 / / caMcala mana kIyau ApaNau, bolavIya daasii| eka camarA dUji raMgijANi, rANI bolai aasii||7|| viNaya sIkSa havai bhogavU, svechA muNo aaj| rUpa jIvana saphala karUM, chAMi eha raaj||8|| rAja bhuvani janma jAra, Ali caukhau baMdI khaanno| ihAM thakA ApuMNa nIsarUM, upAya karI jANau // 9 // sUkSma vastra tava ANIyu, rANI rUpa kiighau| caMdana kuMkuma pUra jANi, vilepana diighau||10||

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 91 kasturIya tIlaka kIyau, phUleM sinngaarii| vastrAbharaNa pahirAvIyA, sUtI ddolhaare||11|| jhINau vastra uThIDI karI, dIpa taNo jhNbaal| te tInhI jaNI nIsarI, lahuvI poliyagAra / / 12 / / jaugiNI taNo rUpaM dharIya, milI jogiNI mjhaarii| bhakSa abhakSa na giNai jANi, kriyA nija haarii||13|| sIyala lope te pApiNI, uMca nIca navi gnne| je nara milei mithyAtiNI, e savai gunnhiinn||14|| iNiM pari dezi desi hIDe, gAve sarasa apaar| rUpa kaMTha dekhIya karI, bhUle gvaar||15|| rAjA samA thako uThIyo, rAjA mohvNt| rAMNI ne ghari AvIyau, sUtI dIThI mahaMta // 16 // saubhA dIThI tava ati ghaNI, rIjhayau tava raauu| kiM raMbhAviM uravasI, jANyau eha bhaau||17|| kiM iMdrANI ye rohINI, rUpa dIsai apaar| ehavI rAMNI mAgharI, dhana dhana avtaar||18|| ima kahI Aghau gayo, sejyA upari baittho| rAMNI na bolai acetanA, rUpa teha diitthau||19|| tava rAjA vismaya huvau, rAMNI navi dekhe| kahAM gaha te suMdarI, dAsI navi pekhi // 20 // taba rAjA moha ghare apAra, Avyo bahu dukh| dekhe nahIM kahIM kAmiNI, gayau saba sukha // 21 // ||haa|| tava rAjA ghaNUM raDe, jhurI jhUrI karaha vilaap| vikala huvo budhi gai, vyApau bahu saMtApa // 1 // rAMNI-rAMNI ima ucarai, kahIya na pAmai sukh| viSaya vedanA karI pIDIyo, moha mADe dukh||2||

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92 // bhAsa vInatInI // tava rAjA te jAMNi, rAja mudrA tyajI ApaNIye / kuMvara basAiyo rAji, maMtrI savai milI matI ghaMNIyeM // 1 // jogiNI gaI eka vAra, ujeNI nayarI maNIyai / AvIya nayara majhAri, gIta gAvai te pApINIe // 2 // // bhAsa jsaughrnii|| tiNe avasara munivaraha rAu, AvyA guNavaMta / jasaubhadra nAma niramalA, bhavAMtari jayavaMta // 1 // tInhaM jogINI svAmI dekhIyA, niMdA kare thora / rAja maMdira amhe jAiti, azugana kIyo ghora // 2 // tuM nAMgo amaMgalo, lAjavI kI khAdhI / kula nArI mAhi bhamai apAra, iMdrIya nahIM sAdhI // 3 // tinhaM pApiNi dveSa dhariyo, mana mAhi jasa ghora / pApa joDyo ati ghaNo, kopa kare ghana ghora // 4 // munivara svAmI niramalA, kSamAvaMta guNavaMta / dhyAna kIyau yauvana mAhi jAi, sahaguru jayavaMta // 15 // te AvI tinhe pApiNI, caMDikA maDi jANe / rAti paiDI aMghArI ghora, muni kanhe bakhANe // 6 // ujAlo tihAM kIghau, munivara tihAM tava moha mani upanau, teha ciMtaviM amhe rAja choDIyaMu sAra, tamhe kAraNe dIkSA choDI tamhe ApaNI jima karUM munivara svAmI dhyAna mauna, choDe tava te nAcai pApaMNI, gAve dITho / NaMTho // 7 // deva / amhe seva // 8 // caMga | raMga // 9 // nahi moha apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 // bhAsa aMbikAnI // hAva bhAva karai ghanaghaura, naMgIna rUpa kare ApaNoe / AliMgana deha apAra, moha dekhADe atighaNoe // 1 //

