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JULY, 1914.]
THE PAHARI LANGUAGE
143
Central and Western Pabâri are both spoken entirely in tracts which were subject to the Census operations of 1891, and these figures may be taken as being very fairly correct. The figures for the number of Pahari speakers in British India are therefore as follows: Eastern Pahâri (1901) .. .. ..
. .. 143,721 Central Pahârî (1891) .. .. .. .. .. 1,107,612 Western Pahârî (1891) .. .. .. .. .. 816,181
TOTAL 2,067,514 It must be borne in mind that these figures only refer to British India, and do not include the many speakers of Eastern Pahârî who inhabit Nepal.
To these speakers of Western Pahari must be added the language of the Gujurs who wander over the hills of Hazara, Murree, Kashmir, and Swat and its vicinity. Except in Kashmir and Hazara, these have never been counted. In Kashmir, in the year 1901, the number of speakers of Gujuri was returned at 126,849 and in Hazara, in 1891, at 83,167, and a mongrel form of the language, much mixed with Hindôstâni and Pañjâbî is spoken by 226,949 Gujars of the submontane districts of the Panjâb, Gujrat, Gurdaspur, Kângra, and Hoshiarpur. To make a very rough guess we may therefore estimate the total number of Gujuri speakers at, say, 600,000, or put the total number of Pahari speakers including Gujurî at about 2,670,000.
It is a remarkable fact that, although Pahari has little connexion with the Panjabi, Western and Eastern Hinds, and Bihârî spoken immediately to its south, it shows manifold traces of intimate relationship with the languages of Rajputâna. In order to explain this fact it is necessary to consider at some length the question of the population that speaks it. This naturally leads to the history of the Khaśas and the Gurjaras of Sanskrit literature. The Sanskrit Khasa and Gurjara are represented in modern Indian tongues by the words Khas, and Gûjar, Gujar, or Gujur respectively. The mass of the Aryan-speaking population of the Himalayan tract in which Pahari is spoken belongs, in the West, to the Kanet and, in the East, to the Khas caste. We shall see that the Kanets themselves are closely connected with the Khasas, and that one of their two sub-divisions bears that name. The other (the Râo) sub-division, as we shall see below, I believe to be of Gurjara descent,
Sanskrit literature contains frequenti references to a tribe whose name is usually spelt Khaia (CT), with variants such as Khasa ( ). Khasha (09), and Khasira (ure). The earlier we trace notices regarding them, the further north-west we find them.
* See the continuation of this article in the next number.
3 Authorities on Kanet and Khas-Cunningham, Sir Alexander,--Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. XIV, pp. 126 ff. Ibbetson, Sir Donzil, Outlines of Panjab Ethnography (Calcutta, 1883), p. 268. Atkinson, E T.-The Himalayan Districts of the North-Western Provinces of India, Vol. II (forming Vol. XI of the Gazetteer, North-Western Province), Allahabad, 1884, pp. 268-70, 376-81, 439-42, etc. (see Index). Stein, Sir Aurel-Translation of the Raja-Tarangini, London, 1900, Note to i, 317, II, 430, and elsewhere (800 Index). Hodgson, B. H.-Origin and Classification of the Military Tribes of Népal Journal of the Asiatio Society of Bengal II (1833), pp. 217 ff. Reprinted on pp. 37 ff. of Part II of Essays on the Languages, Li. terature and Religion of Nepal and Tibet (London, 1874). Vansittart, E.-The Tribes, Clans, and Caates of Népdl. Journal of the Asiatio Society of Bengal, LXIII (1894), Part I, pp. 213 ff. Lèvi, Sylvain Le Népal, Paris, 1905. Vol. I., pp. 257, ff., 261-267, 276 ff.; Vol. II, pp. 216 ff., etc. (see Index.)
E.g. Mahabharata, VI, 375:-Darada) Kasmird) . . . . Khasirah, Dards, Kashmire, and Khairo. Regarding the equation of the last named with Khaies, of. Wilson, Vishpu Purdpa II, 184,
