Sramana 1991 04

Author(s): Ashok Kumar Singh
Publisher: Parshvanath Vidhyashram Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/525006/1

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36) pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna vArANasI-5 apraila-jUna 1661 - varSa 42 zramaNa aMka 4-6 .

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pradhAna sampAdaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina sampAdaka DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha varSa 42 apraila-jUna 1991 sahasampAdaka DaoN0 zivaprasAda - aMka 4-6 - prastuta aMka meM 1. ahaM paramAtmane namaH -pro0 kalyANamala lor3hA 2. prAkRta vyAkaraNa : vararuci banAma hemacandra-andhAnukaraNa yA viziSTa pradAna ke0 Ara0 candra 3. vasantavilAsakAra bAlacandrasUri : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva ---DA0 yadunAtha prasAda dube 4. anya pramukha bhAratIya darzanoM evaM jaina darzana meM karmabandha kA tulanAtmaka svarUpa --ku0 kamalA jozI 5. Rgveda meM ahiMsA ke sandarbha -----DA0 pratibhA tripAThI 6. jaina AgamoM meM varNita jAtigata samatA -DA0 indreza candra siMha 7. AcArAMga meM anAsakti --DA0 zrIprakAza pANDeya 8 jaina abhilekhoM kI bhASAoM kA svarUpa evaM vividhatAeM --DA0 esa0 ena0 dUbe 9. mahAvIra nirmANa bhUmi pAvA -zrI bhagavatI prasAda khetAna / 10. samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA kI Adhunika pariprekSya meM samIkSA -pro0 sAgaramala jaina 11. sAhitya satkAra 106 vArSika zulka eka prati cAlIsa rupaye dasa rupayA yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki lekhaka ke vicAroM se sampAdaka athavA saMsthAna sahamata ho| simama

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arha paramAtmane namaH pro0 kalyANamala lor3hA 'ahaM paramAtmane namaH'---yaha maMtra AcArya zrI kamalaprabha ke zrI jinapaMjarastotra se hai| jaina darzana aura sAdhanA meM ahaM kA mahattva sarvamAnya hai| bIjAkSarI paddhati se yaha sAdhaka ke lie sarvopari aura sarvasammata hai| saptAkSarI va aneka mantra aha~ ke hI mAnya maMtra haiN| isa nibandha meM hama pramukha rUpa se kalikAlasarvajJa zrI hemacandrAcArya ke anusAra hI isakI vivecanA kreNge| isa vivecanA ke AdhAra haiM, unake dvArA racita zrIhemacandrazabdAnuzAsanam, yogazAstra va dvayAzraya mahAkAvya / ina tIna granthoM kA Azraya lekara hama arha sambandhI unakI vyAkhyA ko spaSTataH samajha sakate haiM / sarvaprathama zabdAnuzAsanam ko hI leM, jisakI svopajJa tattvaprakAzikA TIkA zabdamahArNavanyAsa se saMvalita hai| arha kA svarUpa spaSTa karate hue AcArya zrI kahate haiM--'arha ityedakSaram / paramezvarasya parameSThino vAcakam / siddha cakrasyA syAdibIjam / sakalAgamopaniSad bhUtam / azeSa vighn-vighaatnidhnme| akhila dRSTAdRSTa phala saMkalpa kalpa dramopamam, AzAstrAdhyayanA dhyApanAvadhi praNidheyam pratidhAnaM cAnenAtmanaH sarvataH saMbhedastadamidheyena cAbhedaH / vayamapi cetAcchAstrArambhe praNiddhamahe / ayameva hi tAtviko namaskAra iti / ' tattvaprakAzikA meM ina padoM ko svarUpam, abhidheyam tAtparyam, kSegama yogaH praNidhAnam praNidhAnasya dvaividhyam viziSTa praNidhAnam aura tatvam ke adhikaraNa se vyAkhyA kI gayI hai| ina sabake vizeSArtha nimitta zabdamahArNavanyAsa draSTavya hai / aha~ paramezvara parameSThi kA vAcaka, siddha cakra kA AdibIja, sakala AgamoM kA rahasya, sarva vighnanAzaka evaM sabhI dRSTaadRSTa ke phaloM kA saMkalpa pUrNa karane ke lie kalpataru sadRza hai| zAstrAnuzIlana ke lie isakA praNidhAna Avazyaka hai| praNidhAna do prakAra kA hai-prathama parameSThI ke sAtha AtmA kA abheda evaM saMbheda /

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 arha ko tAttvika namaskAra hai / ahaM siddhacakra rUpI tantra kA AdibIja hai / dharmasAkSaram ke anusAra akSaramanakSara vai dvividhaM tattvabhiSyate / akSara bIjamityAhurnibIja cA'pyanakSaram / / akSara aura anakSara do prakAra ke tattva haiM - bIja sahita hone se akSara aura bIja rahita hone se anakSara / isI prakAra jo sva svarUpa se calAyamAna na ho vaha akSara hai - yahI tattva dhyeya rUpa brahma hai| maMtra zabda kA artha hai - ' manyate jJAyate AtmAdezo'nena iti mantraH' arthAt jisake dvArA AtmA kA Adeza nijAnubhava se jAnA jAya vaha mantra hai / anya prakAra se vicArakara leM - 'AtmAdezI yena samantraH, ' jisake dvArA AtmAdeza para vicAra kiyA jAya vaha mantra hai / tRtIya dRSTi se 'manyante satkriyante paramapade sthitAH AtmAnaH vA yakSAdizAsana devatA anena iti mantraH' arthAt paMca AtmAoM athavA yakSAdi zAsanadevatA kA satkAra kiyA jAya vaha mantra hai / mantra kUTa aura akUTa do prakAra kA hotA hai / saMyukta mantra ko kUTa aura asaMyukta mantra ko akUTa kahate haiM / kUTa mantra meM adhika akSaroM meM bhI mantra eka hI akSara hotA haianya parikara svarUpa hote haiM / mantra se Atma dhyAna, jJAna aura abhedatva siddha hotA hai - - bhidyate hRdayagranthi chidyante sarva saMzayAH kSIyante caiva karmANi tasmin dRSTe parApareH 2 ( muNDakopaniSad 2 - 28) abhidheyArtha kI dRSTi se aIM paramezvaraparameSThi kA vAcaka mantra hai / parameSThi se tAtparya hai - arihaMta paramAtmA, jo parama pada para sthita hai parameSThi hai / paramezvara upapadaH (vizeSaNa) ke lie hemacandrAcArya kA kathana hai rAgAdibhiranAkrAnto, yogakSema vidhAyakaH nityaM prasatti pAtraM yastaM devaM muniyoviduH / jo rAgAdi se AkrAnta nahIM haiM, yoga-kSema ke dAtA haiM - sadA prasanna rahate haiM - munigaNa unheM hI deva kahate haiM (dRSTavyaH logassa va namotthuNa

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ahaM paramAtmane namaH sUtra) tAtparya kI dRSTi se ahaM siddhacakra kA AdibIja hai| siddhacakra kA AdibIja kahane kA prayojana hai ki samasta bIja mantroM meM yahI Adi hai| isa siddhacakra meM ahaMkAra prathama bIja hai| isI ko 'sakalAgamopaniSadbhUtam' kahA jAtA hai-arthAt sabhI Agama upaniSadoM kA sAra / upaniSadoM ke saMdarbha meM hemacandrAcArya kahate haiM akAreNocyate viSNU rephe brahmA vyavasthitaH / hakAreNaharaH proktastadante parama padam / (akAra se viSNu, repha se brahmA aura hakAra se ziva aura anusvAra parama pada vAcaka hai) kSema, isa lie kahA gayA hai ki yaha dharma kriyAsAdhanA meM samasta vighnoM kI vinaSTi karane vAlA hai-sampUrNa vinaSTi/ azeSa / isI se use kSemakara kahA gayA hai| yoga kI dRSTi se arha kalpavRkSa hai, jisa prakAra kalpavRkSa se vAMchita phala saMkalpa mAtra se prApta hote haiM usI prakAra arha se bhii| kalpavRkSa ke nIce amRta kI vAMchA se amRta aura mRtyu kI icchA se tatkAla mRtyu prApta hotI hai / saMkalpa manuSya ko samAdhi kI ora va vikalpa vyAdhi kI ora le jAtA hai| phala tIna prakAra kA kahA jAtA hai :-kriyotpanna, puNyotpanna evaM 'kriyotpanna evaM puNyotpanna' / dRSTa phala vaha hai jo kriyA vizeSa se utpanna hotA hai, azubha vicAra, AcAra se azubha kI prApti hotI hai / adRSTa phala puNya vizeSa se prApta hotA hai| tRtIya to vyaMtara devoM ko hI milatA hai| yahAM kalpavRkSa kahane kA tAtparya hai ki sabhI kalpoM kA samudita phala eka sAtha hI dene meM ahaM samartha hai| ahaM kA praNidhAna svAdhyAya ke prArambha se samApti taka karanA cAhie / prANidhAna ke do bheda haiM- ahaM ke sAtha AtmA kA caturdika saMbheda aura parameSThi ke sAtha abheda / praNidhAna cAra prakAra kA hotA hai-padastha, piMDastha, rUpastha aura rUpAtIta / aha meM vyApta zrI arihaMta kA dhyAna padastha hotA hai, 'anenAtmanaH sarvataH' saMbheda ityukta padasthamzarIrastha dhyAna piNDastha, pratimA rUpa meM rUpastha aura yogIgamya rUpAtIta hai / yogasUtra meM zrI hemacandrAcArya ne isakI vizeSa vyAkhyA kI hai, jisa para Age vicAra kreNge| saMbheda praNidhAna meM bheda hotA hai, yaha bheda saMzleSa anyathA sambandha rUpa se hotA hai| paramezvara parameSThi ke sAtha AtmA kA ekIbhAva abheda praNidhAna hotA hai| jisa prakAra sUrya samasta jagata ko jyotirmaya karatA

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 hai, usI prakAra mahAtmA cauMtIsa atizaya ko jAnakara, samasta dizAoM ko Alokamaya karatA hai-karma kalaMka zAnta ho jAte haiM aura arihaMta ke sAtha AtmA abheda ho jAtA hai--'arhadabhinnaM ahiM kAreNa sarvatoveSTitamAtmAnaM dhyAyet' / arha tAttvika maMtra hai| isase yahI hamAre lie praNidheya hai-AtmotkarSa kA sAdhana' / zrI hemacandrAcArya ne yogasUtra ke aSTama prakAza meM--evaM arha, arha aura hai kA vivecana kiyA hai / use dekheM-- piNDasthaM ca padasthaM ca rUpasthaM rUpavarjitam caturthA dhyeyamApnAtaM dhyAnasyAlambanaM budhaiH (8-8-8) piMDastha dhyeya meM pAMca dhAraNAeM hotI haiM--pArthivI, AgneyI, mArutI, vAruNI tattvatI / ina samasta dhAraNAoM meM arha kA dhyAna hI vyAkhyAyita hai / padastha dhyAna ke lie-- yatpadAni pavitrANi, samAlamba ya vidhIyate / tatpadasthaM samAkhyAtaM dhyAnaM siddhAnta pAragaiH / prabhAvI mantrAkSara Adi pavitra padoM kA Azraya lekara jo dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai, use padastha dhyAna kahate haiN| yahI mAtRkA dhyAna hai, jisake phalasvarUpa aneka siddhiyA~ prApta hotI haiN| isI prakaraNa meM nimna zloka bhI dhyAtavya hai akArAdihakArAntaM repha madhyaM sa bindukam tadeva paramaM tattvaM yo jAnAti sa tattvavit (jJAnArNava-1934) mahattvamidaM yogI yadaivadhyAyati sthiraH tadaivAnanda sampada bhUH muktizrIrupa tiSThate arthAt akArAdi Adi meM, hakAra anta meM aura bindu sahita repha madhya meM hai vahI arha hai--jo ise jAna letA hai vahI vastutaH tattvajJa hai| jo yogI citta ko sthira kara mahAtattvarUpeNa ahaM kA yoga karatA haiusake samakSa Ananda rUpa sampadabhUmi ke samAna mokSa kI sthiti hotI. hai / rUpastha dhyAna ke abhyAsa se yogI sarvajJa ho jAtA hai- use paramatattva se abhedatva hotA hai-yahI sarvajJa bhagavAn meM tanmayatA hai yogIcAbhyAsa yogena tanmayatvamupAgata sarvajJI bhUtamAtmAnam avalokayati sphuTam /

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aha~ paramAtmane namaH isa dhyAna se sabhI kaSAya samApta ho jAte haiM aura usakI AtmA sphaTika ke samAna nirmala ho jAtI hai| rUpAtIta dhyAna amUrta, nirAkAra cindAnanda rUpa, niraMjana siddha kA dhyAna hai| isase sAdhaka dhyeya aura dhyAtA ke bhAva se pare tanmayatA prApta karatA hai| ekIkaraNa aura yahI prasiddha samarasI bhAva hai| ina samasta dhyAnoM apAyavicaya (dhyAna meM udbhUta rAga, krodha, dveSa, viSaya evaM tajjanya duHkha Adi kA cintana) dharma dhyAna kahalAtA hai| isa prakAra ina cAroM dhyAnoM se arha kI sAdhanA pUrNa kara muni jagata ke tatvoM kA sAkSAt anubhava jJAna upalabdha kara AtmA kI zuddhi karatA hai| apAya vicaya ke sAtha-sAtha vipAka vicaya, saMsthAna vicaya Adi kI vyAkhyA kI hai| ina do granthoM ke atirikta dvayAzraya mahAkAvya meM bhI zrI hemacandrAcArya ne ahaM ke maMgalAcaraNa se hI mahAkAvya kA prArambha kiyA hai| vaha isa prakAra hai __ arha mityakSaraM brahma vAcakaM parameSThinaH siddha cakrasya sadbIjaM sarvataH prANidadhmahe / / __isa maMgala pada meM arha akSara ( bIja ) brahma, parameSThi kA vAcaka, siddha cakra kA zreSTha bIja hai-isakA praNidhAna karanA caahie| 'zrI abhayatilakagaNi ne isakI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI hai| arha varNa samudAya hai---a++h.+a+m| isa zloka meM brahma se tAtparya akSara brahma se hI grahIta hai va brahma kA artha parama jJAna svarUpa liyA hai / zrI jayasiMhasUri dvArA racita dharmopadezamAlA ke antargata aha~ akSara tattva stava upalabdha hai| 'a' tattva samasta prANiyoM ko abhaya karatA hai, isakA Azraya kaMTha sthAna hai| yaha samasta vargoM meM agragaNya hai aura sabhI vyaMjanoM meM svataH vidyamAna hai| AkAza kI bhAMti yaha sarvavyApI hai| '' tattva kA sthAna mastaka meM hai aura yaha agni sadRza hai| yaha trivarga dharma, artha aura kAma ko upalabdha karatA hai-yaha atyanta pavitra aura mAMgalika hai / 'ha' kA sthAna hRdaya hai aura sabhI vargoM ke anta meM hokara kalA rahita-kalA sahita rUpa meM mahAprANa kI bhA~ti pUjita hai-yaha sarva kArya sAdhaka hai| bindu nAsikA ke agrabhAga meM avasthita hai aura sabhI jIvoM kA mokSa pradAtA hai / 'ha' kAra ke zIrSa meM jala kaNa

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 kI bhAMti vartulAkAra rahatA hai| anta meM zrI jayasiMhasUri ne nAda, bindu, kalA va laya kI sAdhanA kA srota bhI arha ko batAyA hai (saMdarbha siMghI jaina granthamAlA, bambaI, 2005 / ) isa stava kI vizeSatA isakI syAdvAda zailI hai-yaha kalArahita-kalAsahita, mUrta-amUrta, vyaktaavyakta, nirguNa-saguNa sarvavyApI-dezavyApI, nitya-anitya Adi hai| zrI siMhatilakasUri ne zrI mantrarAjarahasya ke antargata arha kI vyAkhyA kI hai| unake anusAra 'a' zabda brahma kA sUcaka hai, repha ratnatraya kA aura candrakalA siddhi para ko batAtA hai| bindu anAhatanAda rUpI arihaMta hai| yathA AdyaM hAntaM zabdabrahmo/gho 'ra' tastriratna yutam / candra kalA siddhi padaM bindu nimo'nAhataHso'rhan / mAtRkAoM ke AdhAra para 'a' mAbhikamala kA prathama varNa, lalATa kamala kA antima varNa 'ha', hRdaya kamala kA madhya 'm' milakara arha hotA hai| arha hI AtmA hai| repha va rakAra ratnatraya ko pratipAdita karate haiM-isI se svAtmA paramAtmA bana jAtA hai-yahI arihaMta kI sAkSAt sarva varNamaya mUrti hai| suSumnA meM isakA dhyAna sarvAMgama kA jJAnI banAtA hai| yaha mantrarAja sabhI Adhi-vyAdhi ko naSTa karatA hai| isakI cintana-paddhati ke lie zrI mantrarAja rahasya kahatA hai kanaka kamala garbhe kaNikAyAM niSaNNaM vigata tamasamaarha sAndracandrAMzugauram gaganamanusarantaM sacarantaM haritsu smara jinapati kalpaM mantrarAjayatIndra iti sarvatragaM dhyAyanahamityeka mAnasaH ___ svapne'pi tanmayo yogo kiJcidanyatra pazyati // he muni ! ajJAna rUpI andhakAra rahita ghana evaM candrarazmiyoM jaisA gaura varNa kAMti yukta, sAkSAt jinapati sadRza mantrarAja arha suvarNa kamala ke madhya meM AsIna hai| isI kA prathama cintana kara tatpazcAt vaha sabhI dizAoM meM saMcaraNa kara AkAza meM vyApta ho jAtA hai / arha kA ekAgracita se dhyAna evaM usameM lIna hokara sAdhaka svaH meM bhI sarvatra yahI dekhatA hai| zrI ratnacandra viracita mAtRkAprakaraNa meM bhI arha kI vyAkhyA milatI hai| ve kahate haiM

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ahaiM paramAtmane namaH AdhupAntyAntimArhanto gIzca 'arha' padamAsthitAH jJAna darzana cAritra muktayo bhAnti tatravA a r ha~ / / isake anusAra 'a' jJAna, 'ra' darzana aura 'ha' cAritra kA pratipAdana karatA hai-isa triratna kA suphala mukti hai| uparyukta AcAryoM ke atirikta bhaTTAraka zrI sakalakIti racita tattvArthasAradIpaka ke dhyAna prakaraNa meM piNDastha, padastha, rUpastha aura dhyAna kA vizada vivecana hai| isake anusAra arha janma-mRtyu ke AvAgamana se mukta karatA hai aura usameM jaise amRta nirantara jharatA rahatA hai| yaha sarva sukhoM kI upalabdhi kA sabala hetu hai| zrI sakala. kIrti ne isake dhyAna kI paddhati kA bhI vivecana kiyA hai| unake anusAra sabhI avasthAoM meM arha kA nirantara japa karanA cAhie / matvetIdaM mahattatvamarha nAmodbhavaM budhAH vizvakalyANatIrthezaM, zrIdAyantu muktaye / / sarvAvasthAsu sarvatra japantu vA nirantaram vizuddhe mAnase mantraM nizcalaM sthApayanvA // isa saMkSipta nibandha meM ahaM kA sarvAMgINa vivecana sambhava nahIM hai| jaina darzanAcAryoM ne vividha rUpeNa isakA mAhAtmya spaSTa kiyA hai| yahA~ para muni zubhacandra racita jJAnArNava kA bhI ullekha karanA abhISTa hai| padasthadhyAnamprakaraNa meM unhoMne mantrarAja kI vyAkhyA kI hai| atha mantra padAdhIzaM sarva tatvaikanAyakam / Adi madhyAnta bhedena svara vyaMjana saMbhavam / / UrdhvAdhorepha saMruddhaM sakala vindu lA~dhvitam anAhata yutaM tattvaM mantrarAja prcksste| (1918-1919) muni zubhacandra kahate haiM ki yahI tattva saba mantroM kA adhipati hai, advitIya nAyaka, Adi, madhya, anta ke bheda se svara-vyaMjana se utpanna repha se rokA gayA, kalA saMyukta, bindu se cihnita aura anAhata bIjAkSara se yukta hai-yahI mantrarAja hai| ise hI devAsura namaskAra karate haiM--yahI mithyA jJAnarUpa andhakAra kA nAzaka hai-sUrya ke sadRza jyoti sampanna aura zIrSa bhAga meM caMdra razmiyoM se maNDita dik

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 maNDala meM vyApta hai - isI mantrarAja kA yogiyoM ko dhyAna karanA cAhie | ise hI vibhinna AcArya vibhinna rUpoM se kahate haiM - kucha buddha, viSNu, brahmA, mahezvara ziva, sArva va aizAna kahate haiM / isa mantra rUpa zarIra ko grahaNa karake hI sarvatra, sarvavyApI va zAnti jinadeva hI sAkSAt avasthita haiM / isase saMsAra paribhramaNa samApta ho jAtA hai / isa padastha dhyAna dRSTi kI bhI jJAnArNava meM yoga-sAdhanA ke nimitta prakriyA batAI hai / tatpazcAt praNava se ise samAyojita kara isakA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| muni zubhacandra ne isI prakaraNa meM aneka mantroM kA bhI ullekha kiyA haiM / yahA~ kevala do kA nirdeza karanA samIcIna hai : saptAkSarI mantra 'OM' zrIM hrIM 'ahaM' namaH' ke sambandha meM muni zrI kA kathana hai : sakala jJAna sAmrAjya mantraM jagattrayI nAthaM oM zrIM hrIM ahaM namaH / 8 dAna dakSaM vicintaya / cUDAratna kRtAspadam || yaha mantra kevala jJAna kA vaibhava dene meM samartha hai / isI prakAra 'OM' namo'rhante kevaline parama yogine visphuraduruzukla dhyAnAgni nirdagdha karmabIjAya prAptAnanta catuSTAya saumyAya zAntAya maMgala varadAya aSTAdazadoSa rahitAya svAhA' - yaha mantra prANiyoM ko nirbhaya - abhaya kara kaSTa samUha kA nAzaka hai / Age calakara ve punaH 'OM' arhanmukha kamalavAsini pApAtmakSayaMkari zrutujJAna jvAlA sahasra prajvalite sarasvati mata pApaM hana hana daha daha kSauM kSIM kSU kSe kSokSaH kSIra varadhavales mRta / sambhave vaM hUM hUM svAhA pApabhakSiNI, sarasvatI kA mantra hai / vartamAna samaya meM yuvAcArya mahAprajJa ne arha kI vyAkhyA karate hue apane grantha arham meM likhA hai- 'ahaM vidyamAna zaktiyoM ko bar3hAne kA mantra hai / hama isa mantra ke mAdhyama se prANa zakti kA anubhava kareM ki hama kamajora nahIM haiM - hama dInahIna nahIM haiM, hama zakti sampanna haiM aura apanI zakti kA upayoga pratyeka kSetra meM kara sakate haiN| pahalI bAta hai arhatA kA bodha honA, arhatA kA anubhava honA / mAnava zarIra meM arhatA ke kucha kendra haiM - unameM sabase bar3A hai mastiSka / arham hameM nizcaya para pahu~cAtA hai - nizcaya para pahu~cane meM sahayoga karatA hai / ' yuvAcArya mahAprajJa ne arham ke uccAraNa kI bhI mImAMsA kI hai| 'a'

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ahaM paramAtmane namaH kA kaMTha se, 'ra' kA mUrdhA se 'ha' kA punaH kaNTha se aura ma kA oSThya se uccAraNa hotA hai, 've Age kahate haiM ki arha bhagavAn mahAvIra kA pratIka hai --Ananda kendra thAimasa granthi kA prabhAva kSetra hai-arha usako jAgrata karatA hai| unake anusAra arha se iSTa kI smRti, Ananda kI jAgrati, mAnasika tanAva se makti. Adhi-vyAdhi se sarakSA aura vikalpa zAMta hote haiM--caitanya kendra sajaga hote haiM / isa prakAra 'a' kuMDalinI kA, 'ra' agnibIja (kusaMskAroM ko bhasma karane vAlA), 'ha' AkAza bIja aura 'm' jhaMkAra hai| I se cidAkAza kA anubhava aura 'ma' se jJAna tantu sakriya hote haiN| yuvAcArya ne prekSAdhyAna meM taijas kendra ke svarNima kamala ke madhya ahaM kI kalpanA, evaM usakI anubhUti kI paddhati batAyI hai| uparyukta vivecana se hama isa niSkarSa para sahajatA se pahu~cate haiM ki ahaM jaina sAdhanA kA sarvottama aura sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa mantra hai| isake vividha pakSa prApta hote haiM / prAcIna saptAkSarI mantra 'OM'hrIM' 'zrIM' arha namaH, isI kA mantra hai / navAkSarI mantra bhI yahI hai 'OM hrIM aham namaH kSIH svaahaa| isI prakAra UM hrI zrI aham a-si-A-u-sA namaH' meM zrI aha hI pramukha hai| aura bhI aneka haiN| isake sAtha-sAtha jaina sAdhanA paddhati ke kUTa-akUTa mantroM aura bIjAkSaroM meM anya darzanoM se samAnatA pAyI jAtI hai| isa samAna dRSTi kA AyAma bhAratIya cintana dhArA kI samarUpatA kA pratyakSa pramANa hai| jainAcAryoM ne jisa udAratA se aha kI viSNu, brahmA aura ziva sApekSa vyAkhyA kI hai-vaha isakA sAkSya hai| bauddha dharma sAdhanA ke pariprekSya meM bhI samasta bIjAkSaroM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana apekSita hai, isake AdhAra para hama bhAratIya saMskRti kI satat pravahamAna dhArA kA avalokana kara skeNge| tRtIya dRSTi se yoga-sAdhanA meM nava cakra, randhra-vinyAsa aura ir3A, piMgalA aura suSumnA kA nirUpaNa bhI tattvataH kucha samAnatA rakhatA hai yaha sahI hai ki isameM vibhinna jaina AcAryoM ne apanI viziSTa aura bhinna dRSTi apanAyI hai| isa saMdarbha meM yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki o'ma kA vizleSaNa vivecana bhAratIya dArzanika cintana kI mUlabhUta samarUpatA kA nidarzana karAtA hai| paMcaparameSThi kI vyAkhyAeM isakA pramANa haiN| samaya A gayA hai ki hama saMtulita aura samyak dRSTi se isa mahattvapUrNa

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 viSaya para dhyAna deN| AdhAra grantha1. yogasUtra : zrI hemacandrAcArya / 2. zrI siddha hemacandra zabdAnuzAsanam / 3. namaskAra svAdhyAya (saMskRta vibhaag)| 4. aham -yuvAcArya mahAprajJa / 4. AcArya mahAvIra kIrti smRti grantha / 6. jJAnArNava /

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prAkRta vyAkaraNa : vararuci banAma hemacandra andhAnukaraNa yA viziSTa pradAna ___ --ke0 Ara0 candra vararuci prAkRta bhASA ke Adi vyAkaraNakAra mAne jAte haiM kyoMki prAkRta kA anya koI vyAkaraNa abhI taka milA hI nahIM hai| unake pazcAt caNDa kA krama AtA hai tatpazcAt A0 hemacandra kaa| ina donoM pUrvavartI vyAkaraNakAroM se hemacandra kA prAkRta vyAkaraNa bahuta vizAla hai aura usameM sAmAnya prAkRta yAni mahArASTrI prAkRta ke alAvA anya prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa bhI hai| vararuci ke prAkRtaprakAza meM sAmAnya prAkRta ke nau pariccheda haiM aura paizAcI, mAgadhI tathA zaurasenI ke tIna pariccheda prakSipta mAne gaye haiN| A0 hemacandra ke vyAkaraNa meM cUlikA paizAcI kA bhI samAveza hai aura vRtti meM ardhamAgadhI ke lakSaNa bhI diye gaye haiN| apabhraMza bhASA ke viSaya meM unakA jo pradAna hai vaha to advitIya hai hii| ___ isa nibaMdha meM sabhI prAkRta bhASAoM kI carcA na karake mAtra mahArASTrI prAkRta arthAt sAmAnya prAkRta kI hI mukhyataH carcA kI jA rahI hai / vararuci aura hemacandra ke vyAkaraNagranthoM ke adhyayana se spaSTa hai ki hemacandra ne apane pUrvavartI se bahuta kucha liyA hai aura bahuta kucha nayA bhI diyA hai| hemacandra ne apane vyAkaraNa meM kisI bhI pUrvavartI vyAkaraNa-kAra ke nAma kA koI ullekha nahIM kiyA hai parantu kaI sthaloM para kazcit kecit anye ityAdi kA ullekha karake parokSa rUpa meM unakA smaraNa avazya kiyA hai| ___koI bhI zAstrakAra apane pUrvavartI zAstrakAroM kI racanAoM kA upayoga karake Age bar3hatA hai, usI prakAra A0 hemacandra ne bhI vararuci se bahuta kucha liyA hai parantu sAtha hI sAtha unakI TIkA kiye binA

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 12 apanI tarapha se bahuta kucha sAmagrI jor3I hai / bhASA meM jo navInatA AI usa sambandha meM bhI kucha sAmagrI jor3I gayI hai / isako dhyAna meM rakhakara aisA kahanA anucita nahIM hogA ki hemacandra kA vyAkaraNa - samaya aura kSetra kI dRSTi se vizAla hai jabaki vararuci kA vyAkaraNa donoM hI taraha se sImita hai / aisA lagatA hai ki vararuci kisI kSetra vizeSa aura samaya - vizeSa kI prAkRta bhASA kA vyAkaraNa de rahe haiM jabaki hemacandra kA vyAkaraNa vyApaka aura vizAla hai / ina saba pakSoM kA sUkSmatA pUrvaka adhyayana karanA upAdeya mAnA jAyegA aura aisA gahana adhyayana honA bhI cAhie parantu yahA~ para kucha hI pakSoM kA adhyayana prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai jisase hameM bhaviSya ke saMzodhana ke lie eka kSetra mila jAya, eka dRSTi mila jAya aura A0 hemacandra kA pradAna kitanA mahattvapUrNa hai isakI bhI kucha jhalaka mila jAya / prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM sambandhI vyavasthA aura amukaamuka pravRtti ke viSaya meM niyamoM kI nyUnatA kI dRSTi se vararuci aura hemacandra ke bIca meM kitanA antara hai yaha nimna vivaraNa se spaSTa hotA hai| vararuci ke prAkRta prakAza meM (I.2-17) eka svara ke badale meM dUsare svara ke prayoga kA krama isa prakAra diyA gayA hai akAra ke parivartana - A, i, lopa e aura o (sUtra naM 0 1 se 9 ) inameM a kA lopa bIca meM rakhane se avyavasthita sA lagatA hai / jabaki hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM parivartana kA krama isa prakAra hai (i) mAtra a = A, anya koI parivartana nahIM ( 1.44 ) (ii) saMyukta meM se eka vyaMjana kA lopa aura usase pUrva ke hrasva svara kA dIrgha bananA (a = A, 1.45 ) (iii) a = i, zabda ke prArambhika varNa meM ( I. 46 ) (iv) a = i, vaikalpika parivartana ke udAharaNa ( I. 47 ) (v) a = i. zabda ke dvitIya varNa meM parivartana ( I. 48 ) . (vi) a = i, dvitIya varNa meM vaikalpika parivartana (I. 49 ) (vii) a ke aise aneka parivartanoM ke anta meM zabda ke prArambhika akA lopa diyA gayA hai (1.66 ) jo vararuci kI taraha niyamita lopa

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prAkRta vyAkaraNa nahIM hai (lopo'raNye I.4) parantu vaikalpika lopa kahA gayA hai| hemacandra kA sUtra hai 'vA alAvu araNye luk' 8. 1. 66 udAharaNoM meM raNNa aura araNNa donoM zabda diye gaye haiN| araNNa zabda ke prayoga saptazatI, gauDavaho, zAkuntalam ityAdi meM bhI milate haiM (pizala -142) / ina udAharaNoM se hemacandra ke niyama kI puSTi hotI hai| akAra ke ikAra meM hone vAle parivartana ko samajhAte samaya vararuci ne mAtra eka hI sUtra (I.3) diyA hai jabaki A0 hemacandra ne pA~ca sUtra (I.46-50) diye haiM / vararuci dvArA isa sUtra meM diye gaye sabhI zabda hemacandra ne diye haiM parantu unheM alaga-alaga sUtroM meM samajhAye haiM ataH kucha vidvAnoM dvArA aisA kahanA ki hemacandra ne apane pUrvavartI kI sAmagrI curAI hai so ucita hI lagatA hai| parantu yaha AkSepa Upara-Upara se hI yogya lagatA hai| tathya kI gaharAI meM praveza kiyA jAya to yaha AkSepa galata siddha hotA hai aura vararuci kA vyAkaraNa hemacandra ke vyAkaraNa ke sAmane prArambhika prayatna karane ke samAna pratIta hotA hai| kahanA par3egA ki avazya hI hemacandra ne vararuci kI sAmagrI kA upayoga kiyA hai parantu unhoMne prAkRta-prakAza meM diye gaye zabdoM ke alAvA dasa zabda(vyalIka, kRpaNa, uttama, marica, datta, lalATa, madhyama, kalama, saptaparNa aura mayaT pratyaya) aura jor3e haiN| itanA hI nahIM parantu unake hareka satra meM kucha na kucha vizeSatA hai| satra 8. 1. 46 meM Adi a kA avaikalpika i aura satra 8. 1. 47 meM Adi a kA vikalpa se i honA samajhAyA hai| sUtra 8.1.48 meM zabda meM Ane vAle dvitIya a kA i (katama = kaima, madhyama = majjhima) aura sUtra 8.1.49 meM dvitIya a kA vaikalpika i honA samajhAyA gayA (saptaparNa-chattivaNNa, chattavaNNa) hai| anta meM sUtra naM0 8.1.50 eka pratyaya ke bAre meM hai jisake anusAra mayaT pratyaya kA vikalpa se maa aura maia (visamaia, visamaa) ho jAtA hai / isase spaSTa hai ki hemacandra ke hareka sUtra meM kucha na kucha navInatA hai| hemacandra dvArA alaga se diye gaye vaikalpika parivartana vAle zabda prAcIna jainetara sAhitya meM bhI milate haiM-chattavaNNa (zAkuntalam), pakva = pakka aura aGgAra = aMgAla ke lie Age dekhie jinake lie pikka aura iMgAla zabda bhI milate haiN|

