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A SOURCE-BOOK IN JAINA PHILOSOPHY
143
If we survey the Jaina literature regarding the constitution of the Loka i. e., the universe, we find that there are two views mentioned. The first view maintains that the universe is constituted of six substances ($addravyas, and the other view advocates the constitution of the universe as made up of five principles, pañcāstikāya.2 However, according to Dalsukhabhāi Malavaņiā, the view of six dravyas mentioned in the Uttarādhyayana may be considered as an exception. In the Sverāmbara literature like Śthānānga, Jivābhigama," Bhagavatī, and Pañcāstikāya,” in Digambara literature, it is suggested that the universe is constituted of 5 principles (pañcā. stikāya).
Uttarādh yayanas and Dharmasangrahaņi have described Kāia as of the measure of two and a half dvipa (islands). In fact Kāla has relevance in the world of men and also in the astronomical and astrological calculations. The rotations and evolutions of planets are possible in time. In this sense, Kāla has relevance with reference to human intellect.
In the Digambara literature Kāla is not merely considered as an aspect of or an expression of human intellect with reference to human activity, but it is also pervading the entire universe.
It may be noted that although Kāla is a substance, it is not a substance like the other five substances having extensional dimensions. It is not a substance having the characteristics of skandha
1 Uttarādhyayana, 28, 7–
Dhammo adhammo āgāsam kālo puggala-jantavo.
Esa logo tti pannatto jinehim varadamsihi. 2 Bhagavatī 13, 4, 481.
(a) kimiyam bhante ! loyetti payuccas ? Goyamā, pañcatthikāyā.
(b) Pañcāstikāya, gāthā 3. 3 Agama yug kā Jaina-darśana, p. 214. 4 Sthānānga, 5, 3, 441. 5 Jivābhigama, 4. 6 Bhagavatī 13, 4, 481.
Pañcāstikāya, Gatha 3, 8 Uttarādhyayana, 36, 7,
Dammādhamme ya do ceva logamitta viyāhie. Logāloge ya ägāse, samaye samaya-khettię.
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