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CHAPTER FIVE
197
All the above modes touch etc. as well as sound etc., inasmuch as they are of the form of effects produced by pudgala are treated as modes pertaining to pudgala.
By separating the aphorisms 23 and 24 from one another it is indicated that the modes touch etc. are to be found in both atoms and aggregates but that the modes sound binding etc. are to be found exclusively in the aggregates. Though subtleness too is a mode that pertains to both atoms and aggregates it is enumerated not along with touch etc. but along with sound etc., for it is deemed proper that mention of it be made in the company of grossness which is the mode standing opposed to it. 23-24.
The Chief Types of Pudgala :
Pudgala is of the form of an atom and of the form of an aggregate. 25.
Individually taken the pudgala-substances are ananta in number and their variety too is unlimited; even so, since in the next two aphorisms there are going to be formulated the various causes that lead to the origination of transformations appropriate to pudgala and since that would be of use in this formulation mention is here being made of the two broad types of pudgalaviz. atoms and aggregates. The entire lot of pudgala-substances belongs to one or the other of these two types.
That pudgala-substances which is the form of a cause and not of the form of an effect is called an ultimate substance. Such a substance is an atom which is permanent, subtle, and possessed of some one taste, one smell, one colour and two touches. Certainly, knowledge regarding such an atomic substance cannot be had through sense-organs; rather this knowledge is to be had through scriptural testimony or through inference. The inference proving the existence of an atom is of the type where an effect acts as probans. Thus one infers : whatever effects made up of pudgala are visible all around are possessed of a cause; similarly, the last invisible effect too must be possessed of a cause; it is this
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