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 munivara mana acala jima mera, calai nahI svAmI nirmlaae| valI upasarga mAMDyau ghanaghora, dhyAna mUkai sohajaloe // 2 // cAri pahara lageM kIyA upasarga, nirarthaka hui te paapinniie| tava nAThI cora jima vANI, pApa joDyo abhaaginniie||3|| tiNe avasari ugyau dinarAU, jANe kuMkuma piijryoe| punyavaMta AvyA tihAM guNavaMta, mahAdeva kIyo bhAva dhriyoe||4|| jayajayakAra huvau apAra, caraNa kamala duI baaNdiiyaae| haraSa badana huvA sahu koi, bhAva sahita guru puujiiyaae||5|| te pApiNI gai paradeza, koDhiNI huiMya abhaaginniie| dukha pAmyA tinhu ghanaghora, pAMcamai naraki paDi paapinniie||6|| chedana bhedana dukha apAra, eka jihvA kima boliiyee| ima jAMNI tamhe maNI karo pApa, pApe duragati toliyera / / 7 / satara sAgara bhAgevyo tihAM Ayu, pApa bali ati ghnnoe| tihAM thakAM nIsariyA te jIva jANi, mAMjara huvA zreNika sunnoe||8|| mAMjara marI sukara jAMNi, sukara marAM svAMna chuvaae| zvAna marI kUkaDA valI thora, samadAi karameM muuvaae||9|| avaMtI deza mAhiM savizAla, ghoSa gAMma che ruuvddoe| te tInhIM jIva guNachINa, kuNaMbIya gharite avtriiye||10|| UMdhAnya kuNabI taNo nAma, eka beTI teha ghrihuie| eka putra taNI huI ghIha, eka javAMI beTI shiie||1|| upanA puDhe ghana viNAsa, kuTaMba viNAsa huvau ghnnoe| niradhAra huI te abalA bAla, sukha gayau bahu teha tnnoe||12|| sanni sanni moTi hui jArie dukha pAmyA bahu ati ghnnaae| eka kAMNI eka kAlIyavAni, eka kUjI phala pApa tnnaae||13|| bhUkhe pIDI te ghanaghora, tihAM thakI dezAMtari gie| jihAM jihAM jAi tihAM dukha, sukha nahIM punya viNa shiie||14||

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94 apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 bhamatI bhamati AvI te jANi, puSpa nayari suNo mhiighnniie| AMmra vanna cha tihAM savizAla, tihAM munivara AvyA jnyaanghnniie||15|| phaTika silA tali baiThA caMga, saMgha sahita sohvnnaae| vizvalocana svAmI taNo nAma, avidhijJAnI rliiyaavnnaae|16|| mahicaMdra rAjA guNavaMta, vAMdaNa Avyo mnirliie| sayala sajana parivAra sahita, namostu kIyau bhaavviile||17|| pUjA karI baiThA savicAra, dharmaM sAMbhalyo ati ruuvddoe| samakita varata lIyAM valisAra, bAra bheda tapa guNe jddyoe||18|| tiNe avasari AvI te bAla, samAdIThI bahu nirmliie| bhIkha mAguvA kIvI bahu Asa, ubhI rahI dyaavnniie||19|| vastra jIrNa pahirIyA atihINa, kurUpa dIsai viihaaNvnniie| rAjA dIThI te rUpa viNa, prIti upanI sauhaavnniie||20|| tava sadguru pUchyA manaraMgi, vinaya sahita sohaavnniie| eka rUpa bhIkhArIya hova, e dIr3ha majha moha ghnnoe||21|| ||bhaas aanNdaanii|| tava munivara ima bolIyA, AnaMdAre, rAjA suNo tumhe saarto| vaNArasI nayarI tamhe rAjA, A., hotA ati savicAra to||1|| e rANI hotI tamha taNI, A., avara dAsI chuI jaaNnnito| viSaya saukhya ne kAraNe, A., jogiNI huI dukha khaannito||2|| pApa karIyo tinhu ati ghaNo, A., munivara kAje uprsgto||3|| naraka pazu gatI bhogavI, A., dukha pAmyA utNgto||3|| manukSa janma inhUM pAmIyUM, sajana ghana vinnaastau||4|| vizvabhUti rAjA hotA, A., tamhe vANArasI ati caMga to| rAMNI viyogaM rAja choDyo, A., janama javADyo uttNgto||5|| puNya viNA saMsAra bhamyA, A., gaja huvA eka vAra to| vana mAMhi sahaguru dekhIyA, A., upasama huvau apaartau||6||

