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A SOURCE-BOOK IN JAINA PHILOSOPHY
ment from one place to the another, and Dharma assists movement. Just as the movement of the fish is possible in water although the water does not or may not make it to move. Similarly, the principle of motion (Dharma) is the principle by which the movement is possible. Without this principle, motion is not possible, just as the fish cannot move outside the water. Likewise, the movement of pudgala (matter) is possible due to Dharmadravya. To give an example of modern life, we can say just as the movement of the train would be possible because of the rails, similarly Dharmadravya assists momement. Similarly iīva and pudgala have movement because of principle of motion (Dharmadravya).
Motion and rest are the two states which are the characteristics of pudgala and jīva (matter and soul). They do not have mere motion nor mere rest, some time they move and some time they rest. In this world there are four states of movement and rest of a thing, as, (1) from rest to motion, (2) from motion to rest, (3) always at rest and (4) always in motion. Therefore, the movement and the rest are natural to the objects. And they have principles assisting them. They are the principles of Dharma and Adharma.
It is necessary to postulate the Dharma and Adharma as principles of motion and rest, because we cannot explain the movement and the state of rest in the universe nor can we divide the cosmos into Loka and Aloka. We have already said that Jiva and Ajīva have primarily the state of movement as a characteristic. The immediate causes of movement and rest in Jiva and Pudgala are in the very nature of these substances, however the efficient causes are Dharma and Adhārma, which are remote, and are causes for the movement and rest of the two.
The states of motion and rest are to be found in the universe and these two are possible by the Dharma and Adharma dravyas which do not themselves possess, motion or rest, but which assists the motion and rest. It is therefore possible to understand, how
1. Prajñāpanā, Pada 1, Vrtti
Dharmādharmavibhuttavat sarvatra ca jīva pudgalavicărāt. Nālokaḥ kaśchit syānna ca sammatametadarthāņām. Tasmāddharmādharmau, avagādhau vyāpta lokakham sarvam. Evam hi paricchinnah siddhyati lokastad vibhuttvät.
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