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THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY
[JULY, 1914,
(Saurashtra) community were arrested by the governor of Madura for performing the Brahmanical ceremony of upakarma, or renewal of the sacred thread. The queen convened a meeting of those learned in the Sastras to investigate the Patnúlkarans' right to perform such ceremonies. This declared in favour of the defendants; and the queen gave them a palm leaf award accordingly, which is still preserved in Madura.1" From this time onward the caste followed "many of the customs of the southern Brahmans regarding food, dress, forms of worship and names, and has recently taken to the adoption of Brahmanical titles, such as Aiyar, Acharya and Bhagavatar.2 Similar acts of state interference or arbitration made the conflicts between the various communities less serious than they would otherwise be, and before long the close proximity of the conquerors and the conquered, the services of the former in exploiting the country and increasing its resources, the growth of mutual acquaintance, the community of action and interest as against outsiders, and other causes contributed to greater cordiality among them; and the advent of the Badugas thus came to mean no other thing than an innocent complication of an already highly complex plethora of castes and tribes.
(To be continued.)
THE PAHARI LANGUAGE 1
BY SIR GEORGE A. GRIERSON, K. C. I. E. The word 'Pahâri' means 'of or belonging to the mountains,' and is specially applied to the groups of languages spoken in the sub-Himalayan hills extending from the Bhadrawah, north of the Panjab, to the eastern parts of Nepal. To its North and East various Himalayan Tibeto-Burman languages are spoken. To its wost there are Aryan languages connected with Kashmiri and Western Panjabi, and to its south it has the Aryan languages of the Panjab and the Gangetic plain, viz in order from West to East, Panjabi, Western Hindi, Eastern Hindi and Bihari.
The Pahari languages fall into three main groups. In the extreme Last there is KhasKurâ or Eastern Pabâri commonly called Naipali, the Aryan language spoken in Nepal. Next, in Kumaon and Garhwal, we have the Central Pahâți languages, Kumauni and Gashwali. Finally in the West we have the Western Pahari languages spoken in Jaunsar-Bâwar, the Simla Hill States, Kulu, Mandi and Suket, Chamba, and Western Kashmir.
As no census particulars are available for Nepal we are unable to state how many speakers of Eastern Pahâțî there are in its proper home. Many persons (especially Gôrkhâ soldiers) speaking the language reside in British India. In 1891 the number counted in British India was 24,262, but these figures are certainly incorrect. In 1901 the number was 143,721. Although the Survey is throughout based on the Census figures of 1891, an exception will be made in the case of Eastern Pahârî, and those for 1901 will be taken, as in this case they will more nearly represent the actual state of affairs at the time of the preceding census.
Madu. Gaz. I, p. 111.
2 Madu. Gaz. I, p. 111. 1 This article is an advance issue of the Introduction to the volume of the Linguistic Survey of India dealing with the Pahari Languages.
