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bodily activity and which, being dependent on things external, is capable of being seen by others is called external penance; on the contrary, that in which there is a predominance of mental activity and which, not being chiefly dependent on things external, is incapable of being seen by others is called internal penance. Though external penance is a gross affair and one open to the comprehension of common people its significance is understood to lie in that it is of use for strengthening internal penance. In this classification of penance into an external and an internal type there are included all the gross and refined rules pertaining to religosity.
TATTVĀRTHA SŪTRA
The External Penance :
(1) For a limited period of time or till death to give up all sorts of food-that is called anaśana or a complete giving up of food. Of these, the former is to be understood to be of a temporary type the latter to be of a life-long type.
(2) To eat less than what is needed to fill the belly-that is called avamaudarya or a partial giving up of food.
(3) To reduce greed in relation to the various sorts of things that is called vṛttisamkṣepa or a reduction of greed.
(4) To give up ghi, milk etc. as also wine, honey, butter etc. which when consumed cause evil mental tendencies-that is called rasaparityāga or a giving up of delicacies.
(5) To reside in a lonely place free from all disturbancesthat is called viviktaśayyāsanasaṁlīnatä or a lonely residence.
(6) To place one' body under stress through cold or heat, through adopting diverse postures and the like that is called kayakleśa or a mortification of body.
The Internal Penance :
(1) That through which it is possible to make clean sweep of the defects born of negligence arisen in connection with a vrata that has been accepted that is called prāyaścitta or
atonement.
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