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 sadaguru svAmiya saMbodhIyA, A., madhurIya sulalIta vaannito| zrAvaka vrata lIyAM rUvaDA, A., pAlyA ati sukha khaaNnnitau||7|| pahilai svargi deva huvau, A., sukha bhoga kA savizAla to| tihAM thakA cavIkarI tamhe huvA, A., mahIcaMdrarAjA gunnvNtto||8|| tehamaNI tamha moha huvau, A., inhaM dIThA puThe caMga to| moha vaira jIva upano, A., bhavAMtara taNo usaMga to||7|| kIghA karama na chUTIe, A., rAya suNo tamheM sAra to| te sukha dukha jIva nIpajai, A., tesa vi karama vicAra to||10|| tava rAjA vinaya karI, A., bolyau duI kara joDi to| varata kaho svAmI niramalau, A., jima pApajAi bhava koddito||11|| tava sadguru svAmI bolIyA, A., lavdhi vidhANaka saarto| bhAdravAmAsa ujAlaDo, A., paDivA bIja trIja kaartau||12|| tIna upavAsa kIjai nIramalA, A., nahIM to ekAMtara cNgto| triNi divasa sIyala pAlo, A., bhUmi zayana gunnrNgito||13|| saMyama pAlo niramalau; A., sacita taNo parityAga to| dharma dhyAna karau rUvaDo, A., saraga magati taNo bhAga to||14|| kuMkuma chaDavu devADiye, A., motiya cauka puuraavto| sovana siMhAsana mAMDiye, A., bhAvanA ati bahu bhaavtau||15|| mahAvIra taNAM bIjaM thApIye, A., svAmIya tribhuvana taartau| paMcAmRta namhaNa karau, A., pUjA aSTa pgaaritau||16|| triNikAla pUjA karo, A., ghavala maMgala gIta nAda to| mahochava kIjai rUvaDA, A., jayajaya karatA sAda to||17|| aSTauttara sau rUvaDA, A., jApa dIjai ati cNgto| jAi sevatA ujalA, A., aparAjita maMtra caMga to||18|| stavana kIjai ati rUvaDA, A., chaMdavasta jymaaltau| pAMca nAma mahAvIra taNA, A., kahau suNo gunnmaalto||19||

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96 apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 vIranAtha pahIlau suNo, A., mahAvIra dujo jaaNnnito| varddhamAna trIjau kahI, A., ativIra cautho aaNnnito||20|| sanmati nAma pAMcamo sahI, A., e pAMca nAma bhvtaarto| anudIna japIyai dhyAiye, A., sunatA mugati uchaarto||21|| iNi pari mahochava rUvaDo, A., karo tamhe bhavIyaNa saarto| iNi pari pAMca varasa karo, A., bhaviyaNa tamhe bhvtaarto||22|| ||duuhaa|| pache ujavaNo niramalau, karau zrAvaka ati cNg| jiNavara bhuvaNa sohAvaNo, zAMtika namhaNa uttNg||1|| aSTottara so ujalA, tAMdulataNA puMja saar| teha upari dIvA rUvaDA, ujAlau guNaghAra // 2 // ||bhaas maalNtddaanii|| zata ATha phala rUvaDAe, mAlaMtaDe, vistAro gunndhaar| pAMca pAMcavAnAM niramalAe, suNo suMdare, pakavAna svicaar||1|| pAMca khAjAM maudika bhalAe, mA., pAMca ghevara Adi cNg| nAlikera Adi rUvaDAe, su., phalavistAra surNg||2|| nevaja akSata vividha parIe, mA., upakaraNa gunnvNt| pAMca ghaMTa je gaTa suNoe, su. pAMca kalasa zRMgAra / / 3 / / ghUpa dahana ati rUvaDAe, su., pIMgANI svisaal| caMdropaka suhAMvaNAMe, su., camara toraNa dhvajapAla // 4 // pustaka pAMca likhAvIyoe, mA., dIjo munivara daan| saMghapUjA valI rUvaDIe, su., sAhamI vachala sNghmaan||5|| zakti pramAne niramaloe, bhA., ghanasArI gunnvNt| zakti viNa bhAvagharIe, su., duNo karo jyvNt||6|| saha guru vANI rUvaDIe, mA. bhaviyaNa suNo mavatAra / lavdha vidhAna vrata niramaloe, su., zrAvaka lIdhau svicaar||7||

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 tinhuM ni nAmikA valiyoe, su., bhAva sahita guNamAla / zuzruSA zrAvaka karee, su., sAgharmi bhaNIsAra // 8 // varata kIgho sohAmaNoe, mA., tinhu nirmAmikA caMga / samAdhimaraNa sAdhikarI, su. suraga sAdhyo uttaMga // 9 // pAMcamo saraga sohAvaNoe, mA., vrata nAma guNavaMta / deva huvA te rUvaDAe, su., saukSa bhogave jayavaMta // 10 // jiNavara gaNadhara munivarae, su, yAtrA kare ANaMda // 11 // tihAM thakI cavI karI rUvaDAe, mA., magadhadeza majhAri / vADava grAma sauhANUM, su., brAhmaNa vase tihAM sAra // 12 // kAzyapa gotra che rUvaDoe, mA., sAMDilya brAhmaNa caMga / sAMDalyA brAhmaNI tehataNIe, su., rUpa saubhAga uttaMga // 13 // teha behu kukheM, upanAe, mA., te deva guNavaMta / pahilo gautama jAMNiyee, su. bIjo gArgava jayavaMta // 14 // trIjau bhArgava rUvaDoe, mA., dIse e ati bahuta rUpa / anukrameM tInheM upanAe, su., rIjhyA sajana subhUpa // 15 // jAta mahochava tihAM kIyaue, dhavala maMgala gIta nAda / dAna dIyo tihAM ati ghaNoe, su., nIpanau jayajayakAra / / 16 // nimita zAstra mAMhi ima kahyue, mA., vidvAn hose aticaMga / vidyA vATe je jIkIsee, su., tehataNA sIkSa uttaMga // 17 // sanni sanni moTA huvAe, mA., par3hai te sAstra sujANa / vyAkaraNa ati ghaNoe, su., valI par3hai veda purANa // 18 // tarka zAstra paDhyau rUvaDoe, mA., gautama caDyo paramANi / khyAti upanI ati ghaNIe, su., lokamAhi ima jANi // 19 // nesAla mAMhI tihAM rUvaDIe, mA., paDhaite vAlA sAra / pAMcasai ralIyAmaNAeM, su., vinayavaMta savicAra // 20 // tiNe avasara svAmi AvIyAe, mA., mahAvIra deva bhavatAra / samosaraNa ati rUvaDoe, su., vAra sabhA savicAra // 21 // 97

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98 apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 kevalajJAna svAmI jANiyaMe, mA., lokAloka prakAza / paNa divya dhvani navi upajee, su. gaNaghara viNa guNabhAsa // 22 // saudharma iMdra tihAM AvIyoe, sA., deva devIya sahIta / stavana karI svAmI pUjIyAe, su. baiTho rAga rahita // 23 // bhaviyaNa sayala AnaMdIyAe, bhA., mahauchava kIyau vakhANi / baiThA sarasa sohAMvaNAe, su., suNavA jiNavaravANi // 24 // tava iMdre vIcAriyUMe, mA., igyAraha sahastra municaMga | samosaraNa mAhi rUvaDAe, su., tapa japa dhyAna uttaMga // 25 // paNa gaNadhara padavI nahIMe, mA., teha viNa na upajai vAMNi / avadhi jJAna karI joiyUMe, su., gotama gaNadhara jAMNi // 26 // // dUhA // te mithyA mati laMkarIyo, na jANe gharama vicAra / vighA mada che ati ghaNo, kAla labadhi viNa sAra // 1 // kAla lavadhi sanamukha huI, have saMbodhU caMga | ima kahI rUpa pheravyUM, vRddha rUpa dharIyu utaMga // 2 // // mAsa caupaiMnI // sanni sanni sirIyau guNavaMta, gautama kanhai Avyau jayavaMta / ubho rahyo teha Agali jANi, bolyo madhurIya sulalita vANi // 1 // eka kAvya ANyo me sAra, tehano artha karo savicAra / huM saMtoSu ati savisAla, tamha jasa vistarai suNo guNamAla // 2 // va gautama bolyo ima jANi, artha kahu tamha taNo vakhANi / to tamhe kima kare guNavaMta, tamha taNo siSya hou jayavaMta // 3 // nahI to amhe guru taNA tamhe sikSa, hama jANo gautama tamheM rikSa / vRddha taNo mAMnyo tihAM vaula, kavaNa vidvAMsa pUre majha taula // 4 // ehavA peja kIghI tinhu sAra, tava sAMDilya karai vicAra / nimittI vayaNa kIma phIrai Aja, e saMyoga milyau guNakAja // 5 //

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apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 99 vRddha bolyo tava sulalita vANi, Agama taNo bheda vkhaaNnni| tinni kAla kavaNa kaho vipra, SaT dravya taNo bheda pavitra // 6 // sapta tatva kavaNa kaho guNa, nava padAratha taNo vicaar| ratnatraya guNa kaho caMga, lesyA kavaNa uttNg||7|| jIva samAsa kaho guNavaMta, jJAna taNA bheda jyvNt| etalA vAnAM kaho tamhe Aja, to vidAMsa paMDita gunnraaj||8|| tava gautama kare vicAra, Agama taNo bheda nAve saar| tava ahaMkAra kare atighora, kopa caDyo brAhmaNa ghanaghora // 9 // tuM Agali kaisUM kahuM re gaMvAra, huM gautama vidyA bhNddaar| thArA guru syUM karUM have vAda, vidAMsa taNA utArUM naad||10|| ima kahI uThyo tINevAra, baMdhava sahita cAlyo svicaar| pAMca zata siSya guNavaMta, samosaraNi Avyo punyavaMta // 11 // mAna staMbha dIThau utaMga, mAna galyo mithyAta huvau bhNg| samikita upano paramAnaMda, bAdhyo gharama taNo tihAM kaMda / / 12 / / mahAvIra deva dIThA bhavatAra, saubhya mUrati svAmI avtaar| tIrthaMkara svAmIya jaga gurudeva, suranara khecara kare nita seva / / 13 / / gautama haraSa vadana huvau jAMNi, stavana bole tihAM madhurIya vaanni| tamha darzana huvo majhasAra Aja, kAla labdhi AvI mjhkaaji||14|| haveM chUTo huM bhavasaMsAra, havai majha deu svAmIya saMyama bhaar| ima kahI tajIyo mohajAla, digaMbara huvA guNamAla / / 15 / / tapa japa saMyama dhyAnaM abhaMga, cauthau jJAna upano uttNg| manaHparyaya teha nAma ji sAra, mana taNI bAta jANe gunnNdhaar||16|| sAra riddhi upanI valI sAra, gaNaghara svAmI huvA bhvtaar| jiNavara vANI artha vizAla, aMga pUrava racai gunnmaal||17|| prathama gaNaghara huvA aticaMga, iMdrabhUti nAma dIyau uttNg| dUhI baMdhavai lIyau saMyama bhAra, gaNadhara huvA svAmIya bhavatAra // 18 //

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100 apabhraMza bhAratI 15-16 aginibhUti bIjA nAma, vAyubhUti trIjau gunnnaam| gaNaghara pada huvA guNavaMta, jJAnariddhi pAmyA jayavaMta // 19 // labdhi vidhAna kIyau inhaM caMga, gaNaghara pada pAmyA uttNg| mugati gAmi huvA guNavaMta, sIddhapada pAmyA uttama / / 20 / te pada deu svAmI majhasAra, jiNavara gaNadhara mugati daataar| munivara svAmI kRpA karo deva, brahma jiNadAsa kaheM karU saiv||21|| ||vstu|| zrI vIra jINavara vIra jINavara, pAMya prnnmesuN| gaNadhara munivara namasa karUM, sarasati svAmiNi hRdaya aaNnnii| tamha parasAdeM niramalau, rAsa kIyau me madhurI vaannii|| zrIsakalakIrati pAya praNamIne muni bhuvanakIrati bhvtaar| brahma jiNadAsa kahe nirmalo, tamha guNa deuM bhavatAra // 1 // ||duuhaa|| paDhe guNe je sAMbhale, karai varata gunnvNt| riddhi labdhi lahI karI, mugati ramaNI hui kNt||1|| labdhi vidhAna guNa varaNavyA, phala kahyA svishaal3| ima jANI dharma Acaro, bhavIyaNa tamhe guNamAla / / 2 / / // iti zrI gautama svAmI rAsa smaaptH|

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