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À SOURCE-BOOK IN JAINA PHILOSOPHY
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from the point of view of the aspect of ātmarüpa also there is the expression of difference and non-difference.
(3) Artha : From different points of view, the substratum of the attributes will have to be considered different, because if they were to be considered as one, then, there would be no distinction between objects, and the substratum will become one. The difference in the artha is an important characteristic of the naya-saptabhangī with reference to the artha of the substrum.
(4) Sambandha : With reference to the relation of the objects and the attributes of the objects, we find that the characteristics of differentiation is primary. For instance, the relation of Gurudatta with his son will be different from that of his relation with his wife or his brother.
(5) Upakāra : Upakāra refers to function or utility. This also implies differentiation in the context of the seven-fold predications of the naya. The functions of the different objects is different.
(6) Gunidesa : The objects with different characteristics express differentiations in different situations and places. Otherwise, if they were to be considered as identical, then no distinction would be possible as for instance, in that case, the experiences of pleasure and pain of one man would not have been different from the experiences of another man. This is the essential characteristic of difference in the objects having different attributes and modes.
(7) Samsarga : The relation between the different objects and their modes expresses the essential characteristics of differentiations and diversities. For instance, while eating the different condiments, the experiences of the different tastes have to be recognised although the ultimate experience of these will be a synthetic presentation of all the tastes together, as in the case of eating the beatle leaf, the beatle nut and cardamom.
(8) Śabda : The predications of the nature of different objects will have to use different words. One word cannot express the differentiated functions of the different objects. If it were not so, then all experiences and the characteristics of objects would have been explained by one word only.
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