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TATTVĀRTHA SŪTRA
cause which is an atomic substance. Since no other substance acts as cause to it, it is called an ultimate substance. An atomic substance neither is nor can be possessed of an inner division; hence it is its own beginning, middle as well as end. An atomic substance is not of the form of something tied together—that is, not of the form of a collection.
The second type of pudgala-substance is an aggregate. All the aggregates are of the form of something tied together—that is, of the form of a collection. In relation to the substance that acts as their cause they are a substance of the form of an effect; in relation to the substance that acts as their effect they are a substance of the form of a cause. For example, a two-atomed or a bigger aggregate is an effect in relation to the atoms concerned but it is a cause in relation to a three-atomed or a bigger aggregate. 25.
The Ordered Statement of what Causes an Aggregate and what Causes an Atom :
The aggregates are caused through combination, split and combination-cum-split. 26.
An atom is caused through split alone. 27.
An aggregate or a composite substance originates in three ways. Thus some aggregate is caused through combination, that is, through transformation of the form of becoming one; some is caused through split, while some is caused through a joint undertaking of the two operations combination and split. The two atomed aggregate resulting from the coming together of two atoms existing separately is an aggregate caused through combination. Similarly, a mere coming together of three, four, sankhyāta, asankhyāta, ananta or anantānanta atoms results in a three-atomed, four-atomed, sankhyāta-atomed, asankhyāta-atomed, ananta-atomed or anantānanta-atomed aggregate; all these are aggregates caused through combination. The smaller aggregates that result from the mere disruption of a bigger aggregate are aggregates caused through split. These too can possibly be two
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