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CHAPTER FIVE
obscure in that of animals, birds etc. (2) Tata-sound produced by the leather-covered musical instrument like mṛdanga (a drumlike musical instrument) (3) Vitata-sound produced by stringed instruments like lute, Sārangi (a violin-like musical instrument) etc. (4) Ghana-sound produced by jhalara (a cymbal-like musical instrument), bell etc. (5) Sușira-sound produced by the musical instruments like conch-shell, flute etc. that are blown. (6) Sangharsa-sound produced by rubbing as in the case of wood
etc.
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Binding of the form of mutual sticking together is likewise of two types-viz. prayogika and vaisrasika. The association of jīva with body and of lac with wood, inasmuch as they both depend on an effort, are cases of prayogika binding. The sticking together of pudgalas as is found in the lightening, cloud, rainbow etc, inasmuch as it is independent of all effort, is a case of vaisrasika binding.
Subtleness and grossness are each of two types-viz. absolute and relative. The subtleness and grossness which cannot both characterize one and the same thing as viewed in relation to certain other things are absolute subtleness and absolute grossness; those which can do so are relative subtleness and relative grossness. Thus subtleness characterizing the atoms and grossness characterizing the universe-wide mahāskandha or greataggregate are each absolute; for as viewed in relation to nothing whatsoever can an atom be characterized by grossness and as viewed in relation to nothing whatsoever can a mahāskandha be characterized by subtleness. On the other hand, both subtleness and grossness characterizing the intermediate aggregates diad etc. are relative. Take for example, the subtleness characterizing an amalaka (a fruit) and the grossness characterizing a bilva (a fruit). As compared to a bilva an āmalaka is small and hence subtle, as compared to an amalaka a bilva is gross. But the same amalaka as compared to a berry is gross, the same bilva as compared to a pumpkin is subtle. Thus the two contradictory modes subtleness and grossness, insofar as they are relative, can both characterize one and the same thing; on the contrary, the
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