________________
10
Collette Caillat
Buddhist fourfold definition of subhasita vācā, and fourfold vohāra".
analysis of anariya
Now, though the Jaina analysis of bhāsā can be said to be comparatively clear-cut, the attached developments are not always plain to understand. Two points, nevertheless, are manifest: (1) all the prohibitions and injunctions included in the two relevant lessons of Āyār and Dasav can be shown to proceed from the above two fundamental principles, observance of truth based on sam jama, and observance of ahimsa; 52) the various particular prescriptions are, in many cases, akin or similar to those which are laid down in the DhS; but, precisely because the Jaina chapters concentrate on bhāsā exclusively, all the minute rules can easily be reco. gnized as special applications of an underlying theoretical scheme (applied examples of which are evidently liable to be multiplied); moreover, though they start from a multiplicity of particular consideration (most of which are formulated in all Indian sāstras), the Jainas obviously connect them with their own metaphysical system (and their doctrine of jiva-nikāgas, infra), therefore promote a more consistent and general outlook; finally, they tend to include in the bhāsā-chapter remarks which, in the DhS (also : in the Jaina suttas) mainly concern behaviours : Just as bad behaviour should be shunned, words also must clearly, though not aggressively, help discriminate between good and reprehensible conduct; in all possible ways, speech shall conform to the correct norm4. Thus, from the Dasav and Ayar point of view, the scope of bhāsā seems almost unlimited 5.
1.
2.
Idha bhikkhave bhikku subhāsitamyeva bhāsati no dubbhasitam; dhammam yeva bh. no addommam; piyam yeva bh. no appiyam; saccam yeva bh. no alikam. Imehi kho 1. catūhi angehi samannāgatā vāca subhasita hoti no dubbhāsita; anavajja ca ananuvajjā ca viññānam, if a bh. "speak well and not badly, speak righteously and not unrighteously, speak affectionately and not unkindly speak truth and not falsehood, his speech having these four qualities, is well spoken, faultless, and not blamable by the wise", S 1.188.33-189.4 (C. Rhys Davids trsl.). With the “subhāsita-sutta" in S, compare the "subhāsita-sutta" in Sn. 78,5 ff., stanzas 450-454 (cf. infra). Cattaro anariya-vohārā. Musä vādo, pisunā vācā, pharusā vācā, samphappalāpo, "four are the ignoble modes of speech : lying speech, slandering speech, rough speech, frivolous speech", D 3.232. 5-6, etc., cp. M 1.42.10 ff. Cf. ApDhS 1.11.32, supra. Including the grammatical norm, infra. Cf, the conclusion of Dasav 7 stanza 57 : parikkha-bhasi susamah' indie cauk-kasāyāvagae anissie sa niddhune dhutta-malam pure-kadam ārāhae logam imamtaha param-tti bemi,
3.
Cf
Jain Education International
For Private & Personal Use Only
www.jainelibrary.org
