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CHAPTER FIVE
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present there when the standpoints adopted are taken into consideration coexist in all the things like a soul etc. and there is no difficulty about the matter. Hence it is that all entities are to be treated as possessed of many properties.
An Alternative Interpretation :
Each thing is liable to be a subject-matter of usage in various ways; for usage is accounted for on the basis of arpaņā and anarpaņā—that is, on the basis of a consideration of chief or subordinate status depending on the desire of the speaker concerned. 31.
Of the many properties proved to occur in a thing depending on different relationships sometime some one and at another time its direct opposite is made the basis of making usage as regards this thing—this is not an unproved or a self-refuted proposition; for even those properties which do actually occur in a thing are not all simultaneously desired to be spoken of. Thus depending on the purpose aimed at sometimes some one property sometimes some other is desired to be spoken of. When a particular property is desired to be spoken of that becomes chief while its counterpart becomes subordinate. Thus he alone who performs an act enjoys its fruit—when this sameness of substratum for an act and its fruit is sought to be demonstrated then the permanence of a soul is desired to be spoken of, permanence proved to occur from the standpoint of substance. At that time its transience which is proved to occur from the standpoint of mode is not desired to be spoken of and is therefore subordinate. However, the state of soul at the time of enjoying the fruit of an act is different from its state at the time of performing this act—when with a view to demonstrating this difference between a soul's state at the time of performing an act and its state at the time of enjoying its fruit the transience of this soul-proved to occur from the standpoint of modeis spoken of, at that time the permanance of this soul proved to occur from the standpoint of substance is no more chief. Thus dependins the desire to speak or not to speak a soul is sometimes called permanent sometimes transient. However, when these properties are
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