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314
Answer
In gupti the aspect of refraining from what is wrong is dominant, in samiti the aspect of undertaking what is right. 5.
TATTVĀRTHA SUTRA
The Types of Dharma :
Kṣamā or forbearance, mārdava or softness, ārjava or sincerity, sauca or absence of greed, satya or truthfulness, samyama or restraint, tapas or penance, tyaga or renunciation akiñcanya or absence of a feeling of ownership, brahmacarya or studentship-these ten are the types of what is supreme dharma. 6.
When the meritorious qualities forbearance etc. are practised in daily life, then alone is it possible to get rid of the defilements like anger etc.; hence it is that these qualities are said to be a means of samvara. The tenfold dharma consisting of forbearance etc., when it appears in the company of a high development of the basic meritorious qualities like non-violence, truth etc. and of the derivative meritorious qualities like purity of residence and food, etc. then alone does it assume the form of a monk's duty-otherwise not. That is to say, when the meritorious qualities forbearence etc. appear in the absence of a high development of the basic meritorious qualities non-violence etc. and of the derivative meritorious qualities associated with them, then they might well be called an ordinary man's duty but never a monk's duty. The ten items of dharma are as follows :
(1) Kṣamā means maintaining a forbearing dispositionthat is to say, not to permit anger to take its rise and in case it does so then to render it ineffective through a power of discriminatory consideration. For cultivating forbearance five ways have been suggested-viz. (a) by way of considering whether or not the cause of anger lies in oneself, (b) by way of considering the harms that follow from an angry conduct, (c) by way of considering the childish nature of the offender concerned, (d) by way of considering the whole affair to be a result of one's own past karma, (e) by way of considering the merits of forbearance.
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