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 14 akAra kA ekAra sambandhI parivartana samajhAte hue prAkRta prakAza meM sUtra hai-'e zayyAdiSu I.5' / isa sUtra kI vRtti meM jitane zabda diye gaye haiM ve sabhI zabda A0 hemacandra ne sUtra naM0 I.57 aura 58 meM diye haiM, parantu sUtra naM0 58 meM inameM se una zabdoM kA samAveza hai jinameM vaikalpika parivartana honA hai| itanA hI nahIM ki satra naM0 58 meM Azcarya ke lie vararuci kI taraha mAtra acchora zabda kA hI udAharaNa diyA ho parantu usake sAtha aneka anya prayoga (accharia, acchaara, accharijjaM aura accharIaM) bhI diye haiM jo hemacandra ke vyAkaraNa kI vipulatA, vizAlatA aura unakA sUkSma avalokana kA darzana karAte haiN| isake alAvA sUtra naM 57 meM kanduka =gendua aura atra= ettha ko aura jor3A gayA hai| sUtra naM 59 aura 64 isI prakAra ke parivartana ke sambandha meM diye gaye haiM jinheM hama parivartana ke rUpa meM le sakate haiN| udAharaNa hai brahmacarya =bamhacera aura antaH= ante (antaHpura = anteur)| yahA~ para bhI spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki 'kvacit na bhavati' aura udAharaNa diye gaye haiM--antaggayaM aura antovIsambha-- nivesiANaM / isa taraha hemacandra kA kitanA sUkSma aura vizAla avalokana rahA hai yahI sAbita hotA hai| aneka sUtroM kI vRtti meM ArSa yAni ardhamAgadhI kI jo vizeSatAe~ batalAyI haiM vaha to eka viziSTa muddA hai hI, jaise yahA~ para sUtra naM 57 kI vRtti meM kahA gayA hai 'ArSe parekamma' / prAkRta-prakAza meM diye gaye zabdoM ke sivAya hemacaMdra ne jo adhika zabda vikalpa se diye gaye haiM ve jainetara sAhitya meM bhI milate haiM--accharia (gauDavaho), isI zabda ko bAda meM prAkRta-prakAza meM zaurasenI bhASA meM (XII-30) diyA gayA hai| ___ vararuci ke prA0 pra0 meM I. 2 sUtra ke anusAra hone vAle vaikalpika prayogoM kA niSedha karate hue sUtra naM I. 3 kI vRtti meM (veti nivRttam) pakva ke lie pikka aura aGgAra ke lie iMgAla yAni a kA i meM niyamita parivartana batAyA hai jo ucita pratIta nahIM hotaa| hemacaMdra ke anusAra (8.1.47) vikalpa se pakka aura aMgAla bhI hotA hai| unakA sUtra hai-- 'pakvAGgAra lalATe vA' arthAt ina zabdoM meM a kA i vikalpa se hotA hai| mahArASTrI prAkRta meM hI aise udAharaNa milate haiM--pakkagAha

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15 prAkRta vyAkaraNa (setubandham - - pA0 sa0 ma0 ) aMgAraa ( gAthA saptazatI) aMgArAanta ( gauDava ho ) -- dekhie pizala / prAkRta prakAza meM (sUtra naM0 12 se 17 ) ikAra sambandhI parivartanoM meM bhI isI prakAra kI avyavasthA pAyI jAtI hai / parivartana kA krama hai -- i = e, a, u o athavA u aura I / aura vararuci ke sUtra naM 1.35 ke anusAra kailAza kA kelAsa ( ai = e ) sUtra 36 ke anusAra bhairava kA bhairava ( ai = ai) hotA hai parantu ina donoM zabdoM ke lie hemacandra ke anusAra ye parivartana vaikalpika batalAye gaye haiM aura ke lAsa tathA bherava zabdoM ke prayoga bhI mAnya rakhe haiM / isI prakAra vaira ( vaira ) caitta (caitra) ke badale meM vaikalpika vera aura cetta bhI hote haiM jo vararuci ke sUtroM ke anusAra niSiddha se lagate haiM jabaki hemacandra kA ina vaikalpika parivartanoM ke lie spaSTa sUtra hai -- 'vairAdau vA' 8.1.152 arthAt ai kA e aura ai donoM meM parivartana hotA hai / pizala dvArA diye gaye udAharaNa bhI hemacandra kI puSTi karate haiM-- kailAsa, vera (setubandham ), cetta ( karpUramaJjarI) / prAkRta prakAza ke anusAra ( I. 17 ) siMha zabda meM i kA I (sIha ) hotA hai / parantu hemacandra kA kahanA hai ki kabhI - kabhI siMha bhI calatA hai (bahulAdhikArAt kvacit na bhavati 8. 1. 92 ) aura siMha zabda ke prayoga gAthAsaptazatI, setubandham, zAkuntalam gauDavaho ityAdi meM bhI milate haiM (pizala ) / prAkRta bhASA kI eka mukhya pravRtti yaha rahI hai ki saMyukta vyaMjana ke pUrva meM Ane vAle dIrgha svara ko hrasva meM badala diyA jAtA hai / isa niyama kA vararuci ke prAkRta prakAza meM ullekha hI nahIM hai jabaki hemacandra ne isake lie eka alaga hI sUtra ( hrasvaH saMyoge 8.1.84 ) diyA hai / caNDa ke prAkRtalakSaNam 2.6 ( hrasvatvaM saMyoge ) meM bhI aisA hI sUtra hai / prAkRta prakAza ke pariccheda naM0 11 meM mAgadhI bhASA ke eka mukhya lakSaNa ra = la kA sUtra hI nahIM milatA hai jabaki hemacandra ke vyAkaraNa meM isakA spaSTa ullekha hai ( 8.4.288 rasolezau ) / hA~, itanA avazya hai ki isa adhyAya meM anya sUtroM ko samajhAte samaya jo udAharaNa bhAmaha kI vRtti meM haiM unameM aneka zabdoM meM ra ke sthAna para la milatA hai | ataH ho sakatA hai ki ra=la kA sUtra hI lupta ho gayA ho /

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 16 dhvani-parivartana ke viSaya meM hI ye nyUnatAe~ aura avyavasthAe~ hoM aisI bAta nahIM hai vibhaktiyoM aura pratyayoM ke viSaya meM bhI isI prakAra ke doSa prAkRta-prakAza meM milate haiN| prAkRta-prakAza meM, paMcamI ekavacana ke lie cAra vibhaktiyA~ (GaserAdoduhayaH 5-6) dI gayI haiM--- A, do, du aura hi (vacchA, vacchAdo, vacchAdu, vcchaahi)| parantu o aura u (vacchAo, vacchAu) vibhaktiyA~ nahIM dI gayI haiN| yadi aisA mAnA jAya ki madhyavartI tathA da kA lopa hone se ye vibhaktiyA~ svataH siddha ho jAtI haiM to yaha kathana ucita nahIM ThaharatA kyoMki tR0 pu0 ekavacana ke vartamAna kAla ke i aura e pratyaya (tatiporidetau 7.1) dene kI kyA AvazyakatA thI ve to lopa se svataH siddha hI the (paThati, paThate = paDhai, pddhe)| isa viSaya meM hemacandra kA sUtra vyavasthita aura sarvAGgINa lagatA hai (Ga se sa to-do-du-hi-hinto-lukaH 8 3.5) jisameM luka ke Adeza se o, u, kA samAveza ho jAtA hai aura vRtti meM ullekha hai ki bhASAntara meM da-kAra hotA hai (dakArakaraNaM bhaassaantraarthm)| vararuci ne jo vibhaktiyA~ nahIM dI haiM use hemacandra ne dI haiM aisI / vibhaktiyoM vAle rUpa jainetara sAhitya meM bhI milate haiMpacchAo (setubandham) raNNAu, NahaalAu, hiaAhinto (saptazatI), sIsAu (gauddvho)| ina udAharaNoM se spaSTa hai ki vararuci ke vyAkaraNa kA kSetra sImita hai jabaki hemacandra kA kSetra vyApaka hai| prAkRta-prakAza meM tRtIyA eka vacana kI akArAnta (pu.napuM) zabdoM ke lie mAtra eNa (TAmorNaH 5 4) vibhakti, tR. ba. va. ke lie mAtra hiM (bhisohiM 5-5) vibhakti aura saptamI ba. va. ke lie mAtra su (supaH suH 5.10) vibhakti dI gayI haiN| hemacandra ne eNa aura su vibhaktiyA~ anusvAra yukta hone kA bhI spaSTa (sUtra 8.1.27) ullekha kiyA hai (vaccheNaM, vaccheNa, vacchosuM, vacchesu) aura tR. ba. va. ke lie hiM ke alAvA hi aura hiM kA Adeza diyA hai (8.3.7) / pizala dvArA (182,72,371) jainetara sAhitya kI mahArASTrI bhASA se jo udAharaNa diye gaye haiM ve hemacandra kI puSTi karate haiM aura prAkRta-prakAza kI maryAdAoM kI tarapha apratyakSa rUpa meM saMketa karate haiN| nimna udAharaNa dekhie-- (i) tR0 e0 va0--sabbhAveNaM, loaNeNaM (saptazatI), aMseNaM (setubandham), yajareNaM (gauDavaho)

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17 (ii) tR0 ba0 0 -- avahatthi asambhAvehi (saptazatI), chiNNAavamaNDale hi (setubandham ) amUlalahuehi ( gauDavaho ) (iii) sa0 ba0 va0 - vaNesuM (saptazatI) isa pratyaya ke prayoga zAkuntalam aura vikramorvazIyam meM bhI milate haiM / ina saba sAkSyoM ke AdhAra se aisA kahA jA sakatA hai ki vararuci kA prAkRta prakAza (sUtra evaM bhAmaha kI vRtti) mahArASTrI prAkRta bhASA kA vyAkaraNa bhI ucita rUpa meM prastuta nahIM kara rahA hai / isase hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI mahimA aura bhI bar3ha jAtI hai yaha nissaMkoca kahA jA sakatA hai / isa prasaMga meM aura bhI muddoM para carce kiye jA sakate haiM parantu nibandha kA vistAra bahuta bar3ha jAne ke bhaya se eka-do bAtoM ko saMkSepa meM kaha denA ucita hogA / inakI vistAra pUrvaka carcA aura kahIM para avazya kI jAegI / vararuci ke anusAra madhyavartI alpaprANa vyaMjanoM kA lopa hone para udbhuta svara sabhI jagaha vaisA kA vaisA banA rahatA hai aura jainetara sAhityakAroM ne bhI yahI paddhati apanAyI hai| hemacandra ke anusAra amuka paristhitiyoM meM uddhRta a aura A prAyaH 'ya' zruti meM badala jAte haiM aura jaina lekhakoM kI bhI yahI paddhati rahI hai / ina donoM meM se kauna kitanA sahI hai ? jana-bhASA yadi pramANabhUta ho to dekhie tIsarI zatAbdI I0 pUrva se cauthI zatAbdI taka ke prAkRta zilAlekha jinameM 'ya' zruti ke sAre bhArata meM kitane hI udAharaNa milate haiM / yahI pravRtti Adhunika bhASAoM meM bhI yatra tatra dekhane ko milatI hai / udAharaNArtha saMskRta kAtara dhanapatarAja amRta pitRgRha gujarAtI kAyara dhanapatarAya amI (amiya ) ( amii ) piyara hindI kAyara dhanapatarAya amiya piyara saMskRta mAtragRha gataH vacana prAkRta vyAkaraNa vacaNa gujarAtI mAyara gayo } veNa (vaddaNa)

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 18 karmaNibhUta- gayA, kiyA, diyA, piyA, kRta = karita = karya, bharya kRdanta ke khAyA, (kariya, karya Adi se) hindI ke rUpa ina rUpoM ke badale meM 'ya' zruti rahita uddhRta svara vAle kAara, mAara, gao, gaA, khAA, kau~, bhau~ kI kalpanA bhI kI jA sakatI hai kyA ? vararuci ke anusAra prArambhika aura madhyavartI na-kAra kA Na-kAra ho jAtA hai| hemacandra ke anusAra prArambhika na-kAra kA Na-kAra vaikalpika hai aura madhyavartI na-kAra kA Na-kAra bhI sarvatra nahIM hotA hai| hemacandra ne sAmAnya prAkRta bhASA meM jo-jo udAharaNa diye haiM unameM prArambha meM nau meM se sirpha eka hI na-kAra kA Na-kAra milatA hai yahA~ taka ki apabhraMza bhASA ke udAharaNoM meM bhI prArambha kA na-kAra prAyaH na-kAra hI rahatA hai| bhArata bhara meM phaile prAkRta zilAlekhoM kA adhyayana kiyA jAya to vidita hogA ki nakAra kA Na-kAra banane kI pravRtti dakSiNa bhArata se anya bhAgoM meM dhIre-dhIre phailI hai aura vaha bhI vararuci ke niyama ke anusAra prAraMbhika aura madhyavartI na-kAra meM sarvatra aura sadA ke lie nhiiN| prAkRta bhASAoM meM se vikasita hamArI Adhunika bhASAoM ke prAcIna yA Adhunika sAhitya meM yA vartamAna meM bolI jAne vAlI bhASAoM meM kitane aise zabda paramparA se cale Aye haiM jinameM prAraMbha yA madhya meM na kA Na milatA ho yaha eka mahattvapUrNa adhyayana kA viSaya hai| isa adhyayana ke AdhAra se kyA aisA nahIM lagatA ki kisI vyAkaraNakAra ke kSetrIya niyama ne sAre prAkRta sAhitya ko kRtrima aura vAstavikatA rahita banA diyaa| bhASA kI ekarUpatA ke moha meM pha~sakara kabhI-kabhI hama aura hamAre sAhityakAra vAstavikatA se kitane dUra cale jAte haiM yaha isakA jvalanta pramANa hai / isa saMkSipta paraMtu tathyAtmaka adhyayana ke bala para aisA kahanA anucita nahIM hogA ki prAcIna prAkRta sAhitya kA cAhe vaha ardhamAgadhI

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19 prAkRta vyAkaraNa Agama sAhitya ho, cAhe saMskRta - prAkRtarUpaka sAhitya ho, cAhe prAkRta kAvya sAhitya ho una saba kA punaH sampAdana kiyA jAnA cAhie / isameM bhI gAthAsaptazatI, setubandham kA khAsa karake aura jo bhI jahA~ se bhI hastaprateM milatI haiM unameM jo bhI varNa-vyavasthA jahA~ para bhI prAcIna lagatI ho use hI apanAyI jAnI cAhie aura paravartIkAla kI pravRttiko ekarUpatA dene ke badale prAcIna pravRtti ko ekarUpatA dI jAnI cAhie / yaha kArya avazya hI bhArI aura jaTila hai aura bahuta adhika zramazIla hai paraMtu sAhasa aura dhairya ke sAtha karane kI AvazyakatA hai / AcArya hemacandra ke vyAkaraNa kA isa prakAra kA samIkSAtmaka aura AlocanAtmaka adhyayana karane para jo sAra nikalA hai usake sahAre kyA aisA kahA jA sakatA hai ki unhoMne andhAnukaraNa kiyA hai aura unakA dimAga ThikAne nahIM thA jaisA ki eka pAzcAtya vidvAn ne kahA hai / yadi kahanA ho to yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vararuci kA vyAkaraNa bhArata bhara kI prAkRta kA vyAkaraNa nahIM hai paraMtu unake hI kSetra kI prAkRta kI eka bolI kA vyAkaraNa hai jabaki hemacandra kA vyAkaraNa bhArata ke vizAla pradeza kI vizAla prAkRta bhASA kA vyAkaraNa hai / isI prasaMga meM eka aura bAta kahanA cAhU~gA vaha yaha ki sabhI pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ko eka samAna hamAre guru yA sAhityoddhAraka mAnane kI paraMparA ucita nahIM hai / sUkSma adhyayana aura parIkSaNa hamAre adhyayana kA muddA honA cAhie na ki mAtra aMdhabhakti yA bhAvanAtmaka sammAna kI dRSTi | adhyakSa prAkRta-pAli vibhAga bhASA sAhitya bhavana gujarAta yunivarsiTI, ahamadAbAda - 380008

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vasantavilAsakAra bAlacandrasUri : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva -DaoN. yadunAtha prasAda dube purANa, darzana, nATaka, khaNDakAvya, prabandhakAvya, campUkAvya evaM vipula stotra-sAhityAdi nAnAvidhAtmaka kAvya-vidhAoM ke atirikta zrI tathA bhagavatI sarasvatI-donoM ke kRpApAtra, naranArAyaNAnanda mahAkAvya ke praNetA, gurjara dharitrI ke caulukyavaMzIyanRpati vIradhavala ke zAsana-kAla ke apratima pratibimba, somezvarakRta "kIrtikaumudI', arisiMha praNIta "sukRtasaMkIrtana' Adi kAvyoM meM varNita prazastiyoM, tIrthayAtrAoM, dhArmika tathA lokopakArI kRtyoM se ajita, digdigantazrUyanta yazaH vaijayantI se samalaGkRta, lokavizruta mahAmAtya vastupAla ke caritanAyakatva se prasiddha vasantavilAsa nAmaka mahAkAvya zreSThatara hai| ___ jaina-sAhitya meM bAlacandrasUri se milate-julate kaI anya nAma bhI prApta hote haiN| jaina zilAlekhoM meM 'bAlacandra" nAmaka eka jainamuni kA bahuzaH ullekha kiyA gayA hai jo "bAlacandrapaNDita deva' ke nAma se prasiddha the| vRtti evaM kAvya-kalA meM pravINa inhoMne "sAracatuSTaya" evaM anya granthoM kI TIkA kI thii| hummaca kannaDa, padmAvatI mandira ke prAGgaNa meM pASANa para inakI prazaMsA isa prakAra utkIrNa hai 'kavitve gamakitve ca vAditve, vAgmitA-jape / traividya-bAlacandrasya sadRzo nAsti iha nAsti iha / / inakA sambandha digambara jaina sampradAya se thaa| helIbIDa, zaka 1222 (1300 I0) ke vastihalla meM dUsarI pratimA-pASANa para ulli1. jainazilAlekha-saMgraha (saMgrahakartA, paM0 vijayamUrti), bhAga 3, lekha saMkhyA 514, pR0 366 2. vahI, lekha saMkhyA 500, pR0 350

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22 zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 khita lekha se inakA paricaya prApta hotA hai / prathama pratimA-pASANa para ullikhita lekha meM bAlacandra-paNDitadeva ke dIkSAguru nemicandra bhaTTAraka tathA Rtuguru-abhayacandra siddhAnta cakravartI kA varNana hai / jaina zilAlekhoM meM bAlacandra ko jaina-dharma kA vistAra karane vAlA kahA gayA hai shriimnmaany-bhyendryogivibudh-prkhyaat-st-suununaa| bAlendu-batipena tena lasati zrI jaina dharmo'dhunA // bAlacandra paNDitadeva kA kavijana bhI samAdara karate the taM bAlacandra-muni-paNDita devamasmin / loke stuvanti kavayaH paramAdareNa" / bAlacandra-paNDita deva kI mRtyu, zaka saM0 1197 meM samAdhi-maraNa dvArA bhAdrapada dvAdazI budhavAra ko madhyAhnakAla meM huI thii| hemacandrAcArya kI ziSya-paramparA ke antargata "bAlacandragaNi" kA nAma bhI isa sandarbha meM vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| inhoMne "snAtAsthA" nAmaka kAvya kA praNayana kiyA thaa| uparyukta donoM uddharaNoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki vasantavilAsa mahAkAvya ke racayitA bAlacandrasUri aura jaina muni bAlacandra paNDita-deva eka dUsare se bhinna the| yadyapi bAlacandra paNDitadeva ne bhI sAhityajagat meM padArpaNa kiyA thA, kintu vasantavilAsa mahAkAvya se unakA koI sambandha nahIM thaa| isa sambandha meM anya pramANa bhI prApta nahIM hote haiN| isI prakAra bAlacandragaNi kA samaya bhI bAlacandrasUri se bahuta pahale kA hai| siddharAja jayasiMha aura kumArapAla kI kaI pIr3hiyoM 1. vahI, bhAga-3, lekha saMkhyA 538, pR0 385-86 2. vahI, lekha saMkhyA 524, pR0 371 3. vahI, lekha saMkhyA 514, pR0 364 4. vahI, lekha saMkhyA 514, pR0 365 5. vahI, lekha saMkhyA 514, pR0 364 "zrImadbAlacandrapaMDitadevarU sakavarSe 1197 neyabhAvasaMvatsarada bhAdrapada-zuddha 12 budhavArada madhyAnhakAladola yamage samAdhiyanduH / 6. AcArya hemacandra (DaoN0 vi0 bhA0 musalagAMvakara) pR0 193

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23 vasantavilAsakAra bAlacandrasUri : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva ke bAda rAjA vIradhavala kA zAsana-kAla AtA hai, jisakA mahAmAtya vastupAla thaa| niSkarSataH, prastuta mahAkAvya ke racayitA bAlacandrasUri hI haiN| svayaM kavi ne hI grantha ke sargAnta meM dI gayI puSpikAoM meM apane ko vasantavilAsa mahAkAvya kA praNetA ghoSita kiyA hai / DaoN0 nemicandrazAstrI, DaoN. gulAbacandra caudharI evaM zyAmazaMkara dIkSita, prabhRti vidvAnoM ne bhI apane granthoM meM bAlacandrasUri ko hI vasantavilAsa mahAkAvya kA racayitA mAnA hai, na ki bAlacandra paNDitadeva evaM bAlacandragaNi ko| ataeva yaha nirvivAda satya hai ki jaina-sAhitya kA atilokapriya mahAkAvya vasantavilAsa prasiddha jainAcArya bAlacandrasUri kI hI eka amarakRti hai| kAla nirdhAraNa__ vasantavilAsa mahAkAvya meM kavi ne grantha ke racanAkAla tathA apane samaya kA kisI bhI prakAra kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| mahAkAvya ke racanAkAla ke sambandha meM kevala anumAna hI lagAyA jA sakatA hai| ataeva racanAkAla-nirdhAraNa karane se pUrva, kali-kAla para vicAra karanA atyanta Avazyaka hai| prabandhacintAmaNi se jJAta hotA hai ki bAlacandrasUri vastupAla ke samasAmayika kavi the| unhoMne vastupAla ke jIvana meM hI kAvya racanA meM kuzalatA prApta kara lI thii| sI0DI0 dalAla ke anusAra vastupAla kI saMghayAtrA ke samaya zatruJjaya parvata para yAtriyoM ke manovinoda ke lie AdinAtha ke mandira meM bAlacandrasUrikRta "karuNAvajrA1. vasantavilAsa, prathama sarga, prastAvanA, pR0 6 "iti siddhasArasvatAcArya zrI bAlacandraviracite vasantavilAsanAmani mahAkAvye -- / 2. saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna, pR0 6.5 3. jainasAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 6, pR0 408. 4. 13-14 vIM zatAbdI ke jaina mahAkAvya, pR0 148 5. prabandhacintAmaNi, pR0 99 6. vahI, pR0 103

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 24 yudha" nATaka kA maMcana kiyA gayA thaa| DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI ke anusAra, zatruJjaya kI antima yAtrA ke liye, vastupAla ne vikrama samvat 1296 (1240 I0) meM prasthAna kiyA thA / ataeva nizcita hai ki bAlacandrasUri ne ukta nATaka kI racanA vikrama saMvat 1296 se pUrva kI hogii| isa samaya taka kavi kI avasthA meM praur3hatA kA saMketa bhI milatA hai| isalie inakA janma-samaya isase pahale kA honA svAbhAvika hI hai| bAlacandrasUri ne AsaGkavikRta "vivekamaJjarI" para vRtti bhI likhI hai| vivekamaJjarI vi0 saM0 1248 (1192 I0) kI racanA hai / isa vRtti ke adhAra para anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki vi0 saM0 1250 (1194 I0) ke Asa-pAsa bAlacandrasUri ne isakI TIkA kI hogii| yadi usa samaya inakI avasthA 30 varSa ke lagabhaga mAnI jAya, to inakA janma-samaya vi0 saM0 1220(1164 I0) ke lagabhaga nizcita hotA hai| yadi inakI avasthA 100 varSa mAna lI jAya to inakA mRtyu-samaya vi0 saM0 1320 (1264 I0) ke lagabhaga nirdhArita hotA hai| ukta avadhi vastupAla aura usake putra jaitrasiMha ke kAryakAla ke antargata hI hai / ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki bAlacandrasUri kA samaya vi0 saM0 1220 (1164 I0) se 1320 (1264 I0) ke madhya rahA hogaa| aba prazna uThatA hai vasantavilAsa mahAkAvya ke racanAkAla kA mahAmAtya vastupAla ke jIvanakAla meM hI somezvara ne kIrtikaumudI aura arisiMha ne sukRtasaMkIrtana mahAkAvya likhA thA, jinameM vastupAla kA jIvana-caritra vaNita hai| ina mahAkAvyoM kA samaya lagabhaga vi0 saM0 1286 (1230 I0) hai / ataeva itanA to sunizcita hai hI ki vasantavilAsa mahAkAvya kI racanA isake bAda kI hI honI caahiye| 1. vasantavilAsa, bhUmikA pR0 2 2. saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna, pR0 330 3. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 4, pR0 216 4. vasantavilAsa, bhUmikA pR0 1

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vasantavilAsakAra bAlacandrasUri : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva vasantavilAsa kA racanAkAla nirdhArita karane ke lie antaHsAkSya kA Azraya lenA bhI Avazyaka hai / isa mahAkAvya kI racanA, vastupAla kI mRtyu ke bAda, usake putra jaitrasiMha ke anurodha para kI gayI hai aura isameM vastupAla kI mRtyu vi0 saM0 1296 ( 1240 I0 ) ullikhita hai' / ataH nizcita hai ki yaha vastupAla kI mRtyu ke pazcAt likhI gayI thI / DaoN0 gulAbacandra caudharI kA bhI yahI mata hai / 25 isa mahAkAvya ke racanAkAla kI nimna- sImA ke nirdhAraNa hetu jaitrasiMha ke kAryakAla ke sambandha meM bhI vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai / jaitrasiMha ko apane pitA ke jIvanakAla meM hI vi0saM0 1279 (1223 I0) meM khambhAta kA rAjyapAla niyukta kiyA gayA thA / usa samaya usakI avasthA 25 varSa ke lagabhaga rahI hogI / isameM bhI apane jIvana ke antima samaya meM vastupAla dvArA jaitrasiMha ko rAjyasaMcAlana sambandhI zikSA dene kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / isase bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki usa samaya taka jaitrasiMha meM sUjha-bUjha kI paripakvatA paripUrNa thI aura vaha rAjya-bhAra sambhAlane meM samartha ho cukA thA / yadi yaha svIkAra kara liyA jAya ki jaitrasiMha lagabhaga 80 varSa kI Ayu prApta karake divaMgata huA to usakI mRtyu vi0 saM0 1333-34 (1277-78 I0) ke lagabhaga nizcita hotI hai / DaoN0 zyAmazaMkara dIkSita ne isI AdhAra para isa mahAkAvya kA racanAkAla vi0 saM0 1286 (1230 I0) se 1334 (1278 I0) ke madhya mAnA hai / jaisA ki hama jAnate haiM ki bAlacandrasUri kA antima samaya vi0 saM0 1320 (1264 I0 ) hai | ataeva, vasantavilAsa mahAkAvya kI racanAkAla kI nimna sImA vi0 saM0 1320 (1264 I0) taka rakhanA atyanta tarkasaMgata hai / uparyukta vivaraNAnusAra, vasantavilAsa mahAkAvya kA racanAkAla 1. vahI, sarga 14, zloka 37 2. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 6, pR0 408 3. vasantavilAsa, bhUmikA, pR0 13 4. vahI, sarga 14, zloka 38 5. 13 - 14vIM zatAbdI ke jaina mahAkAvya, pR0 148

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26 zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 vi0 saM0 1296 (1240 I0) se 1320 ( 1264 I0 ) ke madhya mAnA jA sakatA hai / jIvana-vRttAnta mahAkavi ne grantha ke prathama sarga meM apanA saMkSipta paricaya diyA hai aura vahA~ jainamuni hone ke pUrva kI AtmakathA kA ullekha kiyA hai / kavi ke gRhasthAzrama kA jo paricaya isa mahAkAvya meM diyA gayA hai, vaha unakI anya kRtiyoM meM nahIM hai / bAlacandrasUri kA janma " moDheraka" nAmaka sthAna para huA thA, jo vartamAna samaya meM gujarAta prAnta ke "kAdi" jile meM sthita aura "moDherA" TAunake nAma se suprasiddha hai / inake pitA kA nAma " dharAdeva" aura mAtA kA nAma "vidyut " thA, tathA inakA sambandha " mor3ha" nAmaka suprasiddha vaMza se thA / ataeva yaha kahanA bhI tarkasaMgata hI hai ki isI brAhmaNa vaMza ke nAma para ukta sthAna kA nAmakaraNa huA, jo Aja bhI apane pUrvarUpa meM pracalita hai / inake mAtA-pitA atyanta dhArmika aura jaina dharma ke anuyAyI the / dharma, karma, dAna evaM tIrthayAtriyoM para inakI aTUTa AsthA thI / bAlacandrasUri kA bacapana kA nAma muJjAla thA / DaoN0 rAmajI upAdhyAya ne inheM "maJjula" kahA hai" / vastutaH yaha nAma bhale hI bolacAla kI bhASA meM mAdhuryapUrNa ho athavA aMgrejI bhASA meM likhe gaye " muJjAla" zabda ke hindI - rUpAntara meM maJjula kara diyA gayA. ho, parantu bAlacandrasUri kA nAma muJjAla hI thA na ki maJjula / bAlyAvasthA meM hI inameM jainadharma ke prati abhiruci utpanna ho gayI thI / phalataH ve dhArmika guru candragacchIya jainAcArya haribhadrasUri ke samparka meM Aye / unhoMne muJjAla ko jainadharma kI dIkSA dekara apanA ziSya banA liyA / dIkSoparAnta guru ne muJjAla kA nAma bAlacandra rakhA / antima kSaNoM meM unheM apane sthAna para AcArya pada para bhI niyukta kiyaa| caulukya narezoM ke guru padmAditya, 3 1. vasantavilAsa, prathama sarga, zloka 42 2. saMskRta - sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, pR0 446 3. vasantavilAsa, prathama sarga, zloka 54

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27 vasantavilAsakAra bAlacandrasUri : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva adhyApana-guru aura vAdidevagaccha ke AcArya udayaprabhasUri ne inheM siddhasArasvata maMtra kA upadeza diyA thaa| bAlacandrasUri para sarasvatI jI kI vizeSa anukampA thii| DaoN0 gulAbacandra caudharI ne bhI vasantavilAsa mahAkAvya ke prathama sarga ke AdhAra para hI inakA saMkSipta paricaya prastuta kiyA hai| ___antaHsAkSya ke AdhAra para kevala yahI jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| inake uttarakAlIna jIvana ke sambandha meM koI Thosa prAmANika sAmagrI prApta nahIM hotI hai| isa mahAkAvya meM varNita tIrthasthAnoM kI vAstavika sthiti evaM tIrthoM kI vandanA tathA stuti Adi meM prayukta bhakti-bhAvAdi ko dekhate hue aisA anumAna lagAyA jAtA hai ki AcAryapada-prApti ke bAda, inhoMne apanA adhikAMza samaya bhramaNa, tapazcaryA aura sAhitya-sRjana meM hI vyatIta kiyA hogaa| kartRtva inakI racanAeM isa prakAra haiM(1) vasantavilAsa mahAkAvya (2) karuNAvanAyudha (3) vivekamaJjarIvRtti (4) upadezakandalIvRtti inake atirikta, DaoN0 rAmajI upAdhyAya ke anusAra, vastupAla kI icchAnusAra, bAlacandrasUri ne 15 taraGgoM meM "kathAratnasAgara" kI racanA kI thii| prabalapramANAbhAva ke kAraNa ise bAlacandrasUri kI racanA mAnanA nyAyocita pratIta nahIM hotaa| (1) vasantavilAsa mahAkAvya yaha vIrarasa pradhAna eka aitihAsika mahAkAvya hai| isakA nAmakaraNa, vastupAla ke aparanAma vasanta yA vasantapAla ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| isameM vastupAla kA samagra jIvana-caritra varNita hai| isameM 14 sarga aura 1007 zloka haiN| pratyeka sarga kI samApti para kavi ne jaitrasiMha kI prazaMsA meM eka yA do vRttoM kI racanA kI hai, jisake 1. basantavilAsa, prathama sarga, zloka 56-57 2. vahI, prathama sarga, zloka 70-74 3. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 6, pR0 408 4. saMskRta-sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, prathama, bhAga, pR0 374

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28 zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 anurodha para yaha kAvya likhA gayA thaa| vastupAla ke samasAmayika kavi dvArA racita hone ke kAraNa isameM varNita vastupAla-viSayaka ghaTanAoM kI satyatA meM koI vipratipatti nahIM hai| yadyapi vasantavilAsa mahAkAvya kI kathAvastu choTI hai, tathApi mahAkAvyocita DhaMga se usakA vistAra kiyA gayA hai| sarasvatI aura AdinAtha kI vandanA se kAvya kA zubhArambha hotA hai| tadanantara, abhISTa vandana, sajjana-prazaMsA, khala-nindA, kAvya-mAhAtmya aura svakIya vaiyaktika jIvana para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| dvitIya sarga meM . caulukyoM kI rAjadhAnI aNahilavADa pATana kA bhavya varNana haiN| tRtIya sarga aitihya dRSTikoNa se vizeSa mahattvapUrNa hai| isameM mUlarAja prathama se lekara bhImadeva dvitIya taka 11 caulukya rAjAoM kA saMkSipta itihAsa hai| caulukyoM kI baghela zAkhA ke arNorAja, lavaNaprasAda va vIradhavala ke zaurya kA varNana bhI hai| vastupAla ke pUrvajoMcaNDapa, caNDaprasAda, soma, azvarAja, Adi kA paricaya hai aura anta meM vastupAla va tejapAla ke maMtripada para niyukti kA ullekha hai| caturtha sarga meM vastupAla aura tejapAla ke guNoM kA varNana hai| paJcama sarga meM vastupAla aura zaGkha ke madhya yuddha evaM zaGkha kI parAjaya / SaSTha sarga meM SaTRtu-varNana, saptama sarga meM pUSpAvacaya, dolAkrIDA aura jalakrIDA kA varNana hai| aSTama sarga meM sandhyA, candrodaya aura suratAdi kA ullekha hai| _vastupAla kI tIrthayAtrAoM kA savistAra varNana navama sarga/ se trayodaza sarga taka hai| isameM vimalagiri, prabhAsatIrtha aura raivatakagiri kI tIrtha yAtrAoM tathA kramazaH AdinAtha, somezvara va neminAtha ke pUjana kA bhavya evaM manohara varNana hai| antima 14 veM sarga meM sarvaprathama vastupAla ke dhArmika kRtyoM kA varNana hai aura anta meM eka rUpaka ke AdhAra para vastupAla kI mRtyu-tithi mAghakRSNa paJcamI, ravivAra prAtaH vi0 saM0 1296 (1240 I0) kA spaSTa ullekha hai, jo atyanta durlabha hai| prastuta mahAkAvya eka caritra pradhAna kAvya hai, isameM caritra1. vasantavilAsa, sarga 14, zloka 37

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29 vasantavilAsakAra bAlacandrasUri : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva citraNa para vizeSa dhyAna diyA gayA hai| isameM vastupAla, tejapAla, vIradhavala aura zaMkha Adi pramukha pAtra haiM, jinameM nAyaka vastupAla kA caritra sarvopari hai| isameM prakRti ke Alambana, uddIpana evaM mAnavIkaraNa rUpoM kA spaSTa citrAMkana kiyA gayA hai| loka-citraNa meM kavi ko mahatI saphalatA prApta hai| tatkAlIna sAmAjika, Arthika, rAjanItika evaM dhArmika vAtAvaraNoM kI bhavyatA draSTavya hai| ___kAvya ke Atmatatva rasa kA sarvatra samucita rUpa se nirvAha kiyA gayA hai| aGgIrasa vIra hai| paJcama/sarga meM yuddhavIra kI abhivyakti, yuddha prasaGgoM meM raudra, vIbhatsa rasa, saptama/aSTama sarga meM sambhoga zRGgAra tathA caturdaza sarga meM vipralambha va kalA kI sundara abhivyakti ___kAvya kI bhASA sarala, komala, svAbhAvika, praur3ha tathA parimArjita hai| bhAvAnukUla bhASA tathA yatra-tatra sUktiyoM kA prayoga hai / SaSTha evaM dvAdaza sarga meM yamakAlaGkAra kA sarvAdhika prayoga hai| upamA aura utprekSA para bhI pANDitya-pradarzanArtha vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| paJcama aura dvAdaza soM meM vividha chandoM kI yojanA huI hai| kula milAkara 25 prakAra ke varNika chanda aura 4 prakAra ke varNArddha samavRtta prayukta hue haiM, jinameM upajAti chanda (287) sarvAdhika haiN| vaidarbhI/rIti meM vira-- cita prastuta kAvya meM guNatraya kA saphala prayoga huA hai| nizcaya hI, kAvyazAstrIya niyamoM ke anukUla vasantavilAsa apane samaya kI eka saphala kRti hai| (2) karuNAvatrAyudha nATaka pAMca aGkoM vAlA yaha nATaka, vastupAla kI saMgha yAtrA ke samaya, zatruJjaya meM yAtriyoM ke manovinodArtha AdinAtha ke mandira meM dikhAyA gayA thaa| yaha vi0 saM0 1296 (1240 I0) se pUrva kI racanA hai| kathAvastu meM cakravartI rAjA vajrAyudha dvArA bAjapakSI ko apanA mAMsa dekara kabUtara kI rakSA karanA pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| nATaka kA nAyaka vajrAyudhacakravartI, pUrvabhava meM tIrthaGkara zAntinAtha kA jIva 1. vasantavilAsa, sarga 10, zloka 17 va 23, sarga 11, zloka 82 2. vahI, (sI0DI0 dalAla), bhUmikA pR0 2

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 thaa| jainetara sAhitya meM bhI prastuta kathA rUpAntara se prApta hotI hai| mahAbhArata ke vanaparva meM zivi aura kapota kI kathA tathA bauddhajAtaka saMkhyA 499 kI kathA usI prakAra kI hai| isa nATaka kA kathAnaka kSemakara jinAdhipa ke putra rAjA vajrAyudha se sambandhita hai| vaha caturdazI ke pauSadhavrata ko pUrNa karake pauSadhazAlA meM puruSottama nAmaka maMtrI ke sAtha-"jaina dharma hI ekamAtra dharma hai| jisase svarga, apavarga aura samRddhi prApya hai"--vArtAlApa kara rahA thaa| vidUSaka cArvAka dharma kI zreSThatA batalAte hue hAsya rasa kA sRjana karatA hai| isI samaya nepathya meM "bacAo, bacAo, kI dhvani sunAyI par3atI hai| zyena dvArA anugamita kapota rAjA kI kroDa meM A girA aura prANa-rakSA kI yAcanA kii| rAjA ne zyena ke vaktavya ko asvIkAra kara diyaa| zyena ne kahA- 'Apa sApatnya vyavahAra karate hae kapota kI rakSA kara rahe haiM aura mujhe mAra rahe haiM / rAjA svayaM zArIrika mAMsa dene ke lie udyata hotA hai aura tarAjU meM jA baiThatA hai| AkAza-dhvani hotI hai, zyena aura kapota deva rUpa meM prakaTa hote haiM / rAjA kA zarIra svastha ho jAtA hai aura devagaNa usakI bhUri-bhUri prazaMsA karate haiN| __ prastuta nATaka vastutaH jainadharma ke pracAra aura prasAra hetu likhA gayA hai| isameM abhinaya kama, saMvAda kI apekSA kavitAeM adhika hai| isameM kala 137 zloka haiN| adhikAMza bhAga, dhArmika vAda-vivAda ke rUpa meM hai| viSkambhaka paryApta vistRta hai| isameM jainadharma kI prazaMsA aura vaidikadharma kI nindA adhika hai| (3) vivekamaJjarIvRtti jainamahArASTrI prAkRta meM racita 144 zlokoM kI eka kRti hai, jisako AsaDa kavi ne vi0 saM0 1248 (1192 I0) meM likhA thaa| prathamataH mahAvIra svAmI kA stavana, tadanantara viveka-mAhAtmya para 1. ekaM jainaM vinA dharmamanye dharmAH kudhImatAm / saMvRtA eva zobhante paTaccarapaTA iva / / -karuNA vajrAyudha, zloka 40 2. kimayaM sodaste'haM sApatneyaH kathaM nRpa / __ yadenaM trAyase mAM tu mriyamANamupekSate / / -karuNAvajrAyudha, zloka 98;

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31 vasantavilAsakAra bAlacandrasUri : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva prakAza DAlA gayA hai / viveka dvArA mana-zuddhi ke cAra kAraNoM kA ullekha hai / - (ka) cAra kAraNoM kI pratipatti (kha) guNoM kA saccA anumodana ( ga ) duSkRtya evaM pApoM kI nindA evaM (gha) 12 bhAvanAeM, ye savistAra varNita haiM / tIrthaMkara, siddha, sAdhu aura dharma - ina catuSTayoM ko 'maMgala' aura inakI zaraNa meM jAne ke lie kahA gayA hai / bAlacandrasUri ne isa kRti para eka vRtti likhI hai / vi0 saM0 1322 (1265 I0) kI eka hastalikhita prati prApta huI hai / ' mUlagrantha meM uddhRta dRSTAntoM ke spaSTIkaraNa ke lie - bAhubali, sanatkumAra, sthUlabhadra, sItA, damayantI, vilAsavatI aura narmadA sundarI Adi choTI-bar3I kathAeM dI gayI haiM / cAra kAraNoM ko cAra dvAra kahakara vRttikAra ne pratyeka dvAra ke lie "parimala" saMjJA kA prayoga kiyA hai| (4) upadezakandalIvRtti - -- jaina mahArASTrI prAkRta meM raci / asa kavi kI eka kRti hai, jisameM 125 padya haiM, jo bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke upadezoM se paripUrNa haiM / isa vRtti kI vi0 saM0 1296 (1240 I0) meM likhI eka hastalikhita prati prApta hotI hai / isa vRtti kI racanA meM devAnanda gaccha ke kanakaprabha - ziSya pradyumna evaM bRhadgaccha ke dhanezvarasUri ke ziSya padamacanda ne sahAyatA kI thI / bAlacandrasUri ne vRttibhAga meM candragaccha se sambandhita sabhI jainAcAryoM kA kramAnusAra vivaraNa diyA hai| isameM 142 zlokoM meM candragupta tathA pradyumnasUri se lekara bAlacandrasUri taka sabhI AcAryoM kA ullekha hai / samokSA bAlacandrasUri kI samasta kRtiyoM para vihaGgama dRSTipAta karane se parijJAta hotA hai ki inakI racanAeM sUkSma se sthUla kI ora agrasara hotI gayI hai / inameM zabdArtha - vaicitrya evaM bhAvoM kI paripakvatA kA - 1. jaina - sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 4, pR0 216 2 . vahI, pR0 198 ( 35veM akhila bhAratIya prAcyavidyA sammelana, haridvAra ke lie prastuta evaM paThita zodha-patra )

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 32 vikAsa kramazaH huA hai / aisI sambhAvanA kI jAtI hai ki sAhitya - jagat meM racanAkrama ke anusAra, vivekamaJjarI vRtti pahalI aura upadezakandalI - vRtti dUsarI kRti mAnI jA sakatI hai / tatpazcAt eka nATakakAra ke rUpa meM bAlacandrasUri prastuta hue hoMge / nATaka kI praur3ha tathA parimArjita bhASA-zailI va jainadharma ke AcaraNa se paripUrNa kathAvastu ko dekhate hue, ise vRttiyoM ke bAda kI racanA kahA jA sakatA hai / vasantavilAsa mahAkAvya AcArya pada prApti ke bAda kI racanA hai aura yaha unakI antima kRti hai / isake pUrva kI kRtiyoM meM " sUri" zabda kA prayoga nahIM milatA hai / isa mahAkAvya meM unhoMne aba taka prApta samasta anubhavoM kA pUrNarUpeNa prayoga kiyA hai / isameM karuNA-vajrAyudha jaisI haThadharmitA dRSTigocara nahIM hotI hai / sAhityika dRSTi se yaha kavi kA sarvazreSTha jIvana puSpa hai / kAvyazAstrIya samasta lakSaNoM se paripUrNa vasantavilAsa mahAkAvya nizcaya hI bAlacandrasUri ke amaratva kA pratIka hai / saMskRta - vibhAga bhavansa mehatA mahAvidyAlaya bharavArI, ilAhAbAda ( u0pra0 )

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anya pramukha bhAratIya darzanoM evaM jaina darzana meM karmabandha kA tulanAtmaka svarUpa 1 - ku0 kamalA jozI prAyaH samasta bhAratIya adhyAtma jagat meM karma aura bandhana kI carcA milatI hai / bandhana kA artha hai - saMsAra cakra meM par3anA, janma grahaNa karanA, zarIra-mana-prANa - indriyAdi se sambandha honA evaM sukha-duHkha bhoganA / prAyaH sabhI vicArakoM ne AtmA ko mUlataH zuddharUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai / rAgadveSAsaktimUlaka karma aura usake pariNAmasvarUpa prApta bandhana hI jIva ko anekAneka sAMsArika duHkhoM kI ber3I meM jakar3a kara usake nirmala svarUpa ko malina karate haiM / vastutaH rAgAdimUlaka karma hI vAstavika bandhana haiM / karma ke acche yA bure hone se hI jIva ko acchI yA burI yoniyoM meM dehendriyAdi aura bhoga milatA hai / prANI ko svakRta zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala anivAryataH bhoganA par3atA hai / acche karma kA pariNAma zubha aura bure karma kA pariNAma azubha hotA hai / karma ke sarvamAnya hone para bhI dArzanikoM ne apane-apane siddhAntoM ke anusAra isakA varNana kiyA hai / prastuta lekha meM pramukha bhAratIya darzanoM ke anusAra karma-bandha sambandhI vicAroM para saMkSipta tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karate hue jainamata kI viziSTatA para prakAza DAlane kA prayatna kiyA jA rahA hai / mUla tattvoM ko jAnane se mokSa milatA hai evaM mUla tattvoM ke vikRta rUpa meM niSThA se prANI bandhana meM par3A rahatA hai / gItA ( 3 / 5 ) ke 1. ( ka ) sAMkhyakArikA 1, zAstradIpikA pR0 125, prakaraNapaJcikA pR0 156; (kha) tattvArtha sUtra 8 / 2 aura 3 2. ( ka ) dhammapada 14|5, tattvArthasUtra 111- 2 (kha) nyAyasUtra 11112, vaizeSika sUtra 1 / 1 / 2 aura 4, sAMkhyakArikA - 67 ; ( ga ) brahmasUtra1|1|4; bRhadAraNyakopaniSad --- 3 / 3 / 1; evaM gItA 18855 zAGkarabhASya

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 34 anusAra prANI saMsAra meM nirantara kucha na kucha kAma karatA rahatA hai| ataH pUrvakRta karmaphaloM kA bhoga karate hue jIva bhAvI jIvana ke lie daihika sukhaduHkhAdi dene vAle karmoM kA anajAne meM upArjana bhI karatA jAtA hai / bandhana evaM karma kI kAryakAraNa rUpa yaha paramparA anAdikAlIna hai / vedoM meM karma siddhAnta bIjarUpeNa prApta hotA hai / yathArthataH karmasiddhAnta kI utpatti upaniSatkAla meM huI thI aura vedamUlaka darzanoM kI taraha jainoM evaM bauddhoM ne bhI isa siddhAnta ko vahIM se grahaNa kiyA hai / vedoM meM prApta hone vAle karma yajJa ke rUpa meM haiM aura nizcita rUpa se phalita hote haiN| Rgveda ( 7 / 86 / 6 ) ke anusAra pUrvajanma ke azubha karmoM ke kAraNa loga pApakarma meM pravRtta hote haiN| Rt karmaphala kI vyavasthA ko sucAru rUpa se calAne vAlA tattva hai / upaniSadoM meM karmagati kA devayAna aura pitRyAna ke rUpa meM ullekha hai| zubhAzubha karma zubhAzubha janma ke kAraNa hote haiM / karma vAsanA, saMskAra, adRSTa yA apUrva zakti ke rUpa meM saMsArI jIva ke sAtha rahate haiM evaM karmaphala dete haiM / gItA ( 2 / 47) meM AsaktimUlaka karma ko hI bandha kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai / isalie jIvanmukta kI ceSTAyeM bandhajanaka nahIM mAnI jaatii| karmAnusAra jIvoM kI parA evaM aparA ( gItA 8 / 26) do gatiyA~ hotI haiM / puNyakarmA punaH janma nahIM lete apitu unakI "parAgati' hotI hai / ve devayAna mArga se sUryarazmi ke sahAre sadA ke lie Upara cale jAte haiN| zubhAzubha mizrita karma karane vAle pitRyAna mArga se candraloka jAte haiN| kucha samaya vahA~ rahakara phalabhoga hetu saMsAra meM lauTa Ate haiN| yahI "aparA gati" hai| karma evaM lokavaza isa mArga ke aneka bheda hote haiM / ___ jaina darzana meM karma aura jIva ke saMyoga kI eka vizeSa prakriyA batAyI gayI hai| karma sakSma pudgaloM ke rUpa meM hote haiM / karmoM kA jIva kI ora jAnA "Asrava" hai evaM karmapudgaloM aura jIva kA eka-dUsare 1. bhAratIya darzana, baladeva upAdhyAya pR0 23 2.. maikaDaoNnala ke anusAra isa zabda kA prayoga Adeza, ucita satya, niyata phaladAyI vyavasthA Adi aneka arthoM meM hai-vaidika mAithAlojI pR0 11 3. (ka) kaThopaniSad 2 / 5 / 7, - (kha) puNDo vai puNDena karmaNA bhavati pApaH pApeneti 3 / 2 / 13 -bRhadAraNya kopaniSad

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karmabandha kA tulanAtmaka svarUpa meM praviSTa honA yA saMlagna ho jAnA "bandha" kahalAtA hai / jaisezarIra meM tela kA putA honA Asrava aura tela se pute zarIra meM dhUla kA jama jAnA bandha kahA jA sakatA hai / bandha ke cAra bheda haiM -prakRti sthiti, anubhAga aura pradeza / prakRtibandha meM mukhyataH ATha prakAra ke karma Ate haiN| ye karma haiM ~ jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, vedanIya, mohanIya, Ayu, nAma, gotra aura antarAya(tattvArthasUtra 815) / phala ke anurUpa hI karmoM ke nAma rakhe gaye haiM / inake jJAna evaM darzana kA AvaraNa karane vAle, nAmaAyu, jAtyAdi nirdhArita karane vAle vividha karma haiN| jaina granthoM meM inake aneka bhedopabhedoM kA vistRta varNana milatA hai| stithibandha meM karmapudgaloM ke sAtha jIva ke rahane kA samaya, anubhAgabandha meM karmoM kA phalabhoga evaM pradezabandha meM AtmA aura karma ke pradezoM ke paraspara saMyukta hone kI prakriyA ullikhita hai| jaina vicArakoM ne Asrava, bandha evaM karma kA bhAva aura dravya, donoM dRSTiyoM se vivecana kiyA hai; yathA-kisI kArya kI siddhi ke lie mastiSka meM Ane vAlA vicAra yA saMkalpa hI bhAvakarma yA sUkSmakarma kahA jAtA hai| kArya sampanna honA sthUla rUpa meM dravyakarma kahalAtA hai / kAma-krodha-lobhAdi kaSAyajanya mana-vacana-deha kI ceSTAoM se karmabandha hotA hai / jainasammata karmaparamparA svatantra, svAdhIna evaM apanA phala dene meM samartha hai| bauddhoM ne kaSAyaprerita karmoM ko bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA hai| mAnasika-vAcika-kAyika, tInoM prakAra ke karmavipAka dvAdaza-nidAna ke antargata Ate haiM vaibhASikoM ne karma ke do bheda batAe haiM-cetanA aura cetanAjanya / "cetanA" meM mAnasika karmoM kA evaM "cetanAjanya" meM vAcika aura kAyika karmoM kA antarbhAva hotA hai| cetanAjanya karma bhI do prakAra ke hote haiM-vijJapti aura avijnypti| jina karmoM kA phala prakaTa 1. tattvArthasUtra 6 / 1-2 aura 8 / 3 2. pravacanasAra, aMgrejI, bhUmikA pR0 43 3. prakRtisthityanubhAgapradezAstadvidhayaH-tattvArthasUtra 8 / 4 4. mithyAdarzanAviratipramAdakaSAyayogA bandhanahetavaH-vahI 8 / 1 4. Outlines of Jainism (Cambridge Uuiversity Press) pp. 3-4

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 36 rUpa meM hotA hai ve vijJaptikarma haiN| abhidharmakoza (4/17) kA abhimata hai ki avijJapti karma adRSTa rUpa meM rahane vAle aura kAlAntara meM phalita hone vAle hote haiN| AtmA ko kSaNika vijJAna pravAha rUpa mAnate hue karmavAda, bandha evaM punarjanma ke siddhAntoM kI svIkRti bauddha darzana kI vizeSatA hai| nyAya-vaizeSika ke anusAra "adaSTa" pApa-puNya yA zubhAzubha karmoM kA samUha hai jo samayAnukUla phala detA hai| yahI bandha hai kyoMki pratyeka janma meM karma karane se vartamAna yA bhaviSya-janmoM meM phalabhoga kA cakra calatA rahatA hai / inake vicAra meM pralayAvasthA meM saba jIvoM ke manasa, pUrvajanmoM ke saMskAra aura dharmAdharma adRSTa rUpa meM rahate haiM jo Izvara meM sisRkSA hone para kAryarUpeNa pariNata hote haiM / inhoMne mAnasika-vAcikakAyika, trividha karmoM ko prayatnajanya svIkAra kiyA hai| nyAyamata meM svIkRta paJcavidha karma ( utkSepaNa, apakSepaNa, AkuJcana, prasAraNa evaM gamana ) vaizeSikoM ko bhI mAnya haiM / sAkSAt yA paramparayA prayatnajanya karma "satpratyaya' evaM prayatnarahita "asatpratyaya" karma haiN| prayatnarahita hone se pRthivyAdi mahAbhUtoM ke karma "apratyaya karma" hote haiM / rAgadveSAdimUlaka pravRtti se prerita hokara jIva zubhAzubha karma karatA hai jisake pariNAmasvarUpa sukhaduHkhAdi bhogane par3ate haiN| yogAcAryoM ( yogasUtra 47 vyAsabhASyasahita ) ne yogI evaM ayogI ke bheda se karma vibhAjana kiyA hai| puNya yA zubha karma zukla aura pApa yA azubha karma kRSNa kahalAte haiM / yogiyoM ke karma azukla-akRSNa ( na. puNya na pApa ) hote haiM ataH bandhajanaka nahIM hote| ayogI jIvoM ke karma tIna taraha ke hote haiM - zukla, kRSNa evaM zuklakRSNa ( zubhAzubhamizrita ) / ayogiyoM kA karmAzaya tIvra saMvegAdi se kie karmoM ke kAraNa vartamAna evaM bhaviSya janmoM meM zubhAzubha jAti-Ayu-bhoga rUpa phaloM ko detA jAtA hai, janma janmAntaroM meM kie pradhAna karma ke anukUla 1. Sad Darsana Samuccaya, Notes of Murthy, quoted P. 15 2. nyAyasUtra 1 / 1 / 19 para vAtsyAyana bhASya 3. nyAyakArikAvalI pratyakSa khaNDa, kA0 6, vaizeSika sUtra 1 / 1 / 17, 4. prazastapAdabhASya buddhi nirUpaNa

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37 karmabandha kA tulanAtmaka svarUpa pariNAma nizcita hotA hai| yogadarzana meM pratikSaNa kie jAne vAle karma kI tIna gatiyA~ mAnI gayI haiM--kRta karmaphala kA nAza (zuklakarmodayavaza kRSNakarmoM kA vartamAna janma meM kSaya)2, pradhAna karma ke sAtha gaugarUpa se phalita honA evaM gauNa karmoM kA pradhAna karma se abhibhUta hokara cirakAla taka par3e rahanA / yoga vicArakoM kA kathana hai ki nArakiyoM kA dRSTajanmavedanIya aura jIvanmuktoM kA adRSTajanmavedanIya karmAzaya nahIM hotA / karmoM kI jar3a hai -kleza / tadanantara karmoM se kleza evaM klezoM se punaH karma hote rahate haiM / klezamUlaka karma hI phaladAyI hote haiM karma vAsanA, Azaya yA saMskAroM ke rUpa meM sthita svIkAra kie gae haiN| ayogiyoM ke karmoM se unake phalAnukUla guNoM vAlI vAsanAoM kI abhivyakti hotI hai / eka dehAnta ke bAda nayA janma pUrvavAsanAoM kI sahAyatA se hI hotA hai| ye anAdi vAsanAyeM apane hetu ( rAgAdi ), phala, Azraya ( citta ) aura Alambana ( viSayAdi ) ke AdhAra para vidyamAna rahatI haiN| jisa yoni meM janma hone vAlA hai usa yoni meM bhogane yogya janmAntarakRta tadanurUpa karmotpanna vAsanA vyakta hotI hai ( yogasUtra 48) / jaise--kisI mAnava kA agalA janma karmavaza pazu yoni meM hone vAlA hai| usa mAnava ne pUrvajanmoM evaM vartamAna janma meM jitane pazuvat kArya (mana-vacana-kAya se) kie the, citta meM vidyamAna ve sabhI pAzavika vAsanAyeM, pazuyoni prApta hone para ubuddha ho jAtI haiM aura phala dene lagatI haiN| karmaphala kA udaya apane prakAzaka karma kI sahAyatA se hotA hai| ___mImAMsA kA pradhAna viSaya yajJAdi karma hai| isIlie ise karmadarzana kahA jAtA hai-karmeti mImAMsakAH / inake vicAra meM vedasammata karma "dharma" evaM vedaniSiddha karma "adharma' haiN| vedasammata 1. yogasUtra 4 / 8 vyAsabhASyasahita 2. tatra kRtasyAvipakvasya nAzo yathA zuklakarmodayAdi haiva nAzaH kRSNasya yogasUtra 2 / 13 para vyAsabhASya 3. yogasUtra 1 / 21, 2 / 14 4. yogasUtra 2 / 12 para vyAsabhASya 5. yogasUtra 3 / 37 aura 51, 4 / 1 para vyAsabhASya 6. yogasUtra 2 / 12-14, 4 / 8-11 para vyAsabhASya

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 38 catuvidha karma haiM -- nitya, naimittika, kAmya evaM niSiddha karma / karma calatA hai - yaha anubhUti aura calanAtmaka pratyakSa eka hI taraha kA hotA hai / ataH mImAMsA - mata meM vaizeSikasammata pA~ca karmabhedoM kA eka hI prakAra meM samAveza ho jAtA hai / prabhAkara - siddhAntAnusAra karma pratyakSa na hokara saMyogavibhAgAdi se anumeya hai / mImAMsakoM kA kahanA hai ki niSkAma bhAva se dharma yA karttavya kA pAlana karanA cAhie kyoMki isa saMsAra meM dharma karane vAle ko avazya phalaprApti hotI hai / isa loka meM kRtakarma se eka adRSTa zakti kI utpatti hotI hai / yahI apUrva hai / yaha karma ke phalabhoga ko samayAnukUla phalita karane vAlI zakti hai / pApapuNya duHkhasukhadAyI hote haiM / vedavihita karmoM meM bhinnabhinna dhAtvarthoM, saMkhyA, deza, nimitta, phala, prakaraNa, dravya, devatA, pradhAna, apradhAna ( gauNa, sahAyaka) Adi kAraNoM se karmabheda ho jAtA hai / vaise, mukhya rUpa se puNya-pApa do karma hI bandhana ke kAraNa mAne gae haiM / punajanma evaM bhavabaMdha ke kAraNa haiM- AtmajJAna, niSkAma dharmAcaraNa, pApakarma meM virati aura pUrvajanmoM ke saMcita saMskAroM ke nAza kA abhAva / kumArila bhaTTa ne bhogAyatana (zarIra ), bhoga sAdhana ( indriyA~ ) aura bhogya viSaya ( rUpa, rasa, gandhAdi ) rUpa trividha bandhanoM ko jIvoM ke bhavabaMdha kA kAraNa batAyA hai / saMsArI AtmA meM jJAna, sukha-duHkha, icchA, dveSa, prayatna, dharmAdharma aura saMskAra rahate haiM, karma karane se bhAvI janmoM meM dehAdi, dharmAdharma, sukha-duHkhAdi utpanna hote haiM / dharmAdharma se jIva kA dehendriyAdi se sambandha hotA hai aura jIva aneka yoniyoM meM ghUmatA rahatA hai / advaita vedAnta kI dRSTi meM anAdi avidyAvaza bhrama ho jAne se AtmA kA svayaM ko sthUla yA sUkSma deha mAna lenA hI baMdhana hai / avidyA se kAma evaM kAma se karmotpatti hotI hai / 'kAma' viSaya ke prati mana meM hone vAlA rAgayukta bhAva hai / kAma kI bAharI pratikriyA karma ke rUpa meM hotI hai| karma kA abhiprAya rAga-dveSa ke viSayarUpa vastu kI prAptiaprApti ke lie kI gayI kriyA se hai / icchA, ruci yA kAma se prerita 1. brahmasUtra 2 / 1 / 5 para zAGkarabhASya, zAstradIpikA evaM prakaraNapaJcikA meM apUrvaviSayaka mata 2. Indian Philosophy, Radhakrishnan Vol. II P. 623

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karmabandha kA tulanAtmaka svarUpa hokara hI prANI kriyAzIla hotA hai--karmahetuH kAmaH syAt / isase saMsAra cakra calatA hai| vastutaH avidyA hI baMdhana hai kyoMki avidyAmUlaka vicAroM ke kAraNa prANI saMsAra ko satya samajha baiThatA hai| baMdhana meM par3ane para AtmA apanA vAstavika rUpa ( brahmatva ) bhUlakara bhadra, duHkhI jIva bana jAtA hai / kSaNika viSayAsakti ke kAraNa use viSaya milane para prasannatA evaM na milane para kheda hone lagatA hai| ahaMbhAva ( maiM ) kI utpatti se svayaM ko saMsAra se pRthak mAnane lagatA hai| advaita vedAntiyoM dvArA samasta prapaJca ko brahma meM adhyasta svIkAra karane ke kAraNa 'ahaM' zuddhAtmabhAva na hokara kevala avidyAkRta bandhana hai / ahaMbhAvamUlaka na hone se jIvanmukta kI kriyAyeM karma nahIM khlaatiiN| acche-bure kAma ke phalasvarUpa sukha-duHkha milate haiN| sukhaprApti evaM duHkha dUra karane ke lie punaH kriyA karatA hai jisase punarjanma ke cakra meM par3atA hai| sArA saMsAra caritra, bhAgyAdi karmoM se nizcita hai| pUrvakRta karmaphala hone se ise Izvara kA nyAyAnyAya kahanA ucita nahIM kahA jA sakatA / vedAntadArzanika vyAvahArika dRSTi se pApa-puNya kA bheda anya vicArakoM kI taraha hI svIkAra karate haiM / cittazuddhi evaM AtmasAkSAtkAra ke sAdhaka kArya puNya aura isase viparIta karma pApa haiN| dvaitavedAnta meM karma ko pApapUNya kA asAdhAraNa kAraNa batAyA gayA hai| yaha mukhyataH tIna prakAra kA hai - vihita, niSiddha evaM udAsIna / ina tInoM ke bhI aneka bhedopabheda svIkRta haiN| Izvara, jIvAdi cetanoM meM hone vAle kArya nitya aura dehAdi anitya vastuoM meM hone vAlI ceSTAyeM anitya kahI jAtI haiM / prAyaH sabhI bhAratIya vicAraka bandhana ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM ekamata haiM / Asakti bandhana kI jar3a hai| kaSAyamUlaka karma avazya hI zubhAzubha phala dete haiM / ye phala avazya bhogane par3ate haiN| prANImana se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa manovijJAna aura sAhitya meM bhI kAma, krodha, lobha, moha, rati, arati Adi ko mUlapravRttiyoM, saMvegoM evaM sthAyI bhAvoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| darzanajagat meM ye sAMsArika AvAgamana ke kAraNoM ke rUpa meM mAnya haiM / sambhavataH saMsArI jIvoM se anAdikAla se . 1. The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy, Max Muller P. 171 2. bhAratIyadarzana, umeza mizra pR0 440, 441

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 1 sambaddha hone ke kAraNa hI inheM prANiyoM kI mUla pravRtti yA sthAyIbhAva kahA jAtA hai / pahale kaSAyotpatti, tadanantara mAnasika- vAcika - kAyika ceSTAyeM sthUla rUpa meM sabhI ko mAnya haiM / karmavAda ke siddhAntAnusAra kRtapraNAza ( kRtakarma kA phala naSTa honA ) tathA akRtAbhyupagama ( na kie kArya kA phala ) nahIM hotA hai / yogazAstra ( dvitIya prakAza - 30 ) meM kahA gayA hai ki ugra pApa kI taraha ugra puNya kA phala bhI isI janma meM mila sakatA hai | yogadarzana meM tIvra saMvega se kie jAne vAle karmoM ko tatkAla phaladAyI svIkAra kiyA hai / bhAratIya darzanoM meM karmoM ke phalita hone kI vyavasthA ke viSaya meM matabheda hote hue bhI unakI phalabhoga karAne kI kSamatA ke viSaya meM matavaibhinya nahIM dikhAyI detA / karma anivAryataH phala dete haiM, cAhe svayaM phala deM yA Rta, adRSTa, apUrva, Azaya, saMskAra yA dharmAdharma ke mAdhyama se phalita hoM / karmasaMskAra bhoga dene ke bAda naSTa ho jAtA hai / bhoga karate samaya hI jIva punaH karmasaMskAroM ko arjita karatA jAtA hai / kaSAyamUlaka hone se pApa ke sAtha-sAtha puNya bhI bandha kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai, kintu puNya yA zubha kArya manaH zuddhi meM sahAyaka bhI hote haiM / pApa se puNya meM pravRtti aura dhIre-dhIre donoM se nivRtti hone se puNya ko paramparayA mokSasAdhaka mAnA jAtA hai / vyAvahArika jIvana meM dekhA jAtA hai ki zubha yA sarvakalyANakArI kArya karane vAloM ko sukha, sammAna aura yaza milatA hai, parantu aneka kAraNoM se ( rAgadveSAdimUlaka hone para / kAlAntara meM sukha bhI pariNAmataH duHkhadAyI ho jAtA hai / 40 pramukha bhAratIya darzanoM meM bandha ke viSaya meM bhAgavata sAmya pratIta hotA hai, kintu karmabheda ityAdi meM apane-apane siddhAntoM ke anusAra bheda bhI spaSTa haiM / nyAya, vaizeSika, yoga Adi kucha darzana karma ko IzvarAdhIna svIkAra karate haiM / jIvaphala to karmAnusAra hI pAte haiM kintu kRtakarmoM se utpanna adRSTa yA pApapuNyAnusAra Izvara jIvoM ko sukha-duHkha rUpa phala detA hai evaM mumukSu kI lakSya prApti meM sahAyatA karatA hai / jaina, bauddha, sAMkhya evaM mImAMsA jaise nirIzvara darzana karmaniyAmaka aura 1. yogasUtra 2 / 12 para vyAsabhASya 2. (ka) nyAyasUtra 4 / 1 / 21, yogasUtra 1 / 23 - 27 savyAsabhASya, gItA 18/61 (kha) brahmasUtra 2 / 1 / 34 para zAGkarabhASya

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41 karmabandha kA tulanAtmaka svarUpa phaladAtA kisI Izvara kI sattA nahIM mAnate haiN| vicAraka tIna rUpoM meM karmavibhAjana karate haiM prArabdha, saMcita evaM kriyamANa / inameM kramazaH vartamAna meM bhoga dene vAle, bhaviSya meM bhogya (koSa meM rakhe hue kI taraha) evaM zeSa pratipala kie jA rahe karma haiM / nyAyAdi ke anusAra manAdi se kie karmoM ke kAraNa AtmA kartA hotA hai| ina arthoM meM jainasammata jIva bhI kartA hai| sAMkhyamata meM prakRti ko vAstavika kartA mAnane ke kAraNa ( sAMkhyakArikA-62 ) isakA hI saMsaraNa, bandhana aura mokSa hotA hai| advaitavedAnta evaM sAMkhya ke viparIta jainasammata (tattvArthasUtra 2 / 36) jIva kA karmabandha yathArtha hai, mithyA yA bhrama nhiiN| deha meM AtmA kI sthiti prANoM dvArA anubhUta hone se saprANa jIva kA hI bandha hotA hai| eka jIva dvArA dUsare jIva ke prANoM ko hAni pahu~cAne para karmabandha hotA hai| ataH spaSTa hai ki prANoM se nae karma hote haiN| vaizeSikasUtra ( 3 / 2 / 4 ) meM bhI prANoM ko AtmA kA sAdhaka batAyA gayA hai / jainadarzana meM karma kI pudgalarUpatA, bheda, bandha ke svarUpa ityAdi kI dRSTi se viziSTatA pratIta hotI hai| vaise to sabhI vicArakoM kA kahanA hai ki prANiyoM ke jIvana kA nirmANa karma para nirbhara hai kintu kisa karma se kisa pariNAma (jAti, Ayu, bhoga, saubhAgyAdi) kI prApti hotI hai ? ina vicAroM ko jainoM ke atirikta anya dArzanikoM ne vizeSa rUpa se alaga-alaga spaSTa nahIM kiyA hai| Arhata darzana ke siddhAntAnusAra vyaSTidRSTi se jIvana aura deha ke vizeSa-vizeSa dharma (gotra, Ayu, jAti, saubhAgya, durbhAgya, anubhUti Adi) vizeSa-vizeSa karma kA phala haiM / samaSTi dRSTi se inakA pariNAma zarIra evaM bhoga hai| aneka karma milakara jIvana ke pratyeka pahala ko banAte haiN| samaSTidRSTi se karma vAsanAoM ke samUha yA kArmaNa zarIra ke rUpa meM rahate haiN| kArmaNa zarIra sadA jIva ke sAtha rahatA hai| anya darzanoM meM mAnya adRSTa, saMskAra, AzayAdi kI jainasammata kArmaNa zarIra se tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| kArmaNa zarIra (pudgaloM ke rUpa meM) upArjita karmoM kA samUha haiM isalie isameM jina-jina karmoM kA bhoga hotA jAtA hai unake 'pudgala alaga hote jAte haiM evaM arjita karmapudgala Ate rahate haiM / 1. (ka) Indian Philosophy, S. Radhakrishnan Vol. II P. 421 (a) Outlines of Indian Philosophy, Hiriyanna, P. 169

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 AtmA se cipake karmapudgaloM (sUkSma kaNa) meM pApapuNya kI adhikatA aura nyUnatA ke tAratamya se lAla, pIlA, kAlA Adi raMgoM (lezyA) kA samAyojana mAnanA bhI inakI vizeSatA hai / dAsaguptA likhate haiM ki sambhavataH yoga darzana meM karmoM ke zuklatva, kRSNatva kA vicAra jaina darzana se liyA gayA hai kyoMki yogadarzana bhI pApapuNyAnusAra kRSNazukla kI kalpanA karatA hai / jainadarzana meM karma kI bandhana evaM udaya ke atirikta cAra anya avasthAyeM bhI hotI haiM-- apavartana, udvartana, udIraNA evaM sNkrmnn| yadi karmoM ko phalabhoga karAne meM prabala rUpeNa sakSama mAnane ke sAtha-sAtha karmaphala ko pUrNataH aparivartanIya samajha liyA jAe to acche karma karane kA prayatna vyartha siddha ho sakatA hai| isalie kucha vicArakoM kA kahanA hai ki vizeSa prayatnoM se karmaphala meM parivartana kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaise-vartamAna janma meM ceSTApUrvaka zubha karma kara prANI pUrvajanma ke azubha vipAka ko samApta kara sakatA hai athavA azubha phala meM kamI ho sakatI hai yA azubha zubha phala de sakatA hai| prayatnapUrvaka zubha karma vartamAna jIvana ke sAtha bhaviSyajanmoM ko bhI sudhAra detA hai| yaha karma siddhAnta kA atyanta mahattvapUrNa pahalU hai ki jIva apane zrama, kuzalatA, sajagatA evaM ceSTAoM se bhAgya parivartana karane meM samartha haiN| uparyukta saMkSipta tulanAtmaka vivecana se spaSTa hai ki aneka sthAnoM para sabhI darzanoM meM sAmya dikhAyI detA hai kintu aneka sthaloM para viSamatA bhI hai| karmabandha kA astitva sabhI ne mAnA hai evaM isase mukti pAnA hI darzanazAstroM kA lakSya hai| karma jIvana ke nirmAtA haiN| apane jIvana ke sukha-dukha kA vyakti svayaM uttaradAyI hotA hai| karma cunane kI svatantratA hone para bhI prANI phalabhoga cunane meM svatantra nahIM hotA / sakAma karma hI vAstavika bandhana hai niSkAma karma nahIM / prANI 1. (ka) gompraTasAra, jIvakANDa, mUla 536-931 (kha) uttarAdhyayana bRhadvRtti patra-650 2. Indian Philosophy, Radhakrishnan Vol I, P. 73-1 3. yogasUtra; 2 / 13 bhagavatI 1 / 25, 31, 5 / 16; sUtra kRtAMgasUtra 1 / 31, gaNadharavAda 2 / 15 aura tthaannaaNgsuutr-4||603

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43 karmabandha kA tulanAtmaka svarUpa karma avazya kare kyoMki karma jIvana kI dhurI hai kintu yathAzakti niSkAma yA rAgadveSAdi rahita kArya kare / karma ke svarUpa, bheda, bandha, bhoktRtva, kartRtva Adi ke sambandha meM darzanoM meM antara hai kintu karma ke mahattva, bandhanarUpa mAnane, jIvana nirmANatattva kI kalpanA, niSkAma karma, bandhamukti kI anivAryatA Adi tathyoM meM samAnatA bhI pratIta hotI hai / Arhata darzana meM karmabandha kI prakriyA maulika, susambaddha evaM anya bhAratIya darzanoM se adhika sUkSma aura vizleSaNaparaka hai| ve Asrava evaM bandha ke rUpa meM karmapudgaloM se jIvasaMyoga ke do caraNa mAnate haiM aura bhAva evaM dravya donoM dRSTiyoM se karmabandha ko vyAkhyAyita karate haiN| advaita vedAnta me jo sthAna mAyA aura avidyA kA hai, vahI sthAna jainamata meM karmo kA hai / aneka samAnatAoM, asamAnatAoM evaM viziSTatAoM ke hote hue bhI pramukha bhAratIya darzanoM meM karmabandha ke viSaya meM bhAvagata sAmya milatA hai / zodhachAtrA, saMskRta vibhAga, kumAU~ vizvavidyAlaya nainItAla (yU0 pI0)

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Rgveda meM ahiMsA ke sandarbha DaoN0 pratibhA tripAThI Rgveda ke stutiparaka mantroM meM yadyapi ahiMsA ke svarUpa, bheda-prabhedoM Adi kA vivaraNa nahIM milatA tathApi ahiMsAbhAva kI vartamAnatA meM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / Rgveda ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki usameM aneka ahiMsAparaka zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai, jaise adhvaraH, aghnyA, adAbhyaH, astRtaH, ariSTaH, ariSyataH, adandhaH, astridhaH, ahiMsamAnaH, amRktaH, ahaNIyamAnaH, aghnataH, atUrtaH, aminatI Adi / ' yadyapi ina zabdoM se hiMsA yA ahiMsA ke naitika rUpa para vizeSa prabhAva nahIM par3atA hai kintu ahiMsAbhAva kI avasthiti siddha ho jAtI hai / ___ Rgveda ke hiMsAparaka mantroM ke AdhAra para Rgvaidika RSiyoM para mAtra hiMsApradhAna dRSTi rakhane kA Aropa vastutaH nirAdhAra hai| Rgveda ke sUkSma adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki vaidika RSi mana, vANI aura karma se anAvazyaka hiMsA ko nindanIya dRSTi se dekhate the| Rgvaidika mantroM meM sthAna-sthAna para ahiMsAparaka dRSTikoNa hiMsA ke isa niSedha bArA hI abhivyakta huA hai / mana se, vANI se evaM zarIra se kahA~ hiMsA nahIM karanI cAhie, isakA spaSTa viveka vaidika RSiyoM ko thA aura aise sandarbho ke sUkSma adhyayana se Rgveda meM ahiMsA ke svarUpa kA zAkalana kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa dRSTikoNa se ahiMsA ke svarUpa kA adhyayana mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika-tIna rUpoM meM kara sakate / / isake atirikta saha-astitva evaM AtmakalyANArtha vaidika RSi hiMsA bhAvanA ke pakSadhara the| nasika ahiMsA / mAnasika zakti ke abhAva, buddhi ke vikRta hone para evaM tAmasika kI pradhAnatA hone para manuSya hiMsA bhAva se yukta hotA hai| mana draSTavya, lekhikA kA lekha 'Rgveda meM ahiMsAvAcaka zabda,' (bhAga prathama, bhAga dvitIya) madhyadhArA, aMka-2 jUna 1988 evaM aMka 3-pharavarI 1989,. rAkA prakAzana, ilAhAbAda /

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 46 meM kisI ke prati kapaTa yA kuTila bhAva rakhanA hiMsA hai| vaidika RSi kA kathana hai ki jo vyakti hamAre prati kuTila bhAva rakhatA hai usako usakI hI durbuddhi naSTa kara detI hai|' prathama maNDala meM indra se stuti karate hue kapaTa ke dvArA kapaTIzuSNa ko mArane kI carcA kI gayI hai - "mAyAbhirindra mAyinaM tvaM zuSNamavAtiraH / " / yahA~ para sAyaNa ne mAyA kA artha "vividha prakAra ke kapaToM se yukta" liyA hai| ukta varNana se jJAta hotA hai ki kapaTI evaM durjana vyakti kA vadha karanA hiMsA nahIM hai tathA kapaTa karane vAle ke prati kapaTa karanA bhI nindanIya nahIM hai| mAnasika ahiMsA ke pAlana meM sadbuddhi kA vizeSa mahattva hai| isIlie duSTa buddhiyoM ko dUra karane kI aura uttama buddhi dene kI prArthanA kI gayI hai, kyoMki jo droha karate haiM tathA jinheM pIr3A dene meM hI Ananda milatA hai unheM unakI hI durbuddhi naSTa kara detI hai| isI durbuddhi ko gItA meM tAmasa buddhi kahA hai / jo tamoguNa se ghirI haI buddhi adharma ko "yaha dharma hai| aisA mAna letI hai aura anya sabhI vastuoM ko bhI viparIta mAna letI hai, vaha buddhi tAmasI buddhi hai| isIlie vaidika RSi agni se durmati, pApa, durmanastva Adi dUra karane kI prArthanA karate haiN| Rgveda meM durmatiH, duhaH , brahmadviSaH' ityAdi zabdoM kA anekazaH prayoga milatA hai jo ki mAnasika hiMsA ke svarUpa ko hI dyotita karatA hai|maansik hiMsA ke nivAraNa hetu vaidika RSiyoM ne saumanasya, zubha saMkalpoM, divya guNoM evaM uttama vicAroM kI prApti kI kAmanA kI 1. Rgveda 2 / 23 / 6 2. Rgved-1|11|7 3. Rgved-1|89|2 4. shriimdbhgvdgiitaa-18|32 5. Rgved---4|11|6 6. Rgved-1|131|7 7. Rgved-1|12164, 1413311 8. Rgved--2|23|4, 8 / 64 / 1, 6 / 52 / 3 - -

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47 Rgveda meM ahiMsA ke sandarbha hai|' Rgveda meM vedamantra (jJAna) ke dveSI ko "brahmadviSaH" kahA gayA hai aura aise brahmadveSI para tapA huA astra pheMkane kI bhI prArthanA kI gayI hai / Rgvaidika RSi agnideva se droha karane vAle, nindA karane vAle evaM parivAda karane vAle se apanI rakSA kI prArthanA karatA hai ___ "dahAzaso rakSasaH pAhyazsmAnduho nido mitrmho|" / Rgveda meM sthala-sthala para dveSa kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai tathA Izvara se duSTakarma karane vAle evaM duHkha dene vAle dveSa bhAvoM ko dUra kara kalyANakArI mArga prazasta karane kI prArthanA kI gayI hai-- ___ "zivA naH sara vyAsantu bhrAtrAgne deveSu yuSme // "3 arthAt he agni ! hamAre sakhAoM aura bhrAtRsambandhI karma dyotamAna tumameM maMgalakArI ho| vastutaH dveSa hI hiMsA kA janaka hai, isake binA hiMsA kA astitva nahIM hotA hai| isIlie sthala-sthala para dveSa kI bhAvanAoM ko dUra karane kI prArthanA Izvara se kI gayI hai __ "vizvAni deva savitarduritAni parAsuva / '4 vaidika RSi dveSa kI bhAvanA ko hI saba prakAra kI hiMsA kA mUla mAnate haiM aura hRdaya se dveSa, droha Adi manovikAroM kA mUlocchedana hI ahiMsA siddhAnta ke pAlana kA prathama sopAna mAnate haiN| Rgveda ke prathama maNDala meM agni se dveSa kI bhAvanAoM ko dUra karane kI prArthanA kI gayI hai - ___ "apa dveSAMsyA kRdhi // "5 dvaSa ke samApta hone para hI ahiMsA sAdhaka kA antaHkaraNa zuddha evaM sAtvika bhAva se otaprota hogA, aura tabhI vaha ahiMsA siddhAnta ke sUkSma rUpa kI ora unmukha hogaa| vaidika RSi kI mAnyatA hai ki 1. Rgved-6153|9, 1012011 2. Rgved-6|52|3 3. Rgved-4|1018 4. Rgved-5|82|5 5. Rgved-3|165

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bhramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 48 sadA uttama mana aura zubha saMkalpoM ke sAtha Izvara kI sAdhanA karanI cAhie / eka sthala para RSi kahatA hai- devatva kI kAmanA karane vAle mujha sAdhaka ko jo zatru mAratA hai, duSTa vacana kahatA hai athavA zApa detA hai, usakI bhI nindA karane se DaratA hU~, jaise koI catura puruSa juA khelate samaya, pAsA kisake pAsa jAyegA - yaha socakara DaratA hai / ' pApa bhI mAnava mana kI eka duSpreraka sthiti hai jise mAnasika hiMsA se jor3A jA sakatA hai / pApayukta hRdaya se ahiMsA kA vicAra kadApi sthApita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki pApa bhI hiMsA kA hI eka aMga hai / hiMsAtmaka kAryoM ko jaba dhArmika dRSTi se dekhA jAtA hai to vaha pApa kahalAtA hai / Rgveda meM aneka aise prasaMga milate haiM jisameM pApa ko dUra karane kI prArthanA kI gayI hai / Rgveda ke aSTam maNDala meM AdityoM se roga, zatru, durbuddhi ko dUra karane kI tathA pApa se pRthak karane kI prArthanA kI gayI hai / Rgveda ke caturtha maNDala meM bhI svayaM ko pApa evaM duSkarmoM se dUra karane kI agni se prArthanA kI hai / eka anya sthala para agni se stuti karate hue vaidika RSi kahatA hai- rAtri meM jo Apa sukhakara haiM, dyotamAna haiM, hama yajamAnoM kI pApa rUpamati ko dUra kareM, hamAre pApa ko dUra kareM tathA hamArI durmatiyoM ko dUra kareM / aneka sthAnoM para apane hRdaya ko nirmala, pavitra evaM pApa rahita karane kI prArthanA kI gayI hai / ataH spaSTa hai ki ahiMsA bhAva se yukta, vikArarahita zuddha antaHkaraNa kI kAmanA Rgvaidika RSiyoM ko abhISTa hai / Rgveda ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki vaidika RSiyoM ke dvArA devatAoM ke prati kI huI aisI aneka stutiyA~ haiM, jinameM unase sadguNa grAhyatA, saumanasya, sadAzayatA Adi dene kI prArthanA kI gayI hai / isI prasaMga ke nimnokta mantra meM RSi indra kI stuti karatA hai aura una stutiyoM ko sadguNagrAhI hone kI prArthanA karatA hai 1. Rgveda - 1 / 41 / 8-9 2. Rgveda - 8118110 3. Rgveda - 4112 / 4-6 4. Rgveda - 4 / 11 / 6

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49 Rgveda me ahiMsA ke sandarbha "asme tA ta indra santu satyAhiMsantIrUpaspRzaH / vidyAmayAsAM bhujo dhenUnAM na vajrivaH // " sAyaNa ke bhASyAnusAra isakA bhAva hai ki-he indra ! hamArI stutiyAM tumheM pIr3A na detI huI (udvelita na karatI huI), isa prakAra hamAre dRSTa-adRSTa bhogoM ko dene vAlI ho jaise gorakSakoM ke lie gAya se dugdhAdi bhoga milate haiM / yahA~ para sAyaNa ne ahiMsantI kA artha ahiMsaka liyA hai| dazam maNDala ke eka anya mantra meM kahA gayA hai ki mujhameM jo doSa hoM, jo maiMne droha kiyA ho, jo zrApa diyA ho tathA jo asatya bhASaNa kiyA ho, una saba doSoM ko jala mere zarIra se bAhara le jAe aura maiM zuddha ho jAU~ / Rgveda meM vizvazAnti ke bhAva para bhI bala diyA gayA hai| vaidika RSi kAmanA karatA hai-sUrya kI kiraNeM hama sabhI ke lie zAnti pradAna karane vAlI ho, sabhI dizAe~ zAntidAyaka ho| "zaM naH sUrya urucakSA udetu' / vAcika ahiMsA paruSabhASaNa ke dvArA dUsaroM ko pIr3A pahu~cAnA athavA vANI dvArA droha prakaTa karanA vAcika hiMsA hai tathA mRduvANI evaM maMgalamaya vacanoM dvArA dUsaroM ko sukha pahu~cAnA vAcika ahiMsA kahalAtA hai| Rgveda ke dvitIya maNDala meM vAcika ahiMsA kA svarUpa spaSTa rUpa se varNita hai "sumaGgalo bhadravAdI vadeha'4 sAyaNa ne isakI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI hai-- "sumaGgalam kalyANamaGgala: bhadravAdI zobhanavAdI san iha asmadviSaye vada maGgalam sUcam / " isI prakAra dazama maNDala meM vAcika ahiMsA ke svarUpa ko upamA ke dvArA adhika spaSTa kiyA gayA hai 1. Rgve 6-10 / 22 / 13 2. Rgveda -10 / 9 / 8 3. Rgved-7|35|8 4. Rgved2|42|2-3

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 "saktumikaH titaDanA punanto yatra dhIrA manasA vAcamakrata / atrA sakhAyaH sakhyAni jAnate bhadraiSAM lakSmInihitA dhivAci // " arthAda-jaise calanI se sattU ko svaccha kara lete haiM, vaise hI buddhimAna, zreSTha puruSa buddhi bala se vANI ko prastuta karate haiM (usa samaya) tathA jo premabhAva se yukta jJAnI loga mitratA ke bhAvoM ko jAnate haiM, unakI vANI meM kalyANakAraka maMgalamayI lakSmI nivAsa karatI haiN| isI prakAra agni se stuti karate hue vaidika RSi kahatA hai-jo dUsaroM kI nindA karane vAle aziva, abhadra the. isa samaya tumhArI sevA karake (zivA) saba prakAra se kalyANamaya ho gae haiN| samyak AcaraNa vAle mujhako jo kaTUktiyoM se nindita karate haiM, aise mere zatru svayaM vANI se naSTa ho gae / 2 vaidika RSi agni se droha karane vAle, nindA karane vAle aura parivAda karane vAle se rakSA karane kI prArthanA karatA hai| "dahAzaso rakSasaH pAhyazsmAnduho nido mitramaho avadyAt // "3 Rgveda meM paruSavacana ke lie "mRdhavAcaH" tathA asatyavacana ke lie "drodhavAyaH" zabda prayukta hue haiN| paruSa bhASaNa ke prati vaidika RSiyoM kI niSedhAtmaka dRSTi thI tathA aise hiMsAparaka vacana bolane vAle ke lie devatAoM se daNDa dene kI prArthanA kI gayI hai| saptam maNDala meM agni se kaThora bhAvI rAkSasoM ko mArane kI prArthanA kI gayI hai| __ "jarUthaM han" sAyaNa ne apane bhASya meM isakI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI hai "jarUthaM paruSabhASiNaM jaraNIyaM vA rakSogaNaM han jati / " SaSTha maNDala meM bhI kahA gayA hai ya I rAjAnAvRtuthA vidadhadrajaso mitro varuNazciketat / gambhIrAya rakSase hetimasya drodhAya cidvacasa AnavAya // 1. Rgved-1071|2 2. Rgved-5|12|5 3. Rgveda-1012315 4. Rgved-7|9|6 5. Rgved--6|62|9

Page #53
Rgveda meM ahiMsA ke sandarbha arthAt - jo manuSya samasta loka ke rAjA, ina azvinIkumAroM kI samaya ke anusAra paricaryA karate haiM, unako mitra aura varuNa jAnate haiM / aise ve sevaka mahAbalI rAkSasoM ke Upara ghAtaka astra pheMkate haiM kyoMki ye rAkSasa manuSyoM ke sambandha meM droha paidA karane vAlI vANI kA prayoga karate haiM / 51 isI prakAra dazam maNDala ke nimna mantra meM vAcika hiMsA kA sundara evaM spaSTa varNana kiyA hai " yadagne adya mithunA zapAto yadvAcastRSTaM janayanta rebhAH / manyormanasaH H zaravyA jAyate yA tathA vidhya hRdaye yAtudhAnAn // "" arthAt -- Aja jaba strI-puruSa jhagar3A kara rahe haiM, stotA paraspara kaTuvacana kA prayoga kara rahe haiM, aisI sthiti meM krodha utpanna hone para tumhAre mana ke pAsa se jo bANa utpanna hotA hai, usase rAkSasoM ko mAra / isa mantra se yaha bhAva vyakta hotA hai ki abhadra vANI kA prayoga devatA ko priya nahIM / yahA~ para RSi kA mantavya hai ki strI, puruSoM ke kalaha karane evaM kaTubhASaNa karane para devatA kI jo zakti krodhasvarUpa una strI puruSoM para vyaya ho rahI hai vaha rAkSasoM para vyaya ho / ataH paraspara kalaha evaM apabhASaNa na kareM / prakArAntara se yahA~ duSTa, nindAyukta bhASaNa kA niSedha kiyA hai / Rgveda ke prathama maNDala ke nimna mantra meM dRSTAnta ke dvArA vAcika ahiMsA ke svarUpa ko aura adhika spaSTa kiyA hai " mA vo dhanantaM mA zapantaM prati voce devayantam / sumnairidva A vivAse / "2 "caturazciddaddamAnAdvibhIyAdA nidhAtoH / yahA~ para bhAva yaha hai jaise koI catura puruSa juA khelate hue, pAsA kisake pAsa jAegA, yaha socakara DaratA hai vaise hI maiM duSTa bhASaNa se DaratA hU~, tathA devoM kI kAmanA karatA huA mujha yajamAna 1. Rgveda - 10 / 87 / 13 2. Rgveda - 11418 3. Rgveda - 1 / 41 / 9 na duruktAya spRhyet" / '

Page #54
zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 kI jo zatru hiMsA karanA cAhatA hai usake prati bhI duSTa nindAyukta bhASaNa karane se DaratA hU~ aura ApakI sevA meM rata rahanA cAhatA hU~ / uparyukta uddharaNoM se jJAta hotA hai ki vedakAlIna RSi paruSabhASI ko nindA kI dRSTi se dekhate the aura aise duSToM ko Izvara se daNDa dene kI prArthanA karate the| aisI prArthanAoM meM prakArAntara se ahiMsA bhAvanA hI abhivyakta huI hai / kAyika ahiMsA 52 vastutaH ahiMsA kA svarUpa niSedhAtmaka hai / hiMsA kA abhAva hI ahiMsA hai / ata: ahiMsA kI carcA karane se pahale hiMsA kA varNana karanA nitAnta Avazyaka hai / IrSyA, dveSa, krodha, lobha Adi tAmasI vRtti ke adhIna hokara kisI ko zArIrika kaSTa denA, aMga-bhaMga karanA, prANa haraNa karanA kAyika hiMsA kA kSetra hai / hiMsA meM tIna kSetra mahattvapUrNa haiM - 1. hiMsya - jisakI hiMsA hotI hai, 2. hiMsaka - jo hiMsA karatA hai, tathA 3 hiMsA ke kAraNa / ina tInoM tathyoM ke samAveza se hiMsA kI sthiti utpanna hotI hai aura hiMsaka hiMsA karane kI ora unmukha hotA hai / isake viparIta hiMsA kA abhAva athavA nivAraNa hI "ahiMsA" hai / mAnasika, vAcika, kAyika rUpa se kisI ko bhI pIr3A na pahu~cAnA ahiMsA hai / kAyika ahiMsA ke antargata "ahiMsA" kA sAkSAt sambandha zarIra se hotA hai / sAmAnya rUpa se zarIra ke aMga-vizeSa se kisI ke zarIra ko pIr3A na pahu~cAnA kAyika ahiMsA hai / 3 Rgveda meM katipaya aise sthala Ae haiM jahA~ zArIrika hiMsA varjita kI gayI hai / zArIrika hiMsakoM ke lie atriNaH 1, ripuH 2, riSaH yAtudhAna, rAkSasa Adi zabda prayukta hue haiM / inheM mahApApI kahA gayA hai / jJAna se dveSa karane vAle, yajJa na karane vAle, satkarma na karane 1. Rgveda - 1 / 21 / 5, 136 / 14 2 . vahI 1 / 36 / 16 3. vahI 6 / 63 / 2 4. vahI 7 / 104 / 15, 16, 24 5. vahI 7 / 104 // 4, 21

Page #55
Rgveda meM ahiMsA ke sandarbha vAle, kaccA mAMsa khAne vAle evaM nirantara dveSa karane vAle hiMsaka kahe gae haiM / ' Rgvaidika RSi apane ArAdhya devoM se prArthanA karate hue katipaya mantroM meM aise hiMsakoM se rakSA ke lie prArthanA karatA hai | indravaruNa se prArthanA kI gayI hai ki balavAna zatruoM dvArA hamArI bhramaNazIla prajAe~ hiMsita na hoM / Rgveda ke prathama maNDala meM indra se stuti karate hue kahA gayA hai - he indra ! virodhI manuSya hamAre zarIroM se droha na kareM / he samartha indra ! vairiyoM dvArA sampAdita vadha ko hamase dUra karo / saptamU maNDala meM bhI indrasoma se rAkSasoM ke vadha karane kI prArthanA kI gayI hai / " 53 yadyapi ahiMsA ke viSaya meM Rgvaidika RSi kA dRSTikoNa Atmakendrita hai tathApi isa tathya ko bhI nakArA nahIM jA sakatA ki unhoMne svahita evaM parahita ke lie apane ArAdhya devoM se prArthanA karate hue katipaya aise mantroM kI racanA kI hai jinameM ahiMsA kA bhAva spaSTa rUpa se prakaTa ho rahA hai / Rgveda ke prathama maNDala meM hI rudra se prArthanA karate hue RSi kahatA hai ki hama havi lekara ApakA AvAhana karate haiM / he rudra ! hamAre bar3oM kA vadha na kareM, na hI hamAre choToM kA vadha kareM, hamAre mAtA, pitA kA bhI vadha na kareM / isa taraha vadha arthAt zArIrika hiMsA na karane kI prArthanA kI hai / " Rgveda kA spaSTa sandeza hai ki stotA na kabhI dUsaroM se hiMsita hoM na svayaM dUsaroM kI hiMsA kareM / Rgveda meM varNita kAyika ahiMsA kA eka pakSa AtmakalyANArtha prANiyoM ko zArIrika pIr3A na pahu~cAnA bhI hai / SaSTha maNDala meM pUSan se prArthanA karate hue vaidika sAdhaka kahatA hai ki vyAghrAdi hiMsaka pazuoM dvArA hamArA go dhana naSTa na ho / ahiMsita (avadhya ) gauoM ke sAtha Apa sAyaMkAla meM Ao / Rgveda meM go ke lie "iyaM 1. Rgveda - 6 / 52 / 3. 7 / 104 / 2 2 . vahI 3 / 62 / 1 3. vahI 1 / 5 / 10 4. vahI 7 / 104 14, 7 5. vahI 1 / 114 / 7-8 6. vahI 7 / 32 / 9

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 aghnyA" vizeSaNa kaI bAra prayukta huA hai jo isakI ahiMsyatA ko dyotita karatA hai| isI prakAra dvitIya maNDala meM-- mAbhyAM gAH anu zizrathaH arthAt-tU hamArI gAya ko mata mAra / Rgveda meM kaI aise sthala haiM jahA~ para gAyoM ko avadhya kahA gayA hai tathA go mAMsa kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai / 3 go ke prati komala evaM rakSAparaka bhAvanA prANiyoM ke prati ahiMsAbhAva ko darzAtI hai| Rgveda meM kahA gayA hai ki jo aghnyA gAya ko coTa pahuMcAtA hai athavA usakA dUdha naSTa karatA hai, usakA zirocchedana kara denA caahie|5 kintu isakA yaha tAtparya kadApi nahIM hai ki mAtra go vizeSa ke lie hI ahiMsAparaka bhAva thA, apitu samasta dvipadoM evaM catuSpadoM ke lie kalyANa kI bhAvanA vidyamAna thii| Rgveda ke dvitIya maNDala meM kapiMjala pakSI vizeSa ko sambodhita karake kahA hai-he pakSI ! tumheM bAja aura garur3a pakSI na mAreM tathA dhanuSadhArI (zikArI) tumheM prApta na kara skeN|' vaidika RSi kI indra deva ke prati kI gayI yaha stuti, ki Apa rakSA karane vAle haiM , ataH prANiyoM ke vadha kI icchA na kareM, prANiyoM ke prati ahiMsAparaka dRSTikoNa kA paricAyaka hai| saha-astitva ko sAdhanA vaidika kAla meM prANimAtra ko bhI mitra kI dRSTi se dekhane kA ullekha prApta hotA hai "mitrasyAhaM cakSuSA sarvANibhUtAni smiiksse|" yahA~ taka ki mana se bhI kisI prANI ke ahita kA vicAra karanA 1. Rgved-1|164|27, 7 / 84 / 4, 8 / 102 / 19, 7 / 68 / 9, 10 // 60 / 11, 875 / 8 2. vahI 4 / 32 / 22 3. vahI 87 / 25, 8 / 3 / 15, 6170 / 3 4. vahI 1060 / 11 5. vahI 10187 / 16 6. vahI 2 / 422 7. vahI 5 / 44 2

Page #57
Rgveda meM ahiMsA ke sandarbha nindita mAnA gayA hai kintu Rgveda kA AdyopAnta adhyayana karane para aise bhI sandarbha prApta hote haiM jinameM saha-astitva ke lie hiMsA kI, AtatAyI ke vadha kI evaM daNDa-vidhAna kI anivAryatA abhivyakta huI hai| ataH una sandarbho ke aucitya kA vizleSaNa karanA yahA~ para samIcIna pratIta hotA hai| ___Rgveda ke chaThe maNDala meM kahA gayA hai ki "he deva ! bheDie ke samAna AcaraNa karane vAle rAkSasoM kA vadha kro"|' agnideva se bhI hiMsakoM evaM dveSa karane vAle ko mArane kI prArthanA kI gayI hai| isI prakAra gAyoM ko yAtanA dene ke sambandha meM eka varSa taka go dugdha na pIne kA daNDavidhAna hai| yadi vaha dUdha pIne kA prayatna kare to daNDasvarUpa usake marmasthala ko bIMdhane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| go-cora ko bhI kaThora daNDa dene kA vidhAna hai|4 Rgveda meM katipaya sthaloM para kahA gayA hai ki hiMsaka kI hiMsA karanA hiMsA nahIM apitu ahiMsA kA hI rUpa hai| prastuta mantra meM indra kI stuti karate hue kahA gayA hai ki indra apane bhaktoM ke hiMsakoM kA saMhAra kareM - ___'sa duha vaNe manuSa UrdhvasAna A sA viSadarzasAnAya zarum / na nRtamo nahuSo smatsujAtaH puro bhinardahana dasyuhatye // 5 isI prakAra dazam maNDala ke eka anya mantra meM duSToM kI hiMsA karane kI prArthanA kI gayI hai; kyoMki duSToM ke vinAza se hI hiMsA kA nAza hotA hai-- "ava sma durhaNAyato martasya tanuhi sthiram / athaspadaM tamI kRdhi yo asmAM Adidezati // "6 1. Rgved-6|51|14 2. vahI 8143 / 26 3. vahI 1087 / 17 4. vahI 7 / 104 / 10 5. vahI 101997 6. vahI 10 / 134 / 2

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56 zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 arthAt-duSTatApUrvaka AghAta pahu~cAne vAle manuSya ke bala ko nIce girA do tathA jo zastra se hamArI hiMsA karanA cAhatA hai usa duSTa ko pairoM ke nIce dabA lo, arthAt vadha kro| saptam maNDala ke sampUrNa 104veM sUkta meM rAkSasoM kI hiMsA karane kI prArthatA kI gayI hai jo hiMsA nivAraNa ke lie atyanta Avazyaka hai|' Rgveda ke dazam maNDala ke eka mantra meM AtatAyI ke vadha dvArA stotAoM kI rakSA karane kI dhvani prasphuTita hotI hai-vAgAmbhRNI kahatI hai ki, maiMne hI tripura vijaya ke samaya zivajI ke dhanuSa ko pratyaMcA yukta kiyA thaa| maiM hI stotAoM ke lie zatruoM ke sAtha yuddha karatI hU~ aura maiM hI dyAvA pRthivI ko vyApta karatI huuN| isa mantra meM ahiMsA ke lie yuddha karane kI bAta kahI gayI hai| Rgveda meM aneka aise sthala upalabdha hote haiM jahA~ yuddha karanA dharma kA aMga mAnA gayA hai| godhana kI rakSA ke lie yuddha karanA AryoM kA pramukha karttavya thaa| gauoM ke lie yuddha meM lar3ane vAle vIroM kI sarvatra stuti kI mayI hai__ "naki reSAM ninditA maryeSu ye asmAkaM pitaro goSu yodhAH / "3 hamane aneka sthaloM para krodha ko hiMsA kI jananI kahA hai, kintu kinhIM vizeSa sandarbho meM krodha kA aucitya bhI hotA hai| jaise, yadi krodha zatru para kiyA jAya tathA vaha muni ke samAna mananapUrvaka evaM vicArayukta ho to vahI krodha hiMsAnAzaka bhI ho jAtA hai| Rgveda ke eka mantra meM agni se prArthanA karate hue kahA gayA hai, ki strI-puruSa ke jhagar3ate samaya, stotA logoM ke vAk kalaha ke samaya Apa jo krodhita hokara bANa chor3ate haiM una bANoM se rAkSasoM ko maareN| isameM do bAteM spaSTa haiM, eka to upayukta viziSTa sthitiyoM meM kupita hone kA aucitya aura krodha ke pIche hiMsakoM ke hanana rUpa zubha uddezya kA bhAva tathA dUsarA, AtatAyI rAkSasagaNa ke vadha kI prArthanA / kiMtu isameM hiMsAbhAva nahIM hai, kyoMki ahiMsA kI rakSA ke lie hiMsA kI 1. Rgved-7|104 sampUrNa 2. bahI 10 / 125 / 6 3. vahI 3139 / 4

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Rgveda meM ahiMsA ke sandarbha jA rahI hai|' SaSTha maNDala meM soma se duSTa vyavahAra karane vAle bher3ie ke samAna rAkSasoM kA vadha karane kI prArthanA kI gayI hai jise samAja meM avAMchita tattva ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| ataH samAja kI sukha zAnti hetu aise asAmAjika tattvoM kA vinAza aparihArya aura ahiMsA siddhAnta kI sthApanA ke lie Avazyaka hai| AtmakalyANArtha ahiMsA ko sAdhanA Rgveda ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki vaidika ahiMsA AtmakalyANaparaka hai tathA usameM Atma-rakSA kI bhAvanA pramukha rUpa se vidyamAna hai| ahiMsA kI isa avadhAraNA ke pIche vaidika RSiyoM kA yahI mantavya rahA hogA ki, jo vyakti AtmarakSA karane meM samartha nahIM hai vaha para rakSA kaise kara sakatA hai| ataH Rgveda meM sthala-sthala para vaidika RSi AtmakalyANa evaM AtmarakSArtha vibhinna devatAoM kI stuti karate the; kintu isase yaha kadApi nahIM vyaMjita hotA hai ki vaidika RSi ati saMkIrNa vicAradhArA ke the| yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki unakI ahiMsA siddhAnta meM AtmArtha se paramArtha kI ora unmukha hone kI bhAvanA pramukha thii| isIlie hiMsakoM se apane jIvana kI rakSA karane kI prArthanA devI devatAoM se kI gaI hai / udAharaNa ke lie agni se prArthanA kI gayI hai ki jo hameM mArane kI icchA karatA hai una zatruoM se tathA rAkSasa evaM hiMsakoM se hamArI rakSA karo -- "pAhi no agne rakSasaH pAhi dhurterarAvaNaH / pAhi rISata uta va jighAMsato bRhadbhAno yaviSThya // " isa mantra meM sAyaNa ne "dhUrteH" kA "hiMsakAt" tathA "rakSasaH" kA 'vAdhakAdrAkSasAdeH" artha liyA hai| isI taraha Rgveda ke dvitIya maNDala meM varuNa se prANarakSA kI prArthanA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki he varuNa ! hameM hananasAdhanabhUta AyudhoM se mata mAro tathA hamAre jIvana kI rakSA ke lie hiMsakoM se hameM pRthak karo, jo bandhu athavA mitra mujha bhayabhIta ko DarAne vAle zabda kaheM yA koI stena yA bher3iyA hiMsA karane kI 1. Rgved-10187|13 2. vahI 1 / 36 / 15

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 58 icchA kare to usase hamArI rakSA kro|' dvitIya maNDala ke 34veM sUkta meM "marut" devatA se vRka ke samAna kara hiMsaka se rakSA karane ke lie usake vadha kI prArthanA kI gayI hai| isI taraha aneka RcAoM meM hiMsakoM se rakSA karane kI prArthanA varNita hai| Rgveda ke eka mantra meM AtmarakSArtha eka sundara upamA kA prayoga karate hae stotAgaNa azvinadeva se prArthanA karate haiM ki, jisa taraha se kute vighnakAriyoM se rakSA karate haiM usI prakAra Apa ahiMsaka hokara hamAre zarIra kI rakSA kreN| "nAveva naH pArayataM yugeva nabhyeva na upadhIva pradhIva / zvAneva no ariSaNyA tanUnAM khugaleva visrasaH pAtamasmAn // 54 paMcam maNDala meM stotA, agni se samasta saMkaToM se pAra le jAne kI prArthanA karatA hai. aura zatrubhUta manuSyoM ko dUra haTAne kI prArthanA karatA hai| isI sUkta ke agale mantra meM svayaM ko nindakoM evaM hiMsakoM ko na sauMpane kI prArthanA kI gayI hai| saptam maNDala meM vIra marudgaNoM se prArthanA kI gayI hai, ki ve draSTA zatruoM ko dUra se hI hamase pRthak kara deM evaM kalyANa sampadAoM se hamArI rakSA kreN| vaidika RSiyoM kA kahanA hai ki jo rAkSasa hamAre anna ko naSTa karate haiM, azva, gAya, evaM hamAre zarIroM ko naSTa karate haiM ve vAdhakastena evaM dhana-apahartA-sabhI nAza ko prApta hoM aura ve bAdhaka apane zarIra va putroM se hIna ho jaaeN| Rgveda meM mAtra jIvana rakSA ke hI lie nahIM, apitu pApa se bhI 1. Rgved--2|28|7, 10 2. vahI 2134 / 9 3. vahI 2 / 35 / 6, 2237 / 3, 7 / 32 / 5, 10 / 22 / 15. 4. vahI 2039 / 4 5. vahI 5 / 3 / 11 6. vahI 5 / 3 / 12 7. vahI 7 / 596 8. vahI 7 / 104 / 10

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Rgveda meM ahiMsA ke sandarbha rakSA kI aneka prArthanAe~ prApta hotI haiM / Rgveda ke sAtaveM maNDala kA sampUrNa 34vA~ evaM 35vA~ sUkta AtmakalyANa evaM zAnti pradAna karane kI prArthanA se ota-prota hai| Rgveda ke paMcam maNDala ke 51veM sUkta ke mantra 11 se lekara 15 taka sabhI RcAoM meM azvinadeva, devI aditi, pUSA Adi sabhI devatAoM se RSi ne AtmakalyANa kI kAmanA kI hai| isI prakAra sahita kI kAmanA kA bhAva bhI pA~caveM sUkta ke mantra 1 se 4 meM anusyUta hai| ataH hama dekhate haiM ki vaidika RSiyoM ke ahiMsAparaka stutiyoM ke mUla meM AtmakalyANa kI bhAvanA hI pramukha rUpa meM vidyamAna hai| "ahiMsA" mArga ke anuyAyiyoM kA pramukha uddezya bhI AtmakalyANa hI hotA hai / vastutaH hiMsA karane vAlA vyakti yA AtatAyI dUsare kA aniSTa karane se pahale apanA hI aniSTa karatA hai, hRdaya meM hiMsA kA vikAra utpanna karake patanonmukha ho jAtA hai aura dUsaroM ko apanA zatru banA letA hai| isa prakAra vaha apanI hI hiMsA karatA hai| isake viparIta yadi koI ahiMsA siddhAnta kA vyavahAra karatA hai, to vikArarahita hRdaya se samasta prANiyoM ko samabhAva yA samadRSTi se dekhatA hai aura aisI sthiti meM zatrubhAva ke sthAna para vizvabandhutva kI bhAvanA sthApita hotI hai| sambhavataH ahiMsA ke samagra svarUpa ko dhyAnastha karake hI prathama maNDala meM kahA gayA hai - ___ "prati bhadraM bhadrAya" arthAt--jo manuSya dUsare kA kalyANa karate haiM, unake prati bhI kalyANa kI bhAvanA hotI hai| ahitakAriyoM kA kabhI kalyANa nahIM hotaa| upasaMhAra ___ Rgveda ke samagra adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki Rgvaidika yajJoM meM pazubali kA vidhAna thA, kintu pazubali kI prakriyA evaM uddezya ke viSaya meM matabheda haiN| kucha vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki yajJoM meM pazubali hotI thI aura kucha vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki unakI pratIkAtmaka bali car3hAI jAtI thii| kucha bhI ho, itanA to nizcita hI hai ki 1. yudhiSThira mImAMsaka-vaidika siddhAntamImAMsA, pR0 354-369

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 yajJIya pazubali kA uddezya prANihiMsA mAtra nahIM thaa| ye yajJakartAoM ke sAdhya nahIM apitu sAdhana the jinake mAdhyama se aihika aura lokottara sukha kI kAmanA kI jAtI thii| unakA uddezya sAmUhika bhoja nahIM hotA thA apitu use dhArmika kRtya mAnA jAtA thA jisake mUla meM lokottara sukha kI bhAvanA pramukha thii| isake sAtha hI vaidika RSiyoM kI yaha mAnyatA bhI thI ki, yajJa meM bali diye jAne vAle pazu ko svarga kI prApti hotI hai| vAstava meM pazubali denA hI unakA uddezya nahIM thA, vaha to mAtra sAdhana thA jo sAdhya kalyANa kI bhAvanA aura bRhattara abhyudaya kI bhAvanA para kendrita thaa| ___Rgveda meM katipaya aise bhI saMketa prApta hote haiM jinameM yajJoM ke hiMsA rahita hone ke ullekha haiN| Rgveda meM aneka sthaloM para yajJa ke lie "adhvara" zabda kA prayoga haA hai jisakA artha sAyaNa ne "hiMsArahita" liyA hai| udAharaNatayA Rgveda ke prathama maNDala meM "agneyaM yajJamadhyavaraM" meM "adhvara" kA artha "hiMsArahita' kiyA hai|' "adhvara" zabda kA mukhyArtha hai-"yatradhvarA na bhavati" dhvarati vadhakarmA tatpratiSedho dhvaraH' arthAt dhvarati kA artha vadhakarma hai tathA usakA pratiSedha "adhvara" hai / 2 yadi jahA~ hiMsA nahIM hotI mAtra yahI artha liyA jAya to hiMsArahita sAre hI karmoM ko "adhvara'' kahA jAegA, parantu sAmAnyataH vaisA na kahA jAkara yaha "adhvara" zabda yajJa kA vAcaka mAnA jAtA hai| aisA bhI nahIM kaha sakate ki pahale yajJa meM hiMsA hotI rahI ho aura hiMsA banda karane ke bAda yajJa ko 'adhvara'' kahA gayA ho, kyoMki "adhvara' zabda vizeSakara pazuyajJa ke lie hI prayukta hotA hai / ataH yahI artha susaMgata pratIta hotA hai ki jahA~ hiMsA nahIM hotI vaha "adhvara' hai| Rgveda ke saptan maNDala meM yajJa ke lie "ayAtuH Rtena" saMjJA prayukta huI jisakA artha sAyaNa ne "ahiMsaka yajJa'' kiyA hai| isa mantra meM yahI bhAva vyaMjita hai ki yajJa meM hiMsArahita karma hote the| agni ko sambodhita karate hue una devatAoM kI stuti kI hai jo ahiMsAdi 1. Rgved-1|1|4 2. nirukt-1|3|8

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Rgveda meM ahiMsA ke sandarbha niyamoM se yukta yajJa ke dvArA manoratha ko pUrNa karane vAle haiN| isI prakAra Rgveda ke dazan maNDala meM yajJa ko, hiMsakoM kA nAzaka mAnakara "antakadhuka" saMjJA dI gayI hai| prathama maNDala meM agni kI stuti karate hue use 'adhvarANAm ratho' kahA hai, arthAt hiMsA, kuTilatA, kapaTa Adi karmoM ko na karane ke kAraNa ye zreSTha haiN| sAyaNa ne isakI TIkA kI hai ki, vaha agni (deva) hiMsAyukta kAmoM meM kabhI bhI hissA nahIM letA aura hiMsArahita kAma karane vAle ko vaha uttama sAmarthya aura yazayukta dhana detA hai| Rgveda ke dazam maNDala meM yajJa meM kiye jAne vAlI pazu bali kA niSedha kiyA hai| nimna mantra se isa tathya para aura adhika prakAza par3atA hai - "kravyAdamagniM pra hiNomi dUraM yamarAjJo gacchatu ripravAhaH / ihaivAyamitaro jAtavedA devebhyo havyaM vahatu prajAnan / "4 arthAt-mAMsa khAne vAle agni ko dUra haTAtA huuN| pApavAhaka agni yamarAja ke anya pradezoM meM jaaeN| ina donoM se pRthak sarvajJa agni devArtha havi le jaaeN| isI maNDala ke 10veM mantra meM bhI samAna bhAva dRSTigocara hotA "yo agniH kravyAtpraviveza vo gRhamimaM pazyanitaraM jAtavedasam / taM harAmi pitRyajJAya devaM sa dharmaminvAtparamesadhasthe // 5 ___ arthAt-jo mAMsabhakSaka agni tumhAre gRhoM meM praviSTa haiM, unheM maiM ghara se dUra karatA huuN| kyoMki pitRyajJa ke lie isase bhinna dUsarI agni jAtavedasa hai| yaha utkRSTa sthAna meM sthita agni yajJa ko prApta kare / . vastutaH Rgveda meM hiMsA ke vidheyAtmaka tathA niSedhAtmaka donoM 1. Rgved-7|34|8 2. vahIM 10 / 13 / 4 3. vahI 1 / 44 / 2 4. vahI 10 / 16 / 9 5. vahI 10 / 16 / 10

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 62 pakSa milate haiN| prazna yaha nahIM hai ki Rgveda meM hiMsA hotI thI athavA nhiiN| prazna yaha hai ki jo hiMsA hotI thI, usameM Rgvaidika RSi kA naitika pakSa daSTigocara hotA thA athavA nhiiN| isa dRSTi se Rgveda kA adhyayana karane para hameM do tathya upalabdha hote haiM--- 1. Rgvaidika RSiyoM ne vahA~ hiMsA kA niSedha nahIM kiyA jahA~ hiMsA karaNIya hai| 2. jahA~ hiMsA nahIM karanI cAhie vahA~ niSedha kiyaa| kahA~ hiMsA __ karanI cAhie aura kahA~ nahIM karanI cAhie isakA viveka Rgvaidika RSiyoM ko thaa| ve kabhI bhI nirIha prANiyoM kI hiMsA kI bAta nahIM socate the| unakI dRSTi meM jo hitAvaha ho, nirIha ho, jo apane lie upayogI ho, vaha sadA sarvadA rakSA ke yogya hotA hai, cAhe usake upayoga kI zakti naSTa hI kyoM na ho gayI ho| jaise gAya sadaiva "adhnyA" hai cAhe vaha dUdha detI ho athavA na detI ho| dUsarI ora AtatAiyoM, zatruoM, yajJa meM bAdhA pahu~cAne vAle rAkSasoM kI hiMsA ke spaSTa ullekha Rgveda meM milate haiN| ve devatAoM se unakI hiMsA kI prArthanA karate the jisameM unakI AtmarakSA kI bhAvanA hI pramukha thii| yajJoM meM pazubali ke pIche bhI yahI bhAva nihita thA ki hama zakti prApta kareM, kyoMki yuddha karane ke lie tathA hisakoM se bacane ke lie zaktiprApti anivArya thI / ataH kahA jAtA hai ki "vaidikI hiMsA hiMsA na bhavati / " niSkarSataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki Rgveda meM ahiMsA kA prastutIkaraNa saiddhAntika rUpa meM bhale hI na huA ho kintu vyAvahArika rUpa se vaidika RSiyoM ko hiMsA-ahisA kA viveka thaa| Rgveda meM isa bAta ke spaSTa pramANa haiM ki usa kAla ke saMgharSamaya jIvana kI mAnyatAoM meM jahA~ hiMsA ke lie dvAra mukta thA, vahA~ kahIM na kahIM RSiyoM ke antaHkaraNa meM ahiMsA bhAvanA bhI vizrAma kara rahI thii| risarca esosieTa, saMskRta vibhAga, ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya, ilaahaabaad|

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jaina AgamoM meM varNita jAtigata samatA ___-DaoN0 indreza candra siMha jaina dharma usa zramaNa-paramparA kA dharma hai jo mUlataH varNa-vyavasthA aura jAtigata U~ca-nIca kI bhAvanA kA virodhI thii| jaina dharma meM janmagata AdhAra para na to kisI ko usameM praveza se vaMcita kiyA jAtA thA aura na hI use nimna mAnA jAtA thaa| harikezI jaise cANDAla kA sammAnapUrvaka ullekha aura jAtigata U~ca-nIca kI avadhAraNA kA khaNDana hameM prAcIna stara ke jaina AgamoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| isa AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki prAcIna jaina dharma meM jAtivAda ke AdhAra para U~ca-nIca kI avadhAraNA ko koI sthAna nahIM thaa| yadyapi prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM Arya evaM anArya tathA AryakSetra aura anAryakSetra kI carcA hameM upalabdha hotI hai| jaina sAdhuoM kA anArya kSetra meM vihAra karanA bhI varjita mAnA gayA thA, kintu Arya aura anArya kI ye avadhAraNAeM mUlataH U~ca-nIca kI bhAvanA ko lekara nahIM apitu sabhyatA aura saMskRti ke vikAsa ke stara ko lekara thI anArya kSetroM meM muni kA vihAra isaliye vajita thA, kyoMki unakA sAMskRtika vikAsa nahIM huA thA aura ve sAmAnyatayA jaina muniyoMke AcAra-vyavahAra se aparicita bhI the, isake sAtha-sAtha unakA bauddhika vikAsa bhI isa stara kA nahIM thA ki ve AdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM sahaja rUpa se jur3a sakeM kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki ve jainoM kI dRSTi meM heya the / anArya kSetroM meM muni ke vihAra kA niSedha una sAmAnya muniyoM ke lie kiyA gayA thA jo una kSetroM ke kaSToM yA pariSahoM ko sahana karane meM asamartha the| vaise to svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne anArya kSetra meM vicaraNa kiyA thaa| itanA to nizcita hai ki saiddhAntika AdhAra para jaina dharma meM sabhI manuSyoM ko samAna samajhA gayA aura yaha mAnA gayA ki koI bhI vyakti jaina dharma meM praveza kI yogyatA rakhatA hai|

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 64 prAcIna jaina granthoM se hameM yaha saMketa milate haiM ki usa kAla meM jaina dharma ke dvAra sabhI jAtiyoM aura vargoM ke lie khule hue the| mathurA ke abhilekhoM se bhI yahI siddha hotA hai ki luhAra, sunAra, telI, nAvika yahA~ taka ki vezyA aura nartaka bhI jaina dharma kA pAlana karate the tathA jina mandira aura jina pratimAeM sthApita karavAte the / kAlAntara meM jaba bhAratIya samAja meM varNa aura jAti ko lekara U~ca-nIca kI bhAvanAeM dRr3ha ho gaIM aura kucha jAtiyoM ko nIca aura aspRzya mAna liyA gayA to usakA prabhAva jaina dharma para bhI par3A aura prakArAntara se jainoM ne bhI kucha jAtiyoM ko jaina muni-dIkSA aura bhikSA ke ayogya mAna liyA gyaa| sarvaprathama sthAMnAMga' meM jaina muni dIkSA ke ayogya vyaktiyoM kI carcA ke prasaMga meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki jaMgita arthAt jAti yA peze se ghaNita mAne jAne vAle vyakti ko dIkSA nahIM denA caahie| isI prakAra jahA~ prAcIna stara ke jaina granthoM meM muni ko ucca, nimna aura madhyama tInoM kuloM kI bhikSA grahaNa karane ke ullekha milate haiM vahIM paravartI sAhitya meM vizeSakara caNi Adi meM kucha kuloM ko bhikSA ke ayogya mAna liyA gayA thA / vastutaH yaha saba bRhattara hindU samAja ke prabhAva kA pariNAma thA aura yaha mukhyataH isalie kiyA gayA thA ki jaina-muni samAja meM ghRNA kA pAtra na bane athavA use ghRNita batAkara pracArita nahIM kiyA jA sake / yadyapi yaha jainadharma kI mUla prakRti aura zramaNa saMskRti ke viruddha thA kintu samavartI samAja kA anivArya prabhAva thA jise jainoM ne svIkAra kara liyA thaa| Age hama isI prasaMga meM kucha vistAra se carcA kreNge| nimna jAtiyoM kA stara nirdhAraNa jainagranthoMmeM nimna jAtiyoM ke stara nirdhAraNa ke kucha pramukha AdhAra the| inameM sarvaprathama ve vyakti jo ghaNita mAnI jAne vAlI jAti meM janma lete the, jAti jugita kahalAte the, dUsare karma ju gita the, jo apane nimna koTi ke karmoM ke kAraNa ghRNita mAne jAte the| tIsare ve the, jo nimna koTi ke zilpoM kA anusaraNa karane ke kAraNa ghRNita samajhe jAte the / vastutaH karmaju gita aura zilpaju gita donoM prAyaH peze ke kAraNa hI ghRNita samajhe jAte the|

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65 hisaka pezevara jAtiyA~ hiMsaka pezevara jAtiyoM ke loga vividha pazu-pakSiyoM kA zikAra karake apanI udarapUrti karate the tathA usakA vikraya karake dhanArjana karate the / inameM sUara kA zikAra karane vAle ( soyariyA), jala meM se machaliyoM ko mArane athavA pakar3ane vAle macchImAra (macchabandhA), pakSiyoM kA zikAra karane vAle bahelie ( sAuniyA ), vyAghra - hiraNoM kA zikAra karane vAle (vAhA), madhumakkhiyoM se zahada ekatrita karane vAle (mahudhAyA), cANDAla vizeSa ( kUDacheliyahatthA hariesA ) tathA bhIla Adi vanacara ( vaNacaragA ) ullekhanIya haiM / rAjapraznIyasUtra meM, ullekha hai ki bhIluMgA nAmaka jAti ke loga dvipadoM, catuSpadoM, mRgoM evaM anya pazu-pakSiyoM tathA sarpoM Adi ke rakta aura mAMsa kA sevana karate hue pApakarmoM meM rata rahate the / 1 mleccha - AgamoM meM varNita jAtigata samatA ---- jaina sUtroM meM mleccha jAti ( milakkha ) 3 kA prayoga prAyaH una hiMsaka logoM ke lie kiyA gayA hai, jo vividha tarIkoM se jIvoM ko pakar3akara unakA AhAra karate the tathA usIse apanA jIvikopArjana karate the / ye loga Arya janapadoM kI sImA para nivAsa karate the tathA vicitra rIti-rivAjoM meM saMlagna rahane ke kAraNa AryoM kI dRSTi meM ghRNA ke pAtra samajhe jAte the / cANDAla, mAtaMga aura zvapAka ghRNA evaM apakIrti ke pAtra the kyoMki ve bhojya padArthoM se sambandhita-varjanAoM ko nahIM mAnate the / ye loga vIbhatsa rUpa vAle, kAle, vikarAla, beDaula moTI nAka vAle, alpa evaM malina vastra dhAraNa kie, dhUla dhUsarita hone se bhUta kI taraha dikhAI dene vAle, gale meM saMkaradUSya arthAt kUr3e ke Dhera para se lAye gaye nikRSTa vasana dhAraNa kiye rahate the / da 1. praznavyAkaraNasUtra, a0 1, pR0 67-68 / 2. rAjapraznIyasUtra, 226, pR0 147 / 3. praznavyAkaraNasUtra, a0 1, pR0 68 / 4. AcArAMgasUtra, 2 / 3 / 471, pR0 175 / 5. nizIthacUrNi, 3, pR0 527; vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra, 1 / 3 / 1, pR0 283 // 6. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 126 /

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 cANDAla jaina AgamoM meM cANDAloM kI bastI kA ullekha hai, inase sabhI loga ghRNA karate the' / cANDAloM ko pApakarma karane vAlA, atyanta bhayAnaka evaM krUrakarmA batAyA gayA hai| corI aura hatyA inake lie sAmAnya bAta thii| kahA gayA hai ki durlabha manuSya jIvana pAkara bhI Aryatva pAnA durlabha hai kyoMki manuSya hokara bhI bahuta se loga dasyu aura mleccha hote haiN| duSkarmoM ke saMcaya ke kAraNa vyakti ko agale bhava meM mAtaMga (cANDAla) kula meM janma lete hue dikhAyA gayA hai| ye kUTagrAhI tathA manuSya sambandhI kAmabhogoM ke sevana meM sambandhoM kA vicAra kiye binA hI (bhAI-bahana ke madhya hI) saMsarga karane vAle hote the| cANDAla zavoM ko pheMkane kA kArya karate the| ataH brAhmaNoM dvArA inheM adarzanIya kahakara bhagA diyA jAtA thA / bhilla, DoMba, bodhita tathA lohakAra Adi jAtiyA~__inameM bhIloM ke pAsa apane kile hote the jise bhillakoTi yA bhillapallI kahA gayA hai| ye asabhya evaM jaMgalI loga vyApAriyoM evaM yAtriyoM ke lie hamezA khatarA bane rahate the| DoMba jAti ke loga khale maidAnoM meM rahate the aura hamezA Apasa meM lar3A karate the| inakI niyukti hAthiyoM kI dekhabhAla ke lie kI jAtI thii| vartamAna meM isa jAti ko madrAsa meM dramba aura uttara pradeza, bihAra evaM baMgAla meM DoMba ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai / bodhitoM kA nivAsa sthAna mAlava pradeza ke AsapAsa batAyA gayA hai| ye loga peze se cora yA DAkU 1. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 13 / 16, pR0 124 2. jJAtAdharmakathAsUtra, 1 / 2 / 6, pR0 110 3. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 10 / 16, pR0 86 4. vipAkasUtra, pR0 63-64 / 5. antakRtadazAMgasUtra, 3 / 26, pR0 88 6. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 1217, pR0 107 7. nizIthacUrNi, 4, pR0 151; 1, pR0 144 8. vahI, 3, pR0 270, 436 9. madhusena, e kalcarala sTaDI Apha nizIthacuNi, pR0 82

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67 AgamoM meM varNita jAtigata samatA hote the, jo logoM kA dhana chIna lete the| inake atirikta lohakAroM ko bhI kahIM-kahIM ghRNA kA pAtra mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi inase sArvabhauma rUpa se ghRNA nahIM kI jAtI thI, para dakSiNa bhArata meM inheM ghRNA kA pAtra samajhA jAtA thaa| jaina paramparA meM lohakAroM ko pUrA sammAna diyA gayA hai| mathurA ke abhilekhoM ke vizleSaNa se jJAta hotA hai ki aneka AyAgapaTToM aura jina pratimAoM kA dAna inake dvArA diyA gayA thA, ataH ye loga samAja meM sammAnita mAne jAte the| zilpa ke AdhAra para nirmita hIna jAtiyA~ jaina AgamoM meM karma athavA zilpa ke AdhAra para nindita samajhe jAne vAle vyaktiyoM kA bhI varNana milatA hai| ye loga vividha pezoM ke AdhAra para apanI jIvikA calAte the| inameM nATaka karane vAle (naTa), nRtya karane vAle (nartaka), rassI para car3hakara kalAbAjiyA~ dikhAne vAle (jalla), pahalavAnI karane vAle (malla), paMjA lar3Ane vAle (mauSTika), vidUSaka (bahurupiyA), kathaka (kathAvAcaka), pAnI meM tairane vAle (plavaka), uchala-kUda karane vAle, rAsa (svAMga) racane vAle, zubhAzubha zakuna batAne vAle, U~ce bA~sa para car3hakara kalAbAjI athavA khela karane vAle, citra dikhAkara bhIkha mAMgane vAle, zahanAI bajAne vAle, tambUrA bajAne vAle aura khar3atAla balAkara jIvikopArjana karane vAle the| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke anusAra" kucha loga lakSaNa aura svapna vidyA ke jJAtA the, kucha nimittazAstra aura kautuka kArya meM pravINa the tathA kucheka mithyA Azcarya ko utpanna karane vAlI kaheTa vidyAoM (jAdUgarI) ke jJAtA the / ve ina vidyAoM ke mAdhyama se apanI jIvikA ajita karate the| inheM bhI nimna jAtiyoM meM ginA jAtA thaa| varNasaMkara jAtiyA~ jaina granthoM ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM katipaya varNasaMkara jAtiyA~ bhI vidyamAna thiiN| AcArAMga niyukti meM kucha 1. nizIthacUrNi, 1. pR0 100 / 2. nizItha cUNi, 4, pR0 132 3. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha bhAga 2, abhilekha saMkhyA, 31, 54, 55 4. rAjapraznIyasUtra, 1, pR0 3 5. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 20145, pR0 211

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68 zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 pramukha mizrita jAtiyoM ke saMghaTana kA ullekha milatA hai| inameM ambaSTha (brAhmaNa puruSa aura vaizya strI ke saMyoga se utpanna), ugra (kSatriya puruSa evaM zUdrA strI), niSAda (brAhmaNa puruSa evaM zUdrA strI), ayogava (zUdra puruSa evaM vaizya strI), mAgadha (vaizya puruSa evaM brAhmaNa strI), cANDAla (zUdra-puruSa evaM brAhmaNa strI), sUta (kSatriya puruSa evaM brAhmaNa strI, kSattA (zUdra-puruSa evaM kSatriya strI), vaideha (vaizya puruSa evaM brAhmaNa strI), zvapaka (ugra puruSa evaM kSattA strI), vaiNava (videha puruSa evaM kSattA strI), vukkasa (niSAda puruSa aura ambaSTha strI)tathA kukkuraka (zUdra-niSAda ke saMyoga se utpanna) ullekhanIya haiN| sthAnAMgasUtra meM ambaSTha, kulanda, vaideha, harita, vaidika aura cuMcuNa kA ullekha huA hai| grantha meM inakI vivecanA karate hae Arya evaM ibhya batAyA gayA hai| ibhya use kahA jAtA thA, jisake pAsa dhanarAzi itanI U~cI ho ki saiMDa ko U~cA kiyA huA hAthI bhI na dikha ske| ibhya kI isa paribhASA se itanA to spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki brAhmaNa, kSatriya aura zUdra jAtIya mAtA kI vaizya se utpanna saMtAna se ina ibhya jAtiyoM ke nAma par3e haiN| kyoMki vyApAra karane vAle vaizya sadA se dhana-sampanna rahe haiN| bhikSAyogya kula___ AcArAMgasUtra meM bhikSuoM ke lie bhikSA-yogya kuloM kI carcA karate hue ugrakula, bhogakula, rAjajanyakula, kSatriyakula, ikSvAkukula, harivaMzakula, gopAlAdikula, vaizyakula, nApitakula, bar3haI-kula, grAma rakSakakula aura tantuvAya (bunakara) kuloM se bhikSA prApta karane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| yadyapi jaina zramaNa samatA yogI hotA hai, jA~ti-pA~ti ke bhedabhAva, chuA-chUta, raMga-bheda, sampradAya-prAntAdi bheda meM usakA tanika bhI vizvAsa nahIM hotA, na vaha ina bhedoM ko lekara rAga-dveSa, moha-ghRNA yA U~ca-nIca vyavahAra karatA hai balki zAstroM meM jahA~ sAdhu ke bhikSATana kA varNana AtA hai, vahA~ spaSTa ullekha hai"uccanIyamajjhimakulesu aDamANe"5 arthAt ucca, nIca aura madhyama 1. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 223 2. sthAnAMgasUtra, 6 / 34-34, pR0 543 3. dekhie, sthAnAMga, vivecana pR0 543 4. AcArAMgasUtra, 2 / 1 / 336, pR0 23 5. vahI vivecana pR0 23 /

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AgamoM meM varNita jAtigata samatA kuloM meM bhikSATana karatA huaa| yahA~ ucca, nIca, madhyama kula kA jAti-vaMza paraka yA raMga-prAnta-rASTrAdiparaka artha na karake jainAcAryoM ne sampannatA-asampannatA paraka artha hI kiyA hai| agara ucca-nIca yA kisI prakAra kA bheda-bhAva, AhAra grahaNa karane ke viSaya meM karanA hotA to zAstrakAra mUlapATha meM nApita, bar3haI, tantuvAya Adi ke gharoM se AhAra lene kA vidhAna na karate / bhikSA ke lie niSiddha kuloM kA spaSTa vibhAjana paravartI granthoM meM hI upalabdha hotA hai / nizIthacaNi' meM ina kuloM kA vibhAjana nimnavat hai bhikSA ke lie niSiddha kula laukika lokottara vasati se asambaddha itvarika [jo kAla vizeSa ke / lie bhikSA hetu niSiddha mAne jAte haiM jaise parivAra meM prasava yA mRtyu Adi hone / (arthAt gRha ke krama ke AdhAra para) kA parivAra) para) yAvatkathika [jo jIvana paryanta ke lie niSiddha mAne jAte haiM] karma juMgita zilpa juMgita jAti juMgita juMgita athavA jugupsita kA artha ghRNita hotA hai, ghRNA una gharoM meM hotI hai, jahA~ khuleAma mAMsa-machalI Adi pakAye jAte hoM, mAMsa ke Tukar3e, haDDiyA~, camar3A Adi par3A ho, pazuoM yA machaliyoM Adi kA vadha kiyA jAtA ho, jinake bartana, ghara, A~gana, kapar3e, zarIra Adi asvaccha hoM, aise ghara, cAhe ve kSatriyoM ke hI kyoM na hoM unheM jugupsita aura ghRNita hone ke kAraNa sAdhuoM ke lie tyAjya samajhanA cAhie 1. nizIthacUrNi, 4, pR0 279-80 2. AcArAMgasUtra dvitIya zrutaskandha, vivecana pR0 24

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zramaga, apraila-jUna, 1991 isake sAtha hI zAstrakAra ne gahita-nindya gharoM kI carcA karate hue likhA hai ki, "jahA~ sareAma vyabhicAra hotA hai, vezyAlaya ho, madirAlaya ho, kasAIkhAnA ho, jinake AcaraNa gaMde hoM, jo hiMsAdi pApakarma meM hI rata ho, aise ghara bhI bhikSA ke lie tyAjya haiN|" jugupsita aura nindita logoM ke gharoM se bhikSA ke lie jAne se bhikSu ko svayaM ghRNA paidA hogI, saMsarga se buddhi malina hogI, AcAra-vicAra para bhI prabhAva par3anA sambhava hai, loka-nindA bhI hogI, AhAra kI zuddhi bhI na rahegI aura dharmasaMgha kI badanAmI bhI hogii| jainoM kA vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa jaina samAja kI vartamAna pravRti evaM vyavahAra kI ora dhyAna na dekara yadi jaina mUla siddhAntoM ko dekheM tathA jaina zAstroM ke udAharaNa saMgraha kareM to spaSTa jJAta ho jAyegA ki jaina dharma dUsare dharmoM kI apekSA udAra adhika rahA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke zAsana meM zUdroM ko bhI vahI sthAna prApta thA jo kisI brAhmaNa, kSatriya yA vaizya ko ho sakatA hai / mahAvIra ke zAsana meM brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya evaM zUdra ko janmagata AdhAra para koI mahattva hI nahIM diyA gayA hai / yahA~ to spaSTa likhA hai ki kammuNA bambhaNo hoI, kammuNA hoI khttiyo| vaiso kammuNA hoI, suddo havaI kammuNA / / --uttarAdhyayanasUtra, a0 25 arthAt karma se (AcaraNa-vyavahAra se) hI brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra hote haiM (janma se koI brAhmaNa-kSatriya Adi nahIM hotaa)| mahAvIra ke zAsana meM janmagata jAti ko to gauNa mAnA hI gayA hai, sAtha hI yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki yadi koI zUdra apane AcAra aura vyavahAra ko zuddha kara letA hai to vaha brAhmaNAdi ke samAna ho jAtA hai / yathA--- "zUdro'pyupaskArAcAravapuHzuddhyAstu tAdRzaH / " -~-sAgaradharmAmRta 2/2 jainAcAryoM ke anusAra cANDAla ko bhI vrata dhAraNa karane se devoM ne brAhmaNa kahA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki koI bhI zUdra, aspRzya-zUdra 1. vahI

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71 AgamoM meM varNita jAtigata samatA athavA cANDAla bhI vrata dhAraNa karake zuddha ho sakatA hai, brAhmaNa ke samAna ho sakatA hai| jaina zAstroM meM aise anekoM pramANa evaM kathAeM maujUda haiM, jinameM hIna samajhI jAne vAlI jAtiyoM ke samAnAdhikAra kI carcA huI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke zAsana meM kisI ko koI roka-Toka nahIM thI, jina zAsana to AtmoddhAra ke lie thA, isalie jisakI AtmA jitanI adhika malina aura pApayukta ho, use utanA hI adhika dharmasevana karane kA avasara diyA gayA thaa| ___jainAcArya somadeva ne zUdroM kI zuddhi ke lie nimnalikhita tIna bAteM kahI haiM' - (1) AcaraNa kI svacchatA, (2) gRha-patrAdi kI zuddhi, (3) zarIra kI svcchtaa| zrI samantabhadrAcArya ke anusAra samyagdRSTi cANDAla bhI devamAnA gayA hai, pUjya mAnA gayA hai aura gaNadharAdi dvArA prazaMsanIya kahA gayA hai / jaina granthoM meM zUdroM evaM aspRzyoM ke prati vizeSa udAratApUrNa udAraNa milate haiM jinase spaSTa siddha hai ki koI bhI vyakti jainadharma dhAraNa kara sakatA hai, jainadharma meM mAnavamAtra samAnAdhikArI haiN| pratyakSa meM jAtigata koI vizeSatA nahIM hotI, hA~ vizeSatA tapa meM hotI hai; kyoMki cANDAla putra harikezIbala muni dIkSA grahaNa kara tapa se adbhuta aizvarya aura Rddhi ko prApta huA thaa| isI prakAra zvetAmbara aura digambara zAstroM meM kramazaH metArya, haribala, arjunamAlI, brahmadatta cakravartI kA pUrva bhava (cANDAla se muni) evaM somadatta mAlI, anaMga sevA vezyA, DhImara kI putrI kANA, cAmeka nAmaka vezyA Adi ullekha hai / jinhoMne tapa-ArAdhanA pUrvaka saMyamI jIvana vyatIta kiyaa| 1. "AcaraNAnavadyatvaM zucirupaskAraH zarIrazuddhizca karoti zUdrAnapi deva dvijAtipasviparikarmasu yogyAn |"-shrii somadevAcArya, niitivaakyaamRt7|12 2. "samyagdarzanasampannamapi mAtaMgadehajam / devA devaM vidurbhasmagUDhAgArAntaraujasam / / -- ratnakaraN'zrAvakAcAra, zloka 28 3. "sakkhaM khu dIsai tavoviseso na dIsai jAivisesa koii| sovAgapattaM hariesa sAhuM jasse risAiTThi mhaannubhaagaa|" -uttarAdhyayana sUtra, a0 12

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 72 harivaMzapurANa meM hue varNana se yaha bAta aura bhI spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke zAsana meM pratyeka vyakti ko dharmasevana karane kA samAnAdhikAra prApta thaa| yahA~ nara-nArI, veza-bhUSA yA zUdAzUdra ko lekara dharma ke sevana meM koI antara nahIM aataa| harivaMza purANa' kI kathAnusAra-zrI vasudeva jI apanI priyatamA madanavegA ke sAtha siddhakuTa caityAlaya kI vandanA karane gaye, mandira meM kaI citra-vicitra logoM ko baiThA dekhakara kumAra ne madanavegA se unakI jAti ke viSaya meM pUchA. laba madanavegA ne kahA-maiM inameM se ina mAtaMga jAti ke vidyAdharoM kA varNana karatI hU~-nIlamegha ke samAna zyAma nIlImAlA dhAraNa kiye mAtaMgastambha ke sahAre baiThe hue ye mAtaMga jAti ke vidyAdhara haiM / murdo kI haDDiyoM ke AbhUSaNoM se yukta, rAkha ke lapeTane se maTamaile zmazAna stambha ke sahAre baiThe hue ve zmazAna jAti ke vidyAdhara haiN| vaiDUrya maNi ke samAna nIle vastroM ko dhAraNa kie hue pANDura stambha ke sahAre baiThe hue pANDuka jAti ke vidyAdhara haiN| kAle-kAle mRga carmoM ko or3he kAle camar3e ke vastra aura mAlAoM ko dhAraNa kiye hue kAle stambha kA Azraya lekara baiThe hue ye kAlazvapA jAti ke vidyAdhara haiM / yaha saba yahI sUcita karatA hai ki koI bhI jainadharma kA zraddhAlu jina mandira meM jAkara baiTha sakatA thA aura vahA~ dharma zravaNa aura dharmArAdhana kara sakatA thaa| yadyapi hama yaha to nahIM kaha sakate ki jaina dharma meM vyAvahArika rUpa meM jAtIyatA-bhAvanA bilkula nahIM thI, kintu itanA avazya kaheMge ki jo thor3e bahuta jAtIya bhAvanA ke sandarbha AgamoM meM Aye haiM ve anya samakAlIna paramparAoM ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hai| ataH yaha nirvivAda satya hai ki sAmAjika utthAna evaM jAtigata viSamatA ko dUra karane kA jitanA prayAsa jaina dharma paramparA meM huA hai. yaha anyatra durlabha hai| 1. harivaMza purAga sarga 26, zloka 14 se 22 tk| zodha sahAyaka pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, AI0 TI0 AI0 roDa, vArANasI-5

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AcArAMga meM anAsakti ( prathama zrutaskaMdha ke vizeSa sandarbha meM DA0 zrIprakAza pANDeya atiprAcIna kAla se hI pravRttimArgI evaM nivRttimArgI do dharmasaraNiyoM kA astitva rahA hai / niHsaMdeha dharmadhArA ko ina do pravAhoM ( pravRttimArgI aura nivRttimArgI) meM vibhakta karane meM mAnava meM zAzvata rUpa se vidyamAna vAsanA aura viveka hI mUla kAraka rahe haiM / vAsanAtmaka saMtuSTi ke lie aihika sukha apekSita hai / pariNAmataH aihika sukha ko abhISTa mAnane vAloM ke lie samaSTivAdI kiMvA samAjAbhimukha evaM karmakANDa pradhAna, vidhAyaka dRSTi vAlI pravRttimArgI paramparA kA avalambana aparihArtha thA / dUsarI ora viveka, saMyama aura virAga kI apekSA rakhatA hai / saMyama ke kAraNa aihika sukhoM ke prati upekSAbhAva utpanna hotA hai jisakI pariNati sAMsArikatA se vimukha niSedhAtmaka dRSTipravaNa vyaSTivAdI yA ekAkIpana kI ora abhimukha nivRttimArgI dhArA meM hotI hai / nivRttimArgI daihika AvazyakatAoM ke prati upekSAbhAva, saMsAra ke prati niHsAratA aura duHkhAtmakatA kA bhAva rakhate haiM aura anAsakti virAga aura AtmatuSTi ko hI sarvocca jIvana mUlya mAnate haiM / nivRttimArgI zramaNa paramparA kA jainadharma pratinidhitva karatA hai aura svAbhAvika rUpa se duHkhoM kI AtyaMtika nivRtti yA mokSamArga ko hI lakSya mAnatA hai / samyak jJAna, darzana aura cAritra rUpI triratna ko yahA~ mokSa prApti kA sAdhana batAyA gayA / isameM bhI cAritra yA AcAra para sarvAdhika bala diyA gayA hai / mokSa - mArga sAdhanA meM AcAra kA mahatva isa tathya se bhI spaSTa hai ki tIrthaGkara ne artharUpa meM jina AgamoM kA upadeza kiyA hai aura jise gaNadharoM ne sUtra rUpa meM nibaddha kiyA hai, unameM zramaNa - sAdhanA ke nirdezoM evaM AcAra niyamoM kA pratipAdana karane vAlA graMtha hI prathama sthAna rakhatA hai / jainadarzana kA veda kahA jAne vAlA AcArAMga - zIrSaka yahU grantha darzana evaM adhyAtma ke pratipAdana ke sAtha zramaNAcAra

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 74 kA pramukhatA se vivecana karatA hai| AcArAMga-niyukti' meM bhadrabAhu ne kahA hai ki mukti kA avyAbAdha sukha AcAra meM hai| ahiMsA, aparigraha,. brahmacarya, satya, samatA, aura anAsakti zramaNAcAra kI dhurI haiM / prastuta nibaMdha meM hama AcArAMga prathama zrutaskaMdha meM prApta anAsakti sambandhI tathyoM kA samIkSAtmaka vivecana prastuta kareMge- jaina paramparA meM bandhana ke tIna mUlabhUta kAraNa Asakti (rAga) dveSa aura moha mAne gaye haiM / uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM rAga aura dveSa ko karmabIja kahA gayA hai evaM ina donoM kA kAraNa moha batAyA gayA hai| rAga aura dveSa meM rAga hI pramukha hai| AcArya kundakunda ne rAga ko hI bandhana kA pramukha kAraNa mAnate hue kahA hai ki Asakta AtmA hI karmabandha karatA hai aura anAsakta mukta ho jAtA hai, yahI jina bhagavAn kA upadeza hai, isalie karmoM meM Asakti mata rkho| Asakti se prANI sva se bhinna yA cetanA se itara para padArthoM kI prApti-aprApti, saMyoga-viyoga, lAbhaalAbha evaM sukha-duHkha kI kalpanA karane lagatA hai| Asakti yA rAga hI kAmanA, vAsanA, mUrchA, ahaMkAra, parAzrayatA, AkulatA, nirdayatA, saMkIrNatA, svArtha lolupatA, Agraha, saMgrahavRtti Adi vikAroM kI jananI hai / AcArAMga meM Asakti, Agraha aura saMgraha vRtti ke nirAkaraNa ke lie anAsakti, anAgraha aura aparigraha ke siddhAntoM kA upadeza kiyA gayA hai| vivecya grantha meM anAsaktibhAva rakhane hetu nirdiSTa vastuoM meM ghara-parivAra, dhana, strI, viSayabhoga vastra-pAtra, zarIra,. AhAra aura karma pramukha haiN| 1. nivvANassa u sAro avvAbAhaM jiNA viti / zrI bhadrabAhusvAmikRt, AcArAMga niyukti,zrI siddha cakra pracAraka samiti, jaina vijayAnanda priTi0 presa kaNapITha bAjAra sUrata se mudrita, vi0 saM 1991 2. rAgo ya doso vi ya kammabIyaM kammaM ca mohappabhavaM nayanti / uttarAdhyayanasUtra 3217 sAdhvI caMdanA dvArA sampAdita vIrAyatana prakAzana AgarA 2. 1972 3. ratto baMdhadi kamma mucadi jIvo virAga smptto| eso jiNovadeso tamhA kammesu mA rajja / / samayasAra 150 DA0 pannAlAla sAhityAcArya dvArA sampAdita. zrI gaNezavarNI graMthamAlA, prakAzana, vArANasI-1974

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75 AcArAMga meM anAsakti parijanoM meM anAsakti : sAdhanonmukha manuSya ke lie sarvAdhika bAdhaka ghara parivAra yA svajanoM ke prati usakA moha hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki sabase pahale parivAra yA svajanoM meM anAsakti kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| parivAra ke mohIjana yA priya aura apriya parijana, sAdhaka jaba bodha ko prApta kara sAdhanA ke patha para calane kA upakrama karatA hai to aneka taraha ke pralobhana va vAgjAla meM use bA~dhane kA prayatna karate haiM yathA- "he putra! tU hamako mata chor3a, hamane sadA tumhAre abhiprAya yA sukha-duHkha kA dhyAna rakhA hai tumheM yogya banAne ke lie saba taraha kA prayatna kiyA hai", Adi / ve AkraMdana evaM rudana karate hue sAdhaka ko usake pArivArika evaM sAmAjika kartavyoM kA bodha karA use rokane kA prayAsa karate haiN| AtmIya janoM ke AkraMdana evaM Artasvara durbalamana vAle sAdhaka ko vicalita kara dete haiM evaM svajanoM ke anurAga ke samakSa usakA vairAgya zarada Rtu ke bAdaloM kI taraha ur3a jAtA hai| mahApuruSoM ne aisI paristhiti Ane para saMyama meM dRr3ha rahane evaM Asakti kA parityAga karane kA. upadeza diyA hai| vyakti rAga ke kAraNa hI "yaha merI mAtA hai, merApitA hai, merA bhAI, merI bahana, merI patnI va merI putrabadhU hai, aisA pralApa karatA hai|"2 vaha svajanoM hetu evaM vyaktigata svArtha sAdhana ke lie vibhinna pApa karmoM meM pravRtta hotA hai| vaha rAgavaza dUsaroM ko apanA samajha baiThatA hai evaM unake lie saba kucha karatA hai parantu vahI vyakti jaba vRddhAvasthA ko prApta ho jAtA hai to ve hI sambandhI, parijana usakI nindA karane lagate haiN| rogAdi se grasta hone para ve parijana usakI upekSA karate haiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra kahate haiM ki "poSya-poSaka sambandha vAle ye sambandhI mRtyu ke Ane para tumhArI rakSA nahIM kara sakate aura na tU unakI rakSA kara sakatA hai, ataH unameM anAsakti rakha 1. taM parikkamaMtaM parideva mANA mA cAhi iya te vayaMti chaMdovaNIyA ajjho va vannA akkedakArI jaNagA ruyaMti'''AcArAMgasUtra 1 / 6 / 1 / 177 AcArya zrI AtmArAma jaina prakAzana samiti, jaina sthAnaka, ludhiyAnA se prakAzita-pR0 493 2. mAyA meM piyA meM majjA meM puttA meM dhUA meM 'sahisayaNa saMgathasaMthuA meM vahI- 1 / 2 / 1 / 63

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 76 31 - evaM sva ko pahacAna / sUtrakAra ghara-parivAra meM Asakta vyakti kI tulanA vRkSa ke pattoM se AcchAdita sarovara meM par3e hue kachue se karatA hai / jisa prakAra pattoM ke kAraNa vaha kachuA vahA~ se nikalane meM samartha nahIM ho pAtA, usI prakAra gRhavAsa meM Asakta jIva gRhastha jIvana kA * tyAga karane meM saphala nahIM ho pAtA / isalie sAdhaka ko ghara-parivAra meM anAsaktibhAva rakhakara, maiM saMsAra meM ekAkI hU~, merA koI nahIM hai isa bhAvanA se AtmAnveSaNa kara jinopadiSTa mArga para calane kA prayAsa karanA cAhie / * jAtikula aura gotra ke abhimAna kA niSedha : kucha loga UMca-nIca kulotpatti ke AdhAra para svayaM ko zreSTha evaM anya ko hIna mAnane lagate haiM / pariNAmasvarUpa dUsaroM ke prati ghRNA evaM tiraskAra bhAvanA janma letI hai / sAdhaka yaha jAnakara abhimAna kA parityAga kare ki karma kI ATha prakRtiyoM meM se gotra karma prakRti ke kAraNa hI jIva ucca evaM nIca kuloM ko prApta hotA hai ataH OMca yA nIca jAtigata yA janmagata nahIM apitu karmajanya haiM arthAt gotra karma ke udaya se hI prANI U~ca-nIca gotra vAlA kahA jAtA hai / ucca gotra meM utpatti se na to AtmA meM mahAnatA A pAtI hai aura na hI nimnagotra meM paidA hone se hInatA / pratyeka AtmA ina dono gotroM kA anantabAra anubhava kara cukI hai isalie prANI ko kulamada nahIM karanA cAhie / sUtrakAra ke zabdoM meM 'aisA jAnakara kauna apane gotra kA abhimAna karegA aura kisa bAta meM Asakta hogA / ataH sAdhaka ko anAsakta bhAva se ucca yA nIca gotrotpatti para harSa yA zoka na karate hue samabhAva meM rahanA cAhie / dhana meM anAsaktiH - grantha meM dhana-sampatti meM anAsaktibhAva rakhane kI aneka sthaloM para prarUpaNA kI gaI hai / artha pApa pravRtti kA janaka hai / manuSya dhana ke lie pAgala aura unmatta hokara bhayaMkara se bhayaMkara pApa karane ko udyata ho jAtA hai aura usake duHkhadAyI pariNAmoM kI 3. jehi vA saddhi sevasaMti te'vi Na egadA NiyagA tumaMpi tesi NAtma tANAe vA saraNAe vA / vahI - 1 / 2 / 3 / 78 24. vahI - 12 / 3 / 78

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77 AcArAMga meM anAsakti ciMtA na kara pApa karma meM lipta hotA jAtA hai| artha-lolapa dUsaroM ke hitAhita kI ciMtA kiye binA corI-DAkA jaise duSkarmoM se dhana prApta karatA hai| niHsaMkoca evaM niHzaMka aise avivekI evaM durvicArI kA dhanopArjana hI abhIpTa hotA hai, cAhe usake lie aneka prANiyoM kI hiMsA bhI kyoM na karanI pdd'e| vaha socatA hai yaha ajita dhana mere putrapautroM ke bhogopabhoga ke kAma AyegA parantu vaha yaha nahIM jAnatA ki jaba usake atinikaTastha bhI usakI rakSA nahIM kara pAte to yaha jar3a dravya kahA~ taka usakA sahAyaka hogaa| prabhUta dhana pAsa hone para bhI yadi vedanIya karma ke udaya se asAdhya rogoM ne A gherA to yaha dhana evaM bhogopabhoga ke anya sAdhana raMcamAtra bhI usake duHkha ko dUra nahIM kara skeNge| dhanasampatti kI nissAratA kA eka sAragarbhita citra uttarAdhyayana ke bIsaveM adhyayana meM dekhane ko milatA hai jahA~ anAthamuni samrATa kSeNika se kahate hai ki 'he rAjana! mere pitA prabhUta dhanaaizvarya ke svAmI the, bharApUrA parivAra thA parantu merI A~khoM meM asahya vedanA hone lagI to mere pitA aura parivAra ke athaka prayAsa ke bAvajUda bhI merI vedanA zAMta nahIM ho skii| pAnI kI taraha bahAyA gayA dhana mujhe vedanA se trANa nahIM dilA sakA / arthalobhI vyaktiyoM ke dvArA saMcita dhana jo bhogane ke pazcAt bhI lAbhAntarAya evaM bhogAntarAya karma ke kSayopazama se zeSa raha jAtA hai vaha saMcita dhana usake AtmIya janoM dvArA paraspara bA~Ta liyA jAtA hai, corI calA jAtA hai, rAjA dvArA adhigRhIta kara liyA jAtA hai yA ghara meM Aga lagane se bhasma ho jAtA hai, isa prakAra saMcita dhana kA vaha upayoga nahIM kara paataa| tIrthaGkara deva ke anusAra aise dhanArthI loga isa saMsAra sAgara ko kabhI 1. aTThAlobhI Alumpe sahasAkAre viNi vicitte. ettha satthe puNo puNo ___ appaM ca khalu AuyaM iha megesi mANavANaM taM jhaa| vhii-1|2|1|63 2. vhii-1|2|1|68 3. tattha AsI piyA majjha pabhUyadhaNasaMcao paDhame vaye mahArAya aulA me acchiveyaNA ahotthA viDalo dAho savvaMgesu ya patthivA na ya dukkhAH vimoyanti esA majjha annaahyaa| uttarAdhyayana sUtra-2018-23 aura bhI 20123-30

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78 zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 pAra nahIM kara skte| aise dhanasaMgrahakartAjIva dhana vinaSTa hone para vikSipta jaise ho jAte haiN| moha va ajJAna ke vazIbhUta ye dhanAsakta nahIM samajhate ki bhogopabhoga prApta karane kA sAdhanarUpa dhana antarAya karma ke udaya hone para sAdhana-prApti hetu nirarthaka ho jAtA hai / ataH jIva ko dhana-sampatti meM Asakta nahIM honA caahie| jaina darzana ke anusAra dhanadhAnyAdi dravyaparigraha haiM ataH aparigrahI hone ke lie asaMyata loka ke vitta-dhana Adi kA anAsakta bhAva se parityAga karanA caahie| striyoM meM anAsaktiH-AcArAMga ke loka - vijaya (dvitIya) adhyayana meM striyoM ko 'mahAmoha' nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai / kAmecchA-bhogAkAMkSA kA mUla mohakarma kA udaya hai ataH kAma aura bhoga meM Asakta hone se moha karma kI udIraNA hotI hai| isase tRSNA evaM AkAMkSA meM vRddhi hotI hai evaM karmabaMdhana hotA hai| ataH bhoga ke sabhI sAdhana moha ko bar3hAne vAle haiN| kAma vikAra yA maithuna moha ko adhika uttejita karane vAlA hai, isase bhogecchA evaM tRSNA udIpta hotI hai evaM isakI pUrti ke lie strI kA sahayoga apekSita hai| isI artha meM strI ko mahAmoha kahA gayA hai| kAmI yA ajJAnI puruSoM ke lie striyA~ bhoga kI ananya sAdhana haiM parantu ve ajJAnI nahIM jAnate ki ye striyAM moha duHkha, mRtyu va naraka kA kAraNa haiM / vaha sundara vastroM aura AbhUSaNoM se susajjita striyoM para mugdha hotA hai / Arambha atyanta kaSTa pAne ke bAda vaha striyoM kA sparza sukha prApta karatA hai aura yahI sparza sukha bAda meM narakAdi yAtanAoM ke daNDa kA kAraNa banatA hai| 1. AcArAMga sUtra 1 / 2 / 3 / 81 2. tumaM ceva taM sallamAhaTu jeNa siyA teNa no siyaa| vhii-1|2|4|85 3. loga vintaM ca NaM uvehAe ee saMge aviyANa o / vahI 1 / 5 / 2 / 150 4. appAmAo mahAmohe / vhii-1|2|4|85 5. ghImi loe pavahie. te mo vayaMti eyAI AyayaNAI. se dukkhAe. mohAe. mArAe. naragAe naragatirikkhAe. vahI- 1 / 6 / 4 / 85. 6. arattaM virattaM maNi kuMDalaM sa hiraNNeva itthiyAo parigijjhati / vhii-1|2|3|80 7. puvvaM daNDA pacchAphAsA puvvaM phAsA pacchA daNDA / vahI- 1 / 5 / 4 / 160

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"79 AcArAMga meM anAsakti tAtparya yaha hai ki kAmI puruSa ko strI ko prApta karane meM atyadhika kaSTa uThAnA par3atA hai taba jAkara use sparza sukha prApta hotA hai, phira yahI sparza sukha usake karmabandhana kA kAraNa banatA hai jisase use narakAdi yAtanAoM kA daNDa bhoganA par3atA hai| striyoM meM Asakta puruSa ko asaMyamita jIvana hI priya lagatA hai, vaha mUr3hatA ko prApta hokara viparIta AcaraNa karatA hai| vaha nahIM jAnatA ki ye striyAM kalaha aura saMgrAmAdi kA kAraNa evaM rAga-dveSa utpanna karane vAlI haiM / mahAvIra svAmI ne kahA hai ki bhikSu strI kI kathA na kare, usake aMga-pratyaMga kA avalokana na kare usake sAtha ekAnta vAsatA na * kare unameM mamatva (Asakti) na kare tathA unase ekAnta meM vArtAlApa na kare evaM pApakarmo kA sadA tyAga kare / vicArazIla bhikSu yadi grAmadharma yA viSayavAsanA se pIr3ita ho jAya to use nIrasa AhAra lenA cAhie, unodarI tapa (alpAhAra) karanA cAhie, U~ce sthAna para khar3e hokara kAyotsarga dvArA AtApanA lenI cAhie parantu strI meM mana ko Asakta nahIM karanA caahie| use pratijJA karanI cAhie ki maiM saba prakAra ke maithuna kA yAvajjIvana tyAga karatA huuN| maiM deva, manuSya aura tiryaJca sambandhI maithuna ko kRta, kArita evaM anumodana pUrvaka chor3atA huuN"| viSaya-bhogo meM anAsakti : viSayoM meM Asakti duHkhoM kA mUla hai| AcArAMga meM viSaya-arthAt guNa ko Avarta evaM mUlasthAna kI saMjJA dI gaI hai-je guNe se AvaTTe je AvaTTa se guNe je guNe se mUlaThANe je mUlaThANe se guNe" 1. vahI- 1 / 2 / 3 / 80 2. vahI- 1 / 5 / 4 / 160 3. vahI- 1 / 5 / 4 / 160 4. uvahijjamANe gAmadhammehiM avinivvalAsae avi ca e itthIsu maNaM / vahI- 1 / 5 / 4 / 160 5. vahI- 1 / 1 / 2 / 15 6. vahI- 1 / 15 / 4 17. vahI- 1 / 2 / 1 / 63

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 arthAt viSaya yA guNa saMsAra cakra ke mUla kAraNa haiM / zrota, cakSu, ghrANa, rasanA aura tvak ina pA~ca indriyoM ke zabda, rUpa, gaMdha, rasa evaM sparza ye pA~ca viSaya haiM; inheM hI guNa kahA gayA hai, ye hI saMsAra cakra yA Avarta evaM mUlasthAna (saMsAra) haiN| cUki saMsAra kA mUla kaSAya haiM evaM kaSAyoM ke Azraya ye guNa haiM ataeva guNa arthAt indriya viSaya saMsAra ke mUla kAraNa haiM, yaha do prakAra kA hotA hai-iSTa aura aniSTa / iSTa guNa evaM aniSTa guNa ke prati kramazaH rAga aura dveSa bhAva hotA hai| guNa arthAt viSaya se kaSAya meM vRddhi hotI hai evaM kaSAya se saMsAra / viSayoM meM Asakti bar3hane se saMsAra sambandha-pragAr3ha hotA hai evaM AtmA kI gati sAdhanA vimukha ho jAtI hai, sAMsArI sukhopabhoga meM jIva lipta ho jAtA hai / AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki viSayoM meM Asakta prANI viSaya kAmanA se sAvadha karmo meM lipta rahate haiN| ye puruSa azaraNarUpa pApa karma ko zaraNabhUta mAnate hue nAnA prakAra kI vedanAoM kA anubhava karate haiN| ve naTa kI bhA~ti viSayoM ke pIche ghUmate haiN| atyanta dhUrta evaM AsravoM meM Asakti rakhane vAle aise puruSa viSaya kaSAya bhUta karma karane meM paTu, karmAnuSThAna meM catura, pApoM se nivRtta na hone vAle evaM avidyA se sukha tathA mokSa kI abhilASA rakhane vAle hote haiM / ye viSayapUrti hetu saMyama tyAga dete haiM parantu bhogAsakta kI bhogecchA sadaiva atRpta rahatI hai kyoMki icchA, tRSNA yA kAmanA aparimita hai evaM jIva-Ayu sImita hai| isalie vaha sadaiva hI atRpta rahatA hai| vaha apanI icchApUrti ke lie prANiyoM kI hiMsA karatA hai', chedana-bhedana karatA hai evaM icchA atRpta hone para krodha aura zoka karatA huA dUsaroM ko hAni pahu~cAtA hai| vaha asthira citta evaM tanAva grasta hotA hai| kAma ke do bheda haiM..-- 1. AcArAMga- 1 / 5 / 1 / 146 2. vahI 1 / 1 / 6 / 52 3. vahI 1 / 2 / 1 / 66 4. kAmA durattikAmA jIviyaM duppaDivUhagaM kAma kAmI khaluayaM purise se soyati. jUrati. tappati. piDDati paritappati / vahI 1 / 2 / 5 / 90

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AcArAMga meM anAsakri 81 (i) icchAvAsanA rUpa kAma (i) maithuna sevana rUpa kAma ina dvividha kAmoM kA udbhava mohanIya karma ke udaya se hotA hai| hAsya-rati Adi se icchA, AkAMkSA evaM vAsanA udbhUta hotI hai aura vedodaya se maithuna sevana kI pravRtti hotI hai| ataH kAma bhoga mohanIya karmajanya hai aura jaba taka mohanIya karma kA sadbhAva rahatA hai taba taka unakA sarvathA unmUlana kara pAnA kaThina hotA hai kyoMki mohakarma ko saba karmoM kA rAjA kahA gayA hai, isalie viSaya bhogoM kI ora pravRtti nahIM honI caahie| unakA tyAga karanA caahie| jina jIvoM ne kAmabhogoM kI vAstavikatA ko nahIM jAnA hai - arthAt unheM tuccha, nissAra evaM anarthakArI jAnakara nahIM tyAgA hai ve usakI prApti evaM prApta hokara naSTa ho jAne se nirantara zoka-saMtApa kA anubhava karate haiM / kAma-bhogoM meM Asakta aise ajJAnI jIvoM ke duHkha upazAMta nahIM hote, ve pApakarmoM kA upacaya karate haiM, bAra-bAra duHkhoM ke Avartta meM bhramaNa karate haiM evaM bhava-bhramaNa rUpa karmavRkSa kA siMcana karate hue bArabAra garbha meM Ate haiN| kucha vyakti viSayoM se indriyoM kA nirodha kara to lete haiM parantu mohakarma ke bAdhaka hone ke kAraNa viSayoM se unakI pUrNa-anAsakti nahIM ho paatii| aise vyakti viSayoM ke saMyoga ko tyAga nahIM kara pAne ke kAraNa mokSa mArga se anabhijJa hote haiN| AcArAMga meM viSaya bhogoM ke prati anAsakti kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA gayA hai-viSaya bhoga se anAsakti yA upekSAbhAva ke lie puruSa kA isase pUrNatayA anabhijJa honA (viSaya bhoga kA AsvAda na karanA) Avazyaka nahIM hai apitu viSayoM kA bhoga yA sevana karane ke bAda bhI unakA tyAga kiyA jA sakatA hai| loga viSaya-bhogoM kA sevana karake bhI tyAjya bhogoM ko bhogane kI icchA nahIM krte| ve bhogoM ko nissAra evaM devabhava ko bhI janma evaM mRtyu rUpa jAnakara viSaya-vAsanA 1. vahI- 1 / 2 / 5 / 15 2. kAmesu giddhA nicayaM karoti sasicca mAgA puriti gambhaM / vahI- 1 / 2 / 2 / 5 3. vahI- 1 / 4 / 4 / 139

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 meM Asakta nahIM hote| jo lobha ko alobha se parAbhUta karake prApta kAmabhogoM kA Asevana nahIM karate ve hI sacce arthoM meM tyAgI haiM kyoMki sundara bhoga vilAsa evaM bhautika sukha-sAdhanoM se yukta tathA bhoga karane meM svatantra evaM samartha rahakara bhI inheM saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karane kA sAdhana samajhakara tyAga karane vAlA hI asalI tyAgI hai / 3 isalie mahAvIra svAmI ne viSayabhogoM meM anAsakti bhAva rakhane kI dezanA dI hai| AhAra meM anAsakti : yadyapi saMyama-sAdhanA hetu svastha zarIra mahatvapUrNa hai aura zarIra ko svastha banAye rakhane ke lie AhAra evaM vastrAdi sAdhana bhI Avazyaka haiM kintu AcArAMga meM saMyamamArga meM pravarttamAna anagAra ko kisI vizeSa prakAra ke AhAra meM Asakti na rakha kevala zarIra nirvAha ke lie Avazyaka evaM nirdoSa AhAra kI gaveSaNA karane kA sAmAnya rUpa se upadeza diyA gayA hai| sUtrakAra ke anusAra saMyamaniSTha sAdhu ko dravya (ghRta-cInI) Adi kA saMgraha na kara trikaraNa evaM triyoga se sadoSa AhAra kA tyAga karanA caahie| vaha na svayaM sadoSa AhAra grahaNa kare, na karAve, na karAne vAle kA anumodana kre| sUtrakAra ne 'AmagaMdha' evaM 'nirAmagaMdha' zabda ko kramazaH sadoSa va nirdoSa AhAra ke lie prayukta kiyA hai| 'Ama' zabda prAyaH prAyaH sabhI bhAratIya paramparAoM meM prayukta haA hai, vaidika granthoM meM yaha zabda apakva, anna Adi ke lie prayukta huA hai| pAligranthoM meM pApa ke artha meM isa zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, isa apekSA se nirAma kA artha hogA niSpApa aura 'AmagaMdha' kA artha hogA pApa kI gaMdha yA AdhAkarma Adi doSoM se dUSita AhAra / AcArAMga sadoSa AhAra ke tyAga kA upadeza detA 4. AsevittA etaM aTTha icyevege saguThThiyA / vahI- 1 / 3 / / / 115 5. vahI- 1 / 2 / 2175 6. je ya kaMte pie bhoe. laddhevipiTThI. kuvvai / sAhINe cathai. se hu cAinti vuccai / / dasaveAliyaM- 2 / 8 / 3. vAcanA pramukha AcArya tulasI. prakAzaka-jaina zvetAmbara terApanthI mahAsabhA. kalakattA-saM0 2020 1. AcArAMga sUtra- 1 / 2 / 5 / 88

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AcArAMga meM anAsakti hai| saMyamaniSTha sAdhu ke AhAra kI vyAkhyA karate hue sUtrakAra kahate haiM ki 'sAdhu' ke AhAra ko AhAra upalabdha hone para AhAra ke parimANa kA bhI jJAna honA cAhie, kyoMki yadi parimANa se adhika bhojana le liyA jAya to gRhastha ko apane evaM apane parivAra ke lie kaSTa hogaa| isalie kevala zarIra nirvAha hetu Avazyaka AhAra grahaNa kre| yadi na mile to bhI usameM samabhAva rakhanA caahie| AhAra milane para muni ko garva evaM na milane para kheda nahIM karanA caahie| pracura mAtrA meM AhAra mila jAya to use maryAdita kAla se adhika agale dina ke lie saMgraha karake nahIM rakhanA cAhie anyathA vaha parigrahI ho jaayegaa|' AhArArthI bhikSu ko kAlajJa, balajJa, vinayajJa evaM mAtrajJa honA cAhie, use anaudarya tapa kA pAlana karanA caahie| AcArAMga ke dvitIya zruta skandha meM sAdhu ke AhAra ke sambandha meM piNDaiSaNA evaM pAnaiSaNA nAmaka adhyayana meM vistRta carcA huI hai| yahAM yahI kahanA abhISTa hogA ki sAdhu ko priya bhojana meM Asakti na rakha bhikSA dvArA gRhastha se jo bhI nirdoSa AhAra mile use nirlobha bhAva se grahaNa karanA caahie| vastra meM anAsaktiH vastra meM anAsakti kA tAtparya yaha hai ki aparihArya sthiti meM jo vastra zramaNa ke lie Avazyaka hai una vastroM meM Asakti kA prityaag| sAdhu ko cAhie ki AvazyakatA par3ane para jaise bhI sAdhAraNa vastra mila jA~ya usI meM santoSa karatA huA samabhAva se sAdhanA meM saMlagna rhe| dazavaikAlika meM kahA gayA hai ki mAtra vastra-pAtra, parigraha nahIM apitu usameM Asakti rakhanA parigraha hai| bhikSu ko yaha vicAra nahIM karanA cAhie ki merA vastra jIrNa ho gayA hai isalie maiM naye vastra kI yAcanA karU~gA, phaTe hue vastra ko sIU~gA, choTe se bar3A yA 1. vhii-1|2|5|91 3. (i) dazavakAlika 2 / 4 / 15 (ii) so ya pariggaho ceyaNAceyaNesu davvesu mucchAnimitto bhavai / jinadAsa cUrNi-pR0 151 prakAzaka zrI jainabandhu mudraNAlaya. indaura vi0 saM0 1989

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 84 bar3e se choTA karUMgA' / AcArAMga hameM batAtA hai ki jo muni tIna vastroM se yukta hai, vaha cauthe vastra kI kAmanA na kre| AcArAMga meM vastroM ko raMgane evaM unako dhone kA niSedha karate hue parimANa meM alpa evaM thor3e mUlya vAle vastra rakhane kA upadeza kiyA gayA hai| tIna vastroM se acelatva taka kI sAdhanA kI vikAsa yAtrA meM tIna se do, do se eka vastra evaM bAda meM eka vastra kA bhI parityAga kara acelaka banane kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| vastra ke parityAga se lAghavatA hotI hai evaM lAghavatA hI anAsakti hai| vastrAbhAva se hone vAle parISahoM ke samabhAva pUrvaka sahana karane se sAdhaka tapasammukha hotA hai| zarIra meM anAsakti :___ mAnava zarIra yuvAkAla taka sAre bhogoM ko bhogane meM samartha hotA hai parantu jarjara yA vRddha hone para, tRSNA kI pUrti na hone se duHkha evaM saMkleza kA anubhava karatA hai| vRddhAvasthA ke Ate hI zarIra meM jhurriyAM par3a jAtI haiM, paira lar3akhar3Ane lagate haiM, dA~ta gira jAte haiM, dRSTi kamajora par3a jAtI hai evaM rUpa saundarya kA sthAna kurUpatA le letI hai| bhartRhari ne apane vairAgya zataka meM vRddhatva ke isa rUpa ko evaM jarAgrasta jIrNa-zIrNa zarIra ko dhikkArA hai / AcArAMga zarIra meM mamatva na rakhane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai-yaha zarIra Upara se dekhane para jitanA sundara hai utanA hI andara se vikRtiyukta hai| zarIra ke nava dvAroM se sadA mala nisravaNa hotA rahatA hai| zarIra ko azucimaya samajhakara mahAvIra svAmI rogAdigrasta hone para upacAra bhI nahIM karate the| kyoMki 1. parijuNNe meM vatthe. vatthaM jAissAmi. sUiM jAissAmi 'DakkasissAmi bukkasissAmi / ahiyAliyaM / AcArAMgasUtra- 1 / 6 / 3 / 182 2. vahI 1 / 8 / 8 / 208 3. gAvaM. saMkucitaM gativigavitA dantAzca nAzaMgatAH / dRSTibhrazyanti rUpameva hasate vaktraM ca lAlAyate // vAkyaM naiva karoti bAndhavajataH patni na suzrayate / dhikkaSTaM jara yAmi bhUtapuruSaM putropyavajJAyate / / bhartRhari zataka traya, vairAgya zatakAdhika zloka- 25. siMghI jaina zAstra zikSApITha, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana bambaI se prakAzita-vi0 saM0 2015 4. AcArAMga suutr-1|9|4|2

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AcArAMga meM anAsakti unakA dhyAna nazvara zarIra kI tarapha na hokara AtmA meM kendrita thaa| ve zarIra kI niHsAratA ko jAnate the isalie unheM zarIra se mamatva na thaa| zarIra ke prati mamatva rakhane vAle aneka vyakti zarIra ke zRMgAra ke lie aneka jIvoM kI hiMsA karate haiN| dhyAtavya hai ki zarIrasaundarya prasAdhana ke lie banAye jAne padArthoM meM aneka jIvoM ke rakta, mAMsa, carbI Adi kA bharapUra upayoga kiyA jAtA hai / zarIra meM Asakta vyakti isa nazvara zarIra ko sajAne-saMvArane ke lie aneka prANiyoM kA badha karatA hai| AcArAMga aise zarIra ke prati mamatva na rakhane kA upadeza detA hai| karma meM anAsakti : jaina darzana meM jIva kI kriyA ke hetu ko karma kahA gayA hai / karma ke dravyAtmaka evaM bhAvAtmaka ye do pakSa haiN| karma saMkalpa ke hetu rUpa meM vicAraka (upAdAnakAraNa) aura usa vicAra ke preraka (nimitta kAraNa) donoM hI Avazyaka haiN| AtmA ke mAnasika vicAra bhAvakarma haiM aura ye manobhAva jisa nimitta se hote haiM vaha dravyakarma hai / AcArya nemicandra ne karma ke cetana-acetana pakSoM kI vyAkhyA karate hae pudgalapiNDa ko dravyakarma evaM cetanA ko prabhAvita karane vAlI usakI zakti ko bhAvakarma kahA hai| ataH jaina paramparA meM karma ke do pakSa haiM(1) rAga, dveSa, kaSAya Adi manobhAva aura (2) karmapudgala / karma 1. vahI 1 / 1 / 6 / 54 2. kIrai jieNa heDahiM. jeNaMto bhaNNa e kammaM / karmavipAka-devendrasUri viracita. anu0 paM0 sukhalAla jI / zrI AtmAnanda jaina pustaka pracAraka maNDala. AgarA-1939 I0 3. jaina bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana.-DA0 sAgaramala jaina. pR0 107. rAjasthAna prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna. jayapura-1980 4. kammattaNeNa ekkaM davvaM bhAvotti hodi viMha t / poggala piNDo davvaM tassattI bhAvakammaM tu // gommaTasAra-6 AcArya nemicandra dvArA viracita. prakA "zrI paramazruta prabhAvaka. jaina maNDala. bambaI vi0 saM0 1985

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 86 pudgala kriyA kA hetu hai aura rAgadveSAdi kriyA hai| karma, bandhana kA kAraNa hai| jaina darzana kI mAnyatA hai ki 'karmaNAbadhyate jantu' yaha ukti nirapekSa satya nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki kucha karma, bandhana kAraka hote haiM evaM kucha karma bandhanakAraka nahIM hote / inheM kramazaH 'karma' evaM 'akarma' kahA gayA hai / karma ke isa svarUpa kI vivecanA hameM sarvaprathama AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM milatI hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki 'kucha karma ko vIrya (puruSArtha) kahate haiM, kucha akarma ko vIrya' (puruSArtha) / tAtparyataH sakriyatA hI puruSArtha yA naitikatA hai evaM kucha vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM niSkriyatA hI puruSArtha yA naitikatA hai| mahAvIra kahate haiM ki 'karma' kA artha zarIrAdi kI ceSTA evaM akarma kA artha zarIrAdika ceSTA kA abhAva nahIM kiyA jAnA cAhie, vastutaH pramAda karma hai, apramAda akarma hai / apramatta avasthA meM kriyAzIlatA bhI akarma evaM pramattadazA meM niSkriyatA bhI karma bana jAtI hai| ataH kriyA kA bandhakatva usake pIche rahe hue Asakti, rAga aura dveSa kI sthiti para nirbhara hai| rAga, dveSa evaM kaSAya hI kisI kriyA ko karma banA dete haiM jabaki kaSAya evaM Asakti se rahita hokara kiyA gayA karma, akarma bana jAtA hai| AcArAMga meM mahAvIra svAmI ne spaSTa kahA hai ki jo Asrava yA bandhana kAraka kriyAeM haiM ve hI anAsakti evaM viveka se samanvita hokara mukti ke sAdhana bana jAtI haiM / paM0 sukhalAla kahate haiM ki mithyAtva kaSAya Adi kAraNoM se jIva ke dvArA jo kiyA jAtA hai vahI karma hai| rAga aura dveSa donoM karma bIja haiM jisakA kAraNa moha hai| Asakti mamatva se rahita jo karma hogA vahI akarma yA abandhanakAraka hogaa| gItA bhI jaina darzana ke anurUpa hI phalAsakti se yukta 1 sUtrakRtAMga-1 8.1- 2 (madhukara muni. zrI Agama prakAzana samiti. vyAvara-1982 / 2. vahI 1 / 8 / 3 3. je AsavA te parisavvA je parissavA se AsavA-AcArAMga 1 / 1 / 4 / 2 / 1 4. darzana aura ciMtana-paM0 sukhalAla jI khaNDa 1-2 pR0 225, prakA0 50 sukhalAla jI sammAna samiti, ahamadAbAda-1957

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AcArAMga meM anAsakti karma ko karma evaM phalAsakti se rahita karma ko akarma kahatI hai / AcArAMga evaM gItA meM karma meM anAsakti yA niSkAma karma ke stara para katipaya sthaloM para vicArasAmya parilakSita hotA hai| AcArAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai agrakarma aura mUla karma ke bhedoM meM viveka rakhakara hI karma kr| aise karmoM kA kartA hone para bhI vaha sAdhaka niSkarma hI kahA jAtA hai| niSkarmatA ke jIvana meM upAdhiyoM kA Adhikya nahIM hotA, laukika pradarzana nahIM hotaa| usakA zarIra mAtra zArIrika kriyAoM (yogakSema) kA vAhaka hotA hai / gItA kahatI hai ki AtmavijetA indriyajit sabhI prANiyoM ke prati samabhAva rakhane vAlA vyakti karma kA kartA hone para niSkarma kahA jAtA hai / vaha phalAsakti se mukta hokara karma karatA hai para phalAsakti se ba~dhA karmabaMdhana se ba~dha jAtA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM bhI spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki bhAvoM se virata jIva, zoka rahita ho jAtA hai vaha kamala patra kI taraha saMsAra rUpI kIcar3a se lipta nahIM hotaa| AcArAMga niSkAmadarzI kI mahimA kI vyAkhyA karate hue sUtrakAra kahate haiM ki niSkarmadarzI puruSa AtmA ke mUla ko pracchanna karane vAle ghAtikarma evaM aghAtikarma catuSTaya ko dUra kara karma sAdhanA ke dvArA karma bandhana ke AvaraNa se rahita sarvajJa bana jAtA hai / vaha janma-maraNa se mukta ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki AcArAMga meM jina vastuoM meM anAsaktibhAva rakhane kI vivecanA kI gaI hai ve mAnava vyaktitva ke aparihArya evaM Avazyaka aMga haiN| ina vastuoM ke prati rAga kA tyAga kara bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA nirUpita zramaNa-sAdhanA ke uccazikhara para pahuMcA jA sakatA hai / Asakti yA rAga aura dveSa jo karmabIjAtmaka haiM, graMthirUpa haiM, jinakA khula jAnA hI nigrantha hone kA vAstavika artha hai / kyoMki nigrantha kA artha hI hotA hai granthi rahitahonA evaM graMthi kA 1. aacaaraaNg-1|3|2|4 draSTavya-AcArAMga (saMtabAla) pariziSTa 36-37 2. giitaa-5|7, 5 / 12 gItA presa, gorakhapura 1982 3. uttraadhyynsuutr-32|99 4. aggaM ca mUlaMca vigiMca dhIre palicchidiyA NaM nikkammadaMsI-AcArAMga 1 / 1 / 3 / 2 / 1 5. esa maraNA pamuccaI / vahI 1 / 3 / 05

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 88 nirmANa Asakti se hotA hai / AkAMkSAoM kA uccastara jo satat pUrNa hone kI apekSA rakhatA hai, vastutaH rAga-dveSa mUlaka hai kyoMki mAnava svabhAvataH asIma AkAMkSAoM kA puJja hai aura ye AkAMkSAeM jaba pUrNa nahIM hotI to aneka burAiyoM yathA-dveSa, zoka, kuMThA evaM hiMsA Adi ko janma detI haiM, phira yadi AkAMkSAeM kinhIM sImA taka pUrI bhI ho jaoNya to prApya kI prApti hone para vaha unake prati Asakti se mukta nahIM ho pAtA / isIlie AcArAMga vastu tyAga ke sthAna para mamatva tyAga ko mahatva detA hai, kyoMki jahA~ mamatva yA rAga hai vahA~ dvaSa bhI hai, donoM parasparApekSI haiN| rAga, dveSa, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha Adi kaSAya sApekSa manovRttiyoM meM antanihita haiN| yadi inameM se kisI eka para vijaya pA lI jAya to saba para vijaya prApta ho jAyegI / vyavahArataH yaha kaThina avazya hai parantu asambhava nahIM hai| AcArAMga zramaNasAdhanA ke jo citra prastuta karatA hai unameM anAsakti evaM ahiMsA siddhAntaH jitane mahattvapUrNa haiM, vyavahArataH inheM mAnava-jIvana meM utAra pAnA niHsandeha kaThina hai| isakA saMketa kalpasUtra* kI TIkAoM meM saSTataH parilakSita hotA hai, jahA~ mahAvIra svAmI ke ananya ziSya AcArya gautama ke sabhI ziSya-aziSya vItarAgatA ko prApta kara letai hai parantu svayaM gautama nahIM kara pAte / kAraNa pUchane para prabhu ne spaSTa kiyA ki 'terI mujhameM jo Asakti hai, mere prati jo rAga hai vahI tumhArI vItarAgatA kI prApti meM sabase bar3A bAdhaka hai'| mahAvIra kI dezanAoM meM anAsakti aura ahiMsA pramukha tattva the jinakA AcArAMga kI gAthAoM meM advitIya samAveza hai| AcArAMga meM mukhya rUpa se mUlyAtmaka cetanA kI sabala abhivyakti huI hai jisakA pramukha uddezya anAsakti, satya evaM samatA Adi ke mAdhyama se eka aise ahiMsAtmaka samAja kA nirmANa karanA hai jisameM samatA ke AdhAra para sukha, zAMti aura samRddhi ke bIja aMkurita puSpita evaM pallavita ho skeN| 1. je ega~ jANai se savvaM jANai, je savvaM jANai se egaM jANa i je ega nAme se baha nAme je bahu nAme se egaM nAme / aacaaraaNgsuutrH-1|1|3|4 2. (i) evaM ca mayi tava gADhatvena snehasya na vevalajJAnamutpadyate / bhagavatI, abhaya devakRta vRtti, pR0 1187 (ii) mukkhamagga pavannAnaM sineho vajjasiMkhalA vIre jIvantae jAo goyama na kevalI / kalpasUtra TIkA, vinayavijaya kRta, pR 121

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jaina abhilekhoM kI bhASAoM kA svarUpa evaM vividhatAe~ DA0 esa0 ena0 dUbe jaina abhilekha prAkRta, saMskRta, saMskRta mizrita prAkRta, kannaDa, saMskRta 'mizrita kannaDa, tamila, telagU aura prAcIna marugUrjara meM upalabdha hote haiM / jahA~ taka bhASAyI AdhAra para abhilekhoM ke kSetrIya vargIkaraNa kA prazna hai, uttara-bhArata ke abhilekha mukhyatayA prAkRta' saMskRta, yA mizrita prAkRta meM utkIrNa haiN| dakSiNa bhArata meM upalabdha abhilekha mukhya rUpa se kannaDa, kannaDamizrita saMskRta5, telagU, saMskRta mizrita telagU," aura tamila, kannaDa mizrita telagU meM hai kucha nAgarI mizrita saMskRta va saMskRta mizrita gujarAtI meM haiN| dakSiNa bhArata meM kucha abhilekhoM ko chor3akara prAkRta ke abhilekha kama mile haiN| kAla kI dRSTi se abhilekhoM kI bhASA para vicAra karane se jJAta hotA hai ki lagabhaga tRtIya, caturtha zatAbdI taka ke adhikAMza abhilekha prAkRta, saMskRta aura saMskRta mizrita prAkRta meM hI upalabdha hote hai| 1. jai0 zi0 saM0, bhA0 2, abhiH 138, 139 ityAdi / 2. vahI, bhA0 2, abhi0 88, 89, ityAdi / 3. vahI, bhA0 2, abhi0 2, ityAdi / 4. vahI, bhA0 2, abhi0 138, 139 ityAdi / 5. vahI, bhA0 2, abhi0 94 95 ityAdi / vahI, bhA0 4, abhi0 29, 39, 44, 100 ityAdi / 7. vahI, bhA0 2, abhi 144 8. vahI, bhA0 4, abhi. 150, 151, 167, 194, 195, 196 ityAdi / 9. vahI, bhA0 5, abhi0 61, 62, 63 ityAdi / 10. vahI, bhA0 5, abhi0 97, 98, 99, 100, 101 ityAdi / 11. vahI, bhA0 3, abhi0 375 ...

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 ina abhilekhoM meM bhASA ke svarUpa evaM vyAkaraNa para koI vizeSa dhyAna nahIM diyA gyaa| bhASAgata azuddhiyA~ bahuta hai| kabhI-kabhI to inake artha-nirdhAraNa meM bhI kaThinAI hotI hai| jaina abhilekhoM meM sabase prAcIna abhilekha baDalI(ajamera) kA mAnA jAtA hai| isakI prAcInatA ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda haiN| matabheda kA AdhAra usameM ullikhita vIrAya zabda ke artha haiN| kucha vidvAn vIra ko vikramAditya se sambaddha mAnakara ise IsA kI prathama zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha kA batAte haiM kintu 'vIrAya bhagavate' zabda kA ullekha mahAvIra ke lie hai| ataH mahAvIra nirvANa ke 84 varSa bAda kA yaha abhilekha mAnA jAnA caahie| kAla kI dRSTi se baDalI ke abhilekha ke pazcAt jainoM ke ullekha, se yukta azoka ke abhilekhoM kA krama AtA hai| azoka ke abhilekha meM nirgrantha saMgha kA ullekha huA hai / yadyapi azoka bauddha dharma kA anuyAyI thA kintu usake abhilekhoM meM pAlI kA prayoga nahIM hai, prAkRta kA hI prayoga hai / sAtha hI usameM ArSa aura mAgadhI ke rUpa hI adhika milate haiM / jaise rAjA ke sthAna para 'lAjA' aura brAhmaNa ke sthAna para 'bAbhana4' ityAdi / ina prayogoM se spaSTa hai ki ina abhilekhoM meM lokabhASA kA prabhAva paryApta rUpa se thA / par3hane meM yaha bhASA kabhI saMskRta ke nikaTa to kabhI prAkRta ke nikaTa pratIta hotI hai| brAhmaNoM ke lie 'bAmana' zabda kA prayoga na to kisI sAhityika prAkRta meM aura na hI saMskRta meM milatA hai| isI prakAra khAravela ke abhilekha meM eka sthAna para yuvarAja ke sthAna para 'yovarajai', kalpavRkSa ke liya 'klprukhe| zabda kA prayoga hai / isI abhilekha meM eka sthAna para 'kaliMgarAjavaMse" 1. jai0 zi0 saM0, bhA0 4, abhi0 1 2. vahI, bhA0 2, abhi0 1 3. vahI, bhA0 2, abhi0 1 4. vahI, bhA0 2, abhi0 1 5. vahI, bhA0 2, abhi0 2 6. vahI, bhA0 2, abhi0 2. zloka 2 7. vahI, bhA0 2, abhi. 2 zloka 1,

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jaina abhilekhoM kI bhASAoM kA svarUpa evaM vividhatAe~ aise zabda kA prayoga huA hai| ataH nizcita rUpa se ina abhilekhoM kI prAkRta bhI na 'ArSaprAkRta' hai aura na ardhamAgadhI aura na mahArASTrIya hI hai| khAravela ke abhilekha ke pazcAt mathurA ke abhilekha Ate haiM / ina abhilekhoM kI bhASA meM atyadhika vividhatA hai| isake kucha udAharaNa isa prakAra haiM----'nA arahatAyatane saha mAtare bhaginive ghitare putreNa savina ca pari.janena arahata pujAye' isameM hama dekhate haiM jahA~ 'putreNa' aisA saMskRtarUpa hai vahA~ 'mAtare' rUpa bhI hai, jo na to saMskRta kahA jA sakatA hai na to prAkRta hI / isI prakAra mathurA ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA meM kahIM prAkRtarUpa, kahIM saMskRtarUpa aura kahIM aise rUpa milate haiM jise na to saMskRtarupa kahA jA sakatA hai aura na to prAkRta rUpa / mathurA ke abhilekhoM taka arthAta tIsarI zatAbdI taka jaina abhilekhoM meM hameM eka bhI zuddha saMskRta kA abhilekha nahI milatA hai / zuddha saMskRta ke abhilekha sambhavataH IsA kI pAMcavI zatAbdI se milane lagate haiN| isameM saMskRta kA pahAr3apura kA abhilekha atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai / isakA bhASAyI svarUpa nimna prakAra hai-'paMcastUpanikAyikanirgrantha zramaNAcArya-guhanandi ziSya-praziSyAdhiSThita vihAre' / / ukta abhilekha kI bhASA zuddha saMskRta hai| yaha uttara bhArata meM baMgAla ke abhilekha kA udAharaNa hai / dakSiNa bhArata meM bhI isa kAla ke jaina abhilekha saMskRta meM milate haiN| inameM devagiri, halsI, noNamaMgala, Adi ke abhilekha haiN| ina abhilekhoM kI bhASA vyAkaraNa niSTha saMskRta hai| I0 pU0 pA~cavI zatAbdI se lekara IsA kI pA~cavI zatAbdI taka Ate-Ate 1. jai0 zi0 saM0, bhA. 2, abhi0 8 2. vahI, bhA0 4, abhi0 19 e0 i0 20, pR0 59 3. vahI, bhA0 4, abhi0 19 4. vahI, bhA0 2, abhi0 97, abhi0 97, 98, 105 5. vahI, bhA0 2, abhi0 97-104 6. vahI, bhA0 2, abhi0 90, 94

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"zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 jaina abhilekha ArSaprAkRta, mAgadhI, saMskRta mizrita prAkRta ke daura se gujarate hue zuddha saMskRta svarUpa meM A jAte haiM / dakSiNa meM isa kAla ke pazcAt lagabhaga chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI se kannaDa ke abhilekha milate haiM / kucha abhilekha saMskRta mizrita kannaDa meM pAye gaye haiM / tamilanADu meM bhI paryApta rUpa se jaina abhilekha mile haiM jo I0 pUrva prathama zatAbdI se prArambha ho jAte haiN| ina prAcIna abhilekhoM kI lipi brAhmI hI rahI hai isake pazcAt ke abhilekha mukhtatayA tamila bhASA meM haiN| tamila ke atirikta telagU mizrita kannaDa aura saMskRta mizrita telagU* meM bhI kucha abhilekha upalabdha hote haiN| 1. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA0 2, abhi0 138 139 ityAdi / 2. vahI, bhA0 2, abhi0 94, 95 ityAdi / 3. bahI, bhA0 5. abhi0 2, 16-24 ityAdi /

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saMsthAna prakAzanamahAvIra nirvANa bhUmi pAvA--eka vimarza zrI bhagavatI prasAda khetAna buddhakAla meM pAvA mahatvapUrNa nagarI rahI hai, jahA~ mahAvIra ne nirvANa prApta kiyA thaa| pAvA kA sambandha buddha se bhI rahA hai| mahAparinirvANa ke pUrva vaizAlI se kuzInagara jAte hue buddha kA antima par3Ava pAvA meM hI thaa| mahAnirvANa ke pazcAt unake dhAtu avazeSoM kA AThavA~ bhAga pAvA ke malloM ko prApta huA thA, jisa para unhoMne stUpa kA nirmANa karavAyA thaa| pAvA kI bhaugolika sthiti ke viSaya meM jaina dharmAvalambiyoM, itihAsavettAoM evaM purAtatvavidoM ke bhinna-bhinna mata rahe haiN| pAvA ke bhaugolika sthiti ke viSaya meM jaina sAhitya mauna hai| bauddha sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki pAvA kuzInagara se 12 mIla kI dUrI para gaMDaka kI ora sthita thaa| jaina muniyoM evaM dharmAvalambiyoM ne dakSiNa bihAra ke nAlandA janapada meM bihAra zarIpha se 6 mIla kI dUrI para dakSiNa dizA meM sthita pAvApurI ko tIrthaGkara mahAvIra ke nirvANasthalI ke rUpa meM mAnyatA pradAna kI hai| prAcIna jaina grantha "kalpasUtra" ke anusAra jaba bhagavAna mahAvIra kAladharma ko prApta hue to usa rAtri meM kAzI-kauzala ke 9 malla evaM 9 licchivi-aise 18 gaNarAjyoM ne yaha kahakara dIpAvalI jalAI ki jJAnajyoti kA asta ho gayA hai aba hama paudgalika dravyoM se prakAza kreN| "muni nagarAjajI" ke vicAra se dakSiNa vihAra .kI pAvA magadhoM ke pradeza meM thI, to vahA~ para malloM, licchiviyoM ke 18 gaNarAjA mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke avasara para kaise upasthita ho sakate the, jo zatru deza ke zAsaka the| zrI pUranacaMda nAhara ke anusAra pAvApurI. kA sabase prAcIna abhilekha 1203 I0 kA hai| bauddha sAhitya ke AdhAra para, agara bihAra zarIpha vAlI pAvApurI para vicAra kiyA jAe, to kuzInagara se pAbA kI dUrI lagabhaga 235 mIla dakSiNa pUrva kI dizA meM, gaMgA nadI ke usa pAra hai isakA gaMDaka se kisI prakAra

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna 1991 94 koI sambandha nahIM hai / vizeSa bAta to yaha hai ki yahA~ koI prAcIna purAtAtvika sAmagrI prApta nahIM ho sakI, jisase ki ise pAvA mAnA jA sake / uttara pradeza ke pUrvAJcala meM uttarI-pUrvI chora para bihAra pradeza se saTA huA devariyA janapada sthita hai jilA kAryAlaya, devariyA se kuzInagara 34 ki0 mI0 para sthita hai / kuzInagara se saThiyA~vaphAjilanagara dakSiNa 14 ki0 mI0 para sthita haiM / kAralAIla pahale vidvAn haiM jinhoMne saThiyA~va - phAjilanagara ko pAvA ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dI hai / kAralAIla ke anusAra, sIlonI bauddha sAhitya meM varNita, kuzInagara se pAvA 12 mIla para gaMDaka kI ora sthita hai / kAralAIla kuzInagara ke bhagnAvazeSoM se, dakSiNa pUrva meM sthita prAcIna nagara saThi - yA~va ke bhagnAvazeSoM kI dUrI, 10 mIla mAnate haiM / dizA nirdhAraNa ke viSaya meM, gaMDaka ke sambandha meM kAralAIla mauna haiN| yadi bauddha sAhitya ke AdhAra para pAvA ke sandarbha meM saThiyA~va-phAjilanagara kA adhyayana kiyA jAe to jJAta hogA usakI kuzInagara se varNita dizA aura dUrI kA koI sAmaJjasya nahIM baiThatA hai / sthAnIya TIle kA utkhanana, gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya, gorakhapura tathA uttara pradeza rAjya purAtatva saMgaThana, lakhanaU ke saMyukta tattvAvadhAna meM 1979 meM huA thA / yahA~ para "zreSThigrAmAgrAhAsya " kI aMkita miTTI kI mudrA prApta huI thI jisase yahI saMketa milatA hai ki saThiyA~va kA prAcIna nAma "zreSThigrAma" thA zrI kAralAIla ityAdi vidvAnoM ne caitiyagrAma kA apabhraMza saThiyAMva mAnakara phAjilanagara, saThiyAMva ko pAvA siddha karane kI ceSTA kI thI kintu zreSThigrAma ke spaSTa ho jAne se yaha mAnyatA nirmUla jAna par3atI hai / vAstava ye "zreSThigrAma" kA hI apabhraMza "saThiyAMva " hai, isa prakAra phajilanagara - saThiyAMva ko pAvA mAnane kI koI sambhAvanA pratIta nahIM hotI hai | 1 devariyA janapada ke pUrvI uttarI chora para nepAla kI uttarI bihAra kI pazcimI sImA se saTA huA devariyA se dUra sthita kuzInagara se 12 mIla dUra aura gaMDaka nadI se 21 dUrI para bAr3I nadI ke taTa para pUrvI dezAntara 83deg59" uttarI akSAMza 26deg45" para paDaraunA sthita hai / bauddha sAhitya meM varNita, dizA tarAI meM 33 mIla mIla kI

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95 mahAvIra nirvANa bhUmi pAvA - eka vimarza aura dUrI ke AdhAra para, bukanana hI pahale vyakti the, jinhoMne 1814 I0 meM isa kSetra kA sarvekSaNa kiyA thA aura paDaraunA ke upanagara chAvanI se kubera sthAna jAne vAle mArga ke dAhinI tarapha chAvanI ke nikaTa hI sthita, prAcIna TIle kA utkhanana karavAyA thA / mahAnidezaka, bhAratIya purAtatva sarvekSaNa vibhAga, alekjeMDara kaniMghama ne, isa kSetrakA 1861 meM sarvekSaNa tathA isa prAcIna TIle kA utkhanana karavAkara, isa tathya ko nizcita rUpa se ghoSita kiyA thA ki paDaraunA hI pAvA hai anya vidvAnoM ne bhI samaya-samaya para isa tathya kA anumodana kiyA hai / kaniMghama ne utkhanana ke AdhAra para dostUpoM kI sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai / paDaraunA se aneka jaina evaM buddha mUrtiyA~ evaM kalAkRtiyA~ prApta huI haiM / jinakA varNana bukanana evaM kaniMghama ne kiyA hai| bukanana ne tIna mUrtiyoM ko rekhAMkita kiyA thA jo "isTarna iNDiyA" meM upalabdha hai / inake atirikta mUrtiyA~ evaM kalAkRtiyA~ rAjya purAtatva saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU, bhAratIya purAtatva sarvekSaNa vibhAga, paTanA maNDala, paTanA, gosvAmI tulasIdAsa iNTara kAleja, paDaraunA meM surakSita haiM / kAle prastara kI vizAla jaina mUrti TIle ke nikaTa abhI taka rakhI huI haiM / I kAralAIla kA kaniMghama ke mata ko khaMDana karane tathA paDaraunA ko pAvA na mAnane kA mUlabhUta AdhAra yaha thA ki paDaraunA kI sthiti vaizAlI kuzInagara ke sIdhe mukhya mArga para nahIM hai / yaha vaizAlIkuzInayara mArga se bilkula haTakara, bahuta uttara kI ora sthita hai / ataH paDaraunA ko pAvA mAnane kI koI sambhAvanA hI nahIM hai / aba mUla prazna mArga kA hai / vaizAlI se kuzInagara kA prAcIna mArga kauna sA thA ? isa tathya ke nirNaya ke lie, isa kSetra kA bauddhakAlIna bhaugolika adhyayana nitAnta Avazyaka hai / prAcIna kAla se hI isa kSetra kI mahattA rahI hai evaM pramukha rAjamArga isa kSetra se hokara jAte rahe haiM / " zatapatha brAhmaNa" se jJAta hotA hai ki sarasvatI ke kinAre se vaidika dharma kI patAkA phaharAte hue, apane purohita gautama rAhugaNa tathA vaidika dharma ke pratIka agni ke sAtha videha mAdhava nadiyoM ko sukhAte, banoM ko jalAte hue, sadAnIrA ( Adhunika gaNDaka) ke kinAre jA pahu~ce, usa samaya taka nadI ke usa pAra vaidika saMskRti

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 96 nahIM pahuMcI thI tathA vaha bhAga jaMgalI evaM kRSi-vihIna kSetra thaa| isa kSetra meM vidhivat mArga nirmANa kA zreya videha mAdhava ko hI hai jinhoMne sadAnIrA ke usa pAra videha rAjya kI sthApanA kI thii| rAmAyaNa kAla meM bhI isa kSetra kI tathA yahA~ se hokara jAne vAle rAjamArga kI mahattA rahI hai| rAjA dazaratha ke samaya yaha kSetra kauzala rAjya ke antargata AtA thaa| sadAnIrA (gaNDaka) kauzala rAjya kI sImA banAtI thI, ayodhyA, janakapura kA mArga isa kSetra se hI hokara jAyA karatA thaa| zruti, smRti kiMvadantI ke AdhAra para pracalita hai ki rAjakumAra rAmacandra jI tathA anya rAjakumAroM kI bArAta lekara mahArAja dazaratha jaba janakapura se ayodhyA vApasa jA rahe the to unhoMne yahIM para par3Ava DAlA thA, bA~sI nadI kA rAmaghATa isakA pratIka hai| isI upalakSya meM prativarSa kAttika pUrNimA ko isa nadI ke taTa para melA lagatA hai| vAlmIki rAmAyaNa se bhI ayodhyA aura janakapura ke bIca ke mArga kA varNana prApta hotA hai| maharSi vAlmIki kA Azrama bihAra ke uttarI-pUrvI chora se lagA huA hai tathA nepAla meM triveNI ke saMgama taTa para sthita hai| yaha svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai ki nirvAsitA sItA lakSmaNa ke sAtha isI mArga se hokara vAlmIki Azrama gayI thiiN| vAlmIki rAmAyaNa se jJAta hotA hai ki lakSmaNa ke putra candraketu mallavaMza ke janaka rahe haiN| zarIra se hRSTa-puSTa evaM malla yuddha meM pravINa hone ke kAraNa inheM malla sambodhita kiyA jAtA thaa| candrakAMtA nagarI basAkara unheM isa kSetra kA rAjya sauMpA gayA thaa| mahAbhArata kAla meM isa kSetra kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna thA, jo pramukha rAjamArga ke antargata AtA thA / mahAbhArata meM mukhya malla evaM dakSiNI malla kA spaSTa ullekha prApta hotA hai| isa mahAkAvya meM gaNDaka tathA sadAnIrA kA ullekha bAra-bAra AtA hai| mahAbhArata se jJAta hotA hai ki zrIkRSNa jarAsaMdha vadha ke nimitta bhIma aura arjuna ko tapasviyoM ke veSa meM sAmAnya rAjamArga, jisake antargata sAketa, vArANasI, pATaliputra ityAdi nagara Ate the, ko chor3akara himAlaya kI tarAI ke mArga se hokara janakapura gaye, vahIM kucha samaya vizrAma kara rAjagRha gae the| isI krama meM unhoMne sarayU, rAptI, sadAnIrA gaMDakI ityAdi nadiyoM ko pAra kiyA thaa| bhIma ke digvijaya tathA karNa ke nepAla

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mahAvIra nirvANa bhUmi pAvA-eka vimarza vijaya ke sandarbha meM bhI sadAnIrA (gaMDaka) tathA isa mArga kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| baddhakAla meM zrAvastI-vaizAlI rAjamArga kA vizeSa mahatva rahA hai| bauddha sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki pAvA uttara bhArata meM ayodhyA zrAvastI, zrAvastI-kuzInagara evaM kuzInagara-vaizAlI mukhya mArga para mallarASTra ke antargata basI huI thii| mallarASTra, vajjigama taMtra evaM kauzalarAja ke bIca himAlaya kI tarAI meM sthita thaa| gaMDaka (mahI) nadI mallarASTra aura vajjisaMgha ke bIca sImA rekhA kA kArya karatI thii| vajjisaMgha meM 8 gaNarAjya sammilita the, jo aSTakulIka kahalAte the, jisameM vajji licchivi aura videha mahatvapUrNa mAne jAte the| isakI rAjadhAnI vaizAlI thii| mallarASTra do bhAgoM meM vibhakta thaa| jinakI rAjadhAniyA~ kramazaH pAvA aura kuzInArA thiiN| kukutthA (bAr3I) nadI isakI vibhAjaka sImA rahI hai| bauddha sAhitya se zrAvastI-vaizAlI mArga kA varNana niraMtara prApta hotA hai| vaizAlIzrAvastI ke madhya rAjamArga dvArA mahAvIra evaM buddha kA nirantara AvAgamana huA karatA thaa| azoka stambha mArga- nirdhAraNa meM pramukha bhUmikA adA karate haiN| samrATa azoka ne pramukha rAjamArgoM para hI azoka stambhoM kA nirmANa karavAyA thA, jisase jo yAtrIgaNa usa mArga se jAe~ ve una stambhoM para likhe dharmopadezoM rAjAjJAoM ko par3ha sakeM tathA usase mArga nirdezana prApta kara skeN| unhoMne ina stambhoM ko gaNDaka kI pUraba dizA meM, gaNDaka se eka nizcita dUrI ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue, vaizAlI aura lauriyA nandagar3ha kI ora uttara-pazcima dizA kI ora sthApita karavAe the| pahalA azoka stambha vaizAlI ke nikaTa hI uttara dizA meM kolhuA nAmaka sthAna para nirmita hai / dUsarA azoka stambha, kesariyA se 20 mIla uttara-pazcima, betiyA se 19 mIla dakSiNa-pUraba, lauriyA arerAja nAmaka gA~va meM sthApita kiyA gayA hai / kesariyA vaizAlI se 30 mIla uttara pazcima kI ora sthita hai| yahA~ sthita TIle ke UparI hisse para stUpa banA huA hai| Aja bhI yahA~ para stUpa ke bhagnAvazeSa vizAla TIle ke rUpa meM dRSTigocara hote haiN| tIsarA azoka stambha betiyA se 15 mIla uttara, uttara-pazcima dizA meM lauriyA nandanagar3ha

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zramaNa, apraila-jUna, 1991 98 ke nikaTa hI uttara-pUrva kI ora sthita hai| lauriyA nandanagar3ha (navanda gar3ha se) se par3araunA, gaNDaka ke usa pAra pazcima meM sIdhI rekhA meM dakSiNa, dakSiNa-pazcima ke kone para 27 mIla kI dUrI para sthita hai| lauriyA-nandanagar3ha se ratavalaghATa hokara, dhanahA~ hote hue par3araunA Ane kA suvidhAjanaka mArga hai| yahA~ se kuzInagara 12 mIla kI dUrI para sthita hai| ataH azoka stambhoM ke AdhAra para yaha spaSTa hai ki kuzI nagara vaizAlI mArga par3araunA (pAvA) hokara jAyA karatA thaa| uparyukta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki prAcIna kAla se hI isa kSetra kI mahattA rahI hai tathA isa kSetra se hokara pramukha rAjamArga jAtA rahA hai| Aja bhI par3araunA eka mahatvapUrNa nagara hai nizcita hai nikaTa bhaviSya meM par3araunA kA jaina tIrthasthalI pAvA ke rUpa meM vikAsa avazyambhAvI hai|

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samAdhimaraNa kI avadhA- . kI Adhunika pariprekSya meM samA / vItarAga, anAsakta evaM tRSNArahita jIvana ko apanA parama sAdhya mAnane vAlI sabhI sAdhanA paddhatiyoM kA aMtima lakSya nirmamatva kI sAdhanA hai| isa sAdhanA kA paripAka samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA meM hotA hai| sAmAnyatayA samAdhimaraNa (saMlekhanA) kI avadhAraNA sabhI dharmoM kI sAdhanA paddhatiyoM meM prakArAntara se upasthita rahI hai| kintu isa viSaya para vizeSa bala jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM diyA gayA hai| jaba mRtyu jIvana ke dvAra para dastaka de rahI ho, jaba jIvana kI sarasa dhArA sUkha rahI ho aura jIvana ko kAla ke karAla paMjoM se mukta karA lenA sambhava nahIM raha gayA ho; jIvana vyakti svayaM aura samAja ke lie bhAra bana gayA ho athavA jaba naitika aura AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ko nakAra kara hI deha kA saMrakSaNa sambhava ho, taba mRtyu se bhayabhIta na hokara anAsakti pUrvaka samabhAva se yukta ho deha kA parityAga kara samupasthita mRtyu kA AliMgana kara lenA hI samAdhimaraNa kA tAtparya hai| deha ke prati nirmamatva kA bhAva jIvana meM kitanA vikasita huA hai, isakI carama kasauTI samAdhimaraNa hai / anAsakta jIvana dRSTi kI aura deha ke prati nirmamatva kI bAta karanA sahaja hai, lekina use jIvana meM prati phalita karanA atyanta kaThina hai / kyoMki manuSya ke mamatva yA Asakti kA sabase sudRr3ha kendra usakA apanA zarIra hI hai| manuSya ke sAre duHkha, durAcaraNa aura pApa zarIra evaM usase janita vAsanAoM kI paripUrti ke nimitta hI hote haiN| ataH AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kA carama Adarza deha ke prati bhI nirmamatva bhAva ko apanA lenA hai / samAdhimaraNa kA tAtparya na to jIvana se bhAganA aura na hI jAnabajha kara mRtyu ko nimantraNa denA (Atma hatyA) hai, apitu vaha to aparihArya rUpa se jIvana ke antima caraNa meM samupasthita mRtyu kA samatva bhAva se AliMgana karanA hai| samAdhimaraNa ke liye jIvana aura mRtyu, donoM

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( 100 ) kI icchA kA parityAga karanA jainoM ne Avazyaka mAnA hai / jIvitAkAMkSA evaM maraNAkAMkSA, donoM ko hI jaina vicArakoM ne samAdhimaraNa kA doSa mAnA hai / vaha to sahaja aura svAbhAvika rUpa meM Ane vAlI mRtyu kA satkAra aura usase bhAgane ke prayatnoM kA nirAkaraNa hai / samAdhimaraNa ke sambandha meM janasAdhAraNa evaM vidvatgaNa, donoM meM hI Aja aneka bhrAMtiyAM pracalita hai / prastuta saMgoSThI kA pramukha uddezya una bhrAMtiyoM kA nirAkaraNa kara manovaijJAnika, naitika, samAjazAstrIya evaM saMvaidhAnika pariprekSya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA kA samyak mUlyAMkana karanA hai / manovijJAna kI dRSTi se yaha cintana Avazyaka hai ki samAdhimaraNa kA grahaNa karane vAle vyakti kI daMhika sthiti kaisI honI cAhie, usake vyaktitva kI manovaijJAnika saMracanA kaisI honI cAhie / dUsare zabdoM meM kisa prakAra kI zArIrika aura manovaijJAnika avasthA vAlA vyakti samAdhimaraNa grahaNa karane kI pAtratA rakha sakatA hai / sAtha hI yaha vicAra bhI apekSita hai ki samAdhimaraNa kI avasthA meM vyakti meM kisa prakAra kA manovaijJAnika parivartana hotA hai aura usake mAnasika samatva ko kisa prakAra avicala banAe rakhA jA sakatA hai / isa sandarbha meM jaina AcAryoM ke dvArA sujhAye gaye. siddhAntoM kA manovaijJAnika pariprekSya me vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai / isI prakAra samAjazAstrIya dRSTikoNa se yaha vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai ki kyA samAja para bhArasvarUpa bane vyakti ko jIvana jIne kA adhikAra hai ? aise vyakti ke prati samAja kA kartavya kyA hai ? samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA kA sAmAjika jIvana para kyA prabhAva par3atA hai / kyA vaha palAyanavAdI jIvana dRSTi ko vikasita karatI hai ? cikitsA - zAstra kI dRSTi se yaha vicAra karanA bhI apekSita hai ki parivAra aura samAja para bhAra rUpa bane hue jIvana ko vilambita karane kI apekSA deha rakSaNa ke prayatnoM ke tyAga ke dvArA use prAkRtika rUpa se samApta hone diyA jAya / isake sAtha hI mRtyu-dAna kI avadhAraNA kA naitika aura kAnUnI mUlyAMkana bhI Avazyaka hai / kyA mRtyu-dAna htyA ke aparAdha kI koTi meM AtA hai ? saMvaidhAnika dRSTi se vyakti ke aicchika mRtyu ke adhikAra para vicAra Avazyaka hai tathA yaha vicAra bhI Avazyaka hai ki aparihArya sthiti meM, jaba jIvana jIne vAlA

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( 101 ) vyakti cetanA-zUnya ho, kyA dUsarA vyakti mRtyu de sakatA hai ? kyA vaha vaidhAnika dRSTi se hatyA kA doSI mAnA jAyegA? kyA samAdhimaraNa ko protsAhita karane vAle vyakti Atma-hatyA ke preraka ke rUpa meM vaidhAnika dRSTi se aparAdhI mAne jAyeMge ? naitika dRSTi se yaha prazna mahatvapUrNa hai ki kyA vyakti ko svecchA se deha-tyAga kA adhikAra hai ? yadi hA~, to kina paristhitiyoM meM ? punaH naitika mUlyoM kI rakSA ke lie deha tyAga evaM apavAda mArga kA anusaraNa meM se kauna sA pakSa upAdeya hai| AdhyAtmika dRSTi se yaha prazna bhI vicAraNIya banatA hai ki kyA zarIra ke prati nirmamatva sambhava hai| isI prasaMga meM AtmahatyA aura samAdhimaraNa ke antara kA spaSTIkaraNa bhI Avazyaka hai| ye saba samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA ke sAtha ubharate hue prazna haiM jina para vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai| prastuta saMgoSThI kA uddezya mAtra paramparAgata vivaraNa denA hI nahIM hai, apitu vartamAna pariprekSya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA kI samIkSA evaM mUlyAMkana karate hue uparokta samasyAoM kA samAdhAna prastuta karanA hai| vidvAnoM se apekSA hai ki ve inameM se kisI eka pakSa para vistAra se apane vicAra prastuta kreN| DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina, nidezaka 'samAdhi maraNa' para saMgoSThI pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha-saMsthAna ke nidezaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina dvArA 'naitika, sAmAjika evaM saMvaidhAnika pariprekSya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA kA mUlyAMkana' viSaya para dinAMka 13 evaM 14 akTUbara, 1991 ko prAtaH 9:30 baje se do divasIya akhila bhAratIya saMgoSThI kA Ayojana kiyA gayA hai| vidvAnoM se vAMchita pakSoM para Alekha dinAMka 30 sitambara taka Amantrita kie gae haiN| prakAzana hetu svIkRta nibandhoM para mAnadeya kI vyavasthA hai| Amantrita vidvAnoM ko dvitIya zreNI kA relayAtrA-vyaya deya hogaa| DA0 mukularAja mehatA (saMgoSThI saMyojaka) pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha-saMsthAna AI0 TI0 AI0 roDa, bI0 eca0 yU0, vArANasI-5

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zraddhAJjali zrI cainalAla jI jaina mUlataH syAlakoTa ke nivAsI the / bhArata vibhAjana ke pazcAt ve meraTha ( u0 pra0) cale Aye aura vahIM unhoMne apanI rabara phaikTrI sthApita kI isa phaikTrI kA saMcAlana unhoMne itanI dUradarzitA evaM prAmANikatA se kiyA ki rabara ke utpAdanoM meM unakI apanI eka sAkha bana gaI / eka udyogapati ke sAtha-sAtha Apa eka sAmAjika kAryakartA bhI the / mahAvIra ejukezanala borDa ke mainejiMga kameTI ke Apa varSoM taka sadasya rahe / isake atirikta jaina puruSArthI koApareTiva hAusiMga sosAyaTI ke san 1978 meM presiDeNTa bhI rahe / meraTha ke jaina nagara ke vikAsa meM ApakA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai / san 1990 meM Apane mahAvIra dharmArthaM jaina auSadhAlaya ke saMcAlana meM sahayoga diyA aura usake saMrakSaka sadasya bane / 17 julAI 1991 ko ApakA svargavAsa ho gayA / ApakA parivAra bharA purA hai jisameM do putra, chaH putriyA~ aura tIna pautra haiN| pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama parivAra unheM apanI zraddhAJjali arpita karatA hai / nirjala tapa kA vizva kIrtimAna Apa sabhI ko yaha jAnakara prasannatA hogI ki beMgalora nivAsI zrImAn bAlacandajI kI putravadhU aura zrI zAntilAlajI kI dharmapatnI zrImatI vimalAdevI kAMkariyA ne binA anna-jala grahaNa kiye 33 dina kA cauvihAra (upavAsa) sampanna kiyA / inakI yaha tapasyA dhArmika mUlyoM ke prati jana hRdaya meM AsthA jAgRta karane ke lie mahattvapUrNa hai /

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( 103 ) muni zrI nagarAja ko 1990 kA mUrtidevI puraskAra bhAratIya jJAnapITha dvArA san 1990 kA aSTam mUrtidevI puraskAra prAkRta, pAli, saMskRta evaM hindI ke vikhyAta vidvAn aura prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti ke vyAkhyAtA muni zrI nagarAja ko unake prasiddha grantha "Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana" ke lie diye jAne kA nirNaya kiyA gyaa| yaha puraskAra isake lie vizeSa rUpa se Ayojita samAroha meM munizrI ko samarpita kiyA jaayegaa| isa puraskAra ke antargata eka prazastipatra aura zrutadevI sarasvatI kI pratimA ke sAtha 51000 rupaye kI rAzi samarpita kI jaayegii| sAbhAra prApti navatattva : Adhunika saMdarbha-lekhaka : yuvAcArya mahAprajJa; prakAzakaH jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM; mUlya : 5.00 ru0; saMskaraNa : prathama 1991 / pravacanaratnAkara bhAga 3 -sampA0 : DaoN0 hukumacanda bhArilla; prakAzaka : paNDita ToDaramala smAraka TrasTa jayapura; mUlya : 10.00 ru0; saMskaraNa : prathama 1983 / / ___ zvetAmbara jaina tIrtha pAvAgar3ha-sampA0 : panyAsa zrI jagaccandra vijaya jI; prakAzaka : zrI paramAra kSatriya jaina sevA samAja pAvAgar3ha (guj0)| ___sAmayika sUtra - saMyojaka : muni satIzacandra 'satya'; prakAzaka : zrIrAma prasanna jJAna prasAra kendra, candrapura / ___ candraprabha kI kahAniyA~-muni lalitaprabha sAgara; prakAzaka : zrI jitayazAzrI phAuMDezana, kalakattA; mUlya : sAta ru0; 1987 / gurupriyA (brahmasUtravivRtiH)-prakAzaka : jagadguru zrIzaMkarAcArya vidyApITham, vArANasI; pR0 saM0 : 13+ 480; mUlya : ?; 1987 / upahAra-lekhaka : zrI rAjendra muni jI; prakAzaka : zrI tArana guru jaina granthAlaya, udayapura; pR0 saM0 14+119; mUlya : 15 ru0; saMskaraNa : prathama 1991 /

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( 104 ) cirapravAsI - lekhaka : zrI jayantasenasUri; prakAzaka : rAjarAjendra prakAzana TrasTa, ratanapola, hAthIkhAnA ahamadAbAda, mUlya : 400 ru0; saMskaraNa: tRtIya 1991 / jIvana - jyoti --saMkalanakartA : zrI jIvana muni jI prakAzaka : zrI dharmadAsa jaina mitra-maMDala, ratalAma ; mUlya : 500ru0; saMskaraNa : prathama 1990 / paMcakalyANaka pratiSThA mahotsava - lekhaka : DaoN0 hukumacanda bhArilla ; prakAzaka : paM0 ToDaramala smAraka TrasTa e 4, bApUnagara, jayapura; mUlya : 300 ru0; saMskaraNa : dvitIya 1990 / patra - parokSA - sampAdaka : darabArI lAla koThiyA, prakAzaka : vIra sevA mandira TrasTa vArANasI; mUlya 10.00 ru0; saMskaraNa : prathama 1991 / A~sU aura motI - lekhaka : motIlAla surAnA; prakAzaka, naitika jIvana granthamAlA - prakAzana indaura; mUlya : 1.50; saMskaraNa : prathama 1989 / asalI aura nakalI - lekhaka : motIlAla surAnA; prakAzaka : naitika jIvana granthamAlA - prakAzana, indaura; mUlya : 1.50 ru0 ; saMskaraNaH prathama 1989 / zabda aura mauna - lekhaka : motIlAla surAnA; prakAzaka : naitika jIvana granthamAlA prakAzana, 17 / 3 nyU palAsiyA, indaura; mUlya : 2.00ru0 ; Adarza kahAniyA~ - lekhikA : sAdhvI priyadarzanA; prakAzaka : zrI tAraka guru jaina granthAlaya zAstrI sarkala, udayapura; mUlya : 3.00 ru0 / bodha kathAeM - lekhaka : dineza muni prakAzaka : zrI tAraka guru jaina granthAlaya, zAstrI sarkala, udayapura; mUlya : 300 ru0; saMskaraNa : prathama 1987 / jaMnijma aina iNTroDaksana - lekhaka : DA0 prema sumana jaina ; prakAzaka: zrI akhila bhAratIya jaina vidvat pariSad, jayapura mUlya : 5.00 ru0 1990 /

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( 105 ) mukti eka anuzIlana-lekhaka : yuvAcArya DA0 zivamuni; prakAzakaH zrI akhila bhAratIya jaina vidvat pariSad, jayapura; mUlya----2.00 ru0; 1990 / mUlya AdhArita zikSA--lekhaka : DA0 narendra bhAnAvata; prakAzaka : zrI akhila bhAratIya jaina vidvat pariSad, jayapura; mUlya : 2.00 ru0; 1990 / zAnti samatA aura ekatA meM jaina darzana kA yogadAna-lekhaka; candanamala 'cA~da'; zrI akhila bhAratIya jaina vidvat pariSad, jayapura; mUlya : 2.00 ru0; saMskaraNa : prathama 1990 / vizvazAnti evaM ahiMsA : lekhaka : DA0 mahAvIra sarana jaina; prakAzaka : vahI; mUlya : vahI / mUlya AdhArita zikSA---lekhaka : DA0 narendra bhAnAvata; prakA0; vahI; mUlya : vhii| jaina darzana meM pramANa-nirUpaNa-lekhaka : DA0 dharmacanda jaina; prakA0; vahI; mUlya : vahI / jindagI ke svara-lekhaka-campAlAla caurar3iyA; prakA0 : vahI; mUlya : vhii| muktaka-mAlA--lekhaka-candanamala 'cA~da'; prakA0 : vahI, mUlya : vhii| madirAno tyAga-lekhaka : jayabhikkhu; prakAzaka : zrI jayabhikkhu sAhitya TrasTa, ahamadAbAda / bhavasAgara ---- lekhaka : vahI; prakAzaka : vahI / eka sau ne pA~ca-lekhaka : kumArapAla desAI; prakAzaka vahI / AMkhU ane Arimo-lekhaka : kumArapAla desAI; prakAzaka : vhii| pIpAjInI vAba-lekhaka : jayabhikkhu; prakAzaka : vahI / birAdarI-lekhaka : kumArapAla desAI; prakAzaka : vhii|

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sAhitya-satkAra sTaDIja ina dezya prAkRta-lekhaka : eca0 sI0 bhayAnI, prakAzaka : zrI hemacandrAcArya navam janma zatAbdI smRti zikSaNa saMskAra nidhi, ahamadAbAda, pR0 saM0 30+-280, mUlya : 150-00 ru0; saMskaraNa : prathama 1988 / hemacandra ke granthoM meM dezInAmamAlA eka prasiddha grantha hai, jisameM dezya zabdoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| usa para pro0 bhayAnI kA eka laghu grantha 'sTaDIja ina hemacandrAja dezInAmamAlA' pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama se pUrva meM prakAzita huA thaa| usa grantha kI sAmagrI tathA pro0 bhayAnI ke dezya zabdoM ke sandarbha meM likhe gaye anya AlekhoM se prastuta grantha kI viSayavastu kA nirmANa huA hai| prastuta kRti una logoM ke lie, jo ki dezya prAkRta ke adhyayana meM ruci rakhate haiM athavA jo dezya zabdoM ke artha evaM prayogoM ko jAnane ko utsuka haiM, mahattvapUrNa hai| pro0 bhayAnI kI prAkRta evaM apabhraMza sAhitya meM jo gaharI paiTha hai, prastuta kRti meM usI kA pratibimba dekhA jAtA hai| chapAI nirdoSa hai etadartha prakAzaka saMsthA dhanyavAda kI pAtra hai| yazodharacaritam --sampAdaka : DA0 bhAgacandra jaina bhAskara, prakAzaka : sanmati risarca insTITyUTa Apha iNDolAjI, nAgapura, pR0 saM0 8+158+18, mUlya : ? ; saMskaraNa : prathama 1988 / bhaTTAraka sakalakIti viracita yazodharacarita jaina saMskRta kAvya sAhitya kI eka mahattvapUrNa kRti hai| yazodhara kA kathAnaka jaina paramparA meM bahupracalita rhaa| AcArya sakalakIrti ne usI kathAnaka ke AdhAra para Alocya saMskRta mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hai| isa yazodhara carita meM mahAkAvya ke sabhI lakSaNa pAye jAte haiN| grantha kI bhASA lAlityapUrNa hai prastuta kRti kA sampAdana eka sacitra pANDulipi ko AdhAra banAkara kiyA gayA hai| grantha ke prArambha meM DA0 bhAgacaMdra

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( 107 ) bhAskara dvArA prastuta upasthApanA bhI apane Apa meM mahattvapUrNa hai / " yadyapi isameM kathA ke vivaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha isa kathA ke aitihAsika vikAsa tathA kRti ke sAhityika mUlyAMkana ko bhI jor3a diyA jAtA to unakI upasthApanA adhika mahattvapUrNa hotI / mudraNa nirdoSa aura AkarSaka hai / prakAzana saMsthA badhAI kI pAtra hai / X X X samayasAra : nizcaya aura vyavahAra kI yAtrA - lekhaka: yuvAcArya mahAprajJa; prakAzaka : jaina vizva bhAratI lADanUM; pR0 saM0 : 8+165; mUlya : 2500ru0 saMskaraNaH prathama, 1991 / prastuta kRti, samayasAra kI kucha gAthAoM para yuvAcArya mahAprajJa ke vyAkhyAnoM kA saMkalana hai / prastuta kRti meM yadyapi samayasAra ke sabhI pakSoM ko sameTane kA prayatna to nahIM kiyA gayA hai, phira bhI kucha mahattvapUrNa pakSoM para prakAza avazya hI DAlA gayA hai / isameM apane Apa ko jAneM; jJAna khola detA hai jIvana meM naye AyAma; bandhana Akhira bandhana hai; satya kI khoja ke do dRSTikoNa, karmaphala bhogane kI kalA; pariSkAra kareM lar3eM nahIM; AtmA ko kaise dekheM; Adi satraha viSayoM para samayasAra ke pariprekSya meM yuvAcArya mahAprajJa jI ne apane vicAroM ko prastuta kiyA hai| vastutaH unakA yaha prayAsa samayasAra ko eka nayI dRSTi se vyAkhyAyita karane kA prayAsa kahA jA sakatA hai, jisake phalasvarUpa samayasAra jaisA gambhIra dArzanika grantha bhI janasAmAnya ke lie subodha bana gayA hai / yadyapi isa prayAsa meM unake apane maulika cintana kI anubhUti to hotI hI hai kintu kahIM-kahIM grantha ke mUla AtmA se ve kAphI dUra bhI ho jAte haiM / bhASA pravAhayukta aura bodhagamya hai | mudraNa nirdoSa tathA sAja-sajjA AkarSaka hai / kRti saMgrahaNIya hai / X X mUkamATI mahAkAvya kAvyazAstrIya nikaSa - lekhaka : pro0 zIlacandra jaina, prakAzaka : digambara jaina samAja, chindavAr3A ( ma0 pra0) pR0 saM0 : 144; mUlya : 1000 ru0; saMskaraNa : prathama 1991 / X

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( 108 ) prastuta kRti meM AcArya vidyAsAgara jI ke mahAkAvya 'mUka mATI' kI kAvyazAstrIya samIkSA prastuta kI gaI hai| AcAryazrI kA yaha kAvya samakAlIna hindI sAhitya kA eka mahattvapUrNa grantha kahA jA sakatA hai jisameM unhoMne adhyAtma kI aneka naI udbhAvanAe~ udghATita kI haiN| pro0 zIlacandra jaina ne unake isa mahAgrantha ke vividha pakSoM aura AyAmoM kA samyak vizleSaNa evaM mUlyAMkana prastuta kRti meM upasthita kiyA hai| aneka sandarbho meM unhoMne tulanAtmaka vivaraNa bhI diyA hai vastutaH yaha grantha mUkamATI kI eka sarvAMgINa saMtulita phira bhI gauravapUrNa samIkSA hai| isa grantha ke mAdhyama se janasAdhAraNa aura vidvAn donoM ko mUkamATI ke antastala kA darzana karane meM suvidhA hogI aisI apekSA kI jA sakatI hai| grantha kA mudraNa nirdoSa evaM AkarSaka hai, kRti saMgrahaNIya evaM paThanIya hai / ArAdhanA kathA prabandha-anu0 : DaoN0 rameza candra jaina, prakAzaka : AcArya zAntisAgara smRti grantha mAlA, bur3hAnA, mujaphpharanagara; pR0 saM0; 328; mUlyaH 30.00 ru0; saMskaraNa : prathama 1990 / bhagavatI ArAdhanA jaina sAdhanA paddhati kA prAcIna evaM mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| yApanIya aura digambara paramparA meM use Agamatulya sthAna prApta hai| isa grantha meM jaina sAdhanA se sambandhita upadezoM ke sAthasAtha tatsambandhI vibhinna AkhyAnoM kA nAma-nirdeza bhI huA hai| AcArya hariSeNa ne ArAdhanA meM ullikhita AkhyAnoM ko sarvaprathama kathArUpa meM prastuta kiyA thA, unakA yaha grantha bRhadkathAkoza yA ArAdhanAkathAkoza ke nAma se vizruta hai| prastuta kRti kA AdhAra bhI bhagavatI ArAdhanA aura hariSeNa kA yahI vRhadkathAkoza rahA hai| isakI kathAe~ bhI bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM nirdiSTa AkhyAnoM kA hI vivaraNa prastuta karatI haiN| ArAdhanA kathA prabandha do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai, inameM 90-90 kathAe~ saMkalita haiM kucha AvAntara kathAyeM bhI isameM dI gaI haiN| isa grantha ke lekhaka AcArya prabhAcandra haiM kintu ye prabhAcandra nyAyakumudacandra evaM prameyakamalamArtaNDa ke kartA prabhAcandra se bhinna haiN| ye yApanIya saMgha ke AcArya haiN| bhagavatI ArAdhanA aura

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( 109 ) hariSeNa kA bRhadkathAkoza yApanIya paramparA se sambaddha rahA hai ataH ye bhI yApanIya AcArya pratIta hote haiM / ye vyAkaraNa zAstra ke bhI paMDita the tathA pratikramaNatrayI para inakI eka TIkA bhI upalabdha hai / eka abhilekha meM inakA ullekha milatA hai / isa sandarbha meM vizeSa vivaraNa maiMne apanI kRti 'jainadharma kA vilupta sampradAya yApanIya' meM diyA hai / DA0 rameza candra jaina ne inheM ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra; AtmAnuzAsana tathA samAdhizataka kA TIkAkAra batAyA hai / prastuta kRti kA DA0 ramezacandra jaina dvArA kiyA gayA hindI anuvAda bhI prAmANika hai / yadyapi grantha ke prArambha meM unhoMne eka saMkSipta bhUmikA prastuta kI hai kintu yadi tulanAtmaka evaM samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se eka vistRta bhUmikA prastuta dI jAtI to grantha kA mahattva aura bhI bar3ha jAtA / pustaka paThanIya evaM saMgrahaNIya hai / X x X gommaTezathudi - sampA0 : DA0 bI0ke0 khaDabaDI ; prakAzaka : zrI kundakunda bhAratI, naI dillI; pR0 saM0 : 70 mUlya : 20.00 ru0;saMskaraNa: prathama 1910 / AcArya nemicandra siddhAnta cakravartI ne ATha prAkRta gAthAoM meM gommaTeza ( bAhubali ) kI stuti kI thI prastuta kRti meM una prAkRta gAthAoM ke sAtha-sAtha unakA romana lipyantaraNa tathA aMgrejI bhASA meM kAvyAnuvAda bhI prastuta kiyA gayA hai / yaha kAvyAnuvAda pro0 bI0 ke0 khar3abar3I ne kiyA hai / grantha ke pUrva unhoMne lagabhaga 32 pRSThoM meM aMgrejI meM kRti kA samIkSAtmaka vivaraNa bhI prastuta kiyA hai / grantha ke anta meM pariziSTa ke rUpa meM ina gAthAoM kA saMskRta rUpAntaraNa aura anya vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai / X X X jayodaya- mahAkAvya (uttarAMza) - sampAdaka DaoN0 paNDita pannAlAla sAhityAcArya; prakAzaka : jJAnodaya prakAzana, pisanahArI, jabalapura-3; pR0 saM0 : 37+626; mUlya 80.00ru0 sajilda; saMskaraNa : prathama : 1989 / jayodaya mahAkAvya kA pUrvArdha lagabhaga dazAbdI pUrva prakAzita ho cukA thA kintu uttarArdha kI pratIkSA pAThakoM ko banI rhii| prastuta kRti

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( 110 ) pAThakoM kI usa cira pratIkSA kA samApana hai| jaina paramparA meM prAkRta evaM saMskRta kathAkAvyoM kI racanA kI eka satat dhArA pravAhita hotI rahI hai / jo IsA kI tRtIya zatI se satrahavIM zatI taka apanI nirantaratA ko banAe rakhI kintu lagabhaga do-tIna zatAbdiyoM se yaha dhArA sUkhane lagI thii| paM0 bhUrAmala zAstrI ne bIsavIM zatAbdI (saM0 1937) meM jayodaya kAvya kI racanA kara isa kAvya dhArA ko punarjIvita kiyaa| jayodaya mahAkAvya kI kathAvastu kA AdhAra to prAcIna jaina kathA sAhitya hI hai| isameM bharata cakravartI ke senApati jayakumAra kI jIvanagAthA varNita hai| yaha grantha 28 sargoM meM nibaddha huA hai / prArambha ke 13 sarga pUrvArdha khaNDa meM prakAzita hue the| isa uttarArdha meM 14 se 28 sarga taka kula 15 sarga saMkalita haiN| grantha kA kAvya saundarya aura lAlitya nizcaya hI pAThaka ko bhAvapravaNa banA detA hai aura isa bAta kA pramANa bhI hai ki jaina paramparA meM pANDitya aura racanA sauSThava kI dhArA abhI bhI jIvita hai| AzA hai ki saMskRta bhASA ke vidvAn prastuta kRti kA Alokana karake isakI sAhityika samIkSA prastuta kareMge, tAki jaina vidvAnoM ke sAhityika avadAna kA samyak mUlyAMkana ho ske| -DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina

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zramaNa apraila-jUna 1991 raji0 naM0 ela0 39 phona : 311462 transform plastic ideas into beautiful shape NUCHEM MOULDS & DIES Our high-precision moulds and dies are designed to give your moulded product clean flawless lines. Fully tested to give instant production the moulds are made of special alloy steel hard chrome-plated for a better finish, Get in touch with us for information on compression. injection or transfer moulds Send a drawing or a sample of your design required we can undertake jobs right tiom the designing stage, Write to Nuchem PLASTICS LTD. SADAMBARIT Engineering Division 20/6. Mathura Road. Faridabad (Haryana) Edited by Dr. Sagar Mal Jain and Published by the Director, P. V. Research Institute, Varanasi-221005 Printed at Divine Printers, Sonarpura, Varanasi.