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A SOURCB-BOOK IN JAINA PHILOSOPHY
$07 this is the third noble truth. Dukhanirodha märga is the fourth noble truth, it gives a transcendental self. The self, what we call the ātman is not real and what we call the atman is only a collection or an aggregate of the five states; physical and mental. It is the skandha of these states : 1. vijñāna, 2. vedanā, 3, samjñā 4. saņskāra and 5. rūpa. There is nothing more than this. This he calls the nāmarūpa."
Thus we find the foundational principle of Buddhism is dukha, and the ultimate aim is dukha nirodha or nirvāņa.
It is difficult to say what he meant by nirvana, although it has very often been interpreted as a state of nothingness. The origin of suffering arises out of our attachment to the various things of life, craving for the things of life. Every thing is in a flux and nothing is permanent. It is all a temporary and in a flux. The highest end is the attainment of the state of nirvāna which is freedom from the state of misery,8
SANKHYA & YOGA DARŚANA ? Sankhya and Yoga philosophy are complementary to each other. Sankhya presents the metaphysical side while the Yoga according to Patañjali is the methodical effort to attain perfection, through the control of different elements of human nature, physical and psychical. Cittayrttini rodha is the cardinal principle of Yoga, The Sānkhya metaphysics is accepted by Yoga and the Yoga methodology is largely accepted by Sānkhya philosophers. The Sāňkhya is dualistic. It posits the two ultimate principles : 1. puruşa and 2. praksti. Puruşa is passive, it is pure consciousness. Prakịti is active, but unconscious. Praksti is the primordial matter and puruşa is the self. Sänkhya postulates the plurality of elf. The Sankhya theory of the evolution
1 dukha saṁsāripaḥ skaņdbāste ca pañca prakirtitā”.
vijñānam, vedanā, samjñā, saņskāro, rūpameva ca. 2 Saddarśana samuccaya, Bauddhadarśana –
samudeti yato loke, rāgādināṁ gaạo khilah.
ātmāmiya bhāvākhyaḥ samudayaḥ sa udābstaḥ. 3 ksņikāḥ sarvasaṁskārā, ityeva vāsanā matā.
sa mārga iba vijñeyo, nirodho moksa ucyate.
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