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AÞPENDÍX II
557
Jina-One who has conquered the feelings of attachment and
aversion and all the four types of passions. He is free from 18
types of defects. Tapa (Austerity)— They are meant to destroy the eight types of
karma. Taijasa śarīra—In modern technology it can be called as Electric
body. Trasa nama-Trasa nama karma refers to the rise of the karma by
which the two to five-sensed organisms are born. Dargana-It refers to the belief or faith. Dik-It refers to direction in space. Drşțivāda—The twefth holy scripture (anga) of Jainas. In it the
elements with their modes etc., were vividly described. Dravya (Substance)-It is the shelter of attributes and modes. It
has origination, destruction and permanence. It is eternal. Dravya niksepa—It is the understanding of the nature of the object
from the point of view of substance based on the dialectical
considerations. Dravyāstika naya—It is the point of view of substance. Dveşa—Hatred, krodha-anger, māna—egoity, arati-dislike and bhaya
fear are expressions of dveşa. Dharma dravya-Dharme as substance, it is the principle of
motion. Dhāraņā (Retention)—It is condition of recollection also: It is an
element in avagraha. Dhrauvyam-It refers to the duration or permanence of the aspect of
the substance. Naya-A point of view. Naraka- The nether world where hellish beings reside. Nāma niksepa—It refers to the understanding of a thing by mean
of its name, i. e., proper names without reference to their nature:
It is the dia lectical process. Nikācita—It is a state of karmic particles in which there is neither
increase nor decrease in the intensity of the karmic effect. Nor is
there transformation of kārmic process. Nik gepa—It is a dialectical process wbich presents ihe various aspects
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