________________
A SOURCE-BOOK IN JAINA PHILOSOPHY
461
and nirākāra upayoga expresses darśana. Dr. T. G. Kalghatgi in his book, "Some Problems in Jaina Psychology” has interpreted upayoga in psychological term stating that upayoga may be referred to as the kārmic energy which is primarily responsible for expression of jñāna and darśana. He has used the world upayoga on the pattern of the Macdugallian sense with certain modifications.? Jñānopayoga is the expression of conscious energy which is associated with discriminative knowledge by which the self distinguishes between species, the attribute, action and other forms of distinguishing of the empirical jīva. Daršanopayoga apprehends the generality of the object in a concrete psychosis. Jñānāyarana obscures such discriminative knowledge. Just as a piece of cloth tied round the eyes so as to obstruct the perception will obscure the sense perception through the eyes. The consequential expression of jñānāvarana karma will be to obscure knowledge of the five types : matijñāna (sense perception) 2. śruta jñāna (inferential knowledge) 3. avadhijñāna (clairovance perception) 4. manahparyayajñāna (telepathic cognition) and 5. kevalajñāna (omniscient cognition). 5
Matijñānāvārana karma obscures sense experience, obtained through the contact of sense organs and the manas. The frutajñānāvarana karma obscures knowledge obtained through inference and discriminative knowledge which is defective. Avadhijñānāvarana karma obscures knowledge which may be considered as clairvoyance knowledge and which is mainly concerned with the perception of objects having form. Manahparyāya jñānāvarana karma obscures the telepathic cognition. Kevalajñānāvaraṇa karma covers the omniscient knowledge which includes the simultaneity of knowledge-the substance and modes.
1 Tattvārthasūtra 2-9 and its bhāşya. 2 Kalghatgi (T. G.) Some Problems in Jaina Psychology (Karnatak
Uni. 1961) 3 Pramānanayatattvāloka 2. 7. 4 (a) Prathama Karmagrantha 9
(b) Gommațśāra (karmakāņda) 21
(c) Sthānānga 2, 4, 105 tīkā me uddhịta 5 (a) Uttarādhyayana 33, 4 (b) Prahāpana 23, 2 (c) Sthầnặnga 5,
464 (d) Tattvārtha sūtra 8, 6–7.
Jain Education International
For Private & Personal Use Only
www.jainelibrary.org.
