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ALPHABET AND MORPHOLOGY
(c) औ, like ऐ, is either (i) weakened into ओ or उ-गोरि (गौरी), दोहित्त (दौहित्र), कोऊहल (कौतूहल), पोरिस (पौरुष), लोइय (लौकिक ), कोसंबी (कौशाम्बी), कोंडिण (कौण्डिन्य), गोत्तम (गौतम), ढोइय (ढोकित), सुक्ख (सौख्य), जुव्वण ( यौवन), दुक्क (ढोकित).
or ( ii ) resolved into अउ - कउल ( कौल), गउर (गौर), सउच्च ( शौच ), पउलोमी ( पौलोमी ).
(d) ङ and ज are invariably represented by an anusvāra as also the other nasals when not followed by a vowed कंकण ( कङ्कन), भुयंग (भुजङ्ग), खंडिय ( खण्डित ), णंदण (नन्दन), संबोहिय ( सम्बोधित).
(e) ष by (i) छ at the beginning of a word. छ ( षट् ), छप्पय ( षट्पद), छव्वग्ग (षड्वर्ग) but also सोलह ( षोडश).
( ii ) स in other positions - कसाय ( कषाय ), इसी (ऋषी).
(f) श by (i) स-दसण ( दशन), सोहा (शोभा), कोसंबी (कौशाम्बी).
(ii) ह-दह (दश), सोलह ( षोडश).
$ 3. Generally, Sanskrit words appear in Apabhramsa in a more or less changed form. The following are the changes that vowels undergo, besides the replacements noted in $ 2.
(a) They are shortened when this can be done without affecting their syllabic quantity, i. e. before conjuncts. When a visarga is dropped the preceding vowel is lengthened i.e. अच्छरिअ (आश्चर्य), अप्पा (आत्मन्), अत्थाण (आस्थान), कित्तन (कीर्तन), खत्त (क्षात्र), खंति (क्षान्ति), कोसंबी (कौशाम्बी), गिंभ (ग्रीष्म), चुण्ण (चूर्ण), झिज्जर (क्षीयते), वग्ध (व्याघ्र), मुक्ख (मूर्ख), मंधाय ( मान्धातृ), माहप्प ( माहात्म्य), महत्थ ( महार्थ ), कट्ठ (काष्ठ), तंब (ताम्र ), दूसह ( दु:सह ), णीससंति (निःश्वसन्ति), णीसारहु (निःसारयत).
(b) In some cases they are entirely replaced by another vowel showing an assimilating or dissimilating tendency.
(i) without changing the syllabic quantity
पिक्क (पक्क), गरु (गुरु), गारव (गौरव), इंगाल (अङ्गार), पुरिस (पुरुष), पोम (पद्म), पोत्थ (पुस्तक), मउड (मुकुट), उच्छु (इक्षु). पुंडु (पाण्डु), णेउर (नूपुर), गोंछ (गुच्छ).
(ii) With a change in the syllabic quantity - णिमिस (निमेष), गिहीण ( ग्रहण) पायडिअ ( प्रकटित), बाहिर (बहि: ), पारोह ( प्ररोह ) -
(c) The initial अ is sometimes dropped -- वलोइय (अवलोकित), वलग्ग ( अवलग्न),
रण (अरण्य).
(d) A vowel is sometimes dropped from the middle of a word inorder to make a brief form though this involves the loss of an entire syllable (like the words of the qua class in Sanskrit
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