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CHAPTER TWO
As for the remaining types of bhāva, inasmuch as they are occasional-that is, are sometimes to be found and sometimes not-, are found only in some cases of the definiendum, and are dependent on karma, they can only be an upalakṣaṇa or indicative mark of a soul but not its lakṣaṇa or defining characteristic. Here is what distinguishes a lakṣaṇa from an upalakṣaṇa. A lakṣaṇa is that which is found in all the cases of the definiendum, is found there entirely and in all the three phases of time; e.g. heat as a lakṣaṇa of fire; on the other hand, an upalakṣaṇa is that which is found in some cases of the definiendum and not in the rest, which is sometimes found and sometimes not, which is not natural; e.g. smoke as an upalakṣaṇa of fire. Thus the above-mentioned fifty two sub-types of bhavathat is, all of them minus jīvatva-are in fact so many upalakṣaṇas
of a soul. 8.
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The Multiformity of Upayoga :
This upayoga is of two types, eight types and four types. 9.
Even though the power of cognition-that is, consciousness-is equally present in all the souls the cognitive activity or operation—that is, upayoga-is not similar in the case of all the souls. The multiformity of cognitive operation depends on the variety of the concerned causal aggregate, external as well as internal. The difference as to object, the difference as to the means like sense-organ etc., the difference as to place and timethese among others constitute the variety of causal aggregate of the external type. The lesser or greater intensity or mildness of the concealment concerned-this constitutes the variety of causal aggregate of the internal type. On account of this diversity as to the concerned causal aggregate one and the same soul undertakes different cognitive activities at different times-so also do the different souls undertake different cognitive activities at one and the same time. This difference as to cognitive activities is a matter of common experience. And to briefly put it down through a classification is the aim of the present aphorism